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54-558: The Weather Eye was a trade name for a Nash Motors -designed fresh-air system for automobile passenger compartment heating, cooling, and ventilating. The Nash "All-Weather Eye" was the first automobile air conditioning system for the mass market . The use of the Weather Eye name for automobile passenger heating and air conditioning systems continued in American Motors Corporation (AMC) vehicles. The design principles of

108-400: A vacuum inside the vessel, achieving partial evaporation. The vapor then passes through a demister before reaching the condenser section. Seawater is pumped through the condenser section to cool the vapor sufficiently for condensation. The distillate gathers in a tray, from where it is pumped to the storage tanks. A salinometer monitors salt content and diverts the flow of distillate from

162-420: A DBA must be registered with a local or state government, or both, depending on the jurisdiction. For example, California, Texas and Virginia require a DBA to be registered with each county (or independent city in the case of Virginia) where the owner does business. Maryland and Colorado have DBAs registered with a state agency. Virginia also requires corporations and LLCs to file a copy of their registration with

216-467: A DBA statement, though names including the first and last name of the owner may be accepted. This also reduces the possibility of two local businesses operating under the same name, although some jurisdictions do not provide exclusivity for a name, or may allow more than one party to register the same name. Note, though, that this is not a substitute for filing a trademark application. A DBA filing carries no legal weight in establishing trademark rights. In

270-476: A contract, invoice, or cheque, they must also add the legal name of the business. Numbered companies will very often operate as something other than their legal name, which is unrecognizable to the public. In Chile , a trade name is known as a nombre de fantasía ('fantasy' or 'fiction' name), and the legal name of business is called a razón social (social name). In Ireland , businesses are legally required to register business names where these differ from

324-423: A controlled phase change process. Some air conditioners and refrigerators use compressed liquids with a low boiling point that vaporizes within the system to cool it, whilst emitting the thermal energy into its surroundings. Evaporators are often used to concentrate a solution. An example is the climbing/falling film plate evaporator , which is used to make condensed milk . Similarly, reduction (cooking)

378-744: A lower temperature compared to normal atmospheric boiling. The four main components of an evaporator assembly are: Heat is transferred to the liquid inside the tube walls via conduction providing the thermal energy needed for evaporation. Convective currents inside it also contribute to heat transfer efficiency. There are various evaporator designs suitable for different applications including shell and tube, plate, and flooded evaporators, commonly used in industrial processes such as desalination, power generation and air conditioning. Plate-type evaporators offer compactness while multi-stage designs enable enhanced evaporation rates at lower heat duties. The overall performance of evaporators depends on factors such as

432-416: A relatively large surface area. The plates are usually corrugated and are supported by the frame. During evaporation, steam flows through the channels formed by the free spaces between the plates. The steam alternately climbs and falls parallel to the concentrated liquid. The steam follows a co-current, counter-current path with the liquid. The concentrate and the vapor are fed into the separation stage, where

486-434: A simpler name rather than using their formal and often lengthier name. Trade names are also used when a preferred name cannot be registered, often because it may already be registered or is too similar to a name that is already registered. Using one or more fictitious business names does not create additional separate legal entities. The distinction between a registered legal name and a fictitious business name, or trade name,

540-413: A trade name is known as a nombre de fantasía ('fantasy' or 'fiction' name), and the legal name of business is called a razón social (social name). In Brazil , a trade name is known as a nome fantasia ('fantasy' or 'fiction' name), and the legal name of business is called razão social (social name). In some Canadian jurisdictions , such as Ontario , when a businessperson writes a trade name on

594-429: A vacuum pump to create a low pressure over a solvent while simultaneously rotating the liquid flask to increase surface area and decrease bubble size. Typically, the vapor is passed over a cold finger or coil so that the vaporized material does not damage the pump. The rotary evaporator is best used for removing solvent from solutions containing the desired product that will not vaporize at the operating pressure to separate

