133-534: Werner Schroeter (7 April 1945 – 12 April 2010) was a German film director, screenwriter, and opera director known for his stylistic excess. Schroeter was cited by Rainer Werner Fassbinder as an influence both on his own work and on German cinema at large. Schroeter started out as an underground filmmaker in 1967. Garnering a small cult following, the director also made his mark on the international festival circuit. Defying categorization, his films lie somewhere between avant-garde and art cinema. Magdalena Montezuma
266-698: A Geneva drive (which allows the film to be advanced intermittently one frame at a time) in a projector, and the cinematographer Guido Seeber . In its earliest days, the cinematograph was perceived as an attraction for upper class audiences, but the novelty of moving pictures did not last long. Soon, trivial short films were being shown as fairground attractions aimed at the working class and lower-middle class. The booths in which these films were shown were known in Germany somewhat disparagingly as Kintopps . Film-makers with an artistic bent attempted to counter this view of cinema with longer films based on literary models, and
399-625: A Stanisław Lem novel, or " red westerns " such as The Sons of the Great Mother Bear (1966) in which, in contrast to the typical American western, the heroes tended to be Native Americans. Many of these genre films were co-productions with other Warsaw Pact countries. Notable non-genre films produced by DEFA include Wolfgang Staudte's adaptation of Heinrich Mann 's Der Untertan (1951); Konrad Wolf 's Der geteilte Himmel (Divided Heaven) (1964), an adaptation of Christa Wolf 's novel; Frank Beyer 's adaptation of Jurek Becker 's Jacob
532-644: A Holy Whore (1971), and a number of theatre productions. During the second half of the 1980s, Schroeter became widely known as a theater and opera director both in Germany and abroad, returning to filmmaking in 1990 with Malina , a literary adaptation starring Isabelle Huppert based on Ingeborg Bachmann 's novel. The film won the German Film Award in Gold. Deux also stars (and was written for) Huppert and premiered at Cannes in 2002, but did not get German distribution. His 1980 film Palermo oder Wolfsburg , telling
665-548: A Luftwaffe general named Harras loosely modeled after Ernst Udet , appears at first to be cynical fool, but turns out to an anti-Nazi who is secretly sabotaging the German war effort by designing faulty planes. Bartov commented that in this film, the German officer corps is shown as a group of fundamentally noble and civilized men who happened to be serving an evil regime made up of a small gang of gangsterish misfits totally unrepresentative of German society, which served to exculpate both
798-447: A campy style. They have featured such personalities as Keith Haring , Larry Kramer , Diamanda Galás , William S. Burroughs , Allen Ginsberg , Judith Malina , Jeff Stryker , Jayne County , Divine , Charlotte von Mahlsdorf and a row of Warhol superstars . In over 50 years, von Praunheim has made more than 150 films (short and feature-length films). His works influenced the development of LGBTQ+ movements worldwide. Von Praunheim
931-414: A comic musical which was one of the earliest German films in colour, and Vienna Blood (1942), the adaptation of a Johann Strauß comic operetta. Titanic (1943) was another big-budget epic that arguably inspired other films about the ill-fated ocean liner. The importance of the cinema as a tool of the state, both for its propaganda value and its ability to keep the populace entertained, can be seen in
1064-410: A dark and twisted visual style – the set was unrealistic with geometric images painted on the floor and shapes in light and shadow cast on walls, the acting was exaggerated and the costumes bizarre. These stylistic elements became trademarks of this cinematic movement. Other notable works of Expressionism are Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau 's Nosferatu (1922), a classic period-piece horror film that remains
1197-584: A different supporting cast in each version. It is considered to be Germany's first " talkie " and will always be remembered as the film that made an international superstar of its lead actress Marlene Dietrich . Other notable early sound films, all from 1931, include Jutzi's adaptation to Alfred Döblin's novel Berlin Alexanderplatz , Pabst's Bertolt Brecht adaptation The Threepenny Opera and Lang's M , as well as Hochbaum's Raid in St. Pauli (1932). Brecht
1330-446: A few German films and film-makers did achieve international recognition at this time, among them Bernhard Wicki 's Oscar -nominated Die Brücke (The Bridge) (1959), and the actresses Hildegard Knef and Romy Schneider . In the late 1950s, the growth in cinema attendance of the preceding decade first stagnated and then went into freefall throughout the 1960s. By 1969 West German cinema attendance at 172.2 million visits per year
1463-485: A household synonym for the early 20th century film industry in Europe, similar to Hollywood later. Early German and German-speaking filmmakers and actors heavily contributed to early Hollywood . German movies and German artists earned 230 Oscar nominations and 54 Oscar wins . Germany witnessed major changes to its identity during the 20th and 21st century. Those changes determined the periodisation of national cinema into
SECTION 10
#17330934069291596-451: A large extent, Weimar cinema was playing a vibrant and important role by leading public debate on those issues. Pabst, in his film Diary of a Lost Girl (1929), tells the story of a young woman who has a child out of wedlock, is thrown out into the street by her family and has to resort to prostitution to survive. As early as 1919, Richard Oswald 's film Different from the Others portrayed
1729-707: A lengthy investigation. He documented his quest in his film Two Mothers (2007), which was shown at Tribeca Film Festival . He received the name Holger Mischwitzky and spent his early years in East Berlin . In 1953, he escaped from East Germany with his family to West Germany , first to the Rhineland , moving later to Frankfurt am Main . After Mischwitzky left secondary school (a Gymnasium in Frankfurt), he studied at Werkkunstschule in Offenbach . Later he transferred to
1862-588: A long and prosperous career. Many up-and-coming German directors also fled to the U.S., having a major influence on American film as a result. A number of the Universal Horror films of the 1930s were directed by German emigrees, including Karl Freund , Joe May and Robert Siodmak . Directors Edgar Ulmer and Douglas Sirk and the Austrian-born screenwriter (and later director) Billy Wilder also emigrated from Nazi Germany to Hollywood success. Not all those in
1995-422: A man torn between his homosexual tendencies and the moral and social conventions. It is considered to be the first German film to deal with homosexuality and some researchers even believe it to be the first in the world to examine this issue explicitly. That same year, the film Ritual Murder (1919) by Jewish film producer Max Nivelli came to the screen. This film was the first to make the German public aware of
2128-541: A notable example. Technical and aesthetic achievement could also be turned to the specific ends of the Nazi state, most spectacularly in the work of Leni Riefenstahl . Riefenstahl's Triumph of the Will (1935), documenting the 1934 Nuremberg Rally , and Olympia (1938), documenting the 1936 Summer Olympics , pioneered techniques of camera movement and editing that have influenced many later films. Both films, particularly Triumph of
