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69-426: (Redirected from Weizsäcker ) [REDACTED] Coat of arms of Richard von Weizsäcker The Weizsäcker family ( German: [ˈvaɪtszɛkɐ] ), some with the nobiliary particle von ( German pronunciation: [fɔn] ), originated in the former Kingdom of Württemberg and has had prominent and influential members over several generations. Its members include

138-495: A hyphen ("-"), implying that equal importance is given to both families, do not indicate nobility. For example, the hyphenated surname Suárez-Llanos does not indicate nobility. In Switzerland , de or von , depending on canton of origin, precedes a noble name, de showing a Romance language background and von showing a German or Allemanic background. In the Middle Ages, the words de , borrowed from Latin and French, and

207-738: A 2002 review article in the American Journal of Psychiatry , Professor Joseph B. Martin, Dean of Harvard Medical School and a neurologist by training, wrote, "the separation of the two categories is arbitrary, often influenced by beliefs rather than proven scientific observations. And the fact that the brain and mind are one makes the separation artificial anyway". Neurological disorders often have psychiatric manifestations, such as post-stroke depression, depression and dementia associated with Parkinson's disease , mood and cognitive dysfunctions in Alzheimer's disease, and Huntington disease , to name

276-865: A Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Württemberg, a President of Germany , a leading diplomat, a prominent environmental scientist, and the physicist after whom the Bethe–Weizsäcker formula was named. I. Christian Ludwig Weizsäcker (1785–1831), domestic chaplain to the Prince of Hohenlohe-Öhringen A. Hugo Weizsäcker (1820–1834) B. Karl Heinrich Weizsäcker (1822–1899), Protestant theologian and Chancellor of Tübingen University 1. Karl von Weizsäcker (1853–1926), 1906–1918 Ministerpräsident to King William II of Württemberg a. Ernst von Weizsäcker (1882–1951), diplomat who served Nazi Germany as Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs and Ambassador to

345-602: A comprehensive medical history , and then performing a physical examination focusing on evaluating the nervous system. Components of the neurological examination include assessment of the patient's cognitive function , cranial nerves , motor strength, sensation , reflexes , coordination , and gait . In some instances, neurologists may order additional diagnostic tests as part of the evaluation. Commonly employed tests in neurology include imaging studies such as computed axial tomography (CAT) scans, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and ultrasound of major blood vessels of

414-648: A compulsory year of psychiatry must be done to complete a residency of neurology. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, neurology is a subspecialty of general (internal) medicine. After five years of medical school and two years as a Foundation Trainee, an aspiring neurologist must pass the examination for Membership of the Royal College of Physicians (or the Irish equivalent) and complete two years of core medical training before entering specialist training in neurology. Up to

483-441: A diagnosis and ultimately guide therapy and appropriate management. Useful adjunct imaging studies in neurology include CT scanning and MRI. Other tests used to assess muscle and nerve function include nerve conduction studies and electromyography. Neurologists examine patients who are referred to them by other physicians in both the inpatient and outpatient settings. Neurologists begin their interactions with patients by taking

552-528: A few. Hence, the sharp distinction between neurology and psychiatry is not always on a biological basis. The dominance of psychoanalytic theory in the first three-quarters of the 20th century has since then been largely replaced by a focus on pharmacology. Despite the shift to a medical model , brain science has not advanced to a point where scientists or clinicians can point to readily discernible pathological lesions or genetic abnormalities that in and of themselves serve as reliable or predictive biomarkers of

621-463: A hyphen, e.g. David Lloyd George . In the United Kingdom, a multi-barrelled name was indicative of good pedigree and social standing, such that there was and remains a link between hyphenated names and nobility and gentry . This was to preserve the names of aristocratic families which had died out in the mainline. When this was to occur, it was generally possible for the last male member of his family to convey his "name and arms" ( coat of arms ) with

690-482: A local geographic area. Acute head trauma is most often treated by neurosurgeons, whereas sequelae of head trauma may be treated by neurologists or specialists in rehabilitation medicine . Although stroke cases have been traditionally managed by internal medicine or hospitalists, the emergence of vascular neurology and interventional neuroradiology has created a demand for stroke specialists. The establishment of Joint Commission -certified stroke centers has increased

