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51-556: Today, nothing is left from this beautiful palace except the coat of arms, which once decorated the palace. The palace was once considered the most significant example of Biedermeier style in Austria. Archduke Charles was the third son of Emperor Leopold II and his wife, Maria Luisa of Spain . He was also the younger brother of Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor . However, he had been adopted and raised by his childless aunt Marie Christine of Austria and her husband Albert of Saxe-Teschen . He

102-480: A front length of 201 meters, the Weilburg palace was one of the most significant neoclassical buildings in Austria. Moritz Gottlieb Saphir (1795–1858), a contemporary, called it "a stone poem, an epic built by a hero," alluding to the builder's military glory. On the north side of the house, a coat of arms designed in stone by Josef Klieber (1773–1850) was placed on the attic of the seven-axial portico , combining

153-525: A new kind of audience for the arts. The other was the political stability prevalent under Klemens von Metternich following the end of the Napoleonic Wars and the Congress of Vienna . The effect was for artists and society in general to concentrate on the domestic and, at least in public, the non-political. Writers, painters, and musicians began to stay in safer territory, and the emphasis on home life for

204-516: A new resurgence or revival period became popular amongst European cabinetmakers. This revival period lasted up until the Art Deco style was taken up. Biedermeier also influenced the various Bauhaus styles through their truth in material philosophy. The original Biedermeier period changed with the political unrests of 1845–1848 (its end date). With the revolutions in European historicism , furniture of

255-760: A trip to the Middle East and Southern Russia in 1837; visiting Istanbul and Greece. Upon his return, he became a Professor at the Academy; a position he held until 1851, when he retired. His paintings grew to be very popular, and were often engraved by artists in England. In 1845, he received an appointment as an Imperial Councilor; a largely honorary title. In 1853, he was awarded the Order of Franz Joseph . He made extended visits to Italy in 1855 and 1857. A street in Vienna's Meidling district

306-494: Is natural in cultural creative movements, Biedermeier has influenced later styles. The Biedermeier period does not refer to the era as a whole, but to a particular mood and set of trends that grew out of the unique underpinnings of the time in Central Europe. There were two driving forces for the development of the period. One was the growing urbanization and industrialization leading to a new urban middle class, which created

357-556: The Academy of Fine Arts, Vienna , where he began by studying history painting with Hubert Maurer , but switched to landscape painting with Laurenz Janscha then, after Janscha's death in 1812, with Joseph Mössmer . He was awarded the Academy's first prize for landscape drawing. In 1817, after several study trips, he was awarded the "Great Painter's Prize". The winning canvas was purchased by Prince Klemens von Metternich , who became Ender's patron. This made it possible for him to take part in

408-908: The Albertina . He passed away on 18 February 1895, leaving no male descendants. In his will, he appointed his nephew archduke Frederick (1856–1936), the eldest son of his brother Karl Ferdinand (1818–1874), as his heir. Due to the inheritance of his uncle, archduke Frederick belonged to the wealthiest men in Austria-Hungary. Next to the Weilburg palace and the Albertina with its large art collections, he owned estates in Ungarisch-Altenburg (now Mosonmagyaróvár in Hungary), Bilje estate , Saybusch (now Żywiec in Poland), Seelowitz (now Židlochovice ) and Frýdek in

459-558: The Austrian Brazilian Expedition , during which he made over 700 drawings and watercolors. After his return, he accompanied Metternich to Rome and remained there, on a government pension, until 1823. After that, he worked for Metternich in Salzkammergut and became a member of the Academy in 1824. Two years later, he made a study trip to Paris. He was named a court painter to Archduke John in 1828. He accompanied him on

510-700: The Habsburg Law came into force, which dethroned the House of Habsburg-Lorraine as rulers of Austria. The Habsburg family members had to declare themselves loyal citizens of the republic, or leave the country, otherwise their property would be confiscated. Archduke Frederick was not willing to do this. On 14 April 1919, he and his family left the Weilburg palace to move to Switzerland initially. Most of his properties in Austria and all in Czechoslovakia were confiscated, including