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648-420: Is a process of evaporating liquids from a solution to produce a "reduced" food product, such as wine reduction. Evaporation is the main process behind distillation , which is used to concentrate alcohol , isolate liquid chemical products, or recover solvents in chemical reactions. The fragrance and essential oil industry uses distillation to purify compounds. Each application uses specialized devices. In

702-399: Is called a razón social . Evaporator An evaporator is a type of heat exchanger device that facilitates evaporation by utilizing conductive and convective heat transfer, which provides the necessary thermal energy for phase transition from liquid to vapour. Within evaporators, a circulating liquid is exposed to an atmospheric or reduced pressure environment causing it to boil at

756-498: Is important because fictitious business names do not always identify the entity that is legally responsible . Legal agreements (such as contracts ) are normally made using the registered legal name of the business. If a corporation fails to consistently adhere to such important legal formalities like using its registered legal name in contracts, it may be subject to piercing of the corporate veil . In English , trade names are generally treated as proper nouns . In Argentina ,

810-425: Is normally made under vacuum conditions to maximize ∆T while maintaining the most favorable product temperature so that the product only sees equilibrium conditions inside the evaporator and can maximize volatile stripping and recovery. Technical problems can arise during evaporation, especially when the process is used in the food industry. Some evaporators are sensitive to differences in viscosity and consistency of

864-413: Is useful in concentrating solutions. The operation is very similar to that of a calandria where the liquid is boiled inside vertical tubes by applying heat to the outside of the tubes. The produced solvent vapor presses the liquid against the walls of the tubes forming a thin film that moves upwards with the vapor. The vapor may be released from the system while the liquid may be recirculated through

918-449: Is usually restricted to seven because, after that, the equipment cost approaches the cost savings of the energy-requirement drop. Two types of feeding can be used when dealing with multiple-effect evaporators: In recent years, multiple-effect vacuum evaporator (with heat pump ) systems have come into use. These are well known to be energetically and technically more effective than systems with mechanical vapor recompression (MVR). Due to

972-422: Is very high and is most of the cost for an evaporation system. Putting together evaporators saves heat and thus requires less energy. Adding one evaporator to the original decreases energy consumption by 50%. Adding another effect reduces it to 33% and so on. A heat-saving-percent equation can estimate how much one will save by adding a certain number of effects. The number of effects in a multiple-effect evaporator

1026-473: The Evanair-Conditioner was made by Evans Products Company as an aftermarket accessory and also available by Hupmobile on their 1938 and 1939 model cars. In 1939, Nash added a thermostat to its system, making it the first thermostatic automobile climate control system. The Weather Eye "was the first truly good heating and ventilating system." Additionally, defoggers (defrosters) were incorporated with

1080-459: The United Kingdom , there is no filing requirement for a "business name", defined as "any name under which someone carries on business" that, for a company or limited liability partnership, "is not its registered name", but there are requirements for disclosure of the owner's true name and some restrictions on the use of certain names. A minority of U.S. states, including Washington , still use

1134-454: The United States , the phrase " doing business as " (abbreviated to DBA , dba , d.b.a. , or d/b/a ) is used, among others, such as assumed business name or fictitious business name . In Canada , " operating as " (abbreviated to o/a ) and " trading as " are used, although " doing business as " is also sometimes used. A company typically uses a trade name to conduct business using

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1188-467: The volatile components of a mixture from non-volatile materials. Natural circulation evaporators are based on the natural circulation of the product caused by the density differences that arise from heating ( convection ). A chamber containing a solution is heated, and the vaporized liquid is collected in a receiving flask. This type of evaporator is generally made of 4–8 m (13–26 ft) tubes enclosed by steam jackets. The uniform distribution of

1242-423: The 1968 model year, all AMC Ambassadors models came with air conditioning as standard equipment, a feature that at that time still cost extra even on expensive luxury-market Cadillac , Lincoln , and Imperial models, as A/C that was included in a car's base price was only offered by Rolls-Royce and a few other expensive European cars. Although it was possible to delete this feature, including air conditioning made

