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82-629: North of the Thames River , the road was laid out as part of the survey of London Township. It came to be known as the Asylum Side Road until being renamed Highbury Avenue in 1928. It was extended south of the river to Highway   401 as a four-lane freeway in 1963, which the City of London named the Wenige Expressway in 1965. Between 1963 and 1991, the section from Wilton Grove Road to Hamilton Road

164-550: A Canadian Heritage River . During the weekend of February 24–25, 2018, abnormally persistent rains caused significant flooding along the banks of the river. Extensive property damage was observed in Chatham and nearby Thamesville. The Thames River is home to about 90 species of fish and 30 species of freshwater mussel . As one of the southern-most rivers in Canada, many of the species found in its waters are found almost nowhere else in

246-447: A bus plus some circuit breakers . The largest transmission substations can cover a large area (several acres/hectares) with multiple voltage levels, many circuit breakers, and a large amount of protection and control equipment ( voltage and current transformers , relays and SCADA systems). Modern substations may be implemented using international standards such as IEC Standard 61850 . A distribution substation transfers power from

328-401: A contractor or alternately all phases of its development may be handled by the electrical utility . Most commonly, the utility does the engineering and procurement while hiring a contractor for actual construction. Major design constraints for construction of substations include land availability and cost, limitations on the construction period, transportation restrictions, and the need to get

410-568: A 330 metres (1,080 ft) section between Power Street and Hamilton Road. The signs remained in place until at least 1981, when it was described by a city traffic official as a "20-second expressway". By the time construction had begun on the extension, proposals for a freeway to connect London with St. Thomas were also being considered. In October 1964, potential route locations for several controlled-access highways around London were revealed to Middlesex, Elgin and Oxford county officials. Among them were what would eventually become Highway 402 ,

492-635: A contentious issue for the City of London, which had adopted a resolution in August of that year to name the extension the Wenige Expressway, in honour of nine-term mayor of London, George Wenige . Despite objections from the DHO, which preferred the readability of a number on signage for safety reasons, London ordered signs erected with the name in May 1965. However, the DHO prevailed and these signs were only installed along

574-706: A disconnection of the load supplied by the circuit break from the feeding point. This seeks to isolate the fault point from the rest of the system, and allow the rest of the system to continue operating with minimal impact. Both switches and circuit breakers may be operated locally (within the substation) or remotely from a supervisory control center. With overhead transmission lines , the propagation of lightning and switching surges can cause insulation failures into substation equipment. Line entrance surge arrestors are used to protect substation equipment accordingly. Insulation Coordination studies are carried out extensively to ensure equipment failure (and associated outages )

656-457: A large substation, circuit breakers are used to interrupt any short circuits or overload currents that may occur on the network. Smaller distribution stations may use recloser circuit breakers or fuses for protection of distribution circuits. Substations themselves do not usually have generators, although a power plant may have a substation nearby. Other devices such as capacitors , voltage regulators , and reactors may also be located at

738-517: A link between London and St. Thomas, as well as a route around the northern edge of London. Several months later, deputy minister of highways, A.T.C. McNab, announced on May   19 that planning was underway on the London–St. Thomas link. The DHO-commissioned London Area Highway Planning Study, published in July 1966, examined traffic patterns and determined ideal travel lines and redundant routes. It confirmed

820-522: A long lease such as a renewable 99-year lease, giving the utility company security of tenure . The first step in planning a substation layout is the preparation of a one-line diagram , which shows in simplified form the switching and protection arrangement required, as well as the incoming supply lines and outgoing feeders or transmission lines. It is a usual practice by many electrical utilities to prepare one-line diagrams with principal elements (lines, switches, circuit breakers, transformers) arranged on

902-690: A ring bus, double bus, or so-called "breaker and a half" setup can be used, so that the failure of any one circuit breaker does not interrupt power to other circuits, and so that parts of the substation may be de-energized for maintenance and repairs. Substations feeding only a single industrial load may have minimal switching provisions, especially for small installations. Because of the risk of electrical shock, substations are inherently dangerous to electrical workers. To mitigate this hazard, substations are designed with various safety features. Live conductors and bare equipment are kept separate, either with protected equipment, or using screens or distance. Based on

