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106-451: The first public high school in Wayland was opened in the 1854–1855 school year at 55 Cochituate Road. However, "Classes were suspended in 1859 and again in 1862 because the town was unwilling to vote funds to support a high school." In 1873 the consolidated Cochituate School was opened to house both older and younger students, but in 1896, due to crowding and rundown buildings, The Center School

212-452: A $ 6.2 million renovation to Wayland High School. The scope of the project included replacing outdated building systems, updates to lighting, ceilings, flooring, and selected classroom modifications. In late 2001, the Town of Wayland signed Dore & Whittier Architects to come up with concepts for a larger, modern high school. However, in 2003, The State of Massachusetts announced that it would put

318-486: A 3 or higher compared to 12.2% in 2003. Researchers have begun to question whether AP can maintain high academic standards while experiencing explosive growth. Research has shown that the most popular AP tests tend to have the lowest passing rates, a possible indication that less academically prepared students are enrolling in AP classes. Whether the AP program can serve large numbers of students without decreasing academic rigor

424-591: A College A Cappella Night to help fundraise for Wayland's arts programs. Past performers include Tufts University's Beelzebubs, Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Logarhythms, Boston University's Chordially Yours, the UMass Amherst Dynamics, Mount Holyoke College Diversions, and University of Oregon's On the Rocks. Wayland offers visual arts classes in drawing, painting, digital art, photography, ceramics, jewelry-making, and metalsmithing. Students are able to join

530-449: A bare paragraph the government's ability to regulate wages and hours. Although the government had argued that the national economic emergency required special consideration, Hughes disagreed. The dire economic circumstances the country faced did not justify the overly broad delegation or overreach of the Act, the majority concluded. "Extraordinary conditions may call for extraordinary remedies. But

636-438: A bill. Overburdened, Moley delegated this work to Hugh S. Johnson. By May 1933, two draft bills had emerged, a cautious and legalistic one by John Dickinson ( Under Secretary of Commerce ) and an ambitious one focusing on trade associations by Hugh Johnson. Many leading businessmen—including Gerard Swope (head of General Electric ), Charles M. Schwab (chairman of Bethlehem Steel Corporation ), E. H. Harriman (chairman of

742-625: A cappella groups: the coed Madrigals, the all-male Testostertones or "T-Tones", and the all-female Muses. Window Dance Ensemble is Wayland's student dance performance group. Each spring students choreograph and perform dances designed to showcase skills in various styles of dance including jazz, hip-hop, ballet, and tap. Wayland is a member of the Dual County League (DCL) which is part of the Massachusetts Interscholastic Athletic Association (MIAA) and offers

848-424: A coalition to support passage of the legislation, but these competing interests soon fought one another over the Act's implementation. As a consequence, NIRA collapsed due to failure of leadership and confusion about its goals. By the end of 1934, NIRA leaders had practically abandoned the progressive interventionist policy which motivated the Act's passage, and were supporting free-market philosophies—contributing to

954-420: A critical role to play through national planning, limited regulation, the fostering of trade associations , support for "fair" trade practices, and support for "democratization of the workplace" (a standard work week, shorter working hours, and better working conditions). Roosevelt, himself the former head of a trade association, believed that government promotion of "self-organization" by trade associations

1060-594: A failure. A key criticism of the Act at the time as well as more recently is that the NIRA endorsed monopolies, with the attendant economic problems associated with that type of market failure . Even the National Recovery Review Board, established by President Roosevelt in March 1934 to review the performance of the NIRA, concluded that the Act hindered economic growth by promoting cartels and monopolies. One of

1166-607: A living there. Title II, Sections 210–219 provided for revenues to fund the Act, and Section 220 appropriated money for the Act's implementation. Title III of the Act contained miscellaneous provisions, and transferred the authority to engage in public works from the Reconstruction Finance Corporation to the Public Works Administration. Implementation of the act began immediately, with the NRA and PWA

