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154-518: Helena–West Helena ( listen ; / ˈ h ɛ l ə n ə / ) is the county seat of and the largest city within Phillips County , Arkansas , United States. The current city was consolidated, effective January 1, 2006, from the two Arkansas cities of Helena and West Helena . Helena is sited on lowlands between the Mississippi River and the eastern side of Crowley's Ridge. West Helena

308-526: A Superior Court and Sheriff (as an officer of the court ), both located in a designated "shire town". Bennington County, Vermont has two shire towns; the court for "North Shire" is in the shire town Manchester , and the Sheriff for the county and court for "South Shire" are in the shire town Bennington. In 2024, Connecticut , which had not defined their counties for anything but statistical, historical and weather warning purposes since 1960, along with ending

462-670: A brigade , and then an ad-hoc division at the Battle of Shiloh in April 1862; he was wounded during the battle. Following Shiloh, Hindman was promoted to major general and sent to the Trans-Mississippi Department to command Arkansas, Missouri , the Indian Territory , and part of Louisiana . As commander of the region, his policies were sometimes legally questionable and were unpopular, although they were successful in building up

616-444: A convent to see her when her father attempted to force an end to the romance. They were married on November 11, with Cleburne serving as Hindman's best man. Hindman's new father in-law was a wealthy landowner, and two of his bride's uncles had held statewide office. The marriage increased Hindman's financial position and social status. Hindman began another run for Congress in late 1857. The Know-Nothings had been defeated soundly in

770-827: A division led by Hardee, with Cleburne, who was also in Confederate service, commanding the other. While in Kentucky, Hindman's men fought in several minor actions, including the Battle of Rowlett's Station on December 17. On February 8, 1862, after a Union victory at the Battle of Fort Henry and with the fall of Fort Donelson likely, Johnston ordered the abandonment of Kentucky, and Hindman's men withdrew to Corinth, Mississippi , via Murfreesboro, Tennessee . At Corinth, Johnston gathered forces and by April had over 40,000 men, and along with General P. G. T. Beauregard , began planning an attack against Major General Ulysses S. Grant 's Union army at Pittsburg Landing, Tennessee . Hindman

924-498: A Dr. Moon, pulled a pistol on Hindman, who was unarmed but expressed a willingness to fight at a later time when he had a weapon. The next day, inside the Arkansas House of Representatives building, Moon's associate Wilson pulled a pistol on Hindman, who shot Moon with a derringer pistol and then pulled another weapon on Wilson. Hindman was confronted by an angry mob and was later arrested. Released on bail, he returned to Helena and

1078-580: A candidate. During the summer of 1854, Hindman had been in contact with Quitman about a filibustering expedition to attempt to annex Cuba to the United States as a slave state. Hindman was unable to join the expedition. While lobbying for railroads in Little Rock in January 1855, he had been involved in an altercation with two men after he offended their friend, the newspaper editor Charles C. Danley. One,

1232-529: A colony in the Yucatán Peninsula , but this failed as foreign support for the rule of Maximilian ended. The family moved to Orizaba before June; rebels against Maximilian razed Carlota not long after they moved. Maximilian's rule began to collapse, and the Hindmans were forced to return to the United States, returning to Helena in April 1867. Maximilian was overthrown and executed in mid-June. Hindman requested

1386-410: A county seat may be an independent city surrounded by, but not part of, the county of which it is the administrative center; for example, Fairfax City is both the county seat of Fairfax County, Virginia and completely surrounded by Fairfax County, but the city is politically independent of the county. When the county seat is in the independent city, government offices such as the courthouse may be in

1540-530: A defeat by Herron and Blunt at the Battle of Van Buren on December 28. Hindman's earlier policies in Arkansas continued to make him unpopular during the Prairie Grove campaign, and the defeat at Prairie Grove worsened matters. The Arkansas congressional delegation petitioned Davis to transfer him out of the state, a request that was granted on January 30, 1863. Hindman was assigned to a court of inquiry related to

1694-600: A few months remained until the onset of winter would make movements in the Ozarks very difficult. In early September, Hindman pushed 6,000 men into southwestern Missouri and established his headquarters at Pineville . On September 10, Holmes recalled him to Little Rock. Brigadier General Allison Nelson had fallen terminally ill, and Holmes needed Hindman to take care of administrative matters. In Hindman's absence, Brigadier General James S. Rains took command. The Confederates in southwestern Missouri withdrew back into Arkansas after

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1848-459: A household in the city was $ 18,662, and the median income for a family was $ 21,534. Males had a median income of $ 27,203 versus $ 17,250 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 13,028. About 38.4% of families and 41.4% of the population were below the poverty line , including 54.9% of those under age 18 and 24.1% of those age 65 or over. As of the census of 2000, there were 8,689 people, 3,204 households, and 2,223 families residing in

2002-492: A member of the Arkansas delegation to the Confederate States Congress but was rejected for the role; the political powers in Arkansas wanted to prevent radical forces from taking over. After seceding, the secession convention created several laws to prepare the state for military action. Hindman was not part of the convention, but did write most of an ordinance for it to establish a military board. After contacting

2156-453: A message back to Bragg that he would not advance further unless he learned for certain that Cleburne was moving as well. Hindman continued his movement towards the Union position on the morning of the 11th. At about noon, Bragg ordered Cleburne to attack but soon reversed the order. Minor skirmishing broke out between Hindman and the Union force at around 16:30, and Cleburne's division attacked, but

2310-427: A nomination convention beginning on Monday, May 5. After 276 rounds of voting deadlocked between Hindman and Greenwood that stretched into Saturday morning, Hindman withdrew in the interest of party unity. Hindman actively campaigned for Greenwood, becoming in the words of biographers Diane Neal and Thomas Kremm "more visible during the canvass than Greenwood". These actions kept him in the public eye, and set him up to be

2464-609: A pardon from President of the United States Andrew Johnson , but this was denied. Once settled in Helena, Hindman resumed his legal practice with John C. Palmer and later M. T. Sanders. Hindman also reentered politics, speaking against the Radical Republicans . Hindman also argued against the 1868 Arkansas Constitution and the gubernatorial candidacy of Republican Powell Clayton . In an attempt to silence Hindman,

2618-419: A petition to Davis in early October, and Davis, who had received letters from civilians criticizing Bragg's generalship, declared that the suspensions of Hindman and Polk were void and traveled to visit Bragg's army, although Bragg did not initially comply with the declaration. On November 15, wanting to avoid a court of inquiry, Bragg dropped the charges against Hindman and ordered him reinstated, although Hindman

2772-461: A role in the campaign: Johnson was viewed as a pro-secession candidate, anti-secessionist voters favored Rector. The 1860 elections marked the end of the strength of the Family in Arkansas politics, and it never regained its former position of dominance. Throughout his political career, Hindman had supported slavery, the right of slaveholders to take their slaves to other territories, and the belief that

2926-594: A seat in the Mississippi House of Representatives from Tippah County . He was appointed to the judiciary committee and supported tax and education reform, reforms to the Mississippi Chancery Courts system, and the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 . He tried, with little success, to ensure that new railroads within the state complied with the requirements of their charters. In March 1854, the term of

