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112-464: In 2011, Herman Cain was the winner of the presidential nomination straw poll. Syndicated columnist and talk show host Dennis Prager was among the speakers. In 2012, speakers included Glenn Beck and Arizona Governor Jan Brewer . Over 1,500 people attended. The 2013 Western Conservative Summit was themed "Freedom's New Day", and took place July 26–28. Wisconsin Governor Scott Walker

224-699: A Master of Science in computer science from Purdue University , while working full-time as a ballistics analyst for the U.S. Department of the Navy as a civilian. After completing his master's degree at Purdue, Cain left the Department of the Navy and began working for Coca-Cola in Atlanta as a computer systems analyst . In 1977, he moved to Minneapolis to join Pillsbury , becoming director of business analysis in its restaurant and foods group in 1978. At age 36, Cain

336-611: A royal commission suggested that Durham should award master's degrees in theology and science (with the suggested abbreviations MT and MS, contrary to later British practice of using MTh or MTheol and MSc for these degrees), but its recommendations were not enacted. In 1877, Oxford introduced the Master of Natural Science, along with the Bachelor of Natural Science, to stand alongside the MA and BA degrees and be awarded to students who took their degrees in

448-645: A runoff . Starting in 2005, Cain worked for the political advocacy group Americans for Prosperity (AFP) alongside Mark Block . Block would later become campaign manager for Cain's 2012 presidential run and would be joined in Cain's campaign by several other AFP employees. Cain continued to receive honoraria for speaking at AFP events until he announced his campaign for the Republican nomination. Cain's senior economic advisor during his 2012 presidential campaign, Rich Lowrie, who helped devise Cain's 9–9–9 tax plan, had served on

560-580: A "Masters (following an integrated programme from undergraduate to Masters level study)" should be 600 credits with a minimum of 120 at M-level. It was specified that the title "Master" should only be used for qualifications that met the learning outcomes and credit definitions, although it was noted that "A small number of universities in Scotland have a long tradition of labelling certain first degrees as 'MA'. Reports of Agency reviews of such provision will relate to undergraduate benchmarks and will make it clear that

672-530: A Faculty of Commerce, awarding Bachelor and Master of Commerce degrees, in 1903. Over the first half of the century the automatic master's degrees for honours graduates vanished as honours degrees became the standard undergraduate qualification in the UK. In the 1960s, new Scottish universities (except for Dundee, which inherited the undergraduate MA from St Andrews) reintroduced the BA as their undergraduate degree in arts, restoring

784-537: A Herman Cain: South Cain-Olina Primary Rally". The Huffington Post reported the crowd size was between 3,000 and 5,000 people. It was described at the time as "the largest campaign rally so far during this GOP presidential primary season". For President Barack Obama 's 2012 State of the Union address , the Tea Party Express chose Cain to give its second annual response. After Indiana Governor Mitch Daniels gave

896-460: A bachelor’s pass degree and one year after the honours degree. The master's program generally lasts for two years. Both MA and MS are offered in all major subjects. In the Indian system, a master's degree is a postgraduate degree following a Bachelor's degree and preceding a Doctorate , usually requiring two years to complete. The available degrees include but are not limited to the following: In

1008-455: A better message and I believe that I was the better messenger." After ending his own campaign, however, he endorsed Steve Forbes . In 2004 Cain ran for the U.S. Senate in Georgia and did not win in the primaries. He was pursuing the seat that came open with the retirement of Democrat Zell Miller . Cain sought the Republican nomination, facing congressmen Johnny Isakson and Mac Collins in

1120-615: A cleaning woman and domestic worker, and Luther Cain (1925–2005), who was raised on a farm and worked as a barber and janitor, as well as a chauffeur for Robert W. Woodruff , the president of The Coca-Cola Company . Cain said that as he was growing up, his family was "poor but happy." Cain related that his mother taught him about her belief that "success was not a function of what you start out with materially, but what you start out with spiritually." His father worked three jobs to own his own home—which he achieved during Cain's childhood—and to allow his two sons to attend college. Cain grew up on

1232-568: A daughter named Melanie, a son named Vincent, and four grandchildren. Cain served as an associate minister at the Antioch Baptist Church North in Atlanta, which he joined at the age of 10. The church is part of the National Baptist Convention and is politically liberal and theologically conservative. The church's senior pastor, Rev. Cameron M. Alexander , did not share Cain's political philosophy. In 2006, Cain

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1344-672: A degree in a different field, to four years for an "extended" master's degree. At some Australian universities, the master's degree may take up to two years. In the Overarching Framework of Qualifications for the European Higher Education Area defined as part of the Bologna process , a "second cycle" (i.e. master's degree) programme is typically 90–120 ECTS credits, with a minimum requirement of at least 60 ECTS credits at second-cycle level. The definition of ECTS credits

1456-561: A doctorate begins immediately after the bachelor's degree, but a master's degree may be granted along the way as an intermediate qualification if the student petitions for it. Some universities offer evening options so that students can work during the day and earn a master's degree in the evenings. In the UK, postgraduate master's degrees typically take one to two years full-time or two to four years part-time. Master's degrees may be classified as either "research" or "taught", with taught degrees (those where research makes up less than half of

1568-617: A duration of 300 – 360 ECTS credits (five to six years), with the integrated master's degrees in England, Wales and Northern Ireland being the shortest at 240 ECTS credits (four years). After acquiring a Bachelor's, Technologist or Licenciate Degree, students are qualified to continue their academic career through Master's Degree ("mestrado", in Portuguese, a.k.a. stricto sensu post-graduation) or Specialization Degree ("especialização", in Portuguese, a.k.a. lato sensu post-graduation) programs. At

