The Werribee Plain is an expansive low-lying flat land located between the northwestern shore of Port Phillip Bay and the Grampians Central Highlands of Victoria , Australia , shared between Melbourne and Geelong . Named after the Werribee River , the plains are notable for their extensive, flat and rather featureless spans, interspersed by the occasional vertical feature, such as the You Yangs , a series of granite ridges and several small extinct volcanoes .
35-566: The Werribee Plain forms the eastern bayside portion of the vast Western Volcanic Plains between the Grampians and the Otway Ranges , which extend from the western suburbs of Melbourne to the South Australian border. Volcanoes began erupting lava flows about 4.5 million years ago, and the youngest eruptions are only about 10,000 years old. There are over 400 mapped craters and vents on
70-501: A Victorian record 891 mm (35.1 in) at nearby Tanybryn. The Western District was well-populated by Aboriginal Victorians at the time colonisation began. For example, the ancestors of the Gunditjmara people lived in villages of weather-proof houses with stone walls a metre high, located near eel traps and aquaculture ponds at Lake Condah and elsewhere - on just one hectare of Allambie Farm, archaeologists have discovered
105-553: A group of 70-80 Aboriginal people (men, women & children) living in 9 large huts on the Werribee River, killing an unrecorded number. In spite of this, in May 1837, Henry Batman "...was appointed acting Commissioner of Crown Lands, the official charged with overseeing the squatters." Earlier, on 4 March 1837, Governor Bourke in his visit to Melbourne addressed 120 Aboriginal people, "...whom he exhorted...to good conduct and attention to
140-544: A major industry in the wetter southern parts during this period, as was the cultivation of potatoes and onions on the best soils. In the Otway Ranges, forestry became the major industry, especially after the building of the Great Ocean Road which opened up these very wet areas. Because of the change in focus since the late 1960s to woodchipping , many timber mills are now defunct as jobs have moved to Geelong. Tourism
175-469: A nearly flat volcanic plain created by a number of quite recently active volcanoes , the best known being Mount Eccles , Mount Richmond and Mount Gambier. Whilst some of them (e.g. Mount Richmond) have given rise to cemented pyroclastic rocks that do not produce fertile soils , others have given rise to fertile andisols that make the district the best grazing land in Australia, as well as highly suitable for
210-424: A prominent wheat growing district, wine grapes were cultivated and a salt works was operating on the lake. Throughout the 1860s and 1870s, churches, schools, shops and hotels were established. The railway reached Beeac in 1889, bringing the area into closer contact with nearby Colac . The line closed in 1953. A newspaper, The Beeac Advocate and Weering and Warrion Advertiser , operated from 1901 to 1902 and
245-604: A series of clashes known as the Eumeralla Wars , in which both they and colonists experienced violent deaths. The Gunditjmara resistance became overwhelmed by the colonisers who brought in the Native Police - an organisation consisting of highly skilled Aboriginal men dedicated to keeping the peace in their native land. The historian Jan Critchett has documented this conflict in her 1990 book, A distant field of murder: Western district frontiers, 1834-1848 . The colonisation of
280-538: A very slow cooling rate allowed many large white crystals of feldspar to form. These can be seen in many of the granite outcrops throughout the ranges. The nearest volcanoes to the You Yangs are the Anakies, which appear as three low hills on the western horizon. These all have summit craters and provided lava flows for the plains south of the You Yangs. There were also flows from the low volcanoes of Bald Hill and Spring Hill to
315-737: A week constitute easily the heaviest falls in the district. In winter, temperatures typically range from minima of around 5 °C (41 °F) to maxima of 12 to 13 °C (54 to 55 °F), and rainfall is very frequent and reliable, averaging from 550 mm (22 in) in the driest area around Lake Bolac to 832 mm (32.8 in) at Portland. In the Otway Ranges , summers are mild, averaging around 20 °C (68 °F), whilst winters are cold and very wet, with maxima averaging around 9 to 10 °C (48 to 50 °F) and rainfall averaging about 2,250 mm (89 in) with extremes in June 1952 as high as 538 mm (21.2 in) at Weeaproinah and
350-628: Is located within parts of the Barwon South West and the Grampians regions; extending from the south-west corner of the state to Ballarat in the east and as far north as Ararat . The district is bounded by the Wimmera district in the north, by the Goldfields district in the east, by Bass Strait and the Southern Ocean in the south, and by the South Australian border in the west. The district
385-404: Is the dominant industry in towns such as Lorne and Apollo Bay , which fill up during the summer as Melburnians are drawn by the stunning scenery and milder weather. In towns like Heywood and Nelson , pine plantations have been the dominant industry since the 1950s but the industry, even as plantations mature, is under threat due to poor prices. Beeac, Victoria Beeac is a town in