2261-483: A noticeable gap in the market. By 1916, there already existed some 2000 fixed venues for movie performances and initially film screenings were supplemented or even replaced by variety turns. In 1917 a process of concentration and partial nationalisation of the German film industry began with the founding of Universum Film AG (UFA), which was partly a reaction to the very effective use that the Allied Powers had found for
2394-466: A positive reassessment of lesbians and gays. In the early 1990s, von Praunheim developed the first queer TV format in Germany, but continued his film work at the same time. His film Life Is Like a Cucumber with Lotti Huber was shown at Toronto International Film Festival (1991). He was honored with two FIPRESCI Awards for his films I Am My Own Woman (1992) and Neurosia (1995). Von Praunheim's film Transexual Menace (1996), named after
2527-506: A result. In the final years of the GDR, the availability of television and the programming and films on television broadcasts reaching into the GDR via the uncontrollable airwaves, reduced the influence of DEFA productions, although its continuing role in producing shows for East German television channel remained. Following the Wende , DEFA had ceased production altogether, and its studios and equipment
2660-580: A sequel in 1975 ( Berlin Bed Sausage ): " Avant-garde cinema also has its masters, its greatest in Germany: Rosa von Praunheim. His film The Bed Sausage , which premiered on ZDF , confirmed once again what his works Pink Workers on Golden Street and Sisters of the Revolution , which have already been shown at many festivals, characterise: A mixture of artistic inventiveness, social awareness and humour that
2793-736: A similar style were made by the Germans Artur Brauner and Kurt Ulrich , and the British producer Harry Alan Towers . The international significance of the West German film industry of the 1950s could no longer measure up to that of France, Italy, or Japan. German films were only rarely distributed internationally as they were perceived as provincial. International co-productions of the kind which were becoming common in France and Italy tended to be rejected by German producers (Schneider 1990:43). However
SECTION 20
#17330934069292926-694: A succession of distinct eras and movements. The history of cinema in Germany can be traced back to the years of the medium's birth. Ottomar Anschütz held the first showing of life sized pictures in motion on 25 November 1894 at the Postfuhramt in Berlin. On 1 November 1895, Max Skladanowsky and his brother Emil demonstrated their self-invented film projector , the Bioscop , at the Wintergarten music hall in Berlin. A 15-minute series of eight short films were shown –
3059-495: A theater and opera director, in Germany and abroad. In the late 1970s, Schroeter met Irish artist Reginald Gray at a collection of Yves Saint Laurent in Paris. Gray painted a portrait of Schroeter. Cinema of Germany The film industry in Germany can be traced back to the late 19th century. German cinema made major technical and artistic contributions to early film, broadcasting and television technology. Babelsberg became
3192-575: A wide audience and insure a wide international distribution. As the genre of expressionism began to diminish, the genre of the New Objectivity (die neue Sachlichkeit) began to take its place. It was influenced by new issues which occupied the public in those years, as the rampant inflation caused deterioration in the economic status of the middle class. These films, often called "street films" or "asphalt films", tried to reflect reality in all its complexity and ugliness. They focused on objects surrounding
3325-622: Is a German film director, author, producer, professor of directing and one of the most influential and famous queer activists in the German-speaking world. A pioneer of Queer Cinema and gay activist from the very beginning, von Praunheim was a key co-founder of the modern lesbian and gay movement in West Germany and Switzerland. He was an early advocate of AIDS awareness and safer sex. His films center on queer -related themes and strong female characters, are characterized by excess and employ
3458-511: Is a cornerstone of documentary filmmaking about transgender people." Von Praunheim's The Einstein of Sex (1999) about Magnus Hirschfeld premiered at Locarno Festival and was nominated for the Golden Leopard . His film Can I be your Bratwurst, please? (1999) with Jeff Stryker and Vaginal Davis has been shown at over 250 film festivals around the world (a world record-breaking festival utilization). Moving Pictures Magazine chose
3591-530: Is dead. We believe in the new cinema"). Other up-and-coming filmmakers allied themselves to this Oberhausen group, among them Rainer Werner Fassbinder , Volker Schlöndorff , Werner Herzog , Jean-Marie Straub , Wim Wenders , Werner Schroeter and Hans-Jürgen Syberberg in their rejection of the existing German film industry and their determination to build a new cinema founded on artistic and social measures rather than commercial success. Most of these directors organized themselves in, or partially co-operated with,
3724-645: Is exceedingly rare in Germany." ( Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung ). In 1971, the director also caused a stir with his film It Is Not the Homosexual Who Is Perverse, But the Society in Which He Lives which led to many gay rights groups being founded and was the beginning of the modern lesbian and gay liberation movement in West Germany and Switzerland: "Rosa von Praunheim's film made an epoch." ( Frankfurter Rundschau ) The film also made Rosa von Praunheim
3857-626: Is just the man for the job he has taken on with Silence = Death and Positive : he has the breadth of vision, the compassion and the militance and, yes, the sense of humor necessary to tackle the AIDS epidemic in all its aspects." Critic Jerry Tallmer, co-founder of the Obie Awards , wrote in the newspaper The Record : "[...] Rosa (originally Holger) von Praunheim, the brilliant, acerbic director of such breakthrough gay-revolutionist works as Silence & Death and A Virus Knows No Morals ." Von Praunheim
3990-448: The Heimatfilm ("homeland film"), in which morally simplistic tales of love and family were played out in a rural setting, often in the mountains of Bavaria , Austria or Switzerland. In their day Heimatfilms were of little interest to more scholarly film critics, but in recent years they have been the subject of study in relation to what they say about the culture of West Germany in
4123-539: The Battle of Stalingrad , the focus is on celebrating the heroism of the German soldier in that battle, who are shown as valiantly holding out against overwhelming odds with no mention at all of what those soldiers were fighting for, namely National Socialist ideology or the Holocaust. This period also saw a number of films that depicted the military resistance to Hitler . In Des Teufels General ( The Devil's General ) of 1954,
Werner Schroeter - Misplaced Pages Continue
4256-797: The Berlin University of the Arts where he studied fine arts but did not graduate. In the mid-1960s he began his career associated to the New German Cinema . He adopted the female stage name Rosa von Praunheim to remember the Pink triangle (Rosa Winkel) that homosexuals were forced to wear in Nazi concentration camps , as well as the Frankfurt neighborhood of Praunheim where he grew up. Von Praunheim made his debut with experimental and short movies, like Sisters of
4389-632: The Four Powers in the period immediately after the end of World War II brought a major and long-lasting change to the economic conditions under which the industry in Germany had previously operated. The holdings of Ufa were confiscated by the Allies and, as part of the process of decartelisation , licences to produce films were shared between a range of much smaller companies. In addition, the Occupation Statute of 1949, which granted partial independence to