3080-519: A second to resupply using captured Union ammunition, and intended to send his third brigade to Johnson's aid once it was ready. Instead, Johnson attacked without waiting for Hindman. Bloody fighting against Thomas's men occurred, and Hindman's division entered the fray as well. Longstreet had been unclear as to whether Johnson or Hindman were in charge, and both officers believed that they were responsible for both divisions. Fighting, often at close quarters, continued until nightfall, when Thomas, now facing

3234-540: A speech titled "That Black Republican Bible – The Helper Book" in opposition to Sherman. Hindman's speech was popular in the south, and Republican William Pennington was elected instead of Sherman. In Congress, Hindman supported a canal to bypass a blockage on the Red River of the South ; proposed a decrease in public land cost; supported a railroad from Memphis, Tennessee to Albuquerque , New Mexico ; and proposed converting

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3388-457: A sponsor. King Biscuit Flour agreed to do. The King Biscuit Entertainers were sponsored, as well as the show King Biscuit Time , featuring blues musicians. The King Biscuit Blues Festival was organized in the late 20th century as an annual October event. It was renamed as the Arkansas Blues and Heritage Festival in 2005, and is one of the largest blues festivals in the world. The celebration

3542-447: A street grid and run an interurban trolley line through the hills to connect the land to Helena. The land survey was completed on March 28, 1910; from its beginning, West Helena was deliberately segregated, with separate housing areas for white and black residents. On May 23, 1917, the new city was officially incorporated as West Helena. 18-year-old William Turner was lynched in Helena , Phillips County, Arkansas on November 18, 1921. He

3696-509: A strong candidate for the 1858 election. Hindman's vocal opposition to the Know-Nothings led to a feud with state legislator W. D. Rice. The situation festered from June 1855 through May 1856, when the two exchanged hostile letters in a newspaper. On May 24, Rice and three of his relatives got into a street fight with Hindman and Cleburne. The participants knew a fight was coming and all were armed. Rice fired first and hit Hindman in

3850-886: A subsidiary of Yokohama Rubber Company , in the 1970s. Unemployment surged shortly after. Among the attractions in Helena–West Helena are the Delta Cultural Center , the Pillow-Thompson House (owned and operated by the Phillips Community College of the University of Arkansas ), and the Helena Confederate Cemetery , which holds the remains of seven Confederate Army generals. The city holds an annual King Biscuit Blues Festival each October. It has been held under this name since 2010, when it

4004-559: A transfer, this time specifically to the Trans-Mississippi. This was denied because of his unpopularity in Arkansas, and he was instead offered a leave of absence to recover from his injury. Historian Albert E. Castel suggested that Hindman went on leave less because of his injury and more out of resentment of not being promoted. Another Confederate officer noted that Hindman was "anxious to get away, and everyone else equally so to get rid of him". Hindman selected San Antonio, Texas as

4158-537: A withdrawal that night. The Confederate retreat continued with sporadic fighting, with Johnston taking up a new position in the Marietta area in June. On June 22, elements of two Union corps pushed forward and encountered Hood's division near Kolb's Farm. Hood responded by ordering an attack. The Battle of Kolb's Farm was a bloody Confederate repulse. Along with Major General Carter L. Stevenson 's division, Hindman's division

4312-519: Is held in downtown Helena on Cherry Street in early October. It was renamed in 2010 as the King Biscuit Blues Festival at a 25th anniversary performance of renowned musician B.B. King . The lyrics of "Stand Up Guy" by Mark Knopfler make reference to West Helena. As of the 2020 United States Census , there were 9,519 people, 4,191 households, and 2,515 families residing in the city. Based on U.S. Census reports for both cities prior to

4466-409: Is known as the seat of its county. Generally, the county legislature, county courthouse, sheriff's department headquarters, hall of records, jail and correctional facility are located in the county seat, though some functions (such as highway maintenance, which usually requires a large garage for vehicles, along with asphalt and salt storage facilities) may also be located or conducted in other parts of

4620-417: Is located on the western side of Crowley's Ridge , a geographic anomaly in the typically flat Arkansas Delta . The Helena Bridge , one of Arkansas' four Mississippi River bridges, carries U.S. Route 49 across to Mississippi . The combined population of the two cities was 15,012 at the 2000 census and at the 2010 census, the official population was 12,282. The municipality traces its historical roots to

4774-433: The 1860 Arkansas gubernatorial election , the Family leadership manipulated several electoral and delegate selection processes to ensure Richard Johnson's nomination. In May 1860, Henry M. Rector , a lower-ranking member of the Family hierarchy, entered the race. Rector opposed Johnson, but did not directly ally with Hindman and his supporters, although Hindman did support Rector. In the congressional elections, Hindman won

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4928-503: The 2nd Arkansas Infantry Regiment , and he entered the Confederate States Army as a colonel on June 12. Hindman's men were assigned to the command of Confederate Brigadier General William J. Hardee , but other Arkansas troops remained in state service and would not serve under Hardee, especially since they were not being properly paid or clothed. Many simply went back home. In September, General Albert Sidney Johnston

5082-474: The Atlanta campaign by moving almost 100,000 men against Johnston's army in northern Georgia. The Confederates withdrew from Dalton, Georgia , and took up positions at Resaca . The Battle of Resaca began on May 13. Fighting continued into the next day, and Hindman's division was attacked. After repulsing the Union infantry charge, Hindman's force came under artillery bombardment. Other Confederate troops attacked

5236-696: The Cherokee removal . With his father often away and little education available in the Jacksonville area, Thomas Jr. was sent to New York to live with relatives. He eventually enrolled at the Lawrenceville Classical Institute in New Jersey . Coursework at Lawrenceville was focused on the grammars of English and classical Greek and Latin, as well as mathematics and history. There was also an emphasis on debate, oratory, and religious instruction. Hindman

5390-695: The Confederate States Secretary of War , LeRoy Pope Walker , Hindman received permission to recruit a regiment for Confederate service. Hindman informed the military board of this development on May 23, but they would not provide weapons, food, or clothing for his men. Instead, Hindman had to keep the men he recruited at Helena and Pine Bluff at his own expense. The men were initially ordered to Richmond, Virginia , but on June 11 were given orders to remain in Arkansas because Union Army forces in Missouri were threatening Arkansas. Hindman's unit became

5544-539: The First Battle of Newtonia , splitting into two forces, one of which was shattered at the Battle of Old Fort Wayne . Hindman returned to Fort Smith in mid-October, and had Rains removed for drunkenness. After learning that Union Major General John Schofield had advanced into Arkansas with 8,000 to 10,000 men, Hindman withdrew his force south across the Boston Mountains . After the withdrawal, Schofield assumed that

5698-738: The Know-Nothing party and Arkansas's ruling Conway-Johnson dynasty . He was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1858, and supported slavery (and was a slaveholder himself) and secession . He was assassinated during the Reconstruction era . Once the American Civil War began in 1861 and Arkansas seceded, Hindman joined the Confederate States Army, first commanding the 2nd Arkansas Infantry Regiment , then

5852-720: The Little Rock Arsenal into an educational facility. Hindman was not a delegate to the 1860 Charleston Democratic National Convention , where a major split in the Democratic Party occurred. The split was bad enough that another convention had to be held in Baltimore . There was disagreement over who would be in the Arkansas delegation to the Baltimore convention; a threatened duel between Hindman and Dr. William Hooper did not proceed when Hindman declined as he did not consider Hooper to be his equal. The Baltimore convention completed