1680-458: A field (Engineering, Physics, Chemistry, Business Administration, etc.) is specified. The two most common titles of master's degrees are the Master of Arts (MA/AM) and Master of Science (MSc//MS/SM) degrees, which normally consist of a mixture of research and taught material. The title of Master of Philosophy (MPhil) indicates (in the same manner as Doctor of Philosophy ) an extended degree with

1792-508: A first degree; the Master of Arts (Oxbridge and Dublin) , granted to all BA graduates a certain period after their first degree without further study; master's degrees that could be gained either by further study or by gaining an honours degree (which, at the time in the UK involved further study beyond the ordinary degree, as it still does in Scotland and some Commonwealth countries); and master's degrees that could only be obtained by further study (including all London master's degrees). In 1903,

1904-715: A group of investors bought Godfather's from Pillsbury. Cain served as chairman of the board of the Omaha Branch of the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City from January 1, 1989, to December 31, 1991. He became a member of the board of directors of the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City in 1992. He served as deputy chairman from January 1, 1992, to December 31, 1994, and then as its chairman until August 19, 1996, when he resigned to become active in national politics. Cain left Godfather's Pizza in 1996 and moved to

2016-585: A large research component. Other generically named master's programs include the Master of Studies (MSt)/ Master of Advanced Study (MASt)/ Master of Advanced Studies (M.A.S.), and Professional Master's (MProf). Integrated master's degrees and postgraduate master's degrees oriented towards professional practice are often more specifically named for their field of study ( "tagged degrees" ), including, for example, Master of Business Administration , Master of Divinity , Master of Engineering , Master of Physics , and Master of Public Health . The form "Master in ..."

2128-554: A master's degree. In Nepal, after completing a bachelor's degree, students must spend at least three or four years studying full-time in college and university, with an entrance test for those who wish to pursue master's, PhD, and doctorate degrees. All doctoral and PhD degrees, as well as third cycle degrees, are research and experience oriented, with a focus on results. After completing a successful bachelor's degree, students pursue master's degrees in engineering, education, and arts, as well as all law and medicine-related courses. MBBS

2240-450: A minimum of 400 class-hours. Master's degree ( stricto sensu ) does not require a set minimum of class-hours, but it is practically impossible to finish it in less than 18 months due to the workload and research required; an average time for the degree is 2.5 years . Specialization ( lato sensu ) and MBA degrees can be also offered as distance education courses, while the master's degree ( stricto-sensu ) requires physical attendance. In Brazil,

2352-469: A new movement because the "biggest comment I got when I ended my candidacy was to keep 9–9–9 alive. That's what this is about, and I'm going to keep it alive with what I'm calling Cain's Solutions Revolution." In order to promote this movement, Cain employed both a bus tour and a new website. New York magazine stated, "It's Cain's earnest effort to keep 9–9–9 alive and focus on solutions." On January 20, 2012, Cain spoke at Stephen Colbert 's "Rock Me Like

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2464-557: A personal statement and, in the arts and humanities , will often have to submit a portfolio of work. In the UK, students will normally need to have a 2:1 . Students may also have to provide evidence of their ability to successfully pursue a postgraduate degree to be accepted into a taught master's course, and possibly higher for a research master's. Graduate schools in the US similarly require strong undergraduate performance, and may require students to take one or more standardised tests, such as

2576-643: A postgraduate degree. As in the United Kingdom , the MPhil is the most advanced master's degree and usually includes both a taught portion and a research portion which requires candidates to complete an extensive original research for their thesis. Regardless of subject, students in all faculties (including sciences, arts, humanities and social sciences) may be awarded the Master of Philosophy. In Pakistani education system, there are two different master's degree programmes. Master’s degrees are earned after having received

2688-490: A reward of learning" and that "it is rather absurd to describe one of their degrees as a bogus one because other modern Universities grant the same degree for different reasons". In 1900, Dartmouth College introduced the Master of Commercial Science (MCS), first awarded in 1902. This was the first master's degree in business, the forerunner of the modern MBA . The idea quickly crossed the Atlantic, with Manchester establishing

2800-464: A senior economic adviser to the Bob Dole presidential campaign in 1996. Cain briefly ran for the Republican presidential nomination in 2000 . He later said in looking back at the effort that it was more about making political statements than winning the nomination. " George W. Bush was the chosen one, he had the campaign DNA that followers look for." However, Cain went on to state, "I believe that I had

2912-406: A separate degree or as part of an integrated course. Within the area studied, master's graduates are expected to possess advanced knowledge of a specialized body of theoretical and applied topics; high order skills in analysis , critical evaluation , or professional application; and the ability to solve complex problems and think rigorously and independently. The master's degree dates back to

3024-436: A specific area of their knowledge. In addition, many Brazilian universities offer an MBA program. However, those are not the equivalent to a United States MBA degree , as it does not formally certify the student with a Master's degree ( stricto sensu ) but with a Specialization Degree ( lato sensu ) instead. A regular post-graduation course has to comply with a minimum of 360 class-hours, while an MBA degree has to comply with

3136-650: A year longer than Honours degree programmes". It also addressed the Oxbridge MA issue, noting that "the MAs granted by the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge are not academic qualifications". The first "framework for qualifications of Higher Education Institutes in Scotland", also published in January 2001, used the same qualifications descriptors, adding in credit values that specified that a stand-alone master should be 180 credits and