4522-730: The Frankfurter Zeitung , and Lotte H. Eisner in the Filmkurier . The uncertain economic and political situation in Weimar Germany had already led to a number of film-makers and performers leaving the country, primarily for the United States; Ernst Lubitsch moved to Hollywood as early as 1923, the Hungarian-born Michael Curtiz in 1926. Some 1,500 directors, producers, actors and other film professionals emigrated in
4655-553: The French Revolution through the eyes of the King of France's mistress, and the film Anna Boleyn (1920) on the tragic end of King Henry VIII 's second wife. In these films, Lubitsch presented prominent historic personalities who are caught up by their weaknesses and petty urges and thus, ironically, become responsible for huge historical events. Despite modest budgets, his films included extravagant scenes which were meant to appeal to
4788-473: The Kammerspiel or "chamber drama", which was borrowed from the theater and developed by stage director, who would later become a film producer and director himself, Max Reinhardt . This style was in many ways a reaction against the spectacle of expressionism and thus tended to revolve around ordinary people from the lower-middle-class. Films of this genre were often called "instinct" films because they emphasized
4921-646: The Kuratorium Junger Deutscher Film (Young German Film Committee) in 1965, set up under the auspices of the Federal Ministry of the Interior to support new German films financially, the directors of this New German Cinema were consequently often dependent on money from television. Young filmmakers had the opportunity to test their mettle in such programmes as the stand-alone drama and documentary series Das kleine Fernsehspiel (The Little TV Play) or
5054-613: The Marcos regime in the Philippines and the Leopoldo Galtieri military dictatorship in Argentina, respectively. At the time of his death Schroeter had been organizing a photography exhibition with his art-dealer friend Christian Holzfuss featuring his own works, most of which were manipulated portraits of the many actresses with whom he had worked over the years. In 2011 a documentary about
5187-743: The Reichsfachschaft Film . "Non-Aryan" film professionals and those whose politics or personal life were unacceptable to the Nazis were excluded from the Reichsfachschaft and thus denied employment in the industry. Some 3,000 individuals were affected by this employment ban. In addition, as journalists were also organised as a division of the Propaganda Ministry, Goebbels was able to abolish film criticism in 1936 and replace it with Filmbeobachtung (film observation); journalists could only report on
5320-521: The 14 years which comprise the Weimar period, an average of 250 film were being produced each year, a total of 3,500 full-feature films. Apart from UFA, about 230 film companies were active in Berlin alone. This industry was attracting producers and directors from all over Europe. The fact that the films were silent and language was not a factor, enabled even foreign actors, like the Danish film star Asta Nielsen or
5453-464: The 1950s showed the average German soldier as a heroic victim: noble, tough, brave, honourable, and patriotic while fighting hard in a senseless war for a regime that he did not care for. The 08/15 film trilogy of 1954–55 concerns a sensitive young German soldier who would rather play the piano than fight, and who fights on the Eastern Front without understanding why; however, no mention is made of
Werner Schroeter - Misplaced Pages Continue
5586-579: The 1960s more than three-quarters of the regular cinema audience were lost as consequence of the rising popularity of TV sets at home. As a reaction to the artistic and economic stagnation of German cinema, a group of young film-makers issued the Oberhausen Manifesto on 28 February 1962. This call to arms, which included Alexander Kluge , Edgar Reitz , Peter Schamoni and Franz-Josef Spieker among its signatories, provocatively declared "Der alte Film ist tot. Wir glauben an den neuen" ("The old cinema
5719-533: The 6th Army's massive co-operation with the Einsatzgruppen in murdering Soviet Jews in 1941. Even though there are countless film adaptations of Edgar Wallace novels worldwide, the crime films produced by the German company Rialto Film between 1959 and 1972 are the best-known of those, to the extent that they form their own subgenre known as Krimis (abbreviation for the German term "Kriminalfilm" (or "Kriminalroman"). Other Edgar Wallace adaptations in
5852-747: The AIDS crisis." ( Los Angeles Times ) The documentaries Positive and Silence = Death , both shot in 1989, deal with aspects of AIDS activism in New York. Fire Under Your Ass (1990) focuses on AIDS in Berlin. For the so-called AIDS trilogy , von Praunheim was awarded the LGBTIQ-Film-Prize of the Berlin International Film Festival . The Guardian , one of Britain's most important newspapers, wrote in 1992: " Silence = Death and Positive : The best AIDS films to date [...]." The Los Angeles Times summed it up: "In short, Praunheim
5985-487: The American Louise Brooks , to be hired even for leading roles. This period can also be noted for new technological developments in film making and experimentation in set design and lighting, led by UFA. Babelsberg Studio , which was incorporated into UFA, expanded massively and gave the German film industry a highly developed infrastructure. Babelsberg remained the centre of German filmmaking for many years, became
6118-686: The American transgender rights organization The Transexual Menace , was after City of Lost Souls again a very progressive film about transgender people and premiered at Frameline Film Festival in San Francisco and was also shown at Outfest in Los Angeles : "Von Praunheim's Transexual Menace dispenses with the usual cliches and brings us bang up to date with a profile of the new generation of politically-active transsexuals […]." ( The Independent ) The New York Times wrote: "[...] Transexual Menace
6251-466: The American gay and lesbian movement from the 1950s until the late 1970s. He was also interested in the underground theater in New York City, which was the focus of some of his films of this period including Underground and Emigrants (1976). In 1979, von Praunheim won a German Film Award for Tally Brown, New York , a documentary about American singer and actress Tally Brown , who died in 1989. In
6384-730: The Creative Vision Award of Rhode Island International Film Festival . The American Cinematheque in Hollywood honored von Praunheim with a retrospective in 1997 as "a fearless international pioneer of gay cinema". In 1986, the first edition of the Gay Cinema Festival in Toronto held a Rosa von Praunheim retrospective to honor the director as "the dean of Berlin's underground filmmakers". In Canada, his films were also shown at Montreal World Film Festival , among other places. Several of
6517-503: The Federal Republic rose sharply and this opened up alternative leisure activities to compete with cinema-going. At this time too, television was developing into a mass medium that could compete with the cinema. In 1953 there were only 1,000,000 sets in West Germany; by 1962 there were 7 million (Connor 1990:49) (Hoffman 1990:69). The majority of films produced in the Federal Republic in the 1960s were genre works: westerns , especially