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1272-523: A major role not only in moving congressional Democrats to favour prolabor legislation but also in moving the Democratic party itself left of center.” The bill had a more difficult time in the Senate. The National Association of Manufacturers and Chamber of Commerce opposed its passage due to the labor provision. Despite the positions of these two important trade associations, most businesses initially supported

1378-489: A material fact, or make or cause to be made any false or fraudulent statements or representations, or make or use or cause to be made or used any false bill, receipt, voucher, roll, account, claim, certificate, affidavit, or deposition, knowing the same to contain any fraudulent or fictitious statement or entry , in any matter within the jurisdiction of any department or agency of the United States or of any corporation in which

1484-462: A moratorium on its state building assistance program. With state funding uncertain, the vote to proceed with the schematic designs for the Dore and Whittier proposals was defeated at a Town Meeting. In April 2003, and the firm withdrew from the project. In 2009, Wayland voters approved a new, $ 70.8 million, three-building campus designed by HMFH Architects, Inc. Construction of the new school was completed at

1590-927: A number of athletic opportunities for students. In addition, Wayland also collaborates with athletic rival Weston High School to provide two additional athletic opportunities. The Wayland/Weston Girls Hockey team and the Wayland-Weston crew team. Cross Country (V) Field Hockey (V, JV, F) Soccer (V, JV, F) Volleyball (V, JV, F) Basketball (V, JV, F) Cheerleading (V) Indoor Track (V) Nordic Skiing (V. JV) Swimming (V) Outdoor Track (V, JV) Softball (V, JV) Tennis - Team (V, JV) Football (V, JV, F) Golf - Team (V) Soccer (V, JV, F) Basketball (V, JV, F) Ice Hockey (V) Indoor Track (V, JV) Nordic Skiing (V, JV) Swimming (V) Wrestling (V, JV) Lacrosse (V, JV) Outdoor Track (V, JV) Tennis - Team (V, JV) National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 The National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 ( NIRA )

1696-414: A sample size of over 90,000, replicated these results and also showed that non-AP students performed with equal levels of academic achievement as AP students who did not take their course's AP exam—even after controlling for over 70 intervening variables. This led the authors to state that AP participation "is not beneficial to students who merely enroll in the courses..." Some researchers have questioned

1802-535: A specific set of AP tests, depending on the subject they wish to study there. In addition, completing AP courses helps students qualify for various types of scholarships. According to the College Board, 31 percent of colleges and universities look at AP experience when making scholarship decisions. Beginning with the May 2011 AP Exam administration, the College Board changed the scoring method of AP Exams. Total scores on

1908-819: A year, including a musical, dramatic stage play/comedy, and a competition prepared for the Massachusetts Educational Theater Guild festival. In addition, one act festival plays for the event "Winter Week" are typically written, acted and directed by students. Wayland High School has numerous music performance groups include a String Orchestra, Honors Sinfonia Orchestra, Honors Orchestra, Chorale, Honors Concert Choir, Concert Band, Honors Wind Ensemble, Jazz Band, Honors Jazz Ensemble, and A Capella Groups. The school also offers general music classes in The History of Jazz, Rock, and Rap, Music Theory, Piano, Guitar, and Music Production. WHS also has three, student-run

2014-475: Is a matter of debate within the education field. University faculty, such as former professor and high school teacher John Tierney, have expressed doubts about the value of a passing AP score. Students who receive scores of 3 or 4 are being given college credit at fewer universities. Academic departments also criticise the increasing proportion of students who take and pass AP courses but are not ready for college-level work. Researchers have since 2010 studied

2120-643: Is accredited by the New England Association of Schools and Colleges (NEASC). In their 2021 rankings, U.S. News & World Report ranked WHS as #16 in Boston, MA Metro Area High Schools, #18 in Massachusetts High Schools, and #539 in National Rankings. The faculty at Wayland High School has been nominated for, and won, numerous awards for their teaching. One of the most awarded teachers