561-503: The Munich satirical weekly Fliegende Blätter in 1850. The verses parodied the people of the era, namely Samuel Friedrich Sauter, a primary teacher and sort of amateurish poet, as depoliticized and petit-bourgeois . The name was constructed from the titles of two poems—"Biedermanns Abendgemütlichkeit" (Biedermann's Evening Comfort) and "Bummelmaiers Klage" (Bummelmaier's Complaint)—which Joseph Victor von Scheffel had published in 1848 in

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612-451: The Wehrmacht evacuated the Weilburg palace, and on 2 April 1945, a fire broke out, destroying large parts of the palace and all of its furnishing. The fire was probably lit by retreating Wehrmacht soldiers. The advancing Red Army forbade the firefighters from extinguishing it. Rumors suggested that valuable war equipment and important documents were stored in the building, which could have been

663-886: The Arthaber Family , 1837, by Friedrich von Amerling), landscapes (e.g. see Waldmüller or Gauermann landscapes) and contemporary-reporting genre scenes (e.g., Controversy of the Coachmen , 1828, by Michael Neder). Key painters of the Biedermeier movement were Carl Spitzweg (1808–1885), Ferdinand Georg Waldmüller (1795–1865), Henrik Weber (1818–1866), Josip Tominc (1780–1866), Friedrich von Amerling (1803–1887), Friedrich Gauermann (1807–1862), Johann Baptist Reiter (1813–1890), Peter Fendi (1796–1842), Michael Neder  [ de ] (1807–1882), Josef Danhauser (1805–1845), and Edmund Wodick (1806–1886) among others. The biggest collection of Viennese Biedermeier paintings in

714-680: The Czech Republic, and the Grassalkovich Palace in Pressburg (now Bratislava in Slovakia). He was married to princess Isabella of Croÿ (1856–1931). Together, they had nine children. Like most Habsburg princes, archduke Frederick adopted a military career, and served creditably for many years. At the start of the First World War , he was appointed by Emperor Franz Joseph I (1830–1916) as

765-661: The Federal Monuments Office and the Ministry of Education, decided to maintain monument protection at least for a part of the building, but the Administrative Court as the third and final instance lifted it, with the peculiar reasoning that the protected building had perished and the remaining ruins were not to be considered identical with it. Due to misunderstanding and ignorance, the remains of this beautiful palace were no longer protected. The Baden municipality bought

816-521: The German Biedermeier architecture of around 1800. Paul Mebes popularized the neo- Biedermeier style, which was widely endorsed by German architects. A modernist neo- Biedermeier architectural style was contrived by Adolf Behne , Bruno Taut , and Peter Behrens . Schultz-Naumburg and Heinrich Tessenow advocated for interpreting Biedermeier architecture liberally, allowing for little modernization. The Polish architectural style Świdermajer

867-517: The Halbturn palace in Burgenland), to his nephew, Paul Freiherr von Waldbott-Bassenheim (1924–2008), the son of his sister Maria Alice of Habsburg-Teschen (1893–1962). The new owner's lawyers applied to have the monument protection of the palace lifted by the monument office in order to sell the property more favourably. After a lengthy process, their endeavours succeeded: in the first and second instances,

918-478: The Rauhenecker forest behind the palace, as well as the park. The location of the palace changed several times until it was used for the construction of a residential area starting in 1964. On 19 August 1964, the remains of the palace ruins were blown up. Today, nothing remembers any more of the beautiful neoclassical palace, once presented by a loving archduke to his wife. Only, the coat of arms, which once decorated

969-506: The Republic of Austria since he did not make the declaration required by the Habsburg Law. The Weilburg palace remained empty in the following years. In 1928, the social-democratic Vienna city administration expressed interest in acquiring the Weilburg as a "home for accommodating sick children," but this plan was rejected by archduke Frederick, still the owner. In 1930, the rooms were used for

1020-503: The Weilburg estate by purchasing the forest area on Rauheneck Mountain from the Doblhoff lordship. His wife, princess Hildegard of Bavaria (1825–1864), had a lookout pavilion built there, named "Hildegardruhe." In July 1840, the street leading to the palace was described as being illuminated to such an extent during summer nights that "the area resembles the Vienna glacis ", the old walls around