3248-697: A year, then moved to his hometown of Atlanta in 2000. Cain wrote a syndicated op-ed column, which was distributed by the North Star Writers Group . Cain appeared in the 2009 documentary An Inconvenient Tax . From 2008 to February 2011, Cain hosted The Herman Cain Show on Atlanta talk radio station WSB . On January 19, 2012, Cain began working for WSB again by providing daily commentaries, while occasionally filling in for Erick Erickson and Neal Boortz . Cain took over Boortz's radio talk show on January 21, 2013, upon Boortz's retirement. The show

3360-449: Is a range of pathways to the degree with entry based on evidence of a capacity to undertake higher level studies in a proposed field. A dissertation may or may not be required depending on the program. In general, structure and duration of a program of study leading to a master's degree will differ by country and university. Master's programs in the US and Canada are normally two years (full-time) in length. In some fields/programs, work on

3472-591: Is also sometimes used, particularly where a faculty title is used for an integrated master's degree in addition to its use in a traditional postgraduate master's degree, e.g. Master in Science (MSci) and Master in Arts (MArts). This form is also sometimes used with other integrated master's degrees and occasionally for postgraduate master's degrees (e.g. Master's in Accounting). Some universities use Latin degree names; because of

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3584-524: Is always a taught degree) combines a bachelor's degree course with an additional year of study (120 credits) at master's level for a four (England, Wales and Northern Ireland) or five (Scotland) academic year total period. In Australia, master's degrees vary from one year for a "research" or "coursework" master's following on from an Australian honours degree in a related field, with an extra six months if following on straight from an ordinary bachelor's degree and another extra six months if following on from

3696-481: Is only a medical degree with six and a half years of study resulting in a medical doctor and must finish its study in four years after master's degree with minimum education of 15 or 16 years of university bachelor's degree education. The following are the most professional and internationalized programs in Nepal: In Taiwan , bachelor's degree courses are about four years in length, while an entrance examination

3808-471: Is that "60 ECTS credits are allocated to the learning outcomes and associated workload of a full-time academic year or its equivalent", thus European master's degrees should last for between one calendar year and two academic years, with at least one academic year of study at master's level. The Framework for Higher Education Qualification (FHEQ) in England Wales and Northern Ireland level 7 qualifications and

3920-434: Is to prove to Pillsbury and everyone else that we will survive." Godfather's Pizza was performing poorly, having slipped in ranks of pizza chains from third in 1985 to fifth in 1988. Under Cain's leadership, Godfather's closed approximately 200 restaurants and eliminated several thousand jobs, and by doing so returned to profitability. In a leveraged buyout in 1988, Cain, executive vice president and COO Ronald B. Gartlan, and

4032-518: The licentia docendī (licence to teach). Originally, masters and doctors were not distinguished, but by the 15th century it had become customary in the English universities to refer to the teachers in the lower faculties (arts and grammar) as masters and those in the higher faculties as doctors. Initially, the Bachelor of Arts (BA) was awarded for the study of the trivium and the Master of Arts (MA) for

4144-519: The London Daily News criticised the practice of Oxford and Cambridge, calling their MAs "the most stupendous of academic frauds" and "bogus degrees". Ensuing correspondence pointed out that "A Scotch M.A., at the most, is only the equivalent of an English B.A." and called for common standards for degrees, while defenders of the ancient universities said that "the Cambridge M.A. does not pretend to be

4256-588: The Times Higher Education it was a "discriminatory practice" and that it "devalues and undermines the efforts of students at other universities". The following month the Quality Assurance Agency announced the results of a survey of 150 major employers showing nearly two thirds mistakenly thought the Cambridge MA was a postgraduate qualification and just over half made the same error regarding

4368-647: The Bologna Process , countries in the European Higher Education Area (EHEA) are moving to a three-cycle (bachelor's - master's - doctorate) system of degrees. Two-thirds of EHEA countries have standardised on 120 ECTS credits for their second-cycle (master's) degrees, but 90 ECTS credits is the main form in Cyprus, Ireland and Scotland and 60-75 credits in Montenegro, Serbia and Spain. The combined length of

4480-663: The COVID-19 pandemic . He attended the Donald Trump rally in Tulsa on June 20, 2020, and was photographed not wearing a mask in a crowd of people also not wearing masks. On June 29, he tested positive for COVID-19 and was admitted to a hospital in Atlanta two days later. On July 2, his staff said there was "no way of knowing for sure how or where" he became infected. Cain's website editor Dan Calabrese said, "I realize people will speculate about

4592-593: The District of Columbia , From 1996 to 1999 he served as CEO of the National Restaurant Association , a trade group and lobbying organization for the restaurant industry, on whose board of directors he had previously served. Cain's lobbying work for the association led to a number of connections to Republican lawmakers and politicians. Under Cain's leadership, the Association lobbied against increases to

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4704-543: The GRE , GMAT or LSAT . In some European countries, a magister is a first degree and may be considered equivalent to a modern (standardized) master's degree ( e.g. , the German , Austrian and Polish university Diplom / Magister , or the similar five-year Diploma awarded in several subjects in Greek , Spanish , Portuguese , and other universities and polytechnics ). Under

4816-459: The Indonesian higher education system, a master's degree ( Indonesian : magister ) is a postgraduate degree following a Bachelor's degree , preceding a Doctorate and requiring a maximum of four years to complete. Master's degree students are required to submit their thesis ( Indonesian : tesis ) for examination by two or three examiners. The available degrees include but are not limited to