1296-627: The Ambassadors "stand out in the crowded full-size market" and the marketing move resulted in increased sales. Effective advertising positioned the AMC Ambassador against the Chevrolet Impala and Ford Galaxie as an unfair comparison because neither of these direct competitors included air conditioning as standard. Instead, the Ambassador was pictured with a Rolls-Royce Silver Shadow because that

1350-458: The Nash Weather Eye system are now in use by nearly every motor vehicle. In 1938, Nash Motors developed the first automobile heater warmed by hot engine cooling water and using fresh air. This "Conditioned Air System" is characterized by a cowl-mounted outside air receiver that passes fresh air through a heater core utilizing hot engine coolant for a heat source. The Nash system also pioneered

1404-418: The U.S., trademark rights are acquired by use in commerce, but there can be substantial benefits to filing a trademark application. Sole proprietors are the most common users of DBAs. Sole proprietors are individual business owners who run their businesses themselves. Since most people in these circumstances use a business name other than their own name, it is often necessary for them to get DBAs. Generally,

1458-804: The case of desalination of seawater or in Zero Liquid Discharge plants, the reverse purpose applies; evaporation removes the desirable drinking water from the undesired solute/product, salt. Chemical engineering uses evaporation in many processes. For example, the multiple-effect evaporator is used in Kraft pulping, the process of producing wood pulp from wood. Large ships usually carry evaporating plants to produce fresh water, reducing their reliance on shore-based supplies. Steamships must produce high-quality distillate to maintain boiler -water levels. Diesel engine ships often utilize waste heat as an energy source for producing fresh water. In this system,

1512-522: The county or city to be registered with the State Corporation Commission. DBA statements are often used in conjunction with a franchise . The franchisee will have a legal name under which it may sue and be sued, but will conduct business under the franchiser's brand name (which the public would recognize). A typical real-world example can be found in a well-known pricing mistake case, Donovan v. RRL Corp. , 26 Cal. 4th 261 (2001), where

1566-454: The dash and an electrically engaged clutch . This "first true refrigerated air conditioner system" for automobiles was also compact and easily serviceable with all of its components installed under the hood or in the cowl area. With a single thermostatic control, the Nash passenger compartment air cooling option was described as "a good and remarkably inexpensive" system. Entirely incorporated within

1620-406: The dilute solution. These evaporators could work inefficiently because of a loss of circulation. The pump of an evaporator may need to be changed if the evaporator needs to be used to concentrate a highly viscous solution. Fouling also occurs when hard deposits form on the surfaces of the heating mediums in the evaporators. In foods, proteins and polysaccharides can create such deposits that reduce

1674-488: The efficiency of heat transfer. Foaming can also create a problem since dealing with excess foam can be costly in time and efficiency. Antifoam agents are used, but only a few can be used when food is being processed. Corrosion can also occur when acidic solutions such as citrus juices are concentrated. The surface damage caused can shorten the long life of evaporators. The quality and flavor of food can also suffer during evaporation. Overall, when choosing an evaporator,

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1728-471: The engine bay, the combined heating and cooling system had cold air for passengers to enter through dash-mounted vents. Nash's exclusive "remarkable advance" was not only the "sophisticated" unified system, but also its US$ 345 price was significantly less than all the other systems. The optional air conditioning system offered by Oldsmobile cost $ 199 more, and it weighed twice as much as the integrated Nash unit that added only 133 pounds (60 kg). A feature

1782-405: The engine-cooling water is passed through a heat exchange, where it is cooled by concentrated seawater. Because the cooling water, which is chemically treated fresh water, is at a temperature of 70–80 °C (158–176 °F), it would not be possible to flash off any water vapor unless the pressure in the heat exchanger vessel is dropped. A brine-air ejector venturi pump is then used to create