759-445: A neurological exam. Typically, the exam tests mental status, function of the cranial nerves (including vision), strength, coordination, reflexes, sensation and gait. This information helps the neurologist determine whether the problem exists in the nervous system and the clinical localization. Localization of the pathology is the key process by which neurologists develop their differential diagnosis. Further tests may be needed to confirm

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828-477: A person to add a de to their surname if it does not already have it. The law does allow for one exception: a de may be added in front of a surname that could be otherwise misunderstood as a forename. Conclusive proof of the nobility of a surname can be determined by establishing whether that surname is associated with a blazon , since for centuries coats of arms have been borne legally only by persons of noble condition. Surnames composed of two names linked by

897-591: A place name follow on from a family surname, as in the name "Aeneas MacDonell of Glengarry". If the place name is identical to the surname, it is sometimes rendered as "that Ilk", e.g. " Iain Moncreiffe of that Ilk ". Recognition of a territorial designation is granted in Scotland by the Lord Lyon to Scottish armigers (those entitled to bear a coat of arms ) who own or were born in or are associated with named land, generally in

966-429: A rural area not forming part of a town. The Lord Lyon advises that for a territorial designation to be recognised there must be "ownership of a substantial area of land to which a well-attested name attaches, that is to say, ownership of an 'estate', or farm or, at the very least, a house with policies extending to five acres or thereby". The territorial designation in this case is considered to be an indivisible part of

1035-732: A territorial designation, and his right of discretion in recognising these, and their status as a name, dignity or title, have been confirmed in the Scottish courts. In speech or correspondence, a Laird is correctly addressed by the name of his estate (particularly in lowland Scotland) or his surname with designation, e.g. William Maitland of Lethington would be addressed as "Lethington" or "Maitland of Lethington". Although many languages have nobiliary particles, their use may sometimes be misleading, as it often does not give any evidence of nobility. Some examples are: Neurology Neurology (from Greek : νεῦρον (neûron) , "string, nerve" and

1104-452: A total of eight to ten years of training. This includes four years of medical school, four years of residency and an optional one to two years of fellowship. While neurologists may treat general neurologic conditions, some neurologists go on to receive additional training focusing on a particular subspecialty in the field of neurology. These training programs are called fellowships , and are one to three years in duration. Subspecialties in

1173-452: Is a "patronymic- de - toponymic " formula, as used by, among others, the fifteenth-century general Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba , the fourteenth-century chronicler and poet Pero López de Ayala , the European discoverer of the eastern Pacific, Vasco Núñez de Balboa , and many other conquistadors . The second style is use of the particle de before the entire surname. This style resembles but

1242-411: Is a distinction between (1) nobiliary particles in family names and (2) prepositions denoting an individual person's place of residence. Nobiliary particles like af , von , and de (English: of ) are integrated parts of family names. The use of particles was not a particular privilege for the nobility. On the other hand, particles were almost exclusively used by and associated with them. Especially in

1311-476: Is a subspecialty field in the US under several medical specialties including anesthesiology , internal medicine , family medicine , and neurology. Neurosurgery is a distinct specialty that involves a different training path and emphasizes the surgical treatment of neurological disorders. Also, many nonmedical doctors, those with doctoral degrees (usually PhDs) in subjects such as biology and chemistry, study and research

1380-423: Is a substitute for all previous surnames' prepositions except the first one, and cannot ever be used without a previous preposition to justify it. An exception to this rule is only shown with duplicate surnames linked by e , for instance maternal surnames that come before the paternal ones: Diogo Afonso da Conceição e Silva (name and mother's duplicate surname) Tavares da Costa (paternal duplicate surname). From

1449-477: Is also significant that both "de" and "of" were used simply to show geographical origin in the names of people of all classes, so that in England and Wales neither word should be looked on as in themselves nobiliary. Despite the lack of official significance of the words "de" or "of" in names, there was sometimes a perception that they connoted nobility. For example, on 8 October 1841, a month after Thomas Trafford