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984-584: A separate contract to grade and pave the extension in April 1962. Construction also began that year on an overpass of the CNR tracks north of Trafalgar Street. The CNR overpass and Highbury Avenue extension were opened together by a motorcade ceremony on December   9, 1963. The extension was built by the Department of Highways (DHO), and was signed as Highway   126 from Wilton Grove Road to Hamilton Road. This became

1066-679: A substation. Substations may be on the surface in fenced enclosures, underground, or special-purpose buildings. High-rise buildings may have several indoor substations. Indoor substations are usually found in urban areas to reduce the noise from transformers, improve appearance, or protect switchgear from extreme climate or pollution. Substations often use busbars as conductors between electrical equipment. Busbars may be aluminum tubing 3–6 inches (76–152 mm) thick, or else wires (strain bus). Outdoor, above-ground substation structures include wood pole, lattice metal tower, and tubular metal structures, although other variants are available. Where space

1148-422: A transmission line or a transformer. To maintain reliability of supply, companies aim at keeping the system up and running while performing maintenance. All work to be performed, from routine testing to adding entirely new substations, should be done while keeping the whole system running. Unplanned switching events are caused by a fault in a transmission line or any other component, for example: The function of

1230-602: Is aimed at minimizing cost while ensuring power availability and reliability, and enabling changes to the substation in the future. Substations may be built outdoors, indoors, or underground or in a combination of these locations. Selection of the location of a substation must consider many factors. Sufficient land area is required for installation of equipment with necessary clearances for electrical safety, and for access to maintain large apparatus such as transformers. The site must have room for expansion due to load growth or planned transmission additions. Environmental effects of

1312-639: Is an intersection with South Edgeware Road, just north of Highway   3 and the eastern end of the St. Thomas Expressway. It travels in a straight line north as a two lane road through an industrial park on the outskirts of St. Thomas and crosses the Ontario Southland Railway tracks. The northeastern corner of a subdivision and a high voltage transmission line meet Highbury Avenue at the intersection of Elgin County Road   52 (Ron McNeil Line), after which

1394-465: Is common in the area. The output is a number of feeders. Distribution voltages are typically medium voltage, between 2.4 kV and 33 kV, depending on the size of the area served and the practices of the local utility. The feeders run along streets overhead (or underground, in some cases) and power the distribution transformers at or near the customer premises. In addition to transforming voltage, distribution substations also isolate faults in either

1476-402: Is minimal. Once past the switching components, the lines of a given voltage connect to one or more buses . These are sets of busbars , usually in multiples of three, since three-phase electrical power distribution is largely universal around the world. The arrangement of switches, circuit breakers, and buses used affects the cost and reliability of the substation. For important substations

1558-474: Is necessary to work on parts of the substation while energized, but employees must maintain a safe distance of at least 3 metres (9.8 ft). The aim to reduce substation footprints comes into conflict with ease of maintenance enhanced by including gaps where employees can safely work. Underneath a substation, a mat or grid of conductors laid around 0.5 or 0.6 metres (1 ft 8 in or 2 ft 0 in) underground provides grounding . This grid, which

1640-472: Is plentiful and appearance of the station is not a factor, steel lattice towers provide low-cost supports for transmission lines and apparatus. Low-profile substations may be specified in suburban areas where appearance is more critical. Indoor substations may be gas insulated substations (GIS) (at high voltages, with gas insulated switchgear), or use metal-enclosed or metal-clad switchgear at lower voltages. Urban and suburban indoor substations may be finished on

1722-513: Is set to begin in late 2022 to rebuild the route south of the bridge to Highway   401. A cost–benefit analysis is being conducted to determine if a concrete or asphalt surface is better suited for the road. The following table lists the major junctions along Highbury Avenue.  Thames River (Ontario) The Thames River ( / t ɛ m z / ) is located in southwestern Ontario , Canada . The Thames flows southwest for 273 kilometres (170 mi) through southwestern Ontario, from

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1804-616: Is the main stem Thames River and officially carries the Thames River name. The Thames River and North Thames River in the upper part of the watershed flow through valleys created during the retreat of the Laurentide ice sheet during the last ice age . The Thames River and North Thames River meet in central London at the "Forks"; the University of Western Ontario is located north of the Forks at

1886-451: Is typically copper although it may be galvanized iron in some countries, is used to ground circuits that are being worked on to prevent accidental re-energization while workers are in contact with a de-energized circuit. Often, earth rods are driven deeper into the ground from the grounding grid for lower resistance grounding, and may be surrounded by bentonite or marconite to further reduce resistance and ensure effective grounding for