1836-406: The evaporator is adjusted as seawater temperature changes and shuts down altogether when the ship is maneuvering. An alternative in some vessels, such as naval ships and passenger ships, is the use of the reverse osmosis principle for fresh-water production instead of using evaporators. Evaporation , or vaporization , is an endothermic phase transition process that is thoroughly understood in

1890-436: The evaporator to further concentrate the solute . In many cases, the tubes of a rising film evaporator are usually between 3–10 metres (9.8–32.8 ft) in height with a diameter of between 25–50 millimetres (0.98–1.97 in). Sizing this type of evaporator requires a precise evaluation of the actual level of the liquid inside the tubes and the flow rates of the vapor and film. Climbing and falling-film plate evaporators have

1944-456: The field of thermodynamics . It is intimately related to the vapor pressure of the liquid and surrounding pressure, in addition to the enthalpy of vaporization. Evaporators work using the same principle design. A heat source is in contact with the liquid causing it to evaporate. The vapor is removed entirely (like in cooking), or it is stored for reuse (like in a refrigerator) or a product for isolation (essential oil). Rotary evaporators use

1998-536: The heat transfer coefficient, tube/plate material properties, flow regime, and achieved vapor quality. Advanced control techniques, such as online fouling detection, help maintain evaporator thermal performance over time. Additionally, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling and advancements in surface coating technologies continue to enhance heat and mass transfer capabilities, leading to more energy-efficient vapor generation. Evaporators are essential to many industries because of their ability to separate phases through

2052-592: The introduction of the 3900 series cars that year. Nils Eric Wahlberg designed the Nash HVAC system, which continues to be the basis for modern automobiles. Nash included the first automatic temperature control for the air side of the heating system, with the thermostat sensing the temperatures of the incoming outside air, the heater's discharge, and the interior of the car; so that a change in any of these three air temperatures resulted in an automatic adjustment to maintain passenger comfort. Nash's Conditioned Air System heater

2106-402: The law is to protect the public from fraud, by compelling the business owner to first file or register his fictitious business name with the county clerk, and then making a further public record of it by publishing it in a newspaper. Several other states, such as Illinois , require print notices as well. In Uruguay , a trade name is known as a nombre fantasía , and the legal name of business

2160-435: The lower boiling temperature, they can handle highly corrosive liquids or liquids which are prone to forming incrustations. Agitated thin-film evaporation has been very successful with difficult-to-handle products. Simply stated, the method quickly separates the volatile from the less volatile components using indirect heat transfer and mechanical agitation of the flowing product film under controlled conditions. The separation

2214-461: The named defendant, RRL Corporation, was a Lexus car dealership doing business as " Lexus of Westminster ", but remaining a separate legal entity from Lexus, a division of Toyota Motor Sales, USA, Inc. . In California , filing a DBA statement also requires that a notice of the fictitious name be published in local newspapers for some set period of time to inform the public of the owner's intent to operate under an assumed name . The intention of

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2268-431: The outside, and it was advertised as "No dust to soil or spoil your trip! Nash's automatic 'Weather Eye' gives you fresh air, free of dust…rain….insects…chilling drafts!" The Nash system was a significant advancement compared to what was used up to that time: heating by recirculating the air inside the car. Nash also promoted the system's safety feature in eliminating the dangers of carbon monoxide. A concurrent development,

2322-494: The passenger compartment. First as optional equipment and later as a standard feature, the Weather Eye system was continued by AMC after the merger of Nash-Kelvinator Corporation and Hudson Motor Car Company in 1954. A smaller version of AMC's famous Weather-Eye heater was included in the Metropolitan . Improved versions of the "Weather-Eye" heater, fresh-air ventilation was standard on every 1967 AMC Ambassador . Starting with