2226-463: Is available for students who qualify for it; the exam reduction is $ 36 per exam from College Board plus an additional $ 9 rebate per fee-reduced exam from the school. There may be further reductions depending on the state. On April 3, 2008, the College Board announced that four AP courses—French Literature, Latin Literature, Computer Science AB, and Italian Language and Culture—would be discontinued after

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2332-456: Is different, but most require a minimum score of 3 or 4 to receive college credit. Typically, this appears as a "CR" grade on the college transcript, although some colleges and universities will award an A grade for a 5 score. Some countries, such as Germany, that do not offer general admission to their universities and colleges for holders of an American high school diploma without preparatory courses will directly admit students who have completed

2438-519: Is widely considered a policy failure , both in the 1930s and by historians today. Disputes over the reasons for this failure continue. Among the suggested causes are that the act promoted economically harmful monopolies , lacked critical support from the business community, and that it was poorly administered. The NIRA had no mechanisms for handling these problems, which led Congress to pass the National Labor Relations Act in 1935. The act

2544-402: Is without precedent. It supplies no standards for any trade, industry, or activity. It does not undertake to prescribe rules of conduct to be applied to particular states of fact determined by appropriate administrative procedure. Instead of prescribing rules of conduct, it authorizes the making of codes to prescribe them. For that legislative undertaking, section 3 sets up no standards, aside from

2650-633: The Agricultural Adjustment Act to stabilize the nation's agricultural industry. Enactment of the National Industrial Recovery Act climaxed the first 100 days of Roosevelt's presidency . Hugh S. Johnson , Raymond Moley , Donald Richberg , Rexford Tugwell , Jerome Frank , and Bernard Baruch —key Roosevelt advisors—believed that unrestrained competition had helped cause the Great Depression and that government had

2756-571: The False Claims Act of 1863 to read: ... or whoever , for the purpose of obtaining or aiding to obtain the payment or approval of such claim, or for the purpose and with the intent of cheating and swindling or defrauding the Government of the United States, or any department thereof, or any corporation in which the United States of America is a stockholder, shall knowingly and willfully falsify or conceal or cover up by any trick, scheme, or device

2862-541: The Secretary of the Treasury Andrew W. Mellon . To combat the growing economic decline, Hoover organized a number of voluntary measures with businesses, encouraged state and local government responses, and accelerated federal building projects. However, his policies had little or no effect on economic recovery. Toward the end of his term, however, Hoover supported several legislative solutions which he felt might lift

2968-735: The USS Yorktown ; USS Enterprise ; the 30th Street railroad station in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania; the Triborough Bridge ; the port of Brownsville ; Grand Coulee Dam ; Boulder Dam ; Fort Peck Dam ; Bonneville Dam ; and the Overseas Highway connecting Key West , Florida, with the mainland. The agency survived until 1943, when the Reorganization Act of 1939 consolidated most federal public works and work relief functions of

3074-493: The Union Pacific Railroad ), and Henry I. Harriman , president of the U.S. Chamber of Commerce —helped draft the legislation. A two-part bill, the first section promoting cooperative action among business to achieve fair competition and provide for national planning and a second section establishing a national public works program, was submitted to Congress on May 15, 1933. The House of Representatives easily passed

3180-588: The "Code of Fair Competition for the Live Poultry Industry of the Metropolitan Area in and about the City of New York." The goal of the code was to ensure that live poultry (provided to kosher slaughterhouses for butchering and sale to observant Jews) were fit for human consumption and to prevent the submission of false sales and price reports. The industry was almost entirely centered on New York City. Under

3286-604: The 2008–2009 school year due to lack of funding. However, the Italian Language and Culture test was again offered beginning in 2011. Starting July 2013 AP allowed students for the first time to both view and send their scores online. The number of AP exams administered each year has seen a steady increase over the past decade. In 2003, 175,860 English Language and Composition exams were administered. By 2013, this number had risen to 476,277, or an increase of 171%. Such an increase has occurred in nearly all AP exams offered, with