6006-516: The Mexican–American War began, and Hindman became caught up in the war sentiment, hoping to gain glory and believing that Mexico had wronged the United States. After President James Knox Polk called upon the states to furnish 50,000 volunteers for the war in 1846, Governor of Mississippi Albert G. Brown authorized the creation of a number of companies, expecting that the state would be asked to furnish multiple units. Instead, Mississippi

6160-480: The Mississippi Delta , who came for the jobs. Some also worked full-time as musicians. By then Helena was 70% black, and juke joints employed such blues pianist as Sunnyland Slim , Memphis Slim and Roosevelt Sykes . In November 1941, a white businessman put together the staff for the town's first radio station KFFA . A group of blues musicians were given a one-hour radio spot on the condition that they gain

6314-401: The Mississippi River . In 2006, the city announced plans to reopen the regional landfill, from which Helena–West Helena could earn fees. Helena–West Helena's chief economic base continues to be agriculture, specifically cotton cultivation. Mechanization and large industrial farms have reduced the need for farm labor since the first half of the 20th century. Barge traffic at the city's port on

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6468-511: The Sons of Temperance brotherhood. In the quarrel, Robert pulled a gun which misfired, and Falkner stabbed him to death. He was acquitted, and then later killed a family friend of the Hindmans, again receiving an acquittal. The killings led to a gunfight between Thomas Jr. and Falkner that resulted in no injuries, and a duel was barely avoided. Hindman joined the Sons of Temperance himself, becoming active in

6622-775: The United States Senate seat held by Family member William K. Sebastian . The Family backed Sebastian for re-election, and Hindman then took a leading role in organizing a Democratic faction, known as the Old Line Democrats, opposed to the Family. In 1859, he established a newspaper, the Old Line Democrat , in Little Rock. After a pro-Family political convention in November 1858 had changed traditional nominating rules to allow former Whigs and Know-Nothings to participate in

6776-503: The cotton planter James L. Alcorn at a Fourth of July barbeque. Hindman had a reputation as a dandy , and on the day after his debate with Alcorn, a local Whig insulted Hindman by referring to him as "my sweet scented individual". The two agreed to duel with bowie knives , but the situation was defused by Patrick Cleburne and Gideon Pillow . During the 1854 political cycle, Hindman served as an orator focussing on railroad topics that would benefit Helena, although he did not run as

6930-469: The 1856 elections, and he had no major opposition within his own party. He was quite popular with Arkansas Democrats, and this time he easily won his party's nomination for the 1st congressional district. He then handily defeated William M. Crosby in the general election to win the nomination. During the campaign, he was involved in a carriage accident that broke his leg. The injury did not heal properly, leaving one of his legs 2 inches (5.1 cm) longer than

7084-493: The Confederacy was collapsing, and Atlanta had fallen. Over the next several months, false rumors about Hindman were circulating, such as that General E. Kirby Smith had ordered his arrest over the tobacco, or that Hindman had deserted the Confederacy to fight for Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico . In April, the armies of General Robert E. Lee and Johnston surrendered, and Smith surrendered to Union forces on June 2. Hindman, who

7238-675: The Confederate defeat at the Battle of New Orleans in February, and finally left the state on March 13. Hindman presided over the court of inquiry, which met from April through July. He petitioned the Confederate government to reassign him to a divisional command in Arkansas, but he was instead sent to command a division in Lieutenant General Leonidas Polk 's corps of the Army of Tennessee . He arrived in Chattanooga, Tennessee , to join

7392-552: The Confederate government into transferring him. Instead, he was ordered back to his divisional command on March 18. His hopes of a transfer or promotion had been blunted by his support for Cleburne's proposal to arm slaves, the hostile Bragg's position as an advisor to Davis, and his continuing unpopularity in the Trans-Mississippi due to his previous actions in Arkansas. His resignation was denied on March 23, and Hindman officially resumed commanding his division on April 3. In early May 1864, Union Major General William T. Sherman began

7546-477: The Confederates from achieving complete surprise. Wood's brigade later drove back a Union brigade, but suffered heavy losses in the effort. Hindman personally led another attack that shattered a Union brigade. During fighting with Colonel James C. Veatch 's Union brigade, Hindman's horse was killed, and he was knocked out of the fighting by the fall, having broken a leg. With Hindman down and Hardee elsewhere on

7700-576: The Confederates suffered at that time. After capturing Helena, Curtis had Hindman's slaves freed and occupied his house. As Union control of Missouri prevented Hindman from enforcing conscription there, he sent veterans of the Missouri State Guard into the state on recruiting drives, resulting in thousands of recruits for the Confederacy. The incursions also resulted in an uptick in guerrilla activity in Missouri. When Hindman had taken over in Arkansas,

7854-403: The Confederates to retreat. During the withdrawal from Kennesaw Mountain, Hindman was struck in the face by a tree branch while riding through a forest. He was thrown from his horse and injured, including developing severe eye inflammation. The eye injury prevented him from exercising field command, and Hindman went to Atlanta and then Macon to recover. On July 10, 1864, Hindman again requested

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8008-576: The Confederates were no longer threatening Missouri and took two of his three divisions back to Springfield, Missouri , leaving Brigadier General James G. Blunt 's division in northwestern Arkansas. The Confederates had been defeated at the Second Battle of Corinth , and Holmes was ordered to transfer 10,000 men east of the Mississippi River. Hindman opposed this, and suggested an offensive movement, which Holmes reluctantly agreed to. Hindman's plan

8162-594: The Democratic nomination with little difficulty, although his opponents accused him of exerting undue influence over the commission and argued that he should have instead been at the Congressional session in Washington, D.C. After a bitter gubernatorial campaign that was defined more by personalities than issues, Rector defeated Johnson; Hindman handily defeated his opponent, Jesse N. Cypert. Talk of secession had played

8316-498: The Family, for the collateral they had put up. Johnson, in turn, accused Hindman of wanting to get the bank problem resolved because his father in-law was a former trustee of the bank who owed the bank money and had been accused of mismanagement. Hindman also accused the state government of unfairly awarding a printing contract to the Family-owned True Democrat newspaper, while the Family responded that Hindman just wanted

8470-678: The Indian Territory, and Louisiana north of the Red River of the South. After stopping to gather supplies and weapons in Memphis, Helena, and Napoleon, Arkansas , Hindman arrived in Little Rock on May 30. Major General Earl Van Dorn had recently transferred almost all of the men and supplies in the Trans-Mississippi Department to east of the Mississippi, leaving very little in Arkansas. Hindman had to construct his department from little, in one of

8624-421: The Know-Nothings because they were for the most part against slavery, he disagreed with them on immigration, and he felt that they violated religious liberty. Hindman formed a Democratic Party association, supported by his law partner Palmer, who was a Catholic. He spent the rest of the year speaking against the Know-Nothings across northern Arkansas, culminating in a major rally at Helena in late November. Cleburne

8778-457: The Mississippi River due to river erosion. The majority of this was the land at the intersection of Main Street (now Cherry Street) and Elm Street. Multiple building were lost in the event, which was later known as "The Cave-in of '66." In Spring 1897, a major flood damaged the town. City leaders decided to sacrifice the northern end of the city to try to save the central and lower sections. On May 27,