2376-431: The solution is important when using this type of evaporator. The solution enters the evaporator and gains velocity as it flows downward. This gain in velocity is attributed to the vapor being evolved against the heating medium, which also flows downward. This evaporator is usually applied to highly viscous solutions, so it is frequently used in the chemical, sugar, food, and fermentation industries. This type of evaporator

2430-446: The storage tanks if the salt content exceeds the alarm limit. Sterilization is carried out after the evaporator. Evaporators are usually of the shell-and-tube type (known as an Atlas Plant) or of the plate type (such as the type designed by Alfa Laval ). Temperature, production and vacuum are controlled by regulating the system valves. Seawater temperature can interfere with production, as can fluctuations in engine load. For this reason,

2484-454: The surname(s) of the sole trader or partners, or the legal name of a company. The Companies Registration Office publishes a searchable register of such business names. In Japan , the word yagō ( 屋号 ) is used. In Colonial Nigeria , certain tribes had members that used a variety of trading names to conduct business with the Europeans. Two examples were King Perekule VII of Bonny , who

2538-469: The term trade name to refer to "doing business as" (DBA) names. In most U.S. states now, however, DBAs are officially referred to using other terms. Almost half of the states, including New York and Oregon , use the terms assumed business name or assumed name ; nearly as many, including Pennsylvania , use the term fictitious name . For consumer protection purposes, many U.S. jurisdictions require businesses operating with fictitious names to file

2592-436: The use of slight pressurization within the passenger compartment to eliminate the infiltration of cold outside air during winter use. This was a fan-boosted filtered ventilation and heating for the passengers, not the modern meaning of an "air conditioning" system. Nash was also the first automobile to make use of a disposable filter in the air-intake to clean incoming air. This was the first car heater that used fresh air from

2646-521: The vapor is sent to a condenser. This type of plate evaporator is frequently applied in the dairy and fermentation industries since they have spatial flexibility. A negative point of this type of evaporator is its limited ability to treat viscous or solid-containing products. There are other types of plate evaporators that work with only climbing film. Unlike single-stage evaporators, these evaporators can be composed of up to seven evaporator stages (effects). The energy consumption for single-effect evaporators

2700-400: Was a car with standard air conditioning and further comparisons with it pointed out that the Ambassador offered more headroom. The "Weather Eye" designation was in use for 40 years and was last applied on the 1977 AMC Hornet and the 1978 AMC Gremlin models. Trade name In a number of countries, the phrase " trading as " (abbreviated to t/a ) is used to designate a trade name. In

2754-441: Was a true vapor-compression refrigeration system with a compact under the hood and cowl area installation. Combining heating, cooling, and ventilating, the new air conditioning system for the Nash cars was called the "All-Weather Eye". The 1954 Nash models were the first American automobiles to have a front-end, fully integrated heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning system. This was the first mass-market system with controls on

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2808-545: Was known as Captain Pepple in trade matters, and King Jubo Jubogha of Opobo , who bore the pseudonym Captain Jaja . Both Pepple and Jaja would bequeath their trade names to their royal descendants as official surnames upon their deaths. In Singapore , there is no filing requirement for a "trading as" name, but there are requirements for disclosure of the underlying business or company's registered name and unique entity number. In

2862-515: Was the "desert only" setting on the A/C thermostat control, a position that typically ran the compressor continually. In humid environments, the evaporator will freeze from the accumulating condensation if the compressor operates constantly, ultimately blocking airflow. Other temperature settings cycle the compressor to prevent this problem. Freeze-up is not a concern in dry environments such as deserts , and this setting provides constantly cooled airflow into

2916-421: Was then marketed as the "Weather Eye", and consumer sales literature explained that the thermostat's "mechanical eye" watched the weather, hence the name. In 1954, Nash-Kelvinator capitalized on its experience in refrigeration to introduce the automobile industry's first compact and affordable single-unit heating and air conditioning system optional for all Nash Ambassador , Statesman , and Rambler models. It

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