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3392-987: The 2023 exam cycle showing the number of participants, the percentage who obtained a score of 3 or higher, and the mean score. Students generally need a score of 3 or higher to receive credit or benefit. The College Board estimates that about 2/3 of students enrolled in an AP course take the course's AP test. On the other hand, a study of University of California system students found that only about 55% to 60% of AP students took their course's exam. One 2014 study of math and science AP courses showed that participation rates were 52.7% for AP Chemistry, 53.6% for AP Physics, 57.7% for AP Biology, and 77.4% for AP Calculus. A 2017 study found similar participation rates (49.5% for AP Chemistry, 52.3% for AP Physics, 54.5% for Biology, and 68.9% for Calculus). History exams were found to have slightly higher participation rates (57.9% for AP European History, 58.5% for AP World History, and 62.8% for AP U.S. History), and 65.4% of AP English students took either

3498-531: The AP English Language or AP English Literature exam. This study found that for "core AP subjects (i.e., no arts or language subjects)", the overall test participation rate was 60.8%. In February 2014 College Board released data from the previous ten years of AP exams. College Board found that 33.2% of public high school graduates from the class of 2013 had taken an AP exam, compared to 18.9% in 2003. In 2013 20.1% of graduates who had taken an AP test achieved

3604-508: The AP Psychology exam seeing a 281% increase over the past decade. In 2022, the most taken AP exam was English Language and Composition with 520,771 students and the least taken AP exam was Italian Language and Culture with 2,194 students. In the 2022–2023 school year, College Board launched a pilot AP African American Studies course. The course is currently acknowledged credit at about 75 colleges and universities. AP exams begin on

3710-562: The AP curriculum as specified in the Board's Course and Examination Description (CED). If the course is approved, the school may use the AP designation and the course will be publicly listed on the AP Course Ledger. After the end of World War II , the Ford Foundation created a fund that supported committees studying education. The program, which was then referred to as the "Kenyon Plan",

3816-552: The AP program since 1955. From 1965 to 1989, Harlan Hanson was the director of the Advanced Placement Program. It develops and maintains guidelines for the teaching of higher-level courses in various subject areas. In addition, it supports teachers of AP courses and supports universities. These activities are funded through fees required to take the AP exams. In 2006, over one million students took over two million Advanced Placement examinations. Many high schools in

3922-489: The Act led to a massive wave of union organizing punctuated by employer and union violence, general strikes , and recognition strikes . At the outset, NRA Administrator Hugh Johnson naïvely believed that Section 7(a) would be self-enforcing, but he quickly learned otherwise. On August 5, 1933, the National Labor Board was established under the auspices of the NRA to implement the collective bargaining provisions of

4028-492: The Act. The premiere symbol of the NIRA was the Blue Eagle . By the end of 1934, large and small business owners and most of the public had turned against the NRA. Roosevelt himself shifted his views on the best way to achieve economic recovery, and began a new legislative program (known as the " Second New Deal ") in 1935. Implementation of Section 7(a) of the NIRA proved immensely problematic as well. The protections of

4134-684: The Act. The act was implemented by the NRA and the PWA. Large numbers of regulations were generated under the authority granted to the NRA by the Act, which led to a significant loss of business support for the legislation. NIRA was set to expire in June 1935, but in a major constitutional ruling the Supreme Court held Title I of the Act unconstitutional on May 27, 1935, in Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States . The National Industrial Recovery Act

4240-536: The Act. The National Labor Board, too, proved to be ineffective, and on July 5, 1935, a new law—the National Labor Relations Act —superseded the NIRA and established a new, long-lasting federal labor policy. NIRA also created a Public Works Administration (not to be confused with the Works Progress Administration (WPA) of 1935). The leadership of the Public Works Authority was torn over