8932-533: The Mississippi River is another source of jobs and revenues, in addition to retail and tourism. The Helena-West Helena World is the local newspaper. The Helena–West Helena School District operates public schools. KIPP: Delta Public Schools operates a group of charter schools in the municipality. Former Schools County seat In Canada , the provinces of Ontario , Quebec , New Brunswick , Prince Edward Island , and Nova Scotia have counties as an administrative division of government below

9086-549: The Republican leadership of Reconstruction Era -Arkansas revived the 1865 treason indictment and had Hindman arrested on March 20, 1868. He was permitted to remain at liberty until his trial, but the pending charges excluded him from a July 1868 amnesty proclamation by President Johnson that pardoned almost all former Confederates. He then became the leader of a political faction known as the Young Democracy, which supported taking

9240-464: The Union army was sent into McLemore Cove , in an area vulnerable to Confederate attack. On the night of September 9–10, Bragg ordered Hindman to attack, and ordered D. H. Hill to send Cleburne's division to attack from the opposite direction once Hindman struck the Union force. Hill, in turn, claimed to Bragg that the movement was impossible, and Cleburne's division moved only part of the way. Hindman's division likewise halted early, with Hindman sending

9394-547: The Union could only be preserved if slavery was allowed. He also supported the resumption of the international slave trade , which had been outlawed in the United States. In the election for Speaker of the United States House of Representatives in 1859, Hindman joined other southern Democrats in opposing the candidacy of Republican John Sherman . Sherman had signed a compendium accompanying an anti-slavery book by Hinton Rowan Helper , and in January 1860, Hindman made

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9548-419: The Union force had retreated and the Battle of Dug Gap was only light skirmishing. While Bragg's orders were poorly written, Hindman still performed badly; in the opinion of historian Craig Symonds, Hindman deserved the public tongue-lashing given to him by Bragg after the affair. Bragg then decided to attack Rosecrans elsewhere, at Lee and Gordon Mill . The Battle of Chickamauga began on September 18, with

9702-413: The Union left, only to be blunted by Union reinforcements. The battle continued into its third day on May 15. Union cavalry raided the Confederate rear, striking Hindman's division's field hospital, destroying supplies and taking prisoners. Around 13:00, Union troops again attacked Hindman's line, but were repulsed. Johnston learned that Union troops were threatening his line of communications, and ordered

9856-467: The Union. Arkansas took control of the Little Rock Arsenal in early February, and on February 18, the voters of Arkansas approved a secession convention. The secession convention met in early March and was against secession in the early going, and on March 18 rejected two motions that would have created a statewide secession referendum. However, before the convention ended on March 21, an agreement

10010-879: The United States, followed by Towson , the county seat of Baltimore County, Maryland . Likewise, some county seats may not be incorporated in their own right, but are located within incorporated municipalities. For example, Cape May Court House, New Jersey , though unincorporated, is a section of Middle Township , an incorporated municipality. In some states, often those that were among the original Thirteen Colonies , county seats include or formerly included "Court House" as part of their name, such as Spotsylvania Courthouse, Virginia . Most counties have only one county seat. However, some counties in Alabama , Arkansas , Georgia , Iowa , Kentucky , Massachusetts , Mississippi , Missouri , New Hampshire , New York , and Vermont have two or more county seats, usually located on opposite sides of

10164-399: The arm and side. Hindman and Cleburne returned fire, and Cleburne was shot through the right lung. One of Rice's relatives died three days later from wounds suffered in the fight, and Cleburne almost died as well. Both Hindman and Cleburne were later legally acquitted for their actions during the fight. During 1856, Hindman had also began courting Mary Watkins Biscoe, at one point sneaking into

10318-423: The army on August 13, but soon developed a poor relationship with army commander General Braxton Bragg . On August 16, Union Major General William S. Rosecrans began a movement towards Chattanooga with 67,000 men. Outnumbered, Bragg abandoned the city and fell back into northern Georgia, pursued by Rosecrans. However, Rosecrans overextended his line, and Bragg prepared for an opportunity to attack. A division of

10472-405: The average family size was 3.32. In the city, the population was spread out, with 34.1% under the age of 18, 10.1% from 18 to 24, 23.9% from 25 to 44, 19.6% from 45 to 64, and 12.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30 years. For every 100 females there were 80.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 71.5 males. The median income for a household in the city

10626-429: The battle. After Shiloh, Hindman took leave in Helena to recover. He was promoted to the rank of major general to date from April 14 and reported back to the army at Corinth, Mississippi , on May 10. On May 26, Hindman received orders from Beauregard to head back west of the Mississippi River and take command of Arkansas and the Indian Territory ; these orders were expanded the next day to command Arkansas, Missouri,

10780-461: The candidate selection process, Hindman protested publicly, believing that the changes had been made to secure Sebastian the nomination. In response, Richard H. Johnson and other leaders of the Family threatened to block Hindman's re-election push for the 1860 election. To the Family, Hindman was a "factious disorganizer". The historian Thomas A. DeBlack writes that Hindman's "oratorical and organizational skills were unmatched by any other politician in

10934-451: The city of West Helena. The population density was 1,956.6 inhabitants per square mile (755.4/km). There were 3,518 housing units at an average density of 792.2 per square mile (305.9/km). The racial makeup of the city was 65.69% Black or African American , 32.77% White , 0.23% Native American , 0.38% Asian , 0.02% Pacific Islander , 0.33% from other races , and 0.58% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.01% of

11088-553: The city was 67.93% Black or African American , 30.59% White , 0.13% Native American , 0.60% Asian , 0.17% from other races , and 0.59% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.73% of the population. There were 2,312 households, out of which 32.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 33.8% were married couples living together, 28.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.3% were non-families. 30.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.4% had someone living alone who

11242-503: The consolidation said that combining the cities would strengthen their bargaining power for the surrounding region in competing for projects to improve the overall economy and standard of living. On June 25, 2023, a water main at the Helena-West Helena Municipal Water Department failed. This led to water shortages throughout the city. In the 1940s and 1950s, Helena attracted blacks from rural Arkansas and

11396-639: The contract to go to one of the two newspapers he owned, the States Rights Democrat and the Old Line Democrat . Hindman unsuccessfully attempted to get Congressional election dates changed, and both sides accused the other of being supported by Know-Nothings. In November 1859, Hindman promised that he would appear in Little Rock to publicly argue against the Family, but instead went to Mississippi, stating that there had been an illness in his family. His failure to appear caused Robert Ward Johnson to refer to Hindman as "a bully and imposter". A duel between

11550-517: The counties after his unification, there were about 1,000. Under the Eastern Han dynasty , the number of counties increased to above 1,000. About 1400 existed when the Sui dynasty abolished the commandery level (郡 jùn), which was the level just above counties, and demoted some commanderies to counties. In Imperial China, the county was a significant administrative unit because it marked the lowest level of

11704-418: The county, especially if it is geographically large. A county seat is usually an incorporated municipality . The exceptions include the county seats of counties that have no incorporated municipalities within their borders, such as Arlington County, Virginia , where the county seat is the entire county. Ellicott City , the county seat of Howard County, Maryland , is the largest unincorporated county seat in