1968-410: Is used as a protection device to interrupt fault currents automatically, and may be used to switch loads on and off, or to cut off a line when power is flowing in the 'wrong' direction. When a large fault current flows through the circuit breaker, this is detected through the use of current transformers . The magnitude of the current transformer outputs may be used to trip the circuit breaker resulting in

2050-618: Is where all transmission lines have the same voltage. In such cases, substation contains high-voltage switches that allow lines to be connected or isolated for fault clearance or maintenance. A transmission station may have transformers to convert between two transmission voltages, voltage control / power factor correction devices such as capacitors, reactors or static VAR compensators and equipment such as phase shifting transformers to control power flow between two adjacent power systems. Transmission substations can range from simple to complex. A small "switching station" may be little more than

2132-676: The Canadian National Railway (CN) Dundas subdivision and passing the London Transit main office, it continues between residences and crosses the CN Guelph subdivision at grade . Between Dundas Street (former Highway 2 ) and Oxford Street , Highbury Avenue crosses over the Canadian Pacific Railway (CP) Galt subdivision and travels along the western side of the former London Psychiatric Hospital . After passing to

2214-416: The microprocessor made for an exponential increase in the number of points that could be economically controlled and monitored. Today, standardized communication protocols such as DNP3 , IEC 61850 and Modbus , to list a few, are used to allow multiple intelligent electronic devices to communicate with each other and supervisory control centers. Distributed automatic control at substations is one element of

2296-445: The 1960s between the present-day Green Valley Road, south of Highway   401, and Power Street, on the north shore of the river. Plans to widen Highbury Avenue and extend it south to the new Highway   401 emerged in the late 1950s. In February 1958, a new four-lane overpass of the CPR north of Dundas Street was opened, replacing an old bridge that had existed since at least 1915. This

2378-508: The Asylum Side Road. However, this name was apparently never official. As development in London crept eastward along Hamilton Road in the early 20th   century, Highbury Avenue was adopted as the local name of the route near that crossroad as early as 1921. It became the official name of the entire route north of the Thames River in late 1928. South of the Thames River, no road existed before

2460-458: The Czech Republic, where power is collected from nearby lignite -fired power plants. If no transformers are required for increasing the voltage to transmission level, the substation is a switching station. Converter substations may be associated with HVDC converter plants, traction current , or interconnected non-synchronous networks. These stations contain power electronic devices to change

2542-622: The Elgin County boundary, the road swerves northwest as it transitions from the Lake Erie -oriented survey of Elgin County to the Thames River-oriented survey of former Westminster Township . Highbury Avenue crosses from Central Elgin into the city of London at the intersection of Webber Bourne and Thompson Line, although the surroundings remain agricultural. It travels between farm fields for

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2624-529: The Springbank Dam's gates failed in 2008, causing the dam to be locked in the open position, and rehabilitation was delayed pending litigation between an engineering firm and the City of London. On January 9, 2018, London's civic works committee voted to decommission the Springbank Dam permanently. Starting in the late 1800s, a railway embankment carried streetcars of the London Street Railway along

2706-626: The Thames River valley as it travels west of the Meadowlily Nature Preserve. Crossing the Thames River and the Thames Valley Parkway recreational trail, the freeway portion of Highbury Avenue ends at Power Street, alongside the Highbury transformer station . It transitions back to an arterial road as it approaches Hamilton Road , with detached residences lining the route between Hamilton Road and Trafalgar Street. After crossing over

2788-661: The Thames River watershed, the Upper Thames River Conservation Authority and Lower Thames Valley Conservation Authority, and work to prevent damaging floods and undertake other resource management activities. There are three rivers in the watershed with Thames in the name—the Thames River itself, North Thames River, and Middle Thames River. These are also known locally as South Branch, North Branch, and Middle Branch. The South Branch, which begins as several field drains near Tavistock and initially flows southeasterly before turning southwesterly towards Woodstock,

2870-573: The Thames River, what would eventually become Highbury Avenue was first laid out as a concession road in the original survey of London Township . Mahlon Burwell began this survey in 1810, but its completion was delayed until after the end of the War of 1812 . Because it connected to the London Asylum (opened 1870, later the London Psychiatric Hospital), the concession road came to be known as