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1518-424: Is an autonomous specialty (e.g., United Kingdom, Sweden, Spain). In the past, prior to the advent of more advanced diagnostic techniques such as MRI some neurologists have considered psychiatry and neurology to overlap. Although mental illnesses are believed by many to be neurological disorders affecting the central nervous system, traditionally they are classified separately, and treated by psychiatrists . In

1587-692: Is initially treated by pediatricians , but care may be transferred to an adult neurologist after the patient reaches a certain age. Physical medicine and rehabilitation physicians may treat patients with neuromuscular diseases with electrodiagnostic studies (needle EMG and nerve-conduction studies) and other diagnostic tools. In the United Kingdom and other countries, many of the conditions encountered by older patients such as movement disorders, including Parkinson's disease, stroke, dementia, or gait disorders, are managed predominantly by specialists in geriatric medicine . Clinical neuropsychologists are often called upon to evaluate brain- behavior relationships for

1656-430: Is justified, they can be used together ( von und zu ): the ruler of Liechtenstein as of 2022, for example, is Johannes Adam Ferdinand Alois Josef Maria Marko d'Aviano Pius von und zu Liechtenstein . In some cases – although unusually, and perhaps introduced to distinguish collateral branches of the same family – these more common particles might be supplemented with auf (i.e., residing at yet another place different from

1725-450: Is more ambiguous than the French one, since there is no convention for a different spelling when the de is simply a prepositional particle in non-noble toponymic names such as De la Rúa (literally, "of the street") or De la Torre ("of the tower"). Examples of the nobiliary particle de without patronymic include the names of the sixteenth-century Álvaro de Bazán, 1st Marquis of Santa Cruz and

1794-420: Is not made good until receiving official recognition; Learney comments: "mere assumption is not sufficient to warrant these territorial and chiefly names". A person bearing a Scottish territorial designation is either a Feudal Baron , Chief or Chieftain or a Laird , the latter denoting "landowner", or is a descendant of one of the same. The Lord Lyon is the ultimate arbiter as to determining entitlement to

1863-591: Is placed behind a person's full name in order to denote his or her place of residence, for example Sigurd Jonsson til Sudreim . In France —and in England , largely as a result of the Norman Conquest —the particle de precedes a nom de terre ('name of land') in many families of the French nobility: for example, Maximilien de Béthune . A few do not have this particle: for example, Pierre Séguier , Lord Chancellor of France . The particle can also be du ('of the' in

1932-539: The Earls Spencer are prominent, and the illustrious background of the Churchills, who hark back to their founder-hero, the prominent military leader John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough and whose descendants had died out in the male line (typically the male line descent would be placed last, so that it would have been 'Churchill-Spencer' had the royal licence not specified that it would be 'Spencer-Churchill'). Some of

2001-1088: The Holy See i. Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker (1912–2007), physicist and philosopher (a). Carl Christian von Weizsäcker (born 1938), professor of political economy (b). Ernst Ulrich von Weizsäcker (born 1939), scientist and politician (1). Jakob von Weizsäcker (born 1970), economist and politician (c) Elisabeth Raiser (née von Weizsäcker, born 1940), historian and Protestant lay leader (d) Heinrich Wolfgang von Weizsäcker (born 1947), professor of mathematics (1). Georg von Weizsäcker (born 1973), professor of economics ii. Adelheid von Weizsäcker (1916–2004), m. Botho-Ernst Graf zu Eulenburg-Wicken (1903–1944) iii. Heinrich von Weizsäcker (1917–1939), German Army Lieutenant, killed in action ( World War II ) iiii. Richard von Weizsäcker (1920–2015), statesman and President of Germany 1984–1994, m. Marianne von Weizsäcker , née von Kretschmann (born 1932) (a). Robert Klaus von Weizsäcker (born 1954), professor of political economy, former president of

2070-465: The 18–34 demographic hyphenating their surnames as of 2017. In modern times, a nobiliary particle (as the term is widely understood on the Continent) is rarely used. More usual is the territorial designation , which in practice is almost identical. In Scotland, there is strictly no nobiliary particle, but the use of the word of as a territorial designation has a long history. In this usage, "of" and