11858-420: The county. Examples include Harrison County, Mississippi , which has both Biloxi and Gulfport as county seats, and Hinds County, Mississippi , which has both Raymond and the state capital of Jackson . The practice of multiple county seat towns dates from the days when travel was difficult. There have been few efforts to eliminate the two-seat arrangement, since a county seat is a source of civic pride for

12012-411: The decision to transfer Pike's white troops from the Indian Territory; Hindman supported another officer who ordered Pike's arrest and wanted Pike brought up for a court martial based on a speech that Pike made to pro-Confederate Native Americans that Hindman thought was designed to discourage them. Arkansas elites complained about Hindman to the Confederate government, and Hindman was replaced, as it

12166-568: The district from a basically indefensible state. Public outcry led to Hindman's removal from his regional command. He was defeated at the Battle of Prairie Grove in December. Transferred to the Army of Tennessee in 1863, he led a division at the Battle of Chickamauga in September, where he was again wounded. After recovering, he commanded a division during the early stages of the Atlanta campaign although he wished to be transferred elsewhere. During

12320-499: The early 1850s and serving as a "recording scribe" for the organization. After completing his studies with Orlando Davis, he was admitted to the bar in 1851, but found his calling in politics. A major political debate in Mississippi during the 1851 elections concerned whether slavery should be allowed in the territories won during the Mexican–American War. Hindman served as delegate to a county Democratic Party convention and

12474-467: The event: Suddenly the boat's three boilers let go with such force, more than half of her upper structure was torn to splinters. The captain, still grasping the rope, was blown overboard, together with a portion of the woodwork on which he stood. Dr. Price fell to the lower deck and died in flames which destroyed all that was left of the steamer. Captain Robert McConnell of Paducah, who was clerk on her,

12628-472: The ex-Confederates to leave Monterrey, as he feared that if they flourished too much on the northern frontier of the country, they would eventually demand independence. The Hindmans moved to Saltillo and then Montelise. They then traveled to Mexico City in September, where Hindman hoped to discuss with Maximilian the topic of obtaining land for the ex-Confederates. The Hindmans became friends with Maximilian and his wife Carlota of Mexico . Hindman's fifth child

12782-484: The field at 13:45. The Confederates fought the combined forces of Herron and Blunt to a draw, but Hindman decided to withdraw to Van Buren, Arkansas , after the battle. Biographers Diane Neal and Thomas Kremm wrote that Hindman's decision to move to the defensive on December 7 was a "ghastly mistake"; Hindman's contemporary John Newman Edwards stated that "waiting for Herron's attack meant waiting for Blunt". The Confederates retreated again, this time to Little Rock, after

12936-418: The field, Wood's and Shaver's battered and exhausted brigades fell out of the fighting, leaderless. Johnston was mortally wounded during the fighting on April 6, which resulted in the Union forces being pushed back but not decisively defeated. Union reinforcements arrived, and on the next day drove the Confederates from the field. Hindman received praise from both Hardee and Beauregard for his performance during

13090-502: The founding of the port town of Helena on the Mississippi River by European Americans in 1833. As the county seat, Helena was the center of a prosperous cotton plantation region in the antebellum years. Helena was occupied by the Union Army early in the American Civil War. The city was the site of the Battle of Helena fought in 1863. Confederate forces unsuccessfully tried to expel Union forces from Helena in order to help relieve pressure on

13244-399: The gap. Hindman's division shattered two Union divisions in forty minutes. The entire Union right wing collapsed. Hindman suffered a painful shrapnel wound to the neck during the battle, but remained on the field. During the early afternoon, Colonel John T. Wilder 's Union brigade struck Hindman's left flank, blunting the division's attack. Wilder wanted to drive through Hindman's line to

13398-424: The imperial bureaucratic structure; in other words, it was the lowest level that the government reached. Government below the county level was often undertaken through informal non-bureaucratic means, varying between dynasties. The head of a county was the magistrate , who oversaw both the day-to-day operations of the county as well as civil and criminal cases. The current number of counties mostly resembled that of

13552-572: The increase of Han Chinese population in Taiwan, the number of counties also grew by time. By the end of Qing era, there were 11 counties in Taiwan. Protestant missionaries in China first romanized the term as hien . When Taiwan became a Japanese colony in 1895, the hierarchy of divisions also incorporated into the Japanese system in the period when Taiwan was under Japanese rule. By September 1945, Taiwan

13706-611: The independent city under an agreement, such as in Albemarle , or may in be enclaves of the county surrounded by the independent city, such as in Fairfax . Others, such as Prince William , have the courthouse in an enclave surrounded by the independent city and have the county government, the Board of Supervisors, in a different part of the county, far from the county seat. The following counties have their county seat in an independent city: Bedford

13860-732: The later years of the Qing dynasty . Changes of location and names of counties in Chinese history have been a major field of research in Chinese historical geography, especially from the 1960s to the 1980s. There are 1,355 counties in Mainland China out of a total of 2,851 county-level divisions. In Taiwan , the first counties were first established in 1661 by the Kingdom of Tungning . The later ruler Qing empire inherited this type of administrative divisions. With

14014-485: The least developed parts of the Confederacy. He approached his task with zeal and energy, enforcing conscription laws (he illegally exempted from conscription the manufacturers of some goods he deemed necessary), promoted guerrilla warfare , and declared martial law . He also took troops passing through the state for Trans-Mississippi use, ordered all white troops in the Indian Territory to report to Arkansas, set up facilities to produce supplies and weapons, and secured

14168-464: The legislature ended, and Hindman decided that the political field of Mississippi was too crowded. Across the Mississippi River lay Arkansas , which was much less developed and provided more opportunities for his political ambitions. Moving in June and settling in Helena , Hindman soon entered Arkansas politics. He formed a law partnership with John Palmer and gained attention in a political debate with

14322-588: The levee on the north side of the city was cut to relieve pressure on the lower parts of the levee. There was also a break in the levee at the Modoc community, further south of Helena. The water crested at 51.75 ft. on April 4. It was reported in the local papers that the water on Cherry Street was at least three feet underwater. In the early part of the 20th century several business leaders began developing property west of Crowley's Ridge . City leaders acquired 2,300 acres three miles northwest of Helena, and worked to lay out

14476-616: The location for his leave, as he expected to be out of action for several months. He was unable to take all of his family's slaves with them, and hired some out to the medical director of the Army of Tennessee. In order to support his family in Texas, Hindman purchased tobacco in Alabama using borrowed money and then had it shipped using Confederate military wagons to Texas with him, where he intended to sell it. Leaving with his family in late August, Hindman began

14630-439: The main Confederate attack beginning on September 19. In the battle, Hindman's division was assigned to the left wing of the Confederate army, under the command of Lieutenant General James Longstreet . The battle continued into the next day, and a misunderstanding led to a Union division being moved from its place in the line on the morning of September 20, resulting in a gap between Union formations. Longstreet's men attacked into

14784-407: The merger, the 2000 population of the area comprising Helena–West Helena was 15,012. There were 5,516 households, and 3,765 families residing in the city. The racial makeup of the city was 66.63% African American , 31.85% White , 0.19% Native American , 0.47% Asian , 0.01% Pacific Islander , 0.27% from other races , and 0.58% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 0.89% of

14938-483: The more notable leaders of this movement was local lawyer (and future Confederate General) Thomas Hindman . By the mid-1850s, much of the rough edges of the river town had disappeared. By then, Helena had three newspapers, six private schools, at least a dozen churches, several subscription libraries, and an occasional public lecture. The steamboat General Brown exploded at the wharf boat at Helena on November 25, 1838. The Phillips County Historical Quarterly states about

15092-653: The next morning. Before his death, Hindman suggested the shooting was politically motivated. Thomas Carmichael Hindman Jr. was born to Thomas C. Hindman Sr. and Sallie Holt Hindman on January 28, 1828. His parents were of English and Scottish descent, and his father had served in the 39th United States Infantry during the War of 1812 . Family lore claimed that Thomas Sr. was the first white male born in Knoxville, Tennessee . Thomas Sr. and Sallie moved to Rhea County and then Post Oak Springs before returning to Knoxville, where Thomas Jr.