1071-687: The Weilburg palace. During the Second World War , archduke Albrecht lived in Budapest . When the Red Army advanced, he fled to Argentina, where he died in Buenos Aires on 23 July 1955. On 31 January 1940, the Weilburg palace was placed under monument protection. On 1 April 1940, the Brandenburg Training Regiment was quartered there, followed by a mountain infantry unit. On 12 December 1944,

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1122-628: The artisan-patron system that achieved this period of design, first in the German states, and then into Scandinavia. The middle class growth originated in the Industrial Revolution in Britain and many Biedermeier designs owe their simplicity to Georgian lines of the 19th century, as the proliferation of design publications reached the German states and the Austrian Empire . The Biedermeier style

1173-424: The cause of arson. Red army soldiers used the palace stables as barracks for several years. The chapel in the castle park, undamaged by the fire, served as a hay storehouse for them. The palace ruins, with still-standing walls, deteriorated rapidly. The settlement of Albrecht's estate after his death was difficult. It ended in 1967 with the transfer of the (remains of the) Weilburg palace and other properties (e.g.,

1224-465: The city. Schloss Weilburg's beautiful location often made it a subject for painters such as Jakob Alt , Thomas Ender , Balthasar Wigand, or Eduard Gurk . In 1856, archduke Albrecht built a Neo-gothic chapel near the western wing of the palace. It was designed by the architect Anton Heft. The chapel was consecrated on 31 July 1858. Archduke Albrecht was honoured as a respected military leader with an equestrian monument in front of his Vienna palace,

1275-542: The composer Franz Schubert to provide a forum or meeting place for political secret societies. However, Biedermeier home music making was decidedly unpretentious and nonpolitical, the backdrop being politically explosive. Even the critical discussion of music itself was avoided. The Biedermeier period coincided with the Czech National Revival movement in the Czech-speaking areas . The most famous writers of

1326-462: The earlier period (1815–1830) was the most severe and neoclassical in inspiration. It also supplied the most fantastic forms which the second half of the period (1830–1848) lacked, being influenced by the many style publications from Britain. Biedermeier furniture was the first style in the world that emanated from the growing middle class. It preceded Victoriana and influenced mainly German-speaking countries. In Sweden, Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte , who

1377-521: The end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815 and ended with the onset of the Revolutions of 1848 . The term derives from the fictional mediocre poet Gottlieb Biedermaier, [ sic ] who featured in the Munich magazine Fliegende Blätter (Flying Leaves) . It is used mostly to denote the unchallenging artistic styles that flourished in the fields of literature, music, the visual arts and interior design. As

1428-538: The exhibition "450 Years of the City of Baden", and the city council negotiated the purchase of land to expand the beach. In 1934, the idea emerged to establish the planned Baden casino in the Weilburg. The idea was abandoned because the palace was too far outside the city. Archduke Frederick passed away on 30 December 1936. He appointed his son archduke Albrecht Franz (1897–1955) as his heir, who received his estates in Hungary and

1479-407: The growing middle class meant a blossoming of furniture design and interior decorating. The affluent middle class values that are associated with Biedermeier include affection, sensibility, moderation, and modesty. Biedermeier Gemütlichkeit means, that one reaches a state of cosiness, as well as friendliness. Biedermeier family values reflected the bourgeois consensus and the housewife

1530-551: The last three of whom have well-known musical settings by Robert Schumann , Hugo Wolf and Franz Schubert respectively. Adalbert Stifter was a novelist and short story writer whose work also reflected the concerns of the Biedermeier movement, particularly with his novel Der Nachsommer . As historian Carl Emil Schorske put it, "To illustrate and propagate his concept of Bildung, compounded of Benedictine world piety, German humanism, and Biedermeier conventionality, Stifter gave to

