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40-620: West Rockhill Township is a township in Bucks County, Pennsylvania , United States. The original Rockhill Township was established in 1740 and was divided into East Rockhill and West Rockhill Townships in 1890. The population was 5,256 at the 2010 census . West Rockhill Township is part of Pennridge School District . According to the United States Census Bureau , the township has a total area of 16.4 square miles (42.4 km), of which 16.3 square miles (42.2 km)

80-543: A v + 0.16 , {\displaystyle T_{\mathrm {wc} }=35.74+0.6215T_{\mathrm {a} }-35.75v^{+0.16}+0.4275T_{\mathrm {a} }v^{+0.16},} where T wc is the wind chill index, based on the Fahrenheit scale; T a is the air temperature in degrees Fahrenheit; and v is the wind speed in miles per hour. Windchill temperature is defined only for temperatures at or below 10 °C (50 °F) and wind speeds above 4.8 km/h (3.0 mph). As

120-548: A − 11.37 v + 0.16 + 0.3965 T a v + 0.16 , {\displaystyle T_{\mathrm {wc} }=13.12+0.6215T_{\mathrm {a} }-11.37v^{+0.16}+0.3965T_{\mathrm {a} }v^{+0.16},} where T wc is the wind chill index, based on the Celsius temperature scale; T a is the air temperature in degrees Celsius; and v is the wind speed at 10 m (33 ft) standard anemometer height , in kilometres per hour. When

160-424: A hot-summer, wet all year, humid continental climate ( Dfa ). Dfa climates are characterized by at least one month having an average mean temperature ≤ 32.0 °F (≤ 0.0 °C), at least four months with an average mean temperature ≥ 50.0 °F (≥ 10.0 °C), at least one month with an average mean temperature ≥ 71.6 °F (≥ 22.0 °C), and no significant precipitation difference between seasons. During

200-509: A household in the township was $ 50,948, and the median income for a family was $ 63,871. Males had a median income of $ 44,063 versus $ 30,306 for females. The per capita income for the township was $ 25,026. About 1.7% of families and 4.7% of the population were below the poverty line , including none of those under age 18 and 11.0% of those age 65 or over. According to the Köppen climate classification system, West Rockhill Township, Pennsylvania has

240-688: A progression of municipal structures based on population growth, it is not uncommon to have a township and borough of the same or similar name, generally adjacent within the same county. The 'town-like' borough might be partially or wholly surrounded by the remaining township from which it had split off. The government of Cold Spring Township ceased to function in 1961, when there were no candidates for office. Pennsylvania townships typically vary in size from 6 to 40 square miles (16–104 km ). There are two classifications of townships, first class and second class. The commonwealth initially incorporates all townships as second class townships. To become

280-1195: A tax collector and, in many townships, a panel of three auditors who annually audit all township accounts. The supervisors or commissioners of the township appoint a secretary and a treasurer, and may also appoint a township manager to coordinate township employees and operations. County governments may provide some or all municipal services to residents of townships, regardless of class and size, including trash collection or sewage processing. Some counties, though, leave individual municipalities to provide their own services; in some instances small groups of boroughs or townships may pool their resources to provide water, police, or other functions. The main areas of local services include police and fire protection, maintenance of local roads and streets, water supply, sewage collection and treatment, parking and traffic control, local planning and zoning, parks and recreation, garbage collection, health services, libraries, licensing of businesses and code enforcement. All municipalities in Pennsylvania, however, rely on county and state organized courts for probate, criminal, and civil court services. Under

320-497: A township of the first class and operate under the powers of the First Class Township Code, a township must have a population density of 300 inhabitants per square mile (120/km ) and voters therein must approve the change of classification in a referendum. The classes of townships differ primarily in the form of their administration. Townships of the second class are governed by a board of supervisors, elected at large by