4928-421: The National Restaurant Association in the late 1990s. Two other women made additional harassment accusations later on. Cain acknowledged that the restaurant organization made financial settlements to the complainants. Two of the four women came forward publicly: Sharon Bialek and Karen Kraushaar. On November 28, 2011, Cain asserted that a woman named Ginger White claimed to have had an affair with him and that

5040-662: The University of Glasgow in 1815. By 1861 this had been adopted throughout Scotland as well as by Cambridge and Durham in England and the University of Dublin in Ireland. When the Philadelphia College of Surgeons was established in 1870, it too conferred the Master of Surgery, "the same as that in Europe". In Scotland, Edinburgh maintained separate BA and MA degrees until the mid-19th century, although there were major doubts as to

5152-517: The University of Michigan in 1859, although the idea of a master's degree as an earned second degree was not well established until the 1870s, alongside the PhD as the terminal degree. Sometimes it was possible to earn an MA either by examination or by seniority in the same institution; for example, in Michigan the "in course" MA was introduced in 1848 and was last awarded in 1882, while the "on examination" MA

5264-399: The minimum wage , mandatory health care benefits, regulations against smoking, and lowering the blood alcohol limit that determines whether one is driving under the influence . Cain was on the board of directors of Aquila, Inc. , Nabisco , Whirlpool , Reader's Digest , and AGCO . After Cain's term with the restaurant advocacy group ended in 1999, he returned to Omaha for about

5376-421: The 1980s, Cain's success as a business executive at Burger King prompted Pillsbury to appoint him as chairman and CEO of Godfather's Pizza , in which capacity he worked from 1986 to 1996. Cain was chairman of the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City Omaha Branch from 1989 to 1991. He was deputy chairman, from 1992 to 1994, and then chairman until 1996, of the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City . In 1995, he

5488-422: The 2020 Tulsa rally. Master%27s degree A master's degree (from Latin magister ) is a postgraduate academic degree awarded by universities or colleges upon completion of a course of study demonstrating mastery or a high-order overview of a specific field of study or area of professional practice . A master's degree normally requires previous study at the bachelor's level, either as

5600-496: The AFP board. In 2006, Cain voiced several radio ads encouraging people of color to vote Republican; the ads were funded by a group called America's PAC and its founder J. Patrick Rooney . A Tea Party activist, Cain addressed numerous Tea Party rallies in 2010. Following the 2010 midterm elections , Cain announced his intentions to run for president in December 2010, stating that there

5712-551: The BEAMER program, which taught our employees, mostly teenagers, how to make our patrons smile" by smiling themselves. It was a success: "Within three months of the program's initiation, the sales trend was moving steadily higher." Cain's success at Burger King prompted Pillsbury to appoint him president and CEO of another subsidiary, Godfather's Pizza . On his arrival on April 1, 1986, Cain told employees, "I'm Herman Cain and this ain't no April Fool's joke. We are not dead. Our objective

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5824-473: The Dearing Report's concerns, specifying that shorter courses at H-level (honours), e.g. conversion courses, should be styled Graduate Diploma or Graduate Certificate rather than as master's degrees, but confirmed that the extended undergraduate degrees were master's degrees, saying that "Some Masters degrees in science and engineering are awarded after extended undergraduate programmes that last, typically,

5936-502: The Edinburgh MA, with QAA chief executive John Randall calling the Oxbridge MA "misleading and anachronistic". The QAA released the first "framework for higher education qualifications in England, Wales and Northern Ireland" in January 2001. This specified learning outcomes for M-level (master's) degrees and advised that the title "Master" should only be used for qualifications that met those learning outcomes in full. It addressed many of

6048-494: The FQ-EHEA. Admission to a master's degree normally requires successful completion of study at bachelor's degree level either (for postgraduate degrees) as a stand-alone degree or (for integrated degrees) as part of an integrated scheme of study. In countries where the bachelor's degree with honours is the standard undergraduate degree, this is often the normal entry qualification. In addition, students will normally have to write

6160-539: The Framework for Qualification of Higher Education Institutes in Scotland (FQHEIS) level 11 qualifications (postgraduate and integrated master's degrees, except for MAs from the ancient universities of Scotland and Oxbridge MAs ) have been certified as meeting this requirement. Irish master's degrees are one to two years (60–120 ECTS credits) for taught degrees and two years (not credit rated) for taught and research degrees. These have also been certified as compatible with

6272-742: The MA to its position as a postgraduate qualification. Oxford and Cambridge retained their MAs, but renamed many of their postgraduate bachelor's degrees in the higher faculties as master's degrees, e.g. the Cambridge LLB became the LLM in 1982, and the Oxford BLitt, BPhil (except in philosophy) and BSc became the MLitt, MPhil and MSc. In 1983, the Engineering Council issued a "'Statement on enhanced and extended undergraduate engineering degree courses", proposing

6384-565: The Master's program there are 2–3 years of graduate-level studies. Usually focused on academic research, the Master's Degree requires, on any specific knowledge area, the development of a thesis to be presented and defended before a board of professors after the period of research. Conversely, the Specialization Degree, also comprehends a 1–2 years studies, but does not require a new thesis to be proposed and defended, being usually attended by professionals looking for complementary training on

6496-526: The Tulsa rally, but Herman did a lot of traveling [that] week, including to Arizona where cases [were] spiking." Cain died of COVID-19 complications at the hospital on July 30, 2020, at the age of 74. His death from COVID-19 following his refusal to protect himself from it led to the creation of the Herman Cain Award subreddit , where users share news stories about people who died from COVID-19 after downplaying its deadliness or expressing doubts about