2952-567: The Town of Tavistock through the cities of Woodstock , London and Chatham to Lighthouse Cove on Lake St. Clair . Its drainage basin is 5,825 square kilometres (2,249 sq mi). The river is also known as Deshkaan-ziibi / Eshkani-ziibi ("Antler River") in the Ojibwe language , spoken by Anishnaabe peoples who, along with the Neutrals prior to their disappearance in the 17th century, have lived in

3034-591: The amps exceed a certain amount over a period of time. Reclosers will attempt to re-energize the circuit after a delay. If unsuccessful for a few times, the recloser will have to be manually reset by an electrical worker. Capacitor banks are used in substations to balance the lagging current draw from inductive loads (such as motors, transformers, and some industrial equipment) with their reactive load . Additional capacitor capacity may be needed if dispersed generation (such as small diesel generators, rooftop photovoltaic solar panels , or wind turbines ) are added to

3116-733: The area since before Europeans arrived. This name was anglicized as "Escunnisepe" as the first English name of the river. In 1793, Lieutenant Governor John Graves Simcoe named the river after the River Thames in England . Early French Canadians referred to it as La Tranche, for the wide and muddy waters of its lower section. Much of the Thames was formerly surrounded by deciduous Carolinian forests, but much of this forest has been cleared to permit agriculture and other forms of development . Two conservation authorities together have jurisdiction over

3198-558: The bank of the river to Springbank Park. Electrical substation A substation is a part of an electrical generation , transmission , and distribution system. Substations transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse, or perform any of several other important functions. Between the generating station and consumer, electric power may flow through several substations at different voltage levels. A substation may include transformers to change voltage levels between high transmission voltages and lower distribution voltages, or at

3280-461: The city. On August 25, 1899, the Thames was set on fire and scuttled only feet from Waterworks Dam. On April 27, 1937, the Thames River reached an all-time high of 21.5 feet (6.6 m) above normal flow resulting in 5 deaths and over 1000 homes being damaged. On August 13, 1950, a launch capsized and sank in London and killed four passengers. On August 14, 2000, the Thames River was designated

3362-587: The complexity of distribution networks grew, it became economically necessary to automate supervision and control of substations from a centrally attended point, to allow overall coordination in case of emergencies and to reduce operating costs. Early efforts to remote control substations used dedicated communication wires, often run alongside power circuits. Power-line carrier , microwave radio , fiber optic cables as well as dedicated wired remote control circuits have all been applied to Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) for substations. The development of

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3444-559: The country, and a number are legally protected as species at risk , including Blanding's turtle , northern map turtle , common snapping turtle , stinkpot turtle , spiny softshell turtle , spotted turtle , northern ribbon snake , queen snake , kidneyshell , rainbow mussel , round pigtoe , wavy-rayed lampmussel , gravel chub , northern madtom , black redhorse , eastern sand darter , northern brook lamprey , pugnose minnow , river redhorse , silver shiner , and spotted sucker . Three dams are used to control seasonal flooding in

3526-477: The current to back-up lines or for parallelizing circuits in case of failure. An example is the switching stations for the HVDC Inga–Shaba transmission line. A switching station may also be known as a switchyard, and these are commonly located directly adjacent to or nearby a power station . In this case the generators from the power station supply their power into the yard onto the generator bus on one side of

3608-446: The days before the distribution system became a grid . As central generation stations became larger, smaller generating plants were converted to distribution stations, receiving their energy supply from a larger plant instead of using their own generators. The first substations were connected to only one power station , where the generators were housed, and were subsidiaries of that power station. Substations may be designed and built by

3690-416: The equipment used to monitor, control, and protect the rest of the substation equipment. It often contains protective relays, meters, breaker controls, communications, batteries, and recorders that save detailed data about substation operations, particularly when there is any unusual activity, to help reconstruct what happened after the fact. These control rooms typically are heated and air conditioned to ensure

3772-538: The exception of a 5.0-kilometre (3.1 mi) section between Highway   401 and the Thames River, which is classified as a freeway by the City of London. Between St. Thomas and London, approximately 15,000   vehicles travel Highbury Avenue on an average day . This climbs to 48,000   vehicles at the Thames River crossing before gradually dropping to 30,000   vehicles at Fanshawe Park Road . North of there, traffic levels drop to 9,000–10,000 through Middlesex Centre. The southern terminus of Highbury Avenue