1581-669: The later years of the period took on a distinct Wilhelminian or Victorian style . The term Biedermeier is also used to refer to a style of clocks made in Vienna in the early 19th century. The clean and simple lines included a light and airy aesthetic, especially in Viennese regulators of the Laterndluhr and Dachluhr styles. The 19th century population growth and urbanization in Europe resulted in Biedermeier architecture marked by functionality and elegance. The Geymüllerschlössel in Vienna

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1632-590: The lion of the House of Nassau with the heraldic animals of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine, the eagle and the lion. On the night of 29 to 30 December 1829, Henriette of Nassau-Weilburg died in Vienna. In her will, she bequeathed the Weilburg palace to her eldest son Albrecht , who was still a minor. The management of the property was entrusted to his father, Archduke Karl, who passed away on 30 April 1847. Archduke Albrecht (1817–1895) spent almost every summer in Baden and expanded

1683-441: The neoclassical design, who also rebuilt large parts of Baden in a Biedermeier style after a fire destroyed large parts of the town in 1812. The laying of the foundation stone took place on 13 September 1820, after which construction started. On 24 December 1821, archduke Charles presented the palace to his wife Henriette. The palace could be moved into on 4 June 1823. The building was named after Henriette's hometown Weilburg. With

1734-517: The palace, is left in the former palace park. It is popularly known as the “Gravestone of the Weilburg palace”. 48°0′24.1″N 16°12′32.0″E  /  48.006694°N 16.208889°E  / 48.006694; 16.208889 Biedermeier The Biedermeier period was an era in Central Europe between 1815 and 1848 during which the middle classes grew in number and the arts began to appeal to their sensibilities. The period began with

1785-471: The palaces in Bratislava and Vienna, including his art collection. However, he retained his properties in Hungary, where Miklós Horthy restored the monarchy without having a king. Also, the Weilburg palace remained his property. In the end, archduke Frederick moved to Ungarisch-Altenburg (now Mosonmagyaróvár ). A significant portion of the Weilburg's inventory was brought there. He was not allowed to re-enter

1836-496: The period were Božena Němcová , Karel Hynek Mácha , František Ladislav Čelakovský , Václav Kliment Klicpera , and Josef Kajetán Tyl . Key painters of the Czech Biedermeier were Josef Navrátil , Antonín Machek , and Antonín Mánes . Landscapes, still lifes, courtyards, family scenes, and portraits were very popular. Václav Tomášek composed lyric piano pieces and songs to the patriotic lyrics of Czech authors. Biedermeier

1887-521: The same magazine. As a label for the epoch, the term has been used since around 1900. Due to the strict control of publication and official censorship , Biedermeier writers primarily concerned themselves with non-political subjects, like historical fiction and country life. Political discussion was usually confined to the home, in the presence of close friends. Typical Biedermeier poets are Annette von Droste-Hülshoff , Friedrich Halm , Adelbert von Chamisso , Eduard Mörike , and Wilhelm Müller ,

1938-506: The supreme commander of the Austro-Hungarian Army . The archduke thought it his duty to accept this heavy responsibility, but, modestly underestimating his own powers, left the actual exercise of the command to his chief of staff, Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf . In the performance of ceremonial duties, and as mediator for the settlement of the conflicting demands of the military, civil and allied elements, his services were undeniable. He

1989-442: The world his novel Der Nachsommer". Jeremias Gotthelf published The Black Spider in 1842 as an allegorical work that uses Gothic themes. It is Gotthelf's best known work. At first little noticed, the story is now considered by many critics to be among the masterworks of Biedermeier era and sensibility. Biedermeier furniture is admired for quality craftsmanship and comfort. Original early 19th century Biedermeier furniture

2040-645: The world is currently hosted by the Belvedere Palace Museum in Vienna. Biedermeier music was most evident in the numerous publications for in-home music making. Published arrangements of operatic excerpts, German Lieder , and some symphonic works that could be performed at the piano without professional musical training, illustrated the broadened reach of music in this period. Composers from this period include Beethoven , Schubert , Rossini , Weber , Mendelssohn , Chopin , Schumann and Liszt . The so called Schubertiad were people who gathered around