6608-432: The UK, full stops (periods) are not commonly used in degree abbreviations. In the US, The Gregg Reference Manual recommends placing periods in degrees (e.g. B.S., Ph.D.), while The Chicago Manual of Style recommends writing degrees without periods (e.g. BS, PhD). Master of Science is generally abbreviated MS in countries following United States usage and MSc in countries following British usage, where MS would refer to

6720-484: The UK. However, the Framework for Higher Education Qualifications in England, Wales and Northern Ireland and the Framework for Qualifications of Higher Education Institutes in Scotland have both been aligned with the overarching framework for the EHEA with these being accepted as masters-level qualifications. Master's degrees are commonly titled using the form 'Master of ...', where either a faculty (typically Arts or Science) or

6832-1325: The US (e.g., MA/AM or MS) require the completion of taught courses and examinations in a major and one or more minor subjects, as well as (normally) a research thesis. Professional master's degrees may be structured like research master's (e.g., ME/MEng) or may concentrate on a specific discipline (e.g., MBA) and often substitute a project for the thesis. The Australian Qualifications Framework classifies master's degrees as research , coursework or extended . Research master's degrees typically take one to two years, and at least two-thirds of their content consists of research, research training and independent study. Coursework master's degrees typically also last one to two years, and consist mainly of structured learning with some independent research and project work or practice-related learning. Extended master's degrees typically take three to four years and contain significant practice-related learning that must be developed in collaboration with relevant professional, statutory or regulatory bodies. In Ireland, master's degrees may be either Taught or Research . Taught master's degrees are normally one to two year courses, rated at 60 - 120 ECTS credits, while research master's degrees are normally two year courses, either rated at 120 ECTS credits or not credit rated. There

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6944-552: The adoption of master's degrees across the continent, often replacing older long-cycle qualifications such as the Magister (arts), Diplom (sciences) and state registration (professional) awards in Germany. As the process continued, descriptors were introduced for all three levels in 2004, and ECTS credit guidelines were developed. This led to questions as to the status of the integrated master's degrees and one-year master's degrees in

7056-487: The allegation was not true. In an interview with White, which aired on the same day, she stated that the affair lasted 13 years and ended right before Cain announced his presidential campaign. On November 30, 2011, at an event in Dayton, Ohio , Cain denounced the allegations of sexual harassment and adultery . On December 3, 2011, Cain suspended his campaign. The sexual harassment claims were widely considered responsible for

7168-766: The approval polling for a third year with 66.9%, followed by Trump with 63.4%, Larry Elder with 44.9%, Tim Scott with 35.3%, and Vivek Ramaswamy with 24.2%. Democratic presidential candidate Robert F. Kennedy Jr. also received 14.4% approval, while Joe Biden received less than 1%. Trump, however, won a first-past-the-post poll with 40.3%, followed by DeSantis with 35.8%, Elder with 7.7%, and Scott with 5.8%. 73% of those polled named election integrity and religious freedom as their top policy concerns, followed by education/parental rights at 72%, immigration/border security at 71%, and gun rights at 71%. Herman Cain Herman Cain (December 13, 1945 – July 30, 2020)

7280-501: The campaign claimed that the rate for each of the three taxes could in fact be as low as 7.3%, but "poverty grants"—which Cain described as a lower rate in targeted "empowerment zones" —necessitated a national rate of nine percent. Paul Krugman criticized the plan, saying it shifts much of the current tax burden from the rich to the poor. Arthur Laffer , Lawrence Kudlow , the Club for Growth , and Congressman Paul Ryan spoke favorably of

7392-457: The competitive marketplace it simply doesn't work that way." Because Kemp was impressed with Cain's performance, he chartered a plane to Nebraska to meet Cain after the debate. As a result, Cain was appointed to the Kemp Commission in 1995. Joshua Green of The Atlantic called Cain's exchange with President Clinton his "auspicious debut on the national political stage." Cain was

7504-665: The conference favored Ben Carson (22%), Ted Cruz (13%) and Sarah Palin (12%) in a straw poll for the 2016 Republican presidential nomination. The theme of the 2015 Western Conservative Summit is "Your Story: Freedom Alive". The summit drew criticism when it barred the participation of the Colorado Log Cabin Republicans , a Republican organization that advocates for equal rights for gays and lesbians. Centennial Institute head John Andrews explained that their "worldview and policy agenda are fundamentally at odds with what Colorado Christian University stands for" and that

7616-453: The debate when he challenged Clinton at a town meeting in Kansas City, Missouri. Cain asked the president what he was supposed to say to the workers he would have to lay off because of the cost of the "employer mandate". Clinton responded that there would be plenty of subsidies for small businessmen, but Cain persisted. "Quite honestly, your calculation is inaccurate," he told the president. "In

7728-575: The degree of Master of Surgery . In Australia, some extended master's degrees use the title "doctor": Juris doctor and Doctors of Medical Practice, Physiotherapy, Dentistry, Optometry and Veterinary Practice. Despite their titles these are still master's degree and may not be referred to as doctoral degrees, nor may graduates use the title "doctor". The UK Quality Assurance Agency defines three categories of master's degrees: The United States Department of Education classifies master's degrees as research or professional . Research master's degrees in