4346-785: The Class of 2022, Wayland High School only calculates unweighted GPAs. The vast majority of students pursue post-secondary education after leaving WHS. 92% of the class of 2022 planned on attending either a 4-year college, 2-year college, or prep school. In the past five years the top schools where students have matriculated include: Boston College , Boston University , Clark University , Harvard University , Northeastern University , Syracuse University , Tufts University , University of Massachusetts Amherst , University of Massachusetts Lowell , University of Michigan , University of New Hampshire , University of Vermont , University of Wisconsin , and Worcester Polytechnic Institute . Wayland High School

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4452-536: The Committee on Admission with Advanced Standing, developed and implemented the plan to choose a curriculum. A pilot program was run in 1952 which covered eleven disciplines. In the 1955–56 school year, it was nationally implemented in ten subjects: Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, English, History, French, German, Spanish, and Latin. The College Board , a non-profit organization based in New York City, has run

4558-651: The Goldin Foundation Award for Excellence in Teaching including: Retired Couselinig Department Coordinator Marybeth Sacramone (2016), Former Business Teacher James Page (2011), Retired Drama Teacher Richard Weingartner (2005), Retired Social Studies Teacher Daniel Frio (1992), and Retired English Teacher Joseph Auciello (1991). Wayland's fine and performing arts program is supported by the Creative Arts Parents Association (CAPA). Each year CAPA hosts

4664-473: The NIRA staff felt the Act would survive a court test, the U.S. Department of Justice had on March 25, 1935, declined to appeal an appellate court ruling overturning the lumber industry code on the grounds that the case was not a good test of the NIRA's constitutionality. The Justice Department's action worried many in the administration. But on April 1, 1935, the Second Circuit Court of Appeals upheld

4770-551: The NIRA. Senator Bennett Champ Clark introduced an amendment to weaken Section 7(a), but Wagner and Senator George W. Norris led the successful opposition to the change. The bulk of the Senate debate, however, turned on the bill's suspension of antitrust law . Senators William E. Borah , Burton K. Wheeler , and Hugo Black opposed any relaxation of the Sherman Antitrust Act , arguing that this would exacerbate existing severe economic inequality and concentrate wealth in

4876-628: The National Art Honors Society (NAHS) and each year numerous students are presented with gold keys, silver keys, and honorable mentions from the Scholastic Art and Writing Awards . In 2016, eleven WHS students won a record 42 Scholastic Art Awards. Wayland offers courses in acting, improvisation, dramatic arts, and communication studies. Each year the Wayland High School Theater Ensemble (WHSTE) produces three shows

4982-460: The National Industrial Recovery Act was unconstitutional. First, Hughes concluded that the law was void for vagueness because of the critical term "fair competition" was nowhere defined in the Act. Second, Hughes found the Act's delegation of authority to the executive branch unconstitutionally overbroad : To summarize and conclude upon this point: Section 3 of the Recovery Act (15 USCA 703)

5088-629: The Supreme Court's strict interpretation of the interstate commerce clause and worried that other legislation was jeopardized. In 1934, at the request of the Secretary Ickes, who wished to use the statute criminalizing making false statements to enforce Section 9(c) of the NIRA against producers of "hot oil", oil produced in violation of production restrictions established pursuant to the NIRA, Congress passed Pub. L.   73–394 , 48  Stat.   996 , enacted June 18, 1934 , which amended

5194-488: The US and elsewhere may grant placement and course credit to students who obtain qualifying scores on the examinations. The AP curriculum for each of the various subjects is created for the College Board by a panel of experts and college-level educators in that academic discipline . For a high school course to have the designation as offering an AP course, the course must be audited by the College Board to ascertain that it satisfies

5300-542: The United States of America is a stockholder ... This form of the statute, in slightly modified form, still exists today at 18 U.S.C.   § 1001 . Advanced Placement Advanced Placement ( AP ) is a program in the United States and Canada created by the College Board . AP offers undergraduate university-level curricula and examinations to high school students. Colleges and universities in