2139-461: The 1960s, some intending to become neurologists would also spend two years working in psychiatric units before obtaining a diploma in psychological medicine. However, that was uncommon and, now that the MRCPsych takes three years to obtain, would no longer be practical. A period of research is essential, and obtaining a higher degree aids career progression. Many found it was eased after an attachment to

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2208-479: The 19th century on, it became customary for Portuguese titled nobility to indicate their titles as subsidiary surnames, as, for instance, in the name of Diana Álvares Pereira de Melo, 11th Duchess of Cadaval who goes by Diana de Cadaval after her title. This social rule does not apply to members of the Portuguese royal house . In Spain , the nobiliary particle de is also used in two different styles. The first

2277-622: The Counts Zichy, having received donations of the two estates of Zichy and Vásonkeő (the first located in Somogy County and the second in Veszprém county ), used de Zichy and de Vásonkeő ; as this family used two nobiliary particles, the construction in Latin for the whole family name is Comes Zichy de Zichy et Vásonkeő : the Latin conjunction et (and) connects the estate's names. In Hungarian ,

2346-454: The English of , were often used in names in England and Wales , as in " Simon de Montfort " and " Richard of Shrewsbury ". The usage of "de" is often misunderstood, as in most cases it was used only in documents written in Latin or French. At the time, in translating into English, "de" was sometimes converted into "of" and sometimes omitted; only rarely was it used in the English form of a name. It

2415-459: The French nobility have often been composed of a combination of patronymic names, titles, or noms de terres ('names of lands' or estates) joined by the preposition de , as in " Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord ". The use of this particle began to be an essential appearance of nobility. Following the end of the Kingdom of France , however, the use of de did not invariably denote nobility. In

2484-1742: The German Chess Federation (b). Andreas von Weizsäcker (1956–2008), professor of art (c). Beatrice von Weizsäcker (born 1958), journalist and author (d). Fritz von Weizsäcker (1960–2019), professor of medicine, Stabbed and killed during a class in Berlin. b. Viktor von Weizsäcker (1886–1957), neurologist C. Julius Weizsäcker (1828–1889), historian 1. Julius Hugo Wilhelm Weizsäcker (1861–1939), lawyer 2. Heinrich Weizsäcker (1862–1945), professor of art history a. Karl Hermann Wilhelm Weizsäcker (1898–1918) References [ edit ] [REDACTED] This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . Find sources:   "Weizsäcker family"  –  news   · newspapers   · books   · scholar   · JSTOR ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Authority control databases [REDACTED] International VIAF National Germany People Deutsche Biographie DDB Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Weizsäcker_family&oldid=1244242025 " Categories : Weizsäcker family German noble families Political families of Germany Hidden categories: Pages with German IPA Articles lacking sources from May 2016 All articles lacking sources Nobiliary particle In Denmark and Norway , there

2553-542: The Institute of Neurology at Queen Square , London. Some neurologists enter the field of rehabilitation medicine (known as physiatry in the US) to specialise in neurological rehabilitation, which may include stroke medicine, as well as traumatic brain injuries. During a neurological examination , the neurologist reviews the patient's health history with special attention to the patient's neurologic complaints. The patient then takes

2622-584: The Norman article "de", signifying that a family originated from a particular place, was generally dropped in England. The resumption of such older versions of family names was a Romantic trend in 19th-century England, encouraged by a mistaken belief that the article "de" indicated nobility. As in Spain, English and Welsh surnames composed of two names linked by a hyphen ("-") do not necessarily indicate nobility, e.g. Rees-Jones ; not all double barrelled names require

2691-455: The United States include brain injury medicine, clinical neurophysiology , epilepsy , neurodevelopmental disabilities, neuromuscular medicine , pain medicine , sleep medicine , neurocritical care, vascular neurology (stroke), behavioral neurology , headache, neuroimmunology and infectious disease, movement disorders , neuroimaging, neurooncology, and neurorehabilitation. In Germany,