6650-559: The German POWs. One of the German POWs successfully seduces the beautiful and tough Red Army Captain Alexandra Kasalniskaya ( Eva Bartok ) who prefers him to the sadistic camp commandant, which as Bartov comments also is meant to show that even in defeat, German men were more sexually virile and potent than their Russian counterparts. In Hunde, wollt ihr ewig leben? ( Dogs, do you want to live forever? ) of 1959, which deals with
6783-474: The German film industry and by 1932 Germany had 3,800 cinemas equipped to play sound films. The first filmmakers who experimented with the new technology often shot the film in several versions, using several soundtracks in different languages. The film The Blue Angel (1930), directed by the Austrian Josef von Sternberg and produced by Erich Pommer , was also shot in two versions – German and English, with
SECTION 50
#17330934069296916-531: The German film industry cut back on production. 123 German movies were produced in 1955, only 65 in 1965. However, many German film companies followed the 1960s trends of international co-productions with Italy and Spain in such genres as spaghetti westerns and Eurospy films with films shot in those nations or in Yugoslavia that featured German actors in the casts. The roots of the problem lay deeper in changing economic and social circumstances. Average incomes in
7049-564: The Great were produced throughout the 1920s and were popular with the nationalist right-wing, who strongly criticised the "asphalt" films' decadence. Another dark chapter of the Weimar period was reflected in Joseph Delmont 's film Humanity Unleashed (1920). The film was an adaptation of a novel by the same name, written by Max Glass and published in 1919. The novel described a dark world consumed by disease and war. The filmmakers decided to take
7182-489: The Homosexual… truly earns that description. The breakout film by director and activist Rosa von Praunheim (aka Holger Mischwitzky) became a foundational text of the German gay rights movement, and its call for liberation reverberated through the history of queer cinema." This movie found great resonance internationally. Some artists have referred to the film, for example Bruce LaBruce with the short film collection It Is Not
7315-872: The Honorary Award of Swiss Pink Apple Film Festival . On occasion of his 70th birthday (2012), von Praunheim made 70 short and medium-length films for German regional television station RBB under the title Rosa's World . Never before has a documentary filmmaker received so much airtime on German television. Rosa's World has also been shown at film festivals, for example in Vienna (Austria). Von Praunheim has written several books that have been successfully published by publishing houses such as Rowohlt Verlag . Von Praunheim has been painting since his early youth and occasionally exhibits in galleries and museums, for example at Migros Museum of Contemporary Art . He curated exhibitions himself, for example at Lincoln Center , and
7448-456: The Liar (1975), the only East German film to be nominated for an Oscar ; The Legend of Paul and Paula (1973), directed by Heiner Carow from Ulrich Plenzdorf 's novel; and Solo Sunny (1980), again the work of Konrad Wolf. However, film-making in the GDR was always constrained and oriented by the political situation in the country at any given time. Ernst Thälmann , the communist leader in
7581-443: The Moving Image ) These films were shown at film festivals worldwide. His feature film Horror Vacui won the Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for best experimental film in 1985. Anita: Dances of Vice (1987), the life story of a scandalous nude dancer in Berlin in the 1920s, attracted international attention. The film was shown, for example, at New York Film Festival and Chicago International Film Festival . With
7714-404: The Pornographer That Is Perverse... (2018). A prolific and controversial filmmaker, von Praunheim has centered his directorial efforts in documentaries featuring gay-related themes. In the early 1970s, he lived for some time in the United States where he made a series of documentaries about the post- Stonewall American gay scene. In Army of Lovers or Revolt of the Perverts (1979) he took on
7847-496: The Revolution (1969) and Samuel Beckett (1969), with which he quickly became famous. His film Macbeth - Opera by Rosa von Praunheim was shown at documenta V . He married actress Carla Egerer [ de ] (aka Carla Aulaulu) in 1969. The marriage ended two years later in divorce. During the same period, he collaborated with camerawoman Elfi Mikesch [ de ] in a number of film projects. This artistic friendship and collaboration continues to this day. At
7980-456: The Soviet Zone were keen to re-establish the film industry in their sector and an order was issued to re-open cinemas in Berlin in May 1945 within three weeks of German capitulation. The film production company DEFA was founded on 17 May 1946, and took control of the film production facilities in the Soviet Zone which had been confiscated by order of the Soviet Military Administration in Germany in October 1945. A joint-stock company on paper,
8113-502: The USA von Praunheim worked with camera people like Jeff Preiss , Mike Kuchar and Juliana Wang . Back in Berlin, he made feature films such as Our Corpses Are Still Alive (1981) and Red Love (1982). In 1983, von Praunheim's revolutionary film City of Lost Souls (1983) with Jayne County and Angie Stardust was released: "This riotous and massively ahead-of-its-time intersectional queer-punk musical has gone on to greatly influence transgender politics." ( Australian Centre for
SECTION 60
#17330934069298246-470: The Weimar period, was the subject of several hagiographical films in the 1950s ( Ernst Thälmann , 1954), and although East German filmmaking moved away from this overtly Stalinist approach in the 1960s, filmmakers were still subject to the changing political positions, and indeed the whims, of the SED leadership. For example, DEFA's full slate of contemporary films from 1966 were denied distribution, among them Frank Beyer's Traces of Stones (1966) which
8379-405: The Will , remain highly controversial, as their aesthetic merit is inseparable from their propagandising of Nazi ideals. East German cinema initially profited from the fact that much of the country's film infrastructure, notably the former UFA studios, lay in the Soviet occupation zone which enabled film production to get off the ground more quickly than in the Western sectors. The authorities in
8512-408: The advent of a regular television service in the Federal Republic in 1952, cinema attendances continued to grow through much of the 1950s, reaching a peak of 817.5 million visits in 1956. The majority of the films of this period set out to do no more than entertain the audience and had few pretensions to artistry or active engagement with social issues. The defining genre of the period was arguably
8645-438: The angle of the camera or cutting between two camera angles, which enhanced film continuity and later became standards of the industry. Pabst is also identified with another genre which branched from the New Objectivity – that of social and political films. These filmmakers dared to confront sensitive and controversial social issues which engaged the public in those days; such as anti-Semitism , prostitution and homosexuality. To
8778-468: The audience, including the Dada movement writer Walter Serner : "If one looks to where cinema receives its ultimate power, into these strangely flickering eyes that point far back into human history, suddenly it stands there in all its massiveness: visual pleasure." Visually striking sets and makeup were key to the style of the expressionist films that were produced shortly after the First World War. Cinemas themselves began to be established landmarks in