5406-425: The United States offer AP courses, though the College Board allows any student to take any examination regardless of participation in its respective course. Therefore, home-schooled students and students from schools that do not offer AP courses have an equal opportunity to take AP exams. As of the 2024 testing season, exams cost $ 98 each, though the cost may be subsidized by local or state programs. Financial aid

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5512-583: The act had soured. The legislation was enacted in June 1933 during the Great Depression as part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's New Deal legislative program. Section 7(a) of the bill, which protected collective bargaining rights for unions , proved contentious (especially in the Senate ). Congress eventually enacted the legislation and President Roosevelt signed the bill into law on June 16, 1933. The Act had two main titles ( sections ) . Title I

5618-417: The argument necessarily stops short of an attempt to justify action which lies outside the sphere of constitutional authority. Extraordinary conditions do not create or enlarge constitutional power." Although the decision emasculated NIRA, it had little practical impact, as Congress was unlikely to have reauthorized the Act in any case. At the time and in recent analyzes, NIRA is generally considered to be

5724-523: The bill in just seven days. The most contentious issue was the inclusion of Section 7(a), which protected collective bargaining rights for unions . Section 7(a) was nearly eliminated from the bill, but Senator Wagner, Jerome Frank, and Leon Keyserling (another Roosevelt aide) worked to retain the section in order to win the support of the American labor movement. According to one study ... The capitalist’s opposition to section 7a in congressional hearings

5830-471: The cartels. Studies of the steel, automobile manufacturing, lumber, textile, and rubber industries and the level and source of support for the NIRA tend to support this conclusion. Without the support of industry, the Act could never have performed as it was intended. A third major criticism of the Act is that it was poorly administered. The Act purposefully brought together competing for interests (labor and business, big business and small business, etc.) in

5936-511: The code-making authority thus conferred is an unconstitutional delegation of legislative power. Finally, in a very restrictive reading of what constituted interstate commerce, Hughes held that the "'current' or 'flow'" of commerce involved was simply too minute to constitute interstate commerce, and subsequently Congress had no power under the Commerce Clause to enact legislation affecting such commercial transactions. The Court dismissed with

6042-479: The codes from the federal antitrust laws. Title I, Section 7(a) guaranteed the right of workers to form unions and banned yellow-dog contracts : ... employees shall have the right to organize and bargain collectively through representatives of their own choosing, and shall be free from the interference restraint, or coercion of employers of labor, or their agents, in the designation of such representatives or in self-organization or in other concerted activities for

6148-659: The collapse of almost all industry codes. There are a wide range of additional critiques as well. One is that NIRA's industry codes interfered with capital markets, inhibiting economic recovery. But more recent analyzes conclude that NIRA had little effect on capital markets one way or the other. Another is that political uncertainty created by the NIRA caused a drop in business confidence, inhibiting recovery. But at least one study has shown no effect whatsoever. Section 7(a) led to significant increases in union organizing, but NRA administrative rulings effectively gutted this section by permitting company union . Although Section 7(a)

6254-632: The constitutionality of the NIRA in the Schechter case. Although Donald Richberg and others felt the government's case in Schechter was not a strong one, the Schechters were determined to appeal their conviction. So the government appealed first, and the Supreme Court heard oral argument on May 2 and 3. On May 27, 1935, Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes wrote for a unanimous Court in Schechter Poultry Corp. v. The United States that Title I of

6360-416: The continuation of the Great Depression. Others point out that the cartels created by the Act were inherently unstable (as all cartels are), and that the effect on prices was minimal because the codes collapsed so quickly. A second key criticism of the Act is that it lacked support from the business community, and thus was doomed to failure. Business support for national planning and government intervention

6466-776: The cost. The state of Florida reimburses school districts for the exam costs of students enrolled in Advanced Placement courses. The Los Angeles Unified School District , the Montebello Unified School District , the Hawaii Department of Education , New York City Department of Education , and the state of Indiana subsidize Examination fees in subjects of math, science, and English, and the Edmonds School District in suburban Seattle currently subsidizes Advanced Placement fees of students who enroll in