7840-530: The degree often serves as additional qualification for those seeking to differentiate themselves in the job market, or for those who want to pursue a PhD It corresponds to the European (Bologna Process) 2nd Cycle or the North American master's . Hong Kong requires one or two years of full-time coursework to achieve a master's degree. For part-time study, two or three years of study are normally required to achieve

7952-550: The effect on small businesses. Bob Cohn of Newsweek described Cain as one of the primary opponents of the plan: The Clintons would later blame " Harry and Louise ," the fictional couple in the ads aired by the insurance industry, for undermining health reform. But the real saboteurs are named Herman and John. Herman Cain is the president of Godfather's Pizza and president-elect of the National Restaurant Association. An articulate entrepreneur, Cain transformed

8064-550: The efficacy of precautions against it. One month after his death, his official Twitter account (which had come under the control of his team and family members) posted that "it looks like the virus is not as deadly as the mainstream media first made it out to be", sparking a discussion about Twitter policies for deceased account holders. In her 2023 memoir Enough , former White House aide Cassidy Hutchinson noted that Trump's Chief of Staff Mark Meadows reacted to Cain's passing by remarking "we killed Herman Cain" in reference to

8176-547: The establishment of a four-year first degree (Master of Engineering). These were up and running by the mid-1980s and were followed in the early 1990s by the MPhys for physicists and since then integrated master's degrees in other sciences such as MChem , MMath , and MGeol, and in some institutions general or specific MSci (Master in Science) and MArts (Master in Arts) degrees. This development

8288-474: The first and second cycle varies from "3 + 1" years (240 ECTS credits), through "3 + 2" or "4 + 1" years (300 ECTS credits), to "4 + 2" years (360 ECTS credits). As of 2015, 31 EHEA countries have integrated programmes that combine the first and second cycle and lead to a second-cycle qualification (e.g. the UK integrated master's degree), particularly in STEM subjects and subjects allied to medicine. These typically have

8400-549: The flexibility of syntax in Latin , the Master of Arts and Master of Science degrees may be known in these institutions as Magister artium and Magister scientiæ or reversed from the English order to Artium magister and Scientiæ magister . Examples of the reversed usage include Harvard University and the University of Chicago , leading to the abbreviations AM and SM for these degrees. The forms "Master of Science" and "Master in Science" are indistinguishable in Latin. In

8512-699: The following: Postgraduate studies in Israel require the completion of a bachelor's degree and is dependent upon this title's grades; see Education in Israel#Higher education . Degrees awarded are the MA, MSc, MBA and LLM; the Technion awards a non-thesis MEng. There also exists "a direct track" doctorate degree, which lasts four to five years. Taking this route, students prepare a preliminary research paper during their first year, after which they must pass an exam before being allowed to proceed, at which point they are awarded

8624-609: The four-day summit. Cruz won a straw poll for the Republican presidential nominee, with 225 votes (45% of votes cast). Cruz' speech included a call to "abolish" the Internal Revenue Service , and urged attendees to explain the Republican Party's message more clearly in the future. The 2014 Western Conservative summit was themed "America at its Best" and took place in Denver Colorado July 18–20. The 666 voters at

8736-480: The general election to President Obama. Cain then told Bryan Fischer that the Republican Party no longer represented the interests of conservatives in the United States and that it did not have "the ability to rebrand itself." He asserted that "a legitimate third party " would be needed to replace it. Cain married Gloria Etchison of Atlanta soon after her graduation from Morris Brown College in 1968. They had

8848-512: The honours school of natural sciences. In 1879 a statute to actually establish the faculty of Natural Sciences at Oxford was promulgated, but in 1880 a proposal to rename the degree as a Master of Science was rejected along with a proposal to grant Masters of Natural Sciences a Master of Arts degree, in order to make them full members of the university. This scheme would appear to have then been quietly dropped, with Oxford going on to award BAs and MAs in science. The Master of Science (MSc) degree

8960-449: The master's degree had to pass a public examination, but by 1835 this was awarded Oxbridge -style three years after the BA. The 19th century saw a great expansion in the variety of master's degrees offered. At the start of the century, the only master's degree was the MA, and this was normally awarded without any further study or examination. The Master in Surgery degree was introduced by

9072-464: The middle of the century the MA as an examined second degree was again under threat, with Durham moving to awarding it automatically to those who gained honours in the BA in 1857, along the lines of the Oxbridge MA , and Edinburgh following the other Scottish universities in awarding the MA as its first degree, in place of the BA, from 1858. At the same time, new universities were being established around

9184-453: The name, saying "we're just going to call it what it is: 9–9–9 Plan." The plan would have replaced the then current tax code with a 9-percent business transactions tax, a 9-percent personal income tax, and a 9-percent federal sales tax. During a debate on October 12, Cain said his plan "expands the base," arguing that "when you expand the base, we can arrive at the lowest possible rate, which is 9–9–9." An analysis released to Bloomberg News by

9296-569: The official GOP response, Cain delivered his speech at the National Press Club . The speech was streamed live on the Tea Party Express website. Cain referred to Obama's address as a "hodgepodge of liberal ideas," adding that there were "no big ideas that would impact job growth" and "no big ideas that would stimulate economic growth in this country." Although Mitt Romney was endorsed by Cain on May 15, 2012, he would eventually lose

9408-451: The origin of European universities, with a Papal bull of 1233 decreeing that anyone admitted to the mastership in the University of Toulouse should be allowed to teach freely in any other university. The original meaning of the master's degree was thus that someone who had been admitted to the rank (degree) of master (i.e. teacher) in one university should be admitted to the same rank in other universities. This gradually became formalised as