15246-415: The other side of the Union position, where troops under Major General George H. Thomas were still holding out, but was ordered to retreat. After this incident, Hindman was ordered to stop his pursuit of retreating Union forces and move his division north to rejoin other units of Longstreet's command. Hindman sent one of his brigades to the support of Brigadier General Bushrod Johnson 's division, ordered

15400-594: The other. He had to wear a special boot, and he walked with a limp the rest of his life. For years, Arkansas politics had been run by the political Conway-Johnson dynasty known as the Family . By the late 1850s, the strength of the Family was waning, as one of their most successful tactics had been to stress Democratic unity in the face of the Whigs and Know-Nothings, both of whom had largely lost power in Arkansas after 1856. The Family had supported Hindman in his 1858 congressional run, but Hindman had further ambitions, desiring

15554-408: The outset of 1856, Hindman decided to run for Arkansas's 1st congressional district seat in the United States House of Representatives . He went on a speaking tour across northern Arkansas from late January to mid-March, stressing opposition to the Know-Nothings and abolitionism. Hindman was challenged for the Democratic Party's nomination by the popular incumbent Alfred B. Greenwood . The party held

15708-503: The political situation volatile, Hindman and Edward W. Gantt made speeches to the Arkansas General Assembly that DeBlack refers to as inflammatory. On December 20, 1860, South Carolina seceded. The next day, Hindman and Robert Ward Johnson sent a telegram to the Arkansas General Assembly calling for a secession convention. By the end of January 1861, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida , Georgia , and Louisiana were out of

15862-483: The poorest in the nation. One potential advance for the combined city, as reported by the Arkansas Democrat-Gazette on July 12, 2006, is an ethanol fuel refinery to be built by Las Vegas -based E-Fuels. Whether the consolidation had any bearing on the decision is not certain. If the project is developed, it is expected to bring several new jobs and a significant increase in traffic to the region's port on

16016-547: The population. The median income for a household in the city was $ 19,896, and the median income for a family was $ 23,274. Males had a median income of $ 25,087 versus $ 17,238 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 12,131. As of the census of 2000, there were 6,323 people, 2,312 households, and 1,542 families residing in the city of Helena. The population density was 710.7 inhabitants per square mile (274.4/km). There were 2,710 housing units at an average density of 304.6 per square mile (117.6/km). The racial makeup of

16170-410: The population. There were 3,204 households, out of which 36.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36.8% were married couples living together, 29.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.6% were non-families. 27.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.71 and

16324-752: The provincial level, and thus county seats. In the provinces of Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia the term "shire town" is used in place of county seat. County seats in China are the administrative centers of the counties in the People's Republic of China . Xian have existed since the Warring States period and were set up nationwide by the Qin dynasty . The number of counties in China proper gradually increased from dynasty to dynasty. As Qin Shi Huang reorganized

16478-496: The region was largely defenseless and Union forces were on the move; 70 days later, Union forces were at a standstill and the Confederates had over 20,000 men in Arkansas and the Indian Territory. Hindman's methods in accomplishing these tasks were sometimes extralegal, and he angered the political elite of Arkansas. Planters objected when Hindman ordered cotton burned to prevent Union forces from capturing it, or when he impressed slaves for military construction projects. Conscription

16632-507: The retreat after the Battle of Kennesaw Mountain in the summer of 1864, Hindman suffered an eye injury. He was placed on leave and traveled to Texas with his family. When the Confederacy collapsed in 1865, he fled to Mexico, but returned to Helena in 1867. Resuming his involvement in politics, he opposed the Reconstruction Era government of Arkansas. Hindman was shot by an unknown assassin at his home late on September 27, 1868, and died

16786-408: The return of a division of Missouri troops that had been sent east of the Mississippi. He also reorganized the cavalry units within his department. Historian Stephen B. Oates credited Hindman's actions with making the cavalry under his authority "useful instead of ornamental". In the long run, his support of guerrilla warfare backfired on Hindman, as it eventually led to an increase in lawlessness in

16940-473: The split of the Democratic Party. Some of the party supported Stephen A. Douglas , while others supported John C. Breckinridge . Hindman supported Breckenridge, who was viewed as the stronger pro-slavery candidate. While Breckenridge carried Arkansas, Republican Abraham Lincoln won the election nationwide. Hindman viewed the election of Lincoln as meaning that slavery was no longer safe, and supported secession while knowing that it could lead to civil war. With

17094-444: The state began to prepare for war even though the state had not yet seceded. Hindman made pro-secession speeches in the areas that had previously opposed it, and he was present on May 6 when the convention voted to secede from the Union. He personally telegraphed Davis, who was now the Confederate president, with the result. With war coming, Hindman resigned his seat in the United States House of Representatives. Hindman desired to be

17248-401: The state convention of the faction of the party that supported the expansion of slavery. Hindman initially supported John A. Quitman in the 1851 gubernatorial election , but switched allegiance to Jefferson Davis after Quitman withdrew. Davis and the pro- states' rights Democrats narrowly lost the 1851 election, but regained the governorship in 1853. That same year, Hindman was elected to

17402-458: The state". Major disagreements between Hindman and his camp and the Family occurred over fiscal matters. The Real Estate Bank of Arkansas , a state bank , had previously collapsed as a result of the Panic of 1837 , leaving Arkansas with large amounts of debt. Hindman suggested reducing the debt by foreclosing on mortgages held by the bank and suing the bank's stockholders, many of whom were members of

17556-764: The state's area, has no borough government or borough seat. One borough, the Lake and Peninsula Borough , has its borough seat located in another borough, namely King Salmon in Bristol Bay Borough . In Louisiana , which is divided into parishes rather than counties, county seats are referred to as "parish seats". In New England , counties have served mainly as dividing lines for the states' judicial systems. Rhode Island has no county level of government and thus no county seats, and Massachusetts has dissolved many but not all of its county governments. In Vermont , Massachusetts , and Maine county government consists only of

17710-491: The state. Some captured Union soldiers were tortured and murdered, and Shea suggested that Hindman's open hatred of the Union may have been to blame. Hindman established defensive positions on the White River , although Union forces defeated Confederates in the area in the Battle of St. Charles and then again in the Battle of Cotton Plant , eventually taking Helena. Helena was the only permanent loss of territory in Arkansas