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6572-602: The country out of the depression. The final attempt of the Hoover administration to rescue the economy was the passage of the Emergency Relief and Construction Act (which provided funds for public works programs) and the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) (which provided low-interest loans to businesses). Hoover was defeated for re-election by Roosevelt in the 1932 presidential election . Roosevelt

6678-640: The courts. The constitutionality of the NIRA was tested in Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States , 295 U.S. 495 (1935). Courts identified three problems with the NIRA: "(i) was the subject matter sought to be regulated by the power of Congress; (ii) if the regulations violated the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution ; and (iii) had Congress properly delegated its power to the executive." Although Roosevelt, most of his aides, Johnson, and

6784-493: The disbursement of money. Harold Ickes, too, was determined to ensure that graft and corruption did not tarnish the agency's reputation and lead to loss of political support in Congress, and so moved cautiously in spending the agency's money. Although the U.S. Supreme Court would rule Title I of NIRA unconstitutional, the severability clause in the Act enabled the PWA to survive. Among the projects it funded between 1935 and 1939 are:

6890-480: The economic effects of monopoly and cartels is higher prices—this was seen as necessary because the severe deflation of 1929–33 had depressed prices 20% and more. There is anecdotal evidence that these higher prices led to some stability in industry, but a number of scholars maintain that these prices were so high that economic recovery was inhibited. But other economists disagree, pointing to far more important monetary, budgetary, and tax policies as contributors to

6996-602: The economy that NRA proved to be the more important agency by far. NIRA, as implemented by the NRA, became notorious for generating large numbers of regulations. By March 1934 the "NRA was engaged chiefly in drawing up these industrial codes for all industries to adopt." The agency approved 557 basic and 189 supplemental industry codes in two years. Between 4,000 and 5,000 business practices were prohibited, some 3,000 administrative orders running to over 10,000 pages promulgated, and thousands of opinions and guides from national, regional, and local code boards interpreted and enforced

7102-617: The end of November 2011, and occupancy by the student body began January 3, 2012. In February 2012, with the exception of the Field House, all of the original high school buildings were demolished. Students at Wayland High School are required to take courses in English, Social Studies, Mathematics, Science, Wellness, and Fine Arts in order to graduate. Courses are offered at the Advanced Placement , Honors, college, and Introductory level. Since

7208-453: The evening of June 9 and all day June 10 to reconcile the two versions of the bill, approving a final version on the afternoon of June 10. The House approved the conference committee's bill on the evening of June 10. After extensive debate, the Senate approved the final bill, 46-to-39, on June 13. President Roosevelt signed the bill into law on June 16, 1933. The National Industrial Recovery Act had two major titles ( sections ) . Title I

7314-564: The federal government into the new Federal Works Agency . President Roosevelt sought an extension of NIRA on February 20, 1935. But the business backlash against the New Deal, coupled with continuing congressional concern over the Act's suspension of antitrust law, left the President's request politically dead. A U.S. Senate committee investigation into the effectiveness of the NRA, PWA, and Section 7(a) revealed only limited political support for

7420-552: The free school lunch program. Some school districts, such as Fairfax County Public Schools , will fully cover the cost of a limited number of exams, after which point the student must pay. In addition, some school districts offer free tests to all students enrolled in any Advanced Placement class. There are currently 40 courses and exams available through the AP Program. English History and Social Sciences Math and Computer Science Sciences World Languages and Cultures Capstone Below are statistics from

7526-646: The front of the school, with renovations to areas in the Commons and Arts Buildings previously occupied by the administration and library spaces now relocated to the new building. In 1968 Wayland became a METCO Community when, "nine students from Dorchester and Roxbury became our community’s ground-breakers, including eight freshmen and one sophomore, Elliott Francis, who would go on to become Wayland's first METCO graduate in 1971." In November 1973 Aerosmith played one of their first concerts in Wayland's field house. Between 1990 and 1992, Wayland Public Schools undertook renovations to all of its school buildings, including