3854-402: The existing cloverleaf being converted to a parclo configuration with traffic lights . Highbury Avenue was extended south to St. Thomas circa 1999, along what was known as Hubrey Side Road within London, and Radio Road within Elgin County. Work is currently underway to replace the bridge over the Thames River, which as of 2021 is 57 years old. Following completion, a CA$ 20 million contract

3936-425: The frequency of current, or else convert from alternating to direct current or the reverse. Formerly rotary converters changed frequency to interconnect two systems; nowadays such substations are rare. A switching station is a substation without transformers and operating only at a single voltage level. Switching stations are sometimes used as collector and distribution stations. Sometimes they are used for switching

4018-474: The interconnection of two different transmission voltages. They are a common component of the infrastructure. There are 55,000 substations in the United States. Substations may be owned and operated by an electrical utility, or may be owned by a large industrial or commercial customer. Generally substations are unattended, relying on SCADA for remote supervision and control. The word substation comes from

4100-408: The jurisdiction or company, there are safety standards with minimum required clearance between different live equipment or conductors or between live metal and the ground, which often varies with higher clearance being required for higher voltages because of the greater ability to generate flashover . To this is added the necessary space for employees to work safely and vehicles to pass. Sometimes it

4182-590: The lifetime of the substation. Above ground, the grounding conductors may be steel, aluminum, or copper. They must be thick enough to carry the expected current of a fault for 1-3 seconds and remain undamaged. Substation fences, typically at least 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) in height, both protect the public from electrical hazards and also protect the substation from vandalism. Internal fences can also be incorporated to protect employees from areas that are unsafe when energized. Substations generally have switching, protection and control equipment, and transformers. In

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4264-411: The low-voltage side. More typical distribution substations have a switch, one transformer, and minimal facilities on the low-voltage side. In distributed generation projects such as a wind farm or photovoltaic power station , a collector substation may be required. It resembles a distribution substation although power flow is in the opposite direction, from many wind turbines or inverters up into

4346-526: The municipality of Middlesex Centre, where it is designated as Middlesex County Road   23. It bisects the communities of Ballymote at Middlesex County Road   28 (Medway Road), and Bryanston at Middlesex County Road   16 (Plover Mills Road). Otherwise, it is almost exclusively surrounded by farmland for the remainder of its length. It ends at Highway   7 (Elginfield Road), the boundary between Middlesex Centre and Lucan Biddulph , approximately 5.0 km (3.1 mi) east of Elginfield. North of

4428-478: The need for and priority of the new link, as well as continuing Highway   126 north then west to Highway   402. Planning studies for the London–St. Thomas route were completed by 1968. The proposed route was presented to the public at the Western Fair on September   8, 1972, along with the St. Thomas Expressway. Ultimately, the St. Thomas Expressway would open alone on September   7, 1981. With

4510-655: The next 8 km (5 mi), with the LEED Certified London Southeast Pumping Station and Reservoir near the ghost village of Hubrey breaking the monotony. Leaving the farmland to cross two branches of Dingman Creek, Highbury Avenue widens to four lanes, and enters urban London at Wilton Grove Road, where it divides the Wilton Grove Industrial Park. Proceeding north, Highbury Avenue curves northwest as it crosses Highway   401 at Exit   189. North of that interchange ,

4592-458: The north branch's confluence with Medway Creek . The Middle Thames River runs north of the Thames River joining it west of Ingersoll. Downriver from London, the lower part of the Thames flows through a shallow plain of sand and clay , with an average depth of 1.2 metres (4 ft). Urban areas the lower Thames flows through include Delaware , Chatham , Thamesville , as well as Chippewa and Oneida First Nations settlements. Tributaries of

4674-444: The opposing carriageways separate as Highbury Avenue transitions into a controlled-access highway . It curves back northward parallel to and east of high-voltage transmission lines before encountering an interchange with Bradley Avenue . It continues, sandwiched between the established neighbourhood of Pond Mills and the developing neighbourhood of Summerside, to an interchange with Commissioner's Road . It then begins to descend into

4756-411: The outside so as to blend in with other buildings in the area. A compact substation is generally an outdoor substation built in a metal enclosure, in which each item of the electrical equipment is located very near to each other to create a relatively smaller footprint size of the substation. High-voltage circuit breakers are commonly used to interrupt the flow of current in substation equipment. At