17864-458: The strategic river town of Vicksburg, Mississippi . Confederate forces in Vicksburg had already arranged to surrender to General U.S. Grant on the morning of July 4. Many of the former battle sites are still intact. Helena may benefit from developing and protecting these historic areas for destination tourism. On September 26, 1866, a portion of the eastern end of the city of Helena collapsed into

18018-485: The strategic river town of Vicksburg, Mississippi . Later in the year, Helena served as the launching point for the Union Army in the capture of Little Rock , the state capital. A thriving blues community developed here in the 1940s and 1950s as rural musicians relocated for city jobs. Mechanization had reduced the need for farm workers. The city continued to grow until the closing of the Mohawk Rubber Company,

18172-431: The suspension as unwarranted and ill-timed and state that the suspensions of Polk and Hindman "in part appear to have been motivated by Bragg's desire to rid his command of some of his critics", although Hindman had not vocally opposed Bragg. After recovering, Hindman began preparing reports and documents to oppose his suspension, and on November 8 asked for a court of inquiry. Several of the officers of Bragg's army had sent

18326-416: The towns involved, along with providing employment opportunities. There are 33 counties with multiple county seats in 11 states: Alaska is divided into boroughs rather than counties; the county seat in these case is referred to as the "borough seat"; this includes six consolidated city-borough governments (one of which is styled as a "municipality"). The Unorganized Borough, Alaska , which covers 49% of

18480-645: The trek to Texas. One of his daughters died of illness near Meridian, Mississippi , and was buried along the way. In early November, the party crossed the Mississippi River with difficulty, as Union forces now controlled it. They arrived in Shreveport, Louisiana , where Hindman was criticized for using Confederate military wagons to transport his personal belongings and tobacco, although it was common practice for Confederate government wagons to haul materials for civilians when they were not needed for military use. The Hindmans reached San Antonio in January 1865. By this time,

18634-412: The two men almost occurred in December. Another scandal arose when the press of the Family accused Hindman of writing a number of pro-Hindman letters under the name of "Viator"; Hindman later admitted to having been involved in writing them. Hindman's rise to prominence had caused turmoil in Arkansas politics, and the state Democratic Party was now badly split. In the candidate selection convention for

18788-472: The unit did not see action and was wracked by disease. According to historian William L. Shea, Hindman served capably in his role as a junior officer in the regiment. His service included a time as a post adjutant at Mazafil from April 26 through May 1848. Hindman's regiment returned to Mississippi later in 1848. In May 1849, Robert Hindman was killed by William Clark Falkner in a quarrel. Falkner had felt that Robert had attempted to block him from joining

18942-607: The use of county seats in particular, will fully transition with the permission of the United States Census Bureau to a system of councils of government for the purposes of boundary definition and as county equivalents. Two counties in South Dakota , Oglala Lakota and Todd , have their county seat and government services centered in a neighboring county. Their county-level services are provided by Fall River County and Tripp County , respectively. In Virginia ,

19096-471: The wings of both Longstreet and Polk, withdrew. Bragg decided not to pursue on September 21. On September 29, 1863, Bragg suspended Polk from command for "neglect of duty" and Hindman for "disobedience of the lawful command of his superior officer", with Hindman's charge being related to the McLemore Cove incident. Hindman was sent to Atlanta, Georgia , to await further developments. Neal and Kremm refer to

19250-576: The winter of 1863 to 1864, Hindman began supporting the Confederacy arming slaves, a highly controversial option. Cleburne made a public presentation in support of the idea, but it was rejected. Not wanting to serve under Hood, Hindman requested a transfer to an inspector general or behind-the-lines duty in Florida or southern Georgia before he was replaced. With the transfer not having been acted on by February 28, Hindman tendered his resignation. He had no real intentions of resigning, but hoped that it would push

19404-402: Was $ 21,130, and the median income for a family was $ 25,014. Males had a median income of $ 22,971 versus $ 17,225 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 11,234. About 30.9% of families and 35.4% of the population were below the poverty line , including 49.5% of those under age 18 and 27.2% of those age 65 or over. With a median income of $ 19,896 for a household, the city is one of

19558-449: Was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.62 and the average family size was 3.28. In the city, the population was spread out, with 32.5% under the age of 18, 10.0% from 18 to 24, 22.1% from 25 to 44, 20.0% from 45 to 64, and 15.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females there were 83.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 75.5 males. The median income for

19712-426: Was allowed to remain on leave until December 15 while his wife gave birth and recovered from a serious illness. Meanwhile, Bragg had been removed from command on November 30; he was replaced by General Joseph E. Johnston on December 27. During the reorganization of the army, Hindman temporarily commanded a corps until Major General John Bell Hood arrived to take permanent command; Hood arrived on February 25. Over

19866-577: Was an American lawyer, politician, and a senior officer of the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War . Born in Knoxville, Tennessee , he later moved to Mississippi and became involved in politics. He served in the Mexican–American War from 1846 to 1848. Hindman practiced law and in 1853 was elected to the Mississippi House of Representatives . After his term expired in 1854, he moved to Helena, Arkansas where there were more opportunities for his political ambitions. Hindman opposed

20020-435: Was an independent city from 1968 to 2013, while also being the county seat of Bedford County . Bedford reverted to an incorporated town, and remains the county seat, though is now part of the county. The state with the most counties is Texas, with 254, and the state with the fewest counties is Delaware, with 3. Thomas C. Hindman Thomas Carmichael Hindman Jr. (January 28, 1828 – September 28, 1868)

20174-524: Was appointed by the War Department to make a geological survey of the state of Arkansas. Before the trip, while stopping in Bolivar, TN , Featherstonhaugh was warned against going to Helena, it being described by the locals as "a sink of crime and infamy." In 1835, citizens in Helena responded to the growing lawlessness by forming an anti-gambling and temperance societies to improve the town's image, one of

20328-460: Was appointed to command the District of Arkansas, which consisted of Arkansas, Missouri, and the Indian Territory. Both Holmes and Hindman wanted to invade Missouri, and Hindman was ordered on August 21 to travel to Fort Smith in northwestern Arkansas to prepare for such a movement. Hindman arrived three days later; the Confederate troops in the area were largely unprepared for an offensive, and only

20482-470: Was authorized to produce only one unit, the Mississippi Rifles , leading to many would-be volunteers, including Hindman, not having an opportunity for service. Later, in November, after other states did not meet their quotas for units, Mississippi was permitted a second infantry unit, which both Hindman and his older brother Robert joined. Thomas served as a second lieutenant in the unit, but Robert

20636-453: Was believed that he had become odious to Arkansans. His successor was Major General Theophilus Holmes , who was appointed on July 16. Holmes arrived in Arkansas on August 12. Holmes, who had been transferred west after performing poorly in the Seven Days' Battles , upheld some of Hindman's unpopular decrees, including martial law. Holmes divided his department into three districts: Hindman

20790-494: Was blown into the river, but being uninjured, managed to get to the shore. Although many passengers and members of the crew were injured or killed by the explosion and fire, the few who leaped overboard were drowned." During the Civil War, the Union Army occupied Helena prior to the Battle of Helena in 1863. In the early morning hours of July 4, 1863, Confederate forces attempted to retake Helena in order to help relieve pressure on