360-538: Is between 30 and 36 inches (76 and 91 cm), and the average snowiest month is February which corresponds with the annual peak in nor'easter activity. As of 2018 there were 67.71 miles (108.97 km) of public roads in West Rockhill Township, of which 0.40 miles (0.64 km) were maintained by the Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission (PTC), 26.80 miles (43.13 km) were maintained by

400-1102: Is land and 0.1 square mile (0.2 km) (0.49%) is water. It is in the Delaware watershed and, while most of West Rockhill is drained by the East Branch Perkiomen Creek and Unami Creek into the Perkiomen Creek and Schuylkill River , an area in the northeast portion drains via Threemile Run, Lake Nockamixon , and the Tohickon Creek eastward to the Delaware River . Other natural features include Butter Creek, Ingram Hill, Mill Creek, Ridge Valley Creek, and Rock Hill. The township's villages include Almont, Argus, Derstein, Knockthopher, Naceville (also in Montgomery County,) Rich Hill, Ridge Valley, Rocky Ridge, Smoketown (also in East Rockhill,) and White Horse. As of

440-409: Is most rapid at the start of any exposure, when the skin is still warm. The apparent temperature (AT), invented in the late 1970s, was designed to measure thermal sensation in indoor conditions. It was extended in the early 1980s to include the effect of sun and wind. The AT index used here is based on a mathematical model of an adult, walking outdoors, in the shade (Steadman 1994). The AT is defined as

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480-537: Is served by SEPTA bus Route 132 , which runs between the Montgomery Mall and Telford . According to the A. W. Kuchler U.S. potential natural vegetation types, West Rockhill Township, Pennsylvania would have an Appalachian Oak ( 104 ) vegetation type with an Eastern Hardwood Forest ( 25 ) vegetation form. Township (Pennsylvania) A township , under the laws of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania ,

520-449: Is the lowest level of municipal incorporation of government. All of Pennsylvania's communities outside of incorporated cities , boroughs , and one town have been incorporated into individual townships that serve as the legal entities providing local self-government functions. In general, townships in Pennsylvania encompass larger land areas than other municipalities , and tend to be located in suburban , exurban , or rural parts of

560-538: The Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PennDOT) and 40.61 miles (65.36 km) were maintained by the township. Pennsylvania Route 309 is the main highway serving West Rockhill Township. It follows the Sellersville Bypass on a southeast-northwest alignment across the eastern portion of the township. Pennsylvania Route 152 reaches its northern terminus at PA 309 in the southeastern portion of

600-401: The 1960s, wind chill began to be reported as a wind chill equivalent temperature (WCET), which is theoretically less useful. The author of this change is unknown, but it was not Siple or Passel as is generally believed. At first, it was defined as the temperature at which the windchill index would be the same in the complete absence of wind. This led to equivalent temperatures that exaggerated

640-509: The 2010 census, the township was 95.0% White, 1.1% Black or African American, 0.2% Native American, 1.4% Asian, and 0.9% were two or more races. 1.4% of the population were of Hispanic or Latino ancestry. As of the census of 2000, there were 4,233 people, 1,636 households, and 1,146 families residing in the township. The population density was 259.7 inhabitants per square mile (100.3/km). There were 1,701 housing units at an average density of 104.4 per square mile (40.3/km). The racial makeup of

680-582: The Antarctic before the Second World War, and were made available by the National Weather Service by the 1970s. They were based on the cooling rate of a small plastic bottle as its contents turned to ice while suspended in the wind on the expedition hut roof, at the same level as the anemometer . The so-called Windchill Index provided a pretty good indication of the severity of the weather. In

720-559: The Pennsylvania constitution, each governmental entity has the right to choose its own form of self-government, and a limited ability to delegate powers and oversight to such entities as authorities, commissions and school boards. Any township, regardless of its class, may adopt a home rule charter, at which point it is no longer governed by the Pennsylvania Township Codes. While a home rule charter can incorporate unusual features, standard municipal functions are generally part of