2760-517: The bearer. Modern Portuguese law recognises any citizen's right not to sign these particles, even if they are present in that citizen's identification documents, and the opposite right, i.e. to sign one's name with such particles even if not present in one's documents, is also recognized. In fact, articles and prepositions are considered in Portuguese nomenclature an embellishment to any name. Traditionally, good taste made Portuguese nobility cut down on

2829-750: The brain and dementias such as Alzheimer's disease . Neurologists may also have roles in clinical research , clinical trials , and basic or translational research . Neurology is a nonsurgical specialty, its corresponding surgical specialty is neurosurgery . The academic discipline began between the 15th and 16th centuries with the work and research of many neurologists such as Thomas Willis , Robert Whytt , Matthew Baillie , Charles Bell , Moritz Heinrich Romberg , Duchenne de Boulogne , William A. Hammond , Jean-Martin Charcot , C. Miller Fisher and John Hughlings Jackson . Neo-Latin neurologia appeared in various texts from 1610 denoting an anatomical focus on

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2898-407: The common people and are among the most common Portuguese surnames today, so the de particle and its variations have not indicated nobility for centuries. Furthermore, Portuguese nobility, irrespective of any noble name with or without particle, is traditionally recognised only in people both of whose grandfathers and grandmothers are noble. Portuguese surnames do not indicate nobility, as usually

2967-509: The conquistador Hernando de Soto . This is a common tradition in Spanish culture. Unlike French, Spanish lacks elision , and so no contraction is used when the surname starts with a vowel (though exceptionally we find Pedro Arias Dávila ), but contraction is used when the surname includes the article el as in Baltasar del Alcázar . A Spanish law on names from 1958 and still in force does not allow

3036-477: The development of acquired neurologic diseases is an active area of research. Some of the commonly encountered conditions treated by neurologists include headaches, radiculopathy , neuropathy , stroke, dementia , seizures and epilepsy , Alzheimer's disease , attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder , Parkinson's disease , Tourette's syndrome , multiple sclerosis , head trauma , sleep disorders , neuromuscular diseases , and various infections and tumors of

3105-476: The diagnosis, treatment, and management of all the conditions mentioned above. When surgical or endovascular intervention is required, the neurologist may refer the patient to a neurosurgeon or an interventional neuroradiologist . In some countries, additional legal responsibilities of a neurologist may include making a finding of brain death when it is suspected that a patient has died. Neurologists frequently care for people with hereditary ( genetic ) diseases when

3174-446: The eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, some middle-class families simply adopted the particle without being ennobled; Maximilien Robespierre 's family, for example, used the particle for some generations. In Germany and Austria , von (descending from ) or zu (resident at ) generally precedes the surname of a noble family (in, for example, the names of Alexander von Humboldt and Gottfried Heinrich Graf zu Pappenheim ). If it

3243-644: The grandest members of the British aristocracy have triple-barrelled names, for instance the Vane-Tempest-Stewart family, who hold the marquessate of Londonderry ; for a while, the Dukes of Buckingham and Chandos bore five surnames: Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville. In contemporary Britain this correlation has weakened, as more middle and lower-class families have started hyphenating their names on marriage, and/or passing it to their issue, with 11% of newly-weds in

3312-538: The head and neck. Neurophysiologic studies, including electroencephalography (EEG), needle electromyography (EMG), nerve conduction studies (NCSs) and evoked potentials are also commonly ordered. Neurologists frequently perform lumbar punctures to assess characteristics of a patient's cerebrospinal fluid . Advances in genetic testing have made genetic testing an important tool in the classification of inherited neuromuscular disease and diagnosis of many other neurogenetic diseases. The role of genetic influences on

3381-579: The late 17th and 18th centuries, a person would often receive a particle along with his or her old or new family name when ennobled. Examples are families like de Gyldenpalm (lit. 'of Goldenpalm') and von Munthe af Morgenstierne (lit. 'of Munthe of Morningstar'). Otherwise, particles would arrive together with immigrants. Examples are families like von Ahnen . Prominent non-noble families having used particles are von Cappelen , von der Lippe , and de Créqui dit la Roche . The preposition til (English: to , but translates as of ; comparable with German zu )