8911-399: The beginning of his career, von Praunheim also worked as an assistant director for Gregory J. Markopoulos , who dedicated his film (A)lter (A)ction (1968) to him. Rainer Werner Fassbinder staged the play Dedicated to Rosa von Praunheim (1969). Von Praunheim's first feature film was produced in 1971: The Bed Sausage , a parody of bourgeois marriage. It became a cult movie, which had
9044-420: The body of the Nazi state charged with control of the film industry, which marked the official exclusion of Jews and foreigners from employment in the German film industry. As part of the process of Gleichschaltung all film production in Germany was subordinate to the Reichsfilmkammer , which was directly responsible to Goebbel's Propaganda ministry , and all those employed in the industry had to be members of
9177-399: The characters and cynically symbolized the despair felt by the German people, whose lives were shattered after the war. The most prominent film maker who is associated with this genre is Georg Wilhelm Pabst in his films such as: Joyless Street (1925), Pandora's Box (1929), and The Loves of Jeanne Ney (1927). Pabst is also credited with innovations in film editing, such as reversing
9310-404: The cinema provided a distraction from Allied bombing and a string of German defeats. In both 1943 and 1944 cinema admissions in Germany exceeded a billion, and the biggest box office hits of the war years were Die große Liebe (1942) and Wunschkonzert (1941), which both combine elements of the musical , wartime romance and patriotic propaganda, Frauen sind doch bessere Diplomaten (1941),
9443-447: The consequences of anti-Semitism and xenophobia . It portrayed a " pogrom " which is carried out against the Jewish inhabitants of a village in Tsarist Russia . In the background, a love story also evolves between a young Russian student and the daughter of the leader of the Jewish community, something that was considered a taboo at the time. Later on, in an attempt to reflect the rapidly growing anti-Semitic atmosphere, Oswald confronted
9576-519: The content of a film, not offer judgement on its artistic or other worth. With the German film industry now effectively an arm of the totalitarian state, no films could be made that were not ostensibly in accord with the views of the ruling regime. However, despite the existence of anti-semitic propaganda works such as The Eternal Jew (1940)—which was a box-office flop—and the more sophisticated but equally anti-semitic Jud Süß (1940), which achieved commercial success at home and elsewhere in Europe,
9709-428: The decade it had reached levels that exceeded the pre-war period. For the first time in many years, German audiences had free access to cinema from around the world and in this period the films of Charlie Chaplin remained popular, as were melodramas from the United States. Nonetheless, the share of the film market for German films in this period and into the 1950s remained relatively large, taking up some 40 percent of
9842-514: The devastated Germany and an initial reaction to the events of the Nazi period (the full horror of which was first experienced by many in documentary footage from liberated concentration camps). Such films include Wolfgang Staudte 's Die Mörder sind unter uns (The Murderers are among us) (1946), the first film made in post-war Germany (produced in the soviet sector), and Wolfgang Liebeneiner 's Liebe 47 (Love 47) (1949), an adaptation of Wolfgang Borchert 's play Draußen vor der Tür . Despite
9975-456: The development in Germany, as elsewhere, of the phenomenon of the film star; the actress Henny Porten was one of the earliest German stars. Public desire to see popular film stories being continued encouraged the production of film serials , especially in the genre of mystery films , which is where the director Fritz Lang began his illustrious career. The outbreak of World War I and the subsequent boycott of, for example, French films left
10108-458: The director was made by Elfi Mikesch, a close friend and collaborator, entitled Mondo Lux: The Visual Worlds of Werner Schroeter In 2016 he was awarded posthumously with the Traetta Prize for his work in the rediscovery of the roots of European music. During the 1960s, Schroeter worked with German experimental film-maker and gay rights activist, Rosa von Praunheim . Schroeter also worked as
10241-1015: The director's films premiered in Great Britain at Edinburgh International Film Festival and in Australia at Sydney Film Festival . The Tate Modern in London also showed Rosa von Praunheim's films. Mardi Gras Film Festival Sydney honored von Praunheim in a film series about the most important queer filmmakers. Queer film festival Ciclo Rosa (Zyklos Rosa) in Bogotá was named in honor of Rosa von Praunheim. In South America, von Praunheim's films were shown at Buenos Aires International Festival of Independent Cinema and São Paulo International Film Festival , among other places. In Asia, for example, at Shanghai International Film Festival , Hong Kong International Film Festival , Taipei Film Festival and Tokyo International Lesbian & Gay Film Festival . Von Praunheim
10374-554: The director's shift toward more plot-driven films, commenting: "it is much more radical to play with the content than with the aesthetics of the image. The era of independence is over. Our society has not fulfilled the promises hoped for around '68-'70". The film won many prizes domestically and internationally and was his first commercial release. Schroeter had also worked in film as a producer, cinematographer, editor and actor. As an actor, he appeared in several films directed by his friend Rainer Werner Fassbinder , including Beware of
10507-692: The film as best title in Cannes . In 2000, he was awarded the Robert-Geisendörfer-Preis [ de ] for Wunderbares Wrodow , a documentary about the people in and around a German village and its castle. His film Cows knocked up by fog (2002) premiered Venice Film Festival . From 1999 to 2006, von Praunheim was professor of directing at the Film University of Babelsberg . Von Praunheim has also taught at various film and art schools, including San Francisco Art Institute , where Abel Ferrara
10640-438: The film companies was quoted, "an influx of such films in the United States would throw thousands of our own... out of work, because it would be absolutely impossible for the American producers to compete with the German producers". At home, the German film industry confronted an unstable economic situation and the devaluation of the currency made it difficult for the smaller production companies to function. Film industry financing
10773-640: The film industry threatened by the Nazi regime were able to escape; the actor and director Kurt Gerron , for example, perished in a concentration camp . Within weeks of the Machtergreifung , Alfred Hugenberg had effectively turned over Ufa to the ends of the Nazis, excluding Jews from employment in the company in March 1933, several months before the foundation in June of the Reichsfilmkammer (Reich Chamber of Film),
10906-403: The film production and distribution company Filmverlag der Autoren established in 1971, which throughout the 1970s brought forth a number of critically acclaimed films. Rosa von Praunheim , who formed the German lesbian and gay movement with his film It Is Not the Homosexual Who Is Perverse, But the Society in Which He Lives (1971), also plays an important role. Despite the foundation of
11039-415: The filming history of Veit Harlan 's Kolberg (1945), the most expensive film of the Nazi era, for the shooting of which tens of thousands of soldiers were diverted from their military positions to appear as extras. Despite the emigration of many film-makers and the political restrictions, the period was not without technical and aesthetic innovations, the introduction of Agfacolor film production being