20944-511: Was born in Mexico City in December, and Hindman published two works on military theory. The family later moved to the Carlota , where many ex-Confederates settled. In Carlota, agriculture did not do as well as hoped, and Hindman was unable to establish a successful legal practice because of the poverty of the residents. Hindman was part of a plan formed by several ex-Confederates in 1866 to establish

21098-453: Was born, the fifth of six children. The elder Hindman often traveled to Alabama for business, and moved his family to Jacksonville, Alabama , in 1841. Much of his business there involved the Cherokee people, whose trust he gained, eventually leading to his appointment as an Indian agent . His work involved a great deal of travel, including along the Trail of Tears as a quartermaster during

21252-623: Was divided into 8 prefectures ( 州 and 廳 ), which remained after the Republic of China took over. There are 13 county seats in Taiwan, which function as county-administered cities , urban townships , or rural townships . In most of the United States , a county is an administrative or political subdivision of a state that consists of a geographic area with specific boundaries and usually some level of governmental authority. The city, town, or populated place that houses county government

21406-459: Was eventually acquitted. The incident prevented him from going to Cuba as leaving the country would have made him appear to be a fugitive. During 1855, Hindman continued to provide support for temperance groups. In May 1855, he became even more active in Arkansas politics, opposing the Know-Nothings , a political faction that held strong anti-immigrant and anti-Catholic positions. Hindman opposed

21560-470: Was eventually discharged for medical reasons. Hindman's unit, the 2nd Mississippi, trained at Camp McClung near Vicksburg, Mississippi in January 1847, before being transferred to New Orleans, Louisiana . The unit moved to the mouth of the Rio Grande River in late February, then to other locations, including Saltillo and Buena Vista (after the Battle of Buena Vista ). Aside from a few small raids,

21714-428: Was forced to withdraw. Despite being short on food and ammunition, Hindman then moved most of his force, a total of 11,000 men and 22 cannons, towards Cane Hill on December 3. Blunt learned of the movement and prepared for a fight. Late on December 6, Hindman learned that Union forces, led by Brigadier General Francis J. Herron , had already left Springfield and would be at Cane Hill on December 7. As his previous plan

21868-524: Was formally platted by New York surveyor Nicholas Rightor in 1820, and by 1833, the city of Helena was founded. Local legend holds that the town was named are the deceased daughter of Sylvanus. Like other river towns in the Arkansas Delta (such at Hopefield , Osceola , and Napoleon ) Helena became known as a place that attracted thieves, gamblers, and other outlaws who inhabited frontier America. In 1834, British geologist George William Featherstonhaugh

22022-486: Was in command of a brigade in a corps led by Hardee. Johnston's attack, known as the Battle of Shiloh , was launched on April 6. Shortly before the battle, Hardee reorganized his corps into two ad hoc divisions, and Hindman's included both his original brigade (now commanded by Colonel Robert G. Shaver ) and that of Brigadier General S. A. M. Wood . The battle opened with Hindman's men fighting with Colonel Everett Peabody 's Union brigade, in an exchange that prevented

22176-468: Was made to hold a secession referendum in August. The situation changed in mid-April. On April 12, Confederate forces fired on Fort Sumter , bringing on the American Civil War , and Lincoln called on the states to furnish troops to put down the rebellion. Arkansas rejected the request, and the secession convention was recalled. Lincoln's call for troops moved public opinion towards secession, and parts of

22330-449: Was no longer feasible, Hindman decided to instead strike Herron at Prairie Grove on December 7 and then attack Blunt at Cane Hill after defeating Herron. The new plan was risky, and was predicated on Blunt not moving to reinforce Herron at Prairie Grove. Hindman did not attack, and instead took up a passive defensive position at Prairie Grove on December 7. The Battle of Prairie Grove opened between Hindman and Herron, but Blunt arrived on

22484-415: Was one of his primary political lieutenants at this time. The two targeted the Know-Nothings for their perceived abolitionism. When a yellow fever epidemic struck Helena that fall, only Hindman, Cleburne, and a local minister volunteered to aid doctors as nurses. During the epidemic, Hindman and Cleburne became good friends; they bought a newspaper together and renamed it the States Rights Democrat . At

22638-429: Was ordered to charge. Stevenson's division suffered heavy losses, while Hindman's men encountered a swamp in their line of attack and were driven off. One Union infantry officer claimed that Hindman's attack was repulsed solely by artillery fire, with his infantry being unengaged. On June 27, Sherman was bloodily repulsed in frontal attacks at the Battle of Kennesaw Mountain , and then outflanked Johnston's line, forcing

22792-538: Was placed in command of all Confederate forces west of the Allegheny Mountains , excluding the coast of the Gulf of Mexico . Hardee's force, including Hindman's regiment, was transferred to Kentucky later that month, but Hindman was on recruiting duties and did not immediately follow it. He was promoted to brigadier general on September 28, and after arriving in Kentucky, he was assigned to command one of two brigades in

22946-507: Was probably hazed while attending the school. Thomas Jr. graduated in 1843, as his class's salutatorian , receiving highest academic honors. After spending some time in New York, Hindman moved to Ripley, Mississippi , where his family had relocated while he was at school. His father had become prominent in local politics. In Mississippi, the younger Hindman farmed cotton and studied law with respected local attorney Orlando Davis. In 1846,

23100-444: Was renamed at a 25th-anniversary performance by musician B.B. King . The area comprising modern downtown Helena, next to the Mississippi River , was originally part of a land speculation deal between Sylvanus Phillips (the county's namesake) and St. Louis businessman William Russell in around 1815. Phillips had lived in the area as early as 1797, and moved to the area of Helena following a brief stint at Arkansas Post in 1799. The land

23254-436: Was shot dead, dragged to the little city park, doused with gasoline and set on fire. Prior to consolidation in 2006, Helena contained 6,323 people within 23.1 km. Neighboring West Helena had 8,689 people in 11.5 km. Merger proposals began as early as 2002, and a March 2005 vote among citizens of both cities approved the merger. The surrounding rural county is one of the poorest of Arkansas' 75 counties. Proponents of

23408-470: Was to send Brigadier General John S. Marmaduke 's cavalry to Cane Hill, Arkansas , to distract Blunt, while moving most of his force into Blunt's rear, crushing Blunt before Union reinforcements could arrive from the Springfield area. Marmaduke's movement was detected by Union scouts, and Blunt moved to attack the Confederate cavalry. Fighting broke out between the two forces on November 28, and Marmaduke

23562-601: Was under indictment for treason from Union authorities in Arkansas, refused to surrender. Along with his family and other Confederates, Hindman left Texas in June and crossed the Rio Grande at Laredo, Texas , entering Mexico. The Hindmans settled in Monterrey . While he expected to have been able to easily make a living in Mexico, Hindman had trouble getting a law practice to flourish, despite learning Spanish. Maximilian later ordered

23716-423: Was unpopular, and in the words of historians William Garrett Piston and John C. Rutherford, Hindman "managed to alienate almost everyone". Many Arkansans viewed him as a tyrant. Historian William Shea wrote that Hindman's accomplishments demonstrated "what fanaticism and a complete disregard for constitutional rights could accomplish". He also cooperated poorly with Brigadier General Albert Pike , who disagreed with

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