9520-505: The plan. On October 21, Cain told a crowd in Detroit that the plan would be 9–0–9 for the poor, saying that "if you are at or below the poverty level ... then you don't pay that middle nine on your income." Cain's 9–9–9 plan attracted skepticism from his fellow candidates at numerous Republican debates. In late October 2011, Politico reported that Cain had been accused by two women of sexual harassment and misconduct during his time as CEO of

9632-578: The pre-Reformation universities (St Andrews, Glasgow, and Aberdeen) developed so that the Scottish MA became their first degree, while in Oxford, Cambridge and Trinity College Dublin , the MA was awarded to BA graduates of a certain standing without further examination from the late 17th century, its main purpose being to confer full membership of the university. At Harvard the 1700 regulations required that candidates for

9744-415: The primary. Collins tried to paint Cain as a moderate, citing Cain's support for affirmative action programs, while Cain argued that he was a conservative, noting that he opposed the legality of abortion except when the mother's life is threatened. Cain finished second in the primary with 26.2% of the vote, ahead of Collins, who won 20.6%, but because Isakson won 53.2% of the vote, Isakson was able to avoid

9856-793: The quality of the Scottish degrees of this period. In 1832 Lord Brougham , the Lord Chancellor and an alumnus of the University of Edinburgh, told the House of Lords that "In England the Universities conferred degrees after a considerable period of residence, after much labour performed, and if they were not in all respects so rigorous as the statutes of the Universities required, nevertheless it could not be said, that Masters of Arts were created at Oxford and Cambridge as they were in Scotland, without any residence, or without some kind of examination. In Scotland, all

9968-488: The seat. After it appeared likely that he would not receive enough votes to support his confirmation, Cain withdrew on April 22, 2019. In the 2020 election cycle, Cain was a co-chairman of Black Voices for Trump. In 1994, as president-elect of the National Restaurant Association , Cain challenged President Bill Clinton on the costs of the employer mandate contained within the Health Security Act and criticized

10080-501: The second of the two vacant seats on the Federal Reserve Board. Assessing the possible nomination, news publications reviewed Cain's sexual misconduct allegations that preceded his withdrawal from the 2012 presidential election. Cain acknowledged that the nomination process would be "more cumbersome" for him due to his "unusual career". He initially stated that he was not considering withdrawing his name from consideration for

10192-459: The sharp drop in his poll numbers. According to a Pew Research Center report on December 21, 2011, Cain was the "most covered candidate" among the Republicans during that year. On January 4, 2012, Cain announced the "Cain's Solutions Revolution". Cain's stated goal was to get commitments from members of Congress to support the 9–9–9 Plan before the 2012 elections. Cain stated that he started

10304-470: The statutes of the Universities which enforced conditions on the grant of degrees were a dead letter." It 1837, separate examinations were reintroduced for the MA in England, at the newly established Durham University (even though, as in the ancient English universities, this was to confer full membership), to be followed in 1840 by the similarly new University of London , which was only empowered by its charter to grant degrees by examination. However, by

10416-709: The straw polls of the Florida Republican Party , TeaCon, and the National Federation of Republican Women 's Convention. "My focus groups have consistently picked Herman Cain as the most likeable candidate in the debates," said GOP pollster Frank Luntz . "Don't underestimate the power of likability, even in a Republican primary. The more likeable the candidate, the greater the electoral potential." In July 2011, an advisor suggested that his campaign's tax policy plan be called "the Optimal Tax", but Cain rejected

10528-420: The study of the quadrivium . From the late Middle Ages until the 19th century, the pattern of degrees was therefore to have a bachelor's and master's degree in the lower faculties and to have bachelor's and doctorates in the higher faculties. In the United States, the first master's degrees ( Magister Artium , or Master of Arts) were awarded at Harvard University soon after its foundation. In Scotland ,

10640-490: The summit additionally has a policy of not allowing vendors who advocate for higher taxes or about climate change . In 2021, the summit began using the approval voting method for their polls. Ron DeSantis won with 74% approval, followed by Donald Trump with 71%, Ted Cruz with 43%, Mike Pompeo with 39%, and Tim Scott with 36%. Ron DeSantis won a second year in a row with 71.01%, followed by Trump with 67.68%, Cruz with 28.73%, and Ben Carson with 24.15%. DeSantis won

10752-612: The then British Empire along the lines of London, including examinations for the MA: the University of Sydney in Australia and the Queen's University of Ireland in 1850, and the Universities of Bombay (now the University of Mumbai ), Madras and Calcutta in India in 1857. In the US, the revival of master's degrees as an examined qualification began in 1856 at the University of North Carolina , followed by

10864-428: The title reflects Scottish custom and practice, and that any positive judgement on standards should not be taken as implying that the outcomes of the programme were at postgraduate level." The Bologna declaration in 1999 started the Bologna Process , leading to the creation of the European Higher Education Area (EHEA). This established a three-cycle bachelor's—master's—doctorate classification of degrees, leading to

10976-479: The university was granted a new charter giving it the power "to confer the several Degrees of Bachelor, Master, and Doctor, in Arts, Laws, Science, Medicine, Music", but the degrees it awarded in science were the Bachelor of Science and the Doctor of Science . The same two degrees, again omitting the master's, were awarded at Edinburgh, despite the MA being the standard undergraduate degree for Arts in Scotland. In 1862,