7632-604: The grade cutoffs for that year's exam, which determine how the Composite Scores are converted into the final grades. During the process, a number of reviews and statistical analyses are performed to ensure that the grading is reliable. The overall goal is for the grades to reflect an absolute scale of performance which can be compared from year to year. Some colleges use AP test scores to exempt students from introductory coursework, others use them to place students in higher designated courses, and some do both. Each college's policy

7738-528: The hands of the rich (a severe problem which many economists at the time believed was one of the causes of the Great Depression). Wagner defended the bill, arguing that the bill's promotion of codes of fair trade practices would help create progressive standards for wages, hours, and working conditions, and eliminate sweatshops and child labor. The Senate passed the amended legislation 57-to-24 on June 9. A House–Senate conference committee met throughout

7844-538: The head researcher, Phillip M. Sadler, stated in an interview that "research shows that they don't appear to have learned anything during the year, so there is probably a better course for them." Two other studies compared non-AP students with AP students who had not taken their course's AP exam, had taken the AP exam but did not pass it, or had passed the AP exam. Like Sadler's study, both found that AP students who passed their exam scored highest in other measures of academic achievement. The largest study of this sort, with

7950-555: The high water table, all to accommodate 250 students. The plans showed a central building of colonial design with two small wings. Additional wings were built – a gymnasium and cafeteria wing on the north side in 1948 and a classroom wing on the south side in 1951." During the suburban post-World War II population boom Wayland's population more than doubled (from 4,400 to 10,200 between 1950 and 1960). This new wave of residents included many well-educated individuals: doctors, lawyers, businessmen, who wanted an education for their children that

8056-449: The impact of the Advanced Placement program on students' academic achievement. An early study published in AP: A critical examination of the Advanced Placement program found that students who took AP courses in the sciences but failed the AP exam performed no better in college science courses than students without any AP course at all. Referring to students who complete the course but fail the exam,

8162-401: The industries covered by the codes, while Section 7(c) authorized the President to impose such standards on codes when voluntary agreement could not be reached. Title I, Section 9 authorized the regulation of oil pipelines and prices for the transportation of all petroleum products by pipeline. Section 9(b) permitted the executive to take over any oil pipeline company, subsidiary, or business if

8268-468: The launch of Sputnik . In his 1957 annual report, superintendent Edward J. Anderson cited Sputnik as the reason why math and science needed more attention. The groundbreaking ceremony for Wayland High School's new open campus was held on April 25, 1959. The campus was designed by Herbert Gallagher and John "Chip" Harkness of The Architects' Collaborative , who were hired by the Town of Wayland in January 1958;

8374-401: The law among Senators. The Senate bill reauthorizing NIRA provided for only a 10-month extension, with significant new limitations on NRA powers. The House reauthorization bill contained no new limits on the NRA, and proposed a two-year extension. By May 1935, the issue was moot as the U.S. Supreme Court had ruled Title I of NIRA unconstitutional. On April 13, 1934, the President had approved

8480-552: The leading agencies. Hugh Johnson spent most of May and June planning for implementation, and the National Recovery Administration (NRA) was established on June 20, 1933—a scant four days after the law's enactment. Roosevelt angered Johnson by having him administer only the NRA, while the Public Works Administration (PWA) went to Harold L. Ickes . NRA and PWA reported to different cabinet agencies, making coordination difficult, and PWA money flowed so slowly into

8586-468: The multiple-choice section are now based on the number of questions answered correctly. Points are no longer deducted for incorrect answers and, as was the case before, no points are awarded for unanswered questions. However, scoring requirements have also been increased. Starting with the May 2013 AP Examination Administration, the College Board launched an Internet-based score reporting service. Students can use their 2013 AP Number or Student Number (if one

8692-531: The new agency's mission. PWA could initiate its own construction