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#1733085570669420-816: Is well known for the production of wool . The most populated city in the Western District is the Ballarat region, with 96,940 inhabitants. The principal centres of the district are: Warrnambool , Hamilton , Colac , Portland , Casterton , Port Fairy , Camperdown , and Terang . Other cities and towns in or on the edge of the district include: Coleraine , Merino , Heywood , Dunkeld , Penshurst , Macarthur , Koroit , Allansford , Ararat , Willaura , Beaufort , Learmonth , Ballarat , Snake Valley , Skipton , Moyston , Linton , Derrinallum , Lismore , Mortlake , Noorat , Cobden , Timboon , Beeac , Cororooke , Birregurra , Apollo Bay , and Lorne . It consists of
455-515: The Eastern Maar people, the Gunditjmara people were recognised to be the native title-holders of almost 4,000 hectares (9,900 acres) of Crown land in the Yambuk region, including Lady Julia Percy Island , known to them as Deen Maar . Wheat was grown in the drier northern part of the district for some time until more easily managed soils in the Wimmera were developed. Dairying was developed as
490-627: The Federal Court . However, the Gunditjmara took the matter to the High Court of Australia where they were successful. High Court Chief Justice Gibbs judged that: "The appellants have an interest in the subject matter of the present action which is greater than that of other members of the public and indeed greater than that of other persons of Aboriginal descent who are not members of the Gournditch-jmara people. The applicants and other members of
525-525: The Western District of Victoria , Australia . The town is located on the shore of the hyper-saline Lake Beeac in the Colac Otway Shire local government area , 160 kilometres southwest of the state capital, Melbourne . At the 2016 census , Beeac had a population of 370. Beeac was originally created as a reserve for campers, and the name is thought to mean either "salt lake" or "grubs" in
560-548: The Aboriginal population dispossessed of hunting grounds and their centuries-old management of fire having been disrupted for almost 15 years, the Colony experienced for the first time its largest ever bushfires, burning about 25% of the land area of Victoria on Black Thursday (1851) on 6 February 1851. Missionaries sought to relocate Gunditjmara people of the west to a mission established further east near Purnim in 1861, however,
595-623: The Gournditch-jmara [ie, the Gunditjmara] people would be more particularly affected than other members of the Australian community by the destruction of the relics". On 30 March 2007, the Gunditjmara were recognised by the Federal Court of Australia to be the native title-holders of almost 140,000 hectares (350,000 acres) of Crown land and waters in the Portland area. On 27 July 2011, together with
630-516: The Gunditjmara from the Portland region refused because of tension with rival Aboriginal clans from the eastern boundary of Gunditjmara country and beyond the Hopkins River . Five years later in 1866, 827 ha (2,043 acres) of Crown land at Lake Condah was set aside for use as an Aboriginal mission . This land was gazetted as a reserve in 1869 and an Anglican mission was established. In 1951,
665-687: The Lake Condah reserve, with the exception of three small areas, was revoked and the land was handed over to the Soldier Settlement Commission . In 1980, the Gunditjmara launched Onus v. Alcoa, taking legal action in the Supreme Court of Victoria to prevent Alcoa of Australia Ltd from damaging or interfering with Gunditjmara cultural sites located on the same place as the proposed aluminium smelter at Portland. The Supreme Court dismissed their subsequent application for leave to appeal to
700-612: The Missionary.' The Kulin were given blankets and four favoured men, who had been recommended for 'honorary distinctions' by [Police Magistrate Captain William] Lonsdale , were awarded brass plates." By 1839, large numbers of homeless Aboriginal people from surrounding pastoral districts, were "....surviving whenever and however they could on the geographic, social and economic margins of the town [ie, Melbourne]." When Chief Protector of Aborigines George Augustus Robinson arrived in
735-555: The Western District had huge impacts beyond the immediate district. By January 1844, there were said to be 675 Aborigines resident in squalid camps in Melbourne. Although the British Colonial Office appointed 5 "Aboriginal Protectors" for the entire Aboriginal population of Victoria, arriving in Melbourne in 1839, they worked "...within a land policy that nullified their work, and there was no political will to change this." "It
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#1733085570669770-514: The boundary between the Western District and Port Phillip District. The climate is mild to warm and generally humid to sub-humid. Summer temperatures are warm, with February means ranging from 13.1 to 21.9 °C (55.6 to 71.4 °F) at Portland to 11.1 to 26.6 °C (52.0 to 79.9 °F) in the northern part of the plain. Rainfall in summer is not uncommon but is only rarely heavy; though in March 1946 rains of up to 300 millimetres (12 in) in
805-573: The consent of the British Crown. With no legal recognition or protection of the Aboriginal inhabitants, some cases of violence occurred. For example, in August 1836, some Aboriginal people killed the squatter Charles Franks and an unnamed shepherd, at Franks' station on the Werribee River (near Melbourne). In response, Henry Batman (John Batman's brother) led an indiscriminate punitive expedition against