3450-508: The main surname element in the 19th century, such as von Werden → Vonwerden . In the Medieval Kingdom of Hungary Latin was the official language in which royal decrees and all kinds of legal documents were issued. Hungarian noble families used the nobiliary particle de with the name of an estate granted by the King as a royal donation. For instance, the aristocratic Hungarian family of

3519-491: The major manifestations are neurological, as is frequently the case. Lumbar punctures are frequently performed by neurologists . Some neurologists may develop an interest in particular subfields, such as stroke, dementia , movement disorders , neurointensive care , headaches, epilepsy , sleep disorders , chronic pain management, multiple sclerosis , or neuromuscular diseases. Some overlap also occurs with other specialties, varying from country to country and even within

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3588-511: The masculine form), d' (used, per the rules of orthography , when the nom de terre begins with a vowel; for example, Ferdinand d'Orléans ), or des ('of the' in the plural). In French, de indicates a link between the land and a person—either landlord or peasant . The nobleman was always designated escuyer , for ' squire ' in English form ( dapifer in Latin), or chevalier for ' knight ' ( equites in Latin). Only knights were designated by

3657-419: The name, not in itself necessarily indicating historical feudal nobility, but recognition in a territorial designation is usually accorded alongside the grant or matriculation of a Scottish coat of arms , which effectively confers or recognises minor nobility status, even if not ancient. Despite this, the right to bear a territorial designation can also exist for landowners who are not armigerous , but this right

3726-497: The names of their manors, and in a few cases nicknames, into their names. For instance, Egas Gomes, lord of Sousa, became Egas Gomes de Sousa . King Alfonso X 's son Fernando was said to be born with a hairy mole and was called Fernando de la Cerda ("Fernando of the Bristle"), and his son Fernando kept the nickname as his second name and was also called Fernando de la Cerda . In the 15th and 16th centuries, these surnames were adopted by

3795-476: The nerves (variably understood as vessels), and was most notably used by Willis, who preferred Greek νευρολογία. In the United States and Canada, neurologists are physicians who have completed a postgraduate training period known as residency specializing in neurology after graduation from medical school . This additional training period typically lasts four years, with the first year devoted to training in internal medicine . On average, neurologists complete

3864-468: The nervous system. Neurologists are also asked to evaluate unresponsive patients on life support to confirm brain death . Treatment options vary depending on the neurological problem. They can include referring the patient to a physiotherapist , prescribing medications, or recommending a surgical procedure. Some neurologists specialize in certain parts of the nervous system or in specific procedures. For example, clinical neurophysiologists specialize in

3933-557: The nervous system. Working in laboratories in universities, hospitals, and private companies, these neuroscientists perform clinical and laboratory experiments and tests to learn more about the nervous system and find cures or new treatments for diseases and disorders. A great deal of overlap occurs between neuroscience and neurology. Many neurologists work in academic training hospitals, where they conduct research as neuroscientists in addition to treating patients and teaching neurology to medical students . Neurologists are responsible for

4002-622: The one zu refers to and meaning [up]on in English): Von A-dynasty/place, zu B-town, auf C-ville/location/residence . Rarer variants are "von der", "von dem", "zum", "zur", etc. As in France and Spain, not all noble families use a nobiliary particle. The names of the most ancient nobility, the Uradel , but also names of some old untitled nobility, often do not contain either von or zu , such as Grote , Knigge or Vincke . Conversely,

4071-591: The prefix von occurs in the names of 200 to 300 non-noble families, much like van in the Netherlands. Especially in northwestern Germany, e.g. Bremen, Hamburg, Holstein, Lower Saxony, Schleswig, Westphalia, and in German-speaking Switzerland, the particles von , zu , etc., may be elements in non-noble surnames and usually designate the place of origin. In Austria and Bavaria, non-noble surnames containing von were widely altered by compounding it to

4140-400: The prepositions linking their many surnames, and they would sign just one at the beginning of the name; the last surname would be preceded by e (and). For instance, the name João Duarte da Silva dos Santos da Costa de Sousa should be signed just as João Duarte da Silva Santos Costa e Sousa . In the present day, it may also legally be signed João Duarte Silva Santos Costa Sousa . The last e