4838-493: The outward growth of suburban London and the proposed annexation of Westminster Township in the early 1990s, responsibility for Highway   126 was transferred from the provincial government to the City of London effective June   12, 1991. That year also saw an interchange opened at Bradley Avenue. Later in 1994, the Highbury Avenue interchange and overpass at Highway   401 was reconstructed. The reconstruction led to

4920-407: The page similarly to the way the apparatus would be laid out in the actual station. In a common design, incoming lines have a disconnect switch and a circuit breaker . In some cases, the lines will not have both, with either a switch or a circuit breaker being all that is considered necessary. A disconnect switch is used to provide isolation, since it cannot interrupt load current. A circuit breaker

5002-543: The popularity of boating on the Thames dropped considerably. In the early morning hours of July 11, 1883, heavy rainfall caused considerable flooding on the Thames, especially in London . The vessel Princess Louise , which had been laid up, was forced over Waterworks Dam and capsized, killing 7, while the Forest City was cast out into the river and partially damaged. This flood would be the first of two significant floods to strike

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5084-661: The public grid. Sometimes they are also transmission substations or collector substations if the railway network also operates its own grid and generators to supply the other stations. A mobile substation is a substation on wheels, containing a transformer, breakers and buswork mounted on a self-contained semi-trailer , meant to be pulled by a truck . They are designed to be compact for travel on public roads, and are used for temporary backup in times of natural disaster or war . Mobile substations are usually rated much lower than permanent installations, and may be built in several units to meet road travel limitations. Substation design

5166-411: The reliable operation of this equipment. Additional equipment is necessary to handle power surges associated with intermittent renewable energy such as dispersed generation from wind or solar. Most transformers lose between 5 and 1.5 percent of their input as heat and noise. Iron losses are no-load and constant whenever the transformer is energized, while copper and auxiliary losses are proportionate to

5248-615: The road enters the rural township of Central Elgin. Through Central Elgin, the road is designated as Elgin County Road ;30 . Dipping into the Kettle Creek valley, Highbury Avenue passes the trailhead of the Dan Patterson Conservation Area at Mapleton Line. It crosses Salt Creek and Kettle Creek within the valley before returning to an agricultural setting at Elgin County Road   48 (Ferguson Line). Approaching

5330-430: The square of the current. Auxiliary losses are due to running fans and pumps which is noisy when the transformer is operating at maximum capacity. To reduce noise, enclosures are often built around the transformer and can also be added after the substation is built. Oil-based transformers are often built with bunded areas to prevent the escape of flaming or leaking oil. Fire separation areas or firewalls are built around

5412-451: The substation must be considered, such as drainage , noise and road traffic effects. The substation site must be reasonably central to the distribution area to be served. The site must be secure from intrusion by passers-by, both to protect people from injury by electric shock or arcs, and to protect the electrical system from misoperation due to vandalism. If not owned and operated by a utility company, substations are typically occupied on

5494-400: The substation running quickly. Prefabrication is a common way to reduce the construction cost. For connecting the new substation, a partial outage at another substation may be required, but the utility often tries to minimize downtime. Substations typically serve at least one of the following purposes: A transmission substation connects two or more transmission lines. The simplest case

5576-454: The substation where electrical energy is being converted to heat, which indicates a problem and can cause additional damage from the high heat. Dissolved gas analysis can tell when an oil-insulated transformer needs to have the oil filtered or replace, and also detect other issues. Early electrical substations required manual switching or adjustment of equipment, and manual collection of data for load, energy consumption, and abnormal events. As

5658-554: The switching station is to isolate the faulty portion of the system in the shortest possible time. De-energizing faulty equipment protects it from further damage, and isolating a fault helps keep the rest of the electrical grid operating with stability. Electrified railways also use substations, often distribution substations. In some cases a conversion of the current type takes place, commonly with rectifiers for direct current (DC) trains, or rotary converters for trains using alternating current (AC) at frequencies other than that of

5740-436: The system. Capacitors can reduce the current in wires, helping stem system losses from voltage drop or enabling extra power to be sent through the conductors. Capacitors may be left on in response to constant inductive load or turned on when inductive load is increased, such as in the summer for air conditioners . The switching may be remote and can be done manually or automatically. Larger substations have control rooms for