840-471: The hinterland overrun by "...vast numbers of sheep and cattle.." and "...conditions in the countryside becoming intolerable, the blacks swarmed into Melbourne looking for food and blankets." Between 1836 and 1842, Victorian Aboriginal groups were largely dispossessed of hunting grounds larger than the whole of England . In the Portland area in the 1840s, the Gunditjmara fought for their hunting grounds in
875-450: The local Aboriginal language. From 1860, the area was opened for selection and a townsite was surveyed in 1864. A post office opened on 1 January 1862 but was known as Ondit (the name of the surrounding parish) until 1872. The original post office building was destroyed by fire in 1926, but was eventually replaced by the current building. By the end of the decade, the Beeac area had become
910-547: The local hospital was founded in 1928. The town in conjunction with neighbouring township Irrewarra has an Australian Rules football team competing in the Colac & District Football League . Golfers play at the course of the Beeac Golf Club on Mingawalla Road. The test cricketer , Bill Johnston was born and raised in Beeac. Geelong Football Club premiership player and 1965 Best and Fairest winner, Peter Walker ,
945-477: The north of the You Yangs. When these volcanoes were active, probably between 2 and 3 million years ago, the You Yangs would have been granite islands in a sea of lava. Western District (Victoria) The Western District comprises western regions of the Australian state of Victoria . It is said to be an ill–defined district, sometimes incorrectly referred to as an economic region ,. The district
980-556: The plains. While all these individual volcanoes are extinct, the volcanic field itself is only dormant, so new eruptions are possible at any time. The granite that forms the You Yangs was originally a mass of magma that worked its way up into the surrounding sedimentary rocks during a period of geological time known as the Devonian . The magma crystallised before it reached the surface, so it did not produce any volcanic activity. Instead,
1015-419: The production of vegetable crops. Away from the volcanoes, soils are of moderate to low fertility and many are sandy, supporting heathland flora like the Grampians . Drainage is very poor and most rivers flow only after prolonged periods of steady rain, resulting in remarkably variable flow when the low variability of the climate is taken into account. The major mountain range is the Otway Ranges , which straddle
1050-441: The remains of 160 house sites. Pioneer Edward Henty wrote in his diary on 3 December 1834: Pulled [rowed] over in the whale boat to Dutton's River. Light wind from the N.E. Very warm. Arrived at 6 p.m., made the boat fast in the middle of the river, and started three days' walk in the bush accompanied by H Camfield, Wm Dutton, five men, one black woman and 14 dogs, each man with a gun and sufficient quantity of damper to last for
1085-762: The town in the winter of 1839, "four to five hundred blacks of the Port Phillip tribes" were gathering at a camp site on the south bank of the Yarra River , suffering hunger and disease. By 1840, Robinson still "....had no stores allocated to him..." by Captain Lonsdale, the Police Magistrate in Melbourne , even though "...it was patently obvious that the Aborigines were starving, and many were ill and near death..." With land in
Werribee Plain - Misplaced Pages Continue
1120-523: The voyage. In the 5 December entry Henty wrote: On descending the hill we saw a native. He immediately ran on seeing us. He was busily employed pulling the gums from the wattle trees. Both the Henty brothers and Captain Griffiths (who settled at Port Fairy in 1836), combined whaling and farming. The district was explored by Thomas Mitchell in 1836 who identified the area's potential for grazing. Charles Tyers
1155-517: Was government policy to encourage squatters to take possession of whatever Aboriginal land they chose,....that largely explains why almost all the original inhabitants of Port Phillip's vast grasslands were dead so soon after 1835". By 1845, fewer than 240 wealthy Europeans held all the pastoral licences then issued in Victoria and became the patriarchs "...that were to wield so much political and economic power in Victoria for generations to come." With
1190-465: Was said one could walk to Geelong without stepping on grass. Runoff after rainfall was rapid, and it was claimed that only after cattle had firmed the soil that the grass began to thicken. The regional climate also became much wetter. With pastoral land in the colony of Van Diemen's Land fully allocated to colonists, John Batman turned his attention to mainland land speculation at the vast grasslands of Port Phillip Bay , which began in 1835 without
1225-407: Was the first to survey the area in 1839. Sheep were first brought to the district in 1836 by Thomas Manifold at Port Henry, near Geelong , and rapidly occupied the whole district. By 1840 squatters occupied almost all the district. The first settlers avoided the Western District (preferring the forest country further west), as its countryside was then exceptionally dry: tussocks were so scanty it
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