4209-562: The purpose of assisting with differential diagnosis , planning rehabilitation strategies, documenting cognitive strengths and weaknesses, and measuring change over time (e.g., for identifying abnormal aging or tracking the progression of a dementia ). In some countries such as the United States and Germany, neurologists may subspecialize in clinical neurophysiology , the field responsible for EEG and intraoperative monitoring , or in electrodiagnostic medicine nerve conduction studies , EMG, and evoked potentials . In other countries, this

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4278-549: The relevant county or town of origin is represented with the suffix -i at its end: so, in the case of this family, the place names would be written as zicsi and vásonkeői and would be placed before the family name; the two place names are connected by the Hungarian és (and). So the result would be zicsi és vásonkeői Zichy . Starting in the High Middle Ages, West Iberian nobles, who had only used patronyms, started adding

4347-426: The rest of his estate via his will, usually to a male descendant of one of his female relatives, who would then apply for a royal licence to take the name. Royal licences could similarly be obtained where the applicant's mother was a heraldic heiress , although this was less common. For instance, Sir Winston Spencer Churchill 's surname evidences his descendancy from both the aristocratic Spencer family , amongst whom

4416-569: The role of neurologists in stroke care in many primary, as well as tertiary, hospitals. Some cases of nervous system infectious diseases are treated by infectious disease specialists. Most cases of headache are diagnosed and treated primarily by general practitioners , at least the less severe cases. Likewise, most cases of sciatica are treated by general practitioners, though they may be referred to neurologists or surgeons (neurosurgeons or orthopedic surgeons ). Sleep disorders are also treated by pulmonologists and psychiatrists . Cerebral palsy

4485-619: The same surnames exist in noble and non-noble families. The restriction to nobility and the clergy of bearing arms at the beginning of the 16th century, when king Manuel I extinguished the previous bourgeoisie armorial, usually shows someone to be noble if he or she bears personal or family arms. But nobility in Portugal was never restricted to the bearers of arms, and many Portuguese nobles did not or do not have arms at all. The preposition de and its different orthographic forms ( do , dos , da and das ), as in France, do not indicate nobility in

4554-433: The spoken style monseigneur or messire for ' sir ' ( dominus in Latin), as, for example, "monseigneur Bertrand du Guesclin , chevalier"—in English form, "Sir Bertrand du Guesclin, knight". By convention, surnames with the non-noble use of the particle de are spelled as a single word (e.g., " Pierre Dupont "), though many such surnames conserved the de as a separate word. Since the sixteenth century, surnames among

4623-811: The suffix -logia , "study of") is the branch of medicine dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of all categories of conditions and disease involving the nervous system , which comprises the brain , the spinal cord and the peripheral nerves . Neurological practice relies heavily on the field of neuroscience , the scientific study of the nervous system . A neurologist is a physician specializing in neurology and trained to investigate, diagnose and treat neurological disorders . Neurologists diagnose and treat myriad neurologic conditions, including stroke , epilepsy , movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease , brain infections , autoimmune neurologic disorders such as multiple sclerosis , sleep disorders , brain injury, headache disorders like migraine , tumors of

4692-655: The use of EEG and intraoperative monitoring to diagnose certain neurological disorders. Other neurologists specialize in the use of electrodiagnostic medicine studies – needle EMG and NCSs. In the US, physicians do not typically specialize in all the aspects of clinical neurophysiology – i.e. sleep, EEG, EMG, and NCSs. The American Board of Clinical Neurophysiology certifies US physicians in general clinical neurophysiology, epilepsy, and intraoperative monitoring. The American Board of Electrodiagnostic Medicine certifies US physicians in electrodiagnostic medicine and certifies technologists in nerve-conduction studies. Sleep medicine

4761-414: Was created the 1st Baronet de Trafford , Queen Victoria issued a royal licence to "Sir Thomas Joseph Trafford ... that he may henceforth resume the ancient patronymic of his family, by assuming and using the surname of De Trafford, instead of that of 'Trafford' and that such surname may be henceforth taken and used by his issue." The anglicisation to Trafford had probably occurred in the 15th century, when

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