11172-419: The films by director Arnold Fanck , in which individuals were shown battling against nature in the mountains. Animators and directors of experimental films such as; Lotte Reiniger , Oskar Fischinger and Walter Ruttmann , were also very active in Germany in the 1920s. Ruttman's experimental documentary Berlin: Symphony of a Metropolis (1927) epitomised the energy of 1920s Berlin. The arrival of sound at
11305-468: The first German "artistic" films began to be produced from around 1910, an example being the Edgar Allan Poe adaptation The Student of Prague (1913) which was co-directed by Paul Wegener and Stellan Rye , photographed by Guido Seeber and starring actors from Max Reinhardt 's company. Early film theorists in Germany began to write about the significance of Schaulust , or "visual pleasure", for
11438-662: The first feature-length film adaptation of Bram Stoker's Dracula , Carl Boese and Paul Wegener 's The Golem: How He Came Into the World (1920), a Gothic retelling of the Jewish folktale, and Metropolis (1927), a legendary science-fiction epic directed by Fritz Lang . The Expressionist movement began to wane during the mid-1920s, but perhaps the fact that its main creators moved to Hollywood, California , allowed this style to remain influential in world cinema for years to come, particularly in American horror films and film noir and in
11571-662: The first screening of films to a paying audience. This performance pre-dated the first paying public display of the Lumière brothers ' Cinematographe in Paris on 28 December of the same year, a performance that Max Skladanowsky attended and at which he was able to ascertain that the Cinematographe was technically superior to his Bioscop. Other German film pioneers included the Berliners Oskar Messter and Max Gliewe, two of several individuals who independently in 1896 first used
11704-560: The genocidal aspects of Germany's war in East. The last of the 08/15 films ends with Germany occupied by a gang of American soldiers portrayed as bubble-gum chewing, slack-jawed morons and uncultured louts, totally inferior in every respect to the heroic German soldiers shown in the 08/15 films. The only exception is the Jewish American officer, who is shown as both hyper-intelligent and very unscrupulous, which Bartov noted seems to imply that
11837-400: The grim mood in post- World War I , it was not surprising that these films focused heavily on crime and horror. The film usually credited with sparking the popularity of expressionism is Robert Wiene 's The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1920), produced by Erich Pommer . The film tells the story of a demented hypnotist who is using a sleepwalker to perform a series of murders. The film featured
11970-422: The impulses and intimate psychology of the characters. The sets were kept to a minimum and there was abundant use of camera movements to add complexity to the rather intimate and simple spaces. Associated with this particular style is also screenwriter Carl Mayer and films such as Murnau's Last Laugh (1924). Nature films, a genre referred to as Bergfilm , also became popular. Most known in this category are
12103-485: The largest audience possible and in that, to maximize their revenues. This led to films being made in a vast array of genres and styles. One of the main film genres associated with the Weimar Republic cinema is German Expressionism which was inspired by the expressionist movement in art. Expressionist movies relied heavily on symbolism and artistic imagery rather than stark realism to tell their stories. Given
12236-452: The largest film studio in Europe and produced most of the films in this "golden era" of German cinema. In essence it was "the German equivalent to Hollywood". Films about an exaggerated version of Japanese culture that included " geishas , samurai , and Shinto shrines " were popular in Germany during this era. Due to the unstable economic condition and in an attempt to deal with modest production budgets, filmmakers were trying to reach
12369-488: The largest in Europe. The German film industry, which was protected during the war by the ban on foreign films import, became exposed at the end of the war to the international film industry while having to face an embargo, this time on its own films. Many countries banned the import of German films and audiences themselves were resisting anything that was "German". But the ban imposed on German films involved commercial considerations as well – as an American president of one of
12502-538: The leading figure of the lesbian and gay movement in West Germany: "It is a personal liberation for Holger Mischwitzky [Rosa von Praunheim] - and a wake-up call for all homosexual men. […] With this film, Rosa von Praunheim became the icon of the gay and lesbian movement in Germany almost overnight." ( Deutsche Welle ). American film critic Joe Hoeffner wrote in an article about the twelve most important queer films: "Many films have been called revolutionary, but It Is Not
12635-925: The majority interest in DEFA was actually held by the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED) which became the ruling party of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) after 1949, formally placing DEFA as the state-owned monopoly for film production in East Germany. A sister "company", Progress Film , had also been established as a similar monopoly for domestic film distribution, its principal "competition" being Sovexportfilm, which handled distribution of Soviet films. In total, DEFA produced some 900 feature films during its existence as well as around 800 animated films and over 3000 documentaries and short films. In 1946 DEFA produced The Murderers are Among Us , which
12768-480: The majority of German films from the National Socialist period were intended principally as works of entertainment. The import of foreign films was legally restricted after 1936 and the German industry, which was effectively nationalised in 1937, had to make up for the missing foreign films (above all American productions). Entertainment also became increasingly important in the later years of World War II when
12901-673: The most important representatives of German cinema. Von Praunheim also received the Berlinale Special Teddy Award for his outstanding contributions to queer cinema. In 2012, he was awarded the Grimme-Preis for his documentary Rent Boys . In 2015, he received the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany . In 2020, he was awarded the Max Ophüls Honorary Award for his life's work. Von Praunheim also received
13034-420: The new medium for the purpose of propaganda. Under the aegis of the military, so-called Vaterland films were produced, which equalled the Allies' films in the matter of propaganda and disparagement of the enemy. Audiences however did not care to swallow the patriotic medicine without the accompanying sugar of the light-entertainment films which, consequently, Ufa also promoted. The German film industry soon became
13167-504: The newly created Federal Republic of Germany , specifically forbade the imposition of import quotas to protect German film production from foreign competition, the result of lobbying by the American industry as represented by the MPAA . Amidst the devastation of the Stunde Null year of 1945 cinema attendance was unsurprisingly down to a fraction of its wartime heights, but already by the end of