11088-431: The volume of work) being further subdivided into "specialist or advanced study" or "professional or practice". Taught degrees (of both forms) typically take a full calendar year (180 UK credits , compared to 120 for an academic year), while research degrees are not typically credit rated but may take up to two years to complete. An MPhil normally takes two calendar years (360 credits). An integrated master's degree (which

11200-548: The west side of Atlanta , attending S. H. Archer High School and the Rev. Cameron M. Alexander 's Antioch Baptist Church North in the neighborhood now known as The Bluff . Eventually the family moved to a modest brick home on Albert Street in the Collier Heights neighborhood. He graduated from high school in 1963. In 1967, Cain graduated from Morehouse College with a Bachelor of Science in mathematics . In 1971, he received

11312-478: Was accused of sexual harassment by multiple women . Cain denied the allegations but announced the suspension of his campaign on December 3. He remained active in the Republican Party and was a co-chairman of Black Voices for Trump in the 2020 election cycle. Cain died from COVID-19 on July 30, 2020, at the age of 74. Herman Cain was born on December 13, 1945, in Memphis, Tennessee , to Lenora Davis Cain (1925–1982),

11424-421: Was a 70% chance that he would attempt to seek the office. Later that month, he was the "surprise choice" for 2012 GOP nominee in a RedState reader poll. Cain announced the formation of an exploratory committee on January 12, 2011, before formally announcing his candidacy on May 21 in Atlanta. Cain's addresses to conservative groups were well received, and in late September and early October 2011, Cain won

11536-524: Was an American businessman and Tea Party movement activist in the Republican Party . Cain graduated from Morehouse College with a bachelor's degree in mathematics. He then earned a master's degree in computer science at Purdue University while also working full-time for the U.S. Department of the Navy . In 1977, he joined the Pillsbury Company where he later became vice president. During

11648-443: Was appointed to the Kemp Commission and, in 1996, he served as a senior economic adviser to Bob Dole's presidential campaign . From 1996 to 1999, Cain was president and CEO of the National Restaurant Association . In May 2011, Cain announced his 2012 presidential candidacy . By the fall, his proposed 9–9–9 tax plan and debating performances had made him a serious contender for the Republican nomination. In November, however, Cain

11760-593: Was assigned to analyze and manage 400 Burger King stores in the Philadelphia area. At the time, Burger King was a Pillsbury subsidiary. Under Cain, his region posted strong improvement in three years. According to a 1987 account in the Minneapolis Star Tribune , Pillsbury's then-president Win Wallin said, "He was an excellent bet. Herman always seemed to have his act together." At Burger King, Cain "established

11872-901: Was bestowed with honorary degrees from Creighton University , Johnson & Wales University , Morehouse College , the University of Nebraska–Lincoln , the New York City College of Technology , Purdue University , Suffolk University , and Tougaloo College . Then former Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, Jack Kemp , referred to Cain as "the Colin Powell of American capitalism". Kemp stated that Cain's "conquests won't be counted in terms of countries liberated or lives saved, but in those things that make life worth living—expanding opportunity, creating jobs and broadening horizons, not just for those he knows, but through his example, for those he'll never meet." On April 4, 2019, President Donald Trump said that he intended to nominate Cain to

11984-471: Was diagnosed with stage IV colon cancer that had spread to his liver and was given a 30% chance of survival. After surgery and chemotherapy , the cancer was reported to be in remission. Disclosures filed during Cain's 2011 campaign categorized his wealth at that time as being between $ 2.9 and $ 6.6 million, with his combined income for both 2010 and 2011 being between $ 1.1 and $ 2.1 million. Cain opposed wearing face masks and social distancing during

12096-473: Was dropped from the Westwood One Radio Network in December 2016 in favor of The Chris Plante Show, but continued to air in limited syndication through WSB's owner, Cox Radio . On February 15, 2013, Fox News Channel announced Cain would join the network as a contributor. In March 2019, Cain was a panelist on a Watter's World episode. Cain received the 1996 Horatio Alger Award and

12208-583: Was finally introduced in Britain in 1878 at Durham, followed by the new Victoria University in 1881. At the Victoria University both the MA and MSc followed the lead of Durham's MA in requiring a further examination for those with an ordinary bachelor's degree but not for those with honours. At the start of the 20th century, there were four different sorts of master's degree in the UK: the Scottish MA , granted as

12320-521: Was introduced in 1859. Probably the most important master's degree introduced in the 19th century was the Master of Science (MS in the US, MSc in the UK). At the University of Michigan this was introduced in two forms in 1858: "in course", first awarded in 1859, and "on examination", first awarded in 1862. The "in course" MS was last awarded in 1876. In Britain, however, the degree took a while longer to arrive. When London introduced its Faculty of Sciences in 1858,

12432-618: Was noted by the Dearing Report into UK Higher Education in 1997, which called for the establishment of a national framework of qualifications and identified five different routes to master's degrees: This led to the establishment of the Quality Assurance Agency , which was charged with drawing up the framework. In 2000, renewed pressure was put on Oxbridge MAs in the UK Parliament, with Labour MP Jackie Lawrence introducing an early day motion calling for them to be scrapped and telling

12544-487: Was the keynote speaker , calling for optimism within the Republican Party and increased activity in reaching voters. Also among the speakers were Mia Love , mayor of Saratoga Springs, Utah ; former U.S. Senator Bill Armstrong , president of Colorado Christian University ; Texas Senator Ted Cruz ; former Arkansas Governor Mike Huckabee ; Jonah Goldberg , a conservative columnist and author; and former Florida Representative Allen West . About 2,000 people attended

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