2091-423: Was a simplified interpretation of the influential French Empire style of Napoleon , which introduced the romance of ancient Roman Empire styles, adapting these to modern early 19th century households. Biedermeier furniture used locally available materials such as cherry, ash, and oak woods rather than the expensive timbers such as fully imported mahogany. Unique designs were created in Vienna . Furniture from

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2142-454: Was adopted by King Charles XIII (who was childless), became Sweden's new king in 1818 as Karl XIV Johan. The Swedish Karl Johan style, similar to Biedermeier , retained its elegant and blatantly Napoleonic style throughout the 19th century. Biedermeier furniture and lifestyle was a focus on exhibitions at the Vienna applied arts museum in 1896. The many visitors to this exhibition were so influenced by this fantasy style and its elegance that

2193-514: Was almost eighteen years old and the groom forty-four. But the marriage proved to be a happy one. Henriette has been known as the person who popularized the Christmas tree in Vienna after it was already introduced by Fanny von Arnstein in 1814 during the Vienna Congress . Shortly, after the marriage he decided to construct a summer residence as a present for his wife. The location for the palace

2244-405: Was also reflected in the applied arts: glass and porcelain, fashion, jewellery, and furniture. Thomas Ender Thomas Ender (3 November 1793, Vienna - 28 September 1875, Vienna) was an Austrian landscape painter and watercolorist . He was born to Johann Ender, a junk dealer, and was the twin brother of Johann Nepomuk Ender , a history painter . He and his brother were both enrolled at

2295-568: Was constructed in 1808, it houses today the Biedermeier collection of the Museum of Applied Arts. In Wilhelmine Germany social reformers regarded Biedermeier architecture as the perfect example for middle class culture and domestic reform. During the Weimar Republic Germany faced another housing crisis. Paul Schultze-Naumburg was among Germany's most respected neo- Biedermeier architects and in his mind, new housing should imitate

2346-490: Was in Baden near Vienna, a spa town favoured by the Viennese elite and members of the imperial family , who constructed extensive villas nearby. The chosen plot was at the entrance of the Helenental valley, at the foot of a hill dominated by the ruins of Rauheneck castle and opposite the ruins of Rauhenstein castle. The land was owned by the Doblhoff family, who sold it to the archduke. The architect Joseph Kornhäusel made

2397-516: Was manufactured to be publicly displayed, with less concern for convenience and private enjoyment. Biedermeier upholstery makes extensive use of coil-springs. Biedermeier furniture design was purchased or commissioned by the prosperous middle class to celebrate comfort and leisure. Middle to late- Biedermeier furniture design represented a heralding towards historicism and revival eras long sought for. Social forces originating in France would change

2448-410: Was named as a play on Biedermeier . The German word bieder translates into plain , while Maier is a common bourgeois surname. In the visual arts, Biedermeier style is associated with sentimentality and dullness. Biedermeier paintings are known for their preoccupation with the everyday world with few grand gestures. This formed an aesthetic is evidenced in the portraits (e.g., Portrait of

2499-451: Was promoted to the rank of Generalfeldmarschall on 8 December 1914. In February 1917, emperor Charles I (1887–1922) himself took over the supreme command. The archduke, although the Emperor's representative, no longer appeared in the foreground, and devoted himself to the management of his estates. After World War I, Austria declared itself a republic on 12 November 1918. On 10 April 1919,

2550-406: Was responsible for furnishing and choosing the appropriate design . Middle class women were held responsible for family cohesion and children had to be socialized within the family. The term Biedermeier appeared first in literary circles in the form of a pseudonym, Gottlieb Biedermaier, used by the country doctor Adolf Kussmaul and lawyer Ludwig Eichrodt in poems that the duo had published in

2601-782: Was the heir to the Duchy of Teschen and would succeed in 1822. The archduke was epileptic , but achieved respect both as a commander and as a reformer of the Austrian army. He was considered one of Napoleon's more formidable opponents and one of the greatest generals of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars . He was the victor of the Battle of Aspern-Essling against Napoleon . On 15 September/17 September 1815 in Weilburg , archduke Charles married princess Henrietta of Nassau-Weilburg. The bride

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