13300-471: The occasion of von Praunheim's 75th birthday (2017), President of Germany Frank-Walter Steinmeier thanked him publicly for his artistic work and social commitment: "My congratulations go to an exceptional artist who, with his extensive cinematic oeuvre, has succeeded in intervening in social reality and changing it [...]." Von Praunheim lives in Berlin with his husband Oliver Sechting [ de ] ,
13433-477: The officer corps and by extension Germany society. Bartov wrote that no German film of the 1950s showed the deep commitment felt by many German soldiers to National Socialism, the utter ruthless way the German Army fought the war and the mindless nihilist brutality of the later Wehrmacht. Bartov wrote that German film-makers liked to show the heroic last stand of the 6th Army at Stalingrad, but none has so far showed
13566-481: The outbreak of the AIDS epidemic, von Praunheim worked on films about the HIV-related disease. A Virus Knows No Morals (1986) was one of the first feature films about AIDS internationally: " A Virus Respects No Morals , a savage, imaginative, scattershot Brecht-like allegory set largely in a gay bath, became one of the earliest and most provocative attacks on the hypocrisy, ignorance, politics and economics surrounding
13699-570: The real tragedy of World War II was the Nazis did not get a chance to exterminate all of the Jews, who have now returned with Germany's defeat to once more exploit the German people. In The Doctor of Stalingrad (1958) dealing with German POWs in the Soviet Union, Germans are portrayed as more civilized, humane and intelligent than the Soviets, who are shown for the most part as Mongol savages who brutalized
13832-479: The return of Doctor Mabuse in a series of several films of the early 1960s. At the end of the 1960s softcore sex films, both the relatively serious Aufklärungsfilme ( sex education films) of Oswalt Kolle and such exploitation films as Schulmädchen-Report (Schoolgirl Report) (1970) and its successors were produced into the 1970s. Such movies were commercially successful and often enjoyed international distribution, but won little acclaim from critics. In
13965-460: The same issue with his film Dreyfus (1930), which portrayed the 1894 political scandal of the " Dreyfus affair ", which until today remains one of the most striking examples of miscarriage of justice and blatant anti-Semitism. The polarised politics of the Weimar period were also reflected in some of its films. A series of patriotic films about Prussian history, starring Otto Gebühr as Frederick
14098-611: The say-so of Party General Secretary Erich Honecker . In the late 1970s, numerous film-makers left the GDR for the West as a result of restrictions on their work, among them director Egon Günther and actors Angelica Domröse , Eva-Maria Hagen , Katharina Thalbach , Hilmar Thate , Manfred Krug and Armin Mueller-Stahl . Many had been signatories of a 1976 petition opposing the expatriation of socially critical singer-songwriter Wolf Biermann and had had their ability to work restricted as
14231-811: The series of movies adapted from Karl May 's popular genre novels which starred Pierre Brice as the Apache Winnetou and Lex Barker as his white blood brother Old Shatterhand ; thrillers and crime films, notably a series of Edgar Wallace movies from Rialto Film in which Klaus Kinski , Heinz Drache , Karin Dor and Joachim Fuchsberger were among the regular players. The traditional Krimi films expanded into series based on German pulp fiction heroes such as Jerry Cotton played by George Nader and Kommissar X played by Tony Kendall and Brad Harris . West Germany also made several horror films including ones starring Christopher Lee . The two genres were combined in
14364-495: The state. Excluding newsreels and educational films, only 50 films were produced between 1948 and 1953. However, in later years numerous films were produced on a variety of themes. DEFA had particular strengths in children's films , notably fairy tale adaptations such as Drei Haselnüsse für Aschenbrödel (Three Hazelnuts for Cinderella) (1973), but it also attempted other genre works: science-fiction, for example Der schweigende Stern (The Silent Star) (1960), an adaptation of
14497-480: The stigmatized gays from homosexual celebrities, of which there were hardly any in the German public at that time. Because of this, von Praunheim was considered a controversial figure in his home country for a long time, even within the queer community. But after the public outing action several celebrities had their coming out . In addition, the German-speaking media began to report on homosexuality in more than just negative and problematic contexts. The outings initiated
14630-541: The story of a Sicilian guest worker in Germany, won the Golden Bear at the 30th Berlin International Film Festival , while his 1991 production Malina was entered into that year's Cannes Film Festival . Although he is mainly known for elaborate and excessive camp fables, the director also made some hard-hitting documentaries including Smiling Star (83) and For Example, Argentina (83–85) about
14763-399: The story to a more contemporary context by reflecting the growing fear among the German public of political radicalization . They produced what was to become the first fictional account of the events of January 1919 in Berlin, the so-called " Spartacist Uprising ". This film is also considered one of the anti- Bolshevik films of that era. Another important film genre of the Weimar years was
14896-425: The television films of the crime series Tatort . However, the broadcasters sought TV premieres for the films which they had supported financially, with theatrical showings only occurring later. As a consequence, such films tended to be unsuccessful at the box office. Rosa von Praunheim Holger Bernhard Bruno Mischwitzky (born Holger Radtke ; 25 November 1942), known professionally as Rosa von Praunheim ,
15029-611: The total market. American films took up around 30 percent of the market despite having around twice as many films in distribution as the German industry in the same time frame. Many of the German films of the immediate post-war period can be characterised as belonging to the genre of the Trümmerfilm (literally "rubble film"). These films show strong affinities with the work of Italian neorealists , not least Roberto Rossellini 's neorealist trilogy which included Germany Year Zero (1948), and are concerned primarily with day-to-day life in
15162-514: The very end of the 1920s, produced a final artistic flourish of German film before the collapse of the Weimar Republic in 1933. As early as 1918, three inventors came up with the Tri-Ergon sound-on-film system and tried to introduce it to the industry between 1922 and 1926. UFA showed an interest, but possibly due to financial difficulties, never made a sound film. But in the late 1920s, sound production and distribution were starting to be adopted by
15295-485: The works of European directors such as Jean Cocteau and Ingmar Bergman . Despite its significance, expressionist cinema was not the dominant genre of this era. Many other genres such as period dramas, melodramas, romantic comedies, and films of social and political nature, were much more prevalent and definitely more popular. The "master" of period-dramas was undoubtedly Ernst Lubitsch . His most notable films of this genre were Madame DuBarry (1919) which portrayed
15428-467: The years after the Nazis came to power. Among them were such key figures as the producer Erich Pommer , the studio head of Ufa, stars Marlene Dietrich and Peter Lorre , and director Fritz Lang . Lang's exodus to America is legendary; it is said that Metropolis so greatly impressed Joseph Goebbels that he asked Lang to become the head of his propaganda film unit. Lang fled to America instead, where he had