5822-587: The three Thames Rivers include the Avon River , Dingman Creek, Jeanettes Creek, McGregor Creek, Medway Creek, Pottersburg Creek, Stoney Creek, Trout Creek and Waubuno Creek. The river was the location of an important battle of the War of 1812 . The Battle of the Thames (also known as the Battle of Moraviantown) fought on October 5, 1813, between American General William Henry Harrison and British General Henry Proctor , along with Proctor's ally Tecumseh . Chief Tecumseh

5904-466: The time of interruption, current could be normal, too high due to excessive load, unusual due to a fault, or tripped by protective relays prior to anticipated trouble. The most common technologies to extinguish the power arc from separating the conductors in the breaker include: Reclosers are similar to breakers, and can be cheaper because they do not require separate protective relays. Often used in distribution, they often are programmed to trip when

5986-429: The transformer to stop the spread of fire. Firefighting vehicles are allowed a path to access the area. Maintenance of substations involves inspections, data collection and analysis, and routine scheduled work. Using methods such as infrared scanning and dissolved gas analysis, it can be predicted when the substation will need maintenance and predict dangers before they materialize. Infrared technology finds hot spots in

6068-707: The transmission grid. Usually for economy of construction the collector system operates around 35 kV, although some collector systems are 12 kV, and the collector substation steps up voltage to a transmission voltage for the grid. The collector substation can also provide power factor correction if it is needed, metering, and control of the wind farm. In some special cases a collector substation can also contain an HVDC converter station. Collector substations also exist where multiple thermal or hydroelectric power plants of comparable output power are in proximity. Examples for such substations are Brauweiler in Germany and Hradec in

6150-401: The transmission or distribution systems. Distribution substations are typically the points of voltage regulation , although on long distribution circuits (of several miles/kilometers), voltage regulation equipment may also be installed along the line. The downtown areas of large cities feature complicated distribution substations, with high-voltage switching, and switching and backup systems on

6232-454: The transmission system to the distribution system of an area. It is uneconomical to directly connect electricity consumers to the main transmission network, unless they use large amounts of power, so the distribution station reduces voltage to a level suitable for local distribution. The input for a distribution substation is typically at least two transmission or sub-transmission lines. Input voltage may be, for example, 115 kV, or whatever

6314-480: The watershed: Wildwood Dam , located on Trout Creek which flows into the North Thames River; Pittock Dam , located on the Thames River near Woodstock; and Fanshawe Dam located on the North Thames River in the northeasterly area of London. A fourth dam at Springbank Park , downstream from the Forks, controlled water levels in central London from the 1870s until 2005 when it was closed for rehabilitation. One of

6396-496: The west of Fanshawe College , Highbury Avenue travels through the neighbourhood of Huron Heights. It crosses the North Thames River, and reaches the London rural–urban fringe just north of the historic crossroad hamlet of Fanshawe at Stoney Creek. It narrows to a two-lane rural road and becomes surrounded by farmland north of there. Approximately 0.7 km (0.43 mi) north of Sunningdale Road , it crosses from London into Middlesex Centre. Highbury Avenue travels north through

6478-462: The yard, and the transmission lines take their power from a Feeder Bus on the other side of the yard. An important function performed by a substation is switching , which is the connecting and disconnecting of transmission lines or other components to and from the system. Switching events may be planned or unplanned. A transmission line or other component may need to be de-energized for maintenance or for new construction, for example, adding or removing

6560-512: Was provincially maintained and designated as Highway 126 . In the 1990s, Highbury Avenue was continued south to St. Thomas along Hubrey Side Road and Radio Road. Highbury Avenue is a 45.6 kilometres (28.3 mi) road that travels north from St. Thomas, through London, to Highway   7, east of Elginfield. Located within Elgin County , Middlesex County and the City of London, it is classified as an arterial road throughout its length, with

6642-466: Was killed in the battle. In the final decades of the 19th century, pleasure boats began to operate on the Thames in London , offering service between the city and Springbank Park in Byron . On May 25, 1881, the steamboat Victoria capsized and sank in the Thames near what is today Greenway Park in London, killing 182 passengers. After the disaster all ferries could only carry their maximum capacity, and

6724-457: Was the first obstacle to widening the entire road as an eastern bypass of London. Later in the year, on September   9, Minister of Highways Fred Cass announced that pre-engineering work would begin on the Highbury Avenue extension to Highway   401 the following year. A contract to build a bridge over the Thames River was awarded in November 1960. Dinsmore Construction of Windsor was awarded

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