760-600: The United States, and the United Kingdom implemented a new wind chill index developed by scientists and medical experts on the Joint Action Group for Temperature Indices (JAG/TI). It is determined by iterating a model of skin temperature under various wind speeds and temperatures using standard engineering correlations of wind speed and heat transfer rate. Heat transfer was calculated for a bare face in wind, facing

800-494: The air temperature falls, the chilling effect of any wind that is present increases. For example, a 16 km/h (10 mph) wind will lower the apparent temperature by a wider margin at an air temperature of −20 °C (−4 °F) than a wind of the same speed would if the air temperature were −10 °C (14 °F). The 2001 WCET is a steady-state calculation (except for the time-to-frostbite estimates). There are significant time-dependent aspects to wind chill because cooling

840-646: The commonwealth. As with other incorporated municipalities in Pennsylvania, townships exist within counties and are subordinate to or dependent upon the county level of government. Townships in Pennsylvania were created in the 17th century during the colonial-era Province of Pennsylvania prior to the American Revolution . Much of the province was then occupied by Native Americans , but the colonial administration in Philadelphia brought new counties and new settlements regularly. The first communities defined by

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880-432: The electorate of the whole township for overlapping six-year terms. The number of supervisors can be increased to five by referendum. Townships of the first class, by contrast, have a board of commissioners. Between five and fifteen commissioners sit on this panel; they can be elected either at large or by wards within the township; and they serve for overlapping terms of four years in office. Other elected officials include

920-517: The formulas attempt to qualitatively predict the effect of wind on the temperature humans perceive . Weather services in different countries use standards unique to their country or region; for example, the U.S. and Canadian weather services use a model accepted by the National Weather Service . That model has evolved over time. The first wind chill formulas and tables were developed by Paul Allman Siple and Charles F. Passel working in

960-444: The important factor of humidity and is somewhat more involved than the simpler North American model. The North American formula was designed to be applied at low temperatures (as low as −46 °C or −50 °F) when humidity levels are also low. The hot-weather version of the AT (1984) is used by the National Weather Service in the United States. In the United States, this simple version of

1000-427: The index, such as 1400, which was the threshold for frostbite . The original formula for the index was: W C I = ( 10 v − v + 10.5 ) ⋅ ( 33 − T a ) , {\displaystyle WCI=\left(10{\sqrt {v}}-v+10.5\right)\cdot \left(33-T_{\mathrm {a} }\right),} where: In November 2001, Canada,

1040-426: The mix regardless of how offices and powers are allocated within the jurisdiction. "Citizen's Guide to Pennsylvania Local Government, 2010" Wind chill A surface loses heat through conduction , evaporation , convection , and radiation . The rate of convection depends on both the difference in temperature between the surface and the fluid surrounding it and the velocity of that fluid with respect to

1080-439: The provincial state government tended to be rural, geographically large, and sparsely populated townships. Townships or portions of them tended to become boroughs after population growth or an increase in population density and, eventually, might to reincorporate at the level of city. Initially, each municipal organization begins as a second-class township. When a sufficient population density, currently 300 people per square mile,

1120-423: The severity of the weather. Charles Eagan realized that people are rarely still and that even when it is calm, there is some air movement. He redefined the absence of wind to be an air speed of 1.8 metres per second (6.5 km/h; 4.0 mph), which was about as low a wind speed as a cup anemometer could measure. This led to more realistic (warmer-sounding) values of equivalent temperature. Equivalent temperature

1160-535: The summer months, episodes of extreme heat and humidity can occur with heat index values ≥ 100 °F (≥ 38 °C). On average, the wettest month of the year is July which corresponds with the annual peak in thunderstorm activity. During the winter months, episodes of extreme cold and wind can occur with wind chill values < 0 °F (< -18 °C). The plant hardiness zone is 6b with an average annual extreme minimum air temperature of -1.6 °F (-18.7 °C). The average seasonal (Nov-Apr) snowfall total

1200-430: The surface cools. Contrary to popular belief , wind chill does not refer to how cold things get, and they will only get as cold as the air temperature. This means radiators and pipes cannot freeze when wind chill is below freezing and the air temperature is above freezing. Many formulas exist for wind chill because, unlike temperature, wind chill has no universally agreed-upon standard definition or measurement. All

1240-408: The surface. As convection from a warm surface heats the air around it, an insulating boundary layer of warm air forms against the surface. Moving air disrupts this boundary layer, or epiclimate, carrying the warm air away, thereby allowing cooler air to replace the warm air against the surface and increasing the temperature difference in the boundary layer. The faster the wind speed, the more readily

West Rockhill Township, Pennsylvania - Misplaced Pages Continue

1280-483: The temperature and relative humidity using the equation: e = R H 100 ⋅ 6.105 ⋅ exp ⁡ ( 17.27 ⋅ T a 237.7 + T a ) , {\displaystyle e={\frac {\mathrm {RH} }{100}}\cdot 6.105\cdot \exp {\left({\frac {17.27\cdot T_{\mathrm {a} }}{237.7+T_{\mathrm {a} }}}\right)},} where: The Australian formula includes

1320-514: The temperature is −20 °C (−4 °F) and the wind speed is 5 km/h (3 mph), the wind chill index is −24. If the temperature remains at −20 °C and the wind speed increases to 30 km/h (19 mph), the wind chill index falls to −33. The equivalent formula in US customary units is: T w c = 35.74 + 0.6215 T a − 35.75 v + 0.16 + 0.4275 T

1360-434: The temperature, at the reference humidity level, producing the same amount of discomfort as that experienced under the current ambient temperature and humidity. The formula is: A T = T a + 0.33 e − 0.7 v − 4.00 , {\displaystyle \mathrm {AT} =T_{\mathrm {a} }+0.33e-0.7v-4.00,} where: The vapour pressure can be calculated from

1400-546: The township was 98.23% White , 0.54% African American , 0.14% Native American , 0.47% Asian , 0.14% from other races , and 0.47% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.59% of the population. There were 1,636 households, out of which 26.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.3% were married couples living together, 6.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.9% were non-families. 25.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.8% had someone living alone who

1440-504: The township, from that point heading northeastward out of the township. Pennsylvania Route 563 utilizes Ridge Road as it follows a southwest-northeast alignment across the central portion of the township. A small portion of the Pennsylvania Turnpike Northeast Extension (I-476) traverses the far western tip of the township, but has no interchanges within the township. The southern tip of West Rockhill Township

1480-443: The wind, while walking into it at 1.4 m/s (5.0 km/h; 3.1 mph). The model corrects the officially measured wind speed to the wind speed at face height, assuming the person is in an open field. The results of this model may be approximated, to within one degree, from the following formulas. The standard wind chill formula for Environment Canada is: T w c = 13.12 + 0.6215 T

1520-455: Was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 2.97. In the township the population was spread out, with 20.9% under the age of 18, 6.5% from 18 to 24, 25.9% from 25 to 44, 25.3% from 45 to 64, and 21.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.3 males. The median income for

1560-514: Was attained, the township had the option of holding a referendum and, if it passed, became a first-class township. The municipality could proceed to the level of borough or city in a similar fashion. Historically, this progression has often included border adjustments or mergers with other boroughs or townships. Many communities remain townships in spite of growth that brings the characteristics of more-urbanized areas that might be associated with "towns." Because Pennsylvania's constitution provides for

1600-459: Was not universally used in North America until the 21st century. Until the 1970s, the coldest parts of Canada reported the original Wind Chill Index, a three- or four-digit number with units of kilocalories /hour per square metre. Each individual calibrated the scale of numbers personally, through experience. The chart also provided general guidance to comfort and hazard through threshold values of

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