15561-504: The years immediately before World War I. Before this, German filmmakers would tour with their works, travelling from fairground to fairground. The earliest ongoing cinemas were set up in cafes and pubs by owners who saw a way of attracting more customers. The storefront cinema was called a Kientopp , and this is where films were viewed for the most part before the First World War broke out. The first standalone, dedicated cinema in Germany
15694-577: The years of the Wirtschaftswunder . Other film genres typical of this period were adaptations of operettas , hospital melodramas , comedies and musicals. Many films were remakes of earlier Ufa productions. Rearmament and the founding of the Bundeswehr in 1955 brought with it a wave of war films which tended to depict the ordinary German soldiers of World War II as brave and apolitical. The Israeli historian Omer Bartov wrote that German films of
15827-464: Was a German underground star that became his muse until her death in 1985. Other notable actors to star in his films include: Bulle Ogier , Carole Bouquet , and Isabelle Huppert . After attending the Film Festival at Knokke , Belgium in 1967, Schroeter made his first 8mm film, Maria Callas Portrait , that consisted of animated stills of Callas overlaid with the sound of her singing. Eika Katappa
15960-578: Was a co-founder of the German ACT UP movement and organized the first major AIDS benefit event in Germany. He was vocal in his efforts to educate people about the danger of AIDS and the necessity of practicing safer sex. On 10 December 1991, von Praunheim created a scandal in Germany when he outed the anchorman Alfred Biolek and the comedian Hape Kerkeling in the TV show Explosiv - Der heiße Stuhl [ de ] as gay to call for public solidarity with
16093-414: Was a fragile business and expensive productions occasionally led to bankruptcy. In 1925 UFA itself was forced to go into a disadvantageous partnership called Parufamet with the American studios Paramount and MGM , before being taken over by the nationalist industrialist and newspaper owner Alfred Hugenberg in 1927. Nevertheless, the German film industry enjoyed an unprecedented development – during
16226-591: Was also one of the creators of the explicitly communist film Kuhle Wampe (1932), which was banned soon after its release. In addition to developments in the industry itself, the Weimar period saw the birth of film criticism as a serious discipline whose practitioners included Rudolf Arnheim in Die Weltbühne and in Film als Kunst (1932), Béla Balázs in Der Sichtbare Mensch (1924), Siegfried Kracauer in
16359-673: Was born as Holger Radtke in Riga Central Prison [ lv ] in the German-occupied Latvia during World War II . His biological mother died in 1946 in the Wittenauer Heilstätten (a psychiatric hospital in Berlin). After his birth, he was given up for adoption. He only found out these facts when his adoptive mother, Gertrud Mischwitzky, told him in 2000. He discovered the fate of his biological mother in 2006 after
16492-633: Was director of the film and video arts department at Academy of Arts (2015 - 2018). Rosa von Praunheim had many large and well-regarded film screenings and premieres in the US, for example at Museum of Modern Art in New York City (more than 15 times), at The Andy Warhol Museum in Pittsburgh , at Wheeler Hall of the University of California, Berkeley and at film festivals across the country. For example, he won
16625-523: Was followed 20 years later by the sequel New York Memories (2009). He is a successful theater director, winning the Jury-Award at the Theater Authors Days (2018) at Deutsches Theater Berlin for his play Hitler's Goat and the King's Haemorrhoids . The magazine The Advocate selected von Praunheim among the world's 50 most important queer people in the fields of activism, art and culture. On
16758-634: Was his first feature, which mixes pop and opera. The film was self-financed and won the Joseph von Sternberg prize for "the most idiosyncratic film" at the 1969 Mannheim Film Festival . His "total cinema" films were predominantly produced by Das kleine Fernsehspiel ("The Little Television Play"), a small experimental department of the German public-service station. The company supported some of Schroeter's most controversial projects including: The Bomber Pilot (70), Salome (71), Macbeth (71), and Goldflocken (76). The Reign of Naples [ it ] marked
16891-421: Was less than a quarter of its 1956 post-war peak. As a consequence of this, numerous German production and distribution companies went out of business in the 1950s and 1960s and cinemas across the Federal Republic closed their doors; the number of screens in West Germany almost halved between the beginning and the end of the decade. Initially, the crisis was perceived as a problem of overproduction. Consequently,
17024-470: Was one of his students. Former Praunheim students, filmmakers Tom Tykwer , Chris Kraus , Axel Ranisch , Robert Thalheim and Julia von Heinz , made the film Pink Children (2012) about their mentor. In 2008, his film Two Mothers was shown at Tribeca Film Festival and was nominated for the Jury-Award. At 63rd Berlin International Film Festival , he was awarded the Berlinale Camera as one of
17157-529: Was opened in Mannheim in 1906, and by 1910, there were over 1000 cinemas operating in Germany. Henny Porten and Asta Nielsen (the latter originally from Denmark) were the first major film stars in Germany. Prior to 1914, however, many foreign films were imported. In the era of the silent film there were no language boundaries and Danish and Italian films were particularly popular in Germany. The public's desire to see more films with particular actors led to
17290-403: Was pulled from distribution after three days, not because it was antipathetic to communist principles, but because it showed that such principles, which it fostered, were not put into practice at all times in East Germany. The huge box-office hit The Legend of Paul and Paula was initially threatened with a distribution ban because of its satirical elements and supposedly only allowed a release on
17423-819: Was represented at many A film festivals worldwide, often several times. He had more than 20 films at Berlin International Film Festival , making him record holder, and had numerous retrospectives in many countries. His films are also evaluated in an academic context and shown at universities, for example at Beaux-Arts de Paris , The Courtauld Institute of Art London , University of Pennsylvania , Columbia University in New York City and Harvard University in Cambridge . Von Praunheim's work has found its way into various academic papers and publications, including from Stanford University and Oxford University . His film Survival in New York (1989) became von Praunheim's most commercially successful film in Germany, which
17556-464: Was sold off by the Treuhand in 1992, but its intellectual property rights were handed to the charitable DEFA-Stiftung (DEFA Foundation) which exploits these rights in conjunction with a series of private companies, especially the quickly privatized Progress Film GmbH, which has issued several East German films with English subtitles since the mid-1990s. The occupation and reconstruction of Germany by
17689-474: Was the first German film released after World War II and created the groundwork for the so-called Trümmerfilme , or rubble films, which were filmed amidst the rubble of structures bombed during World War II. Early on, production of East German film was limited due to strict controls imposed by the authorities which restricted the subject-matter of films to topics that directly contributed to the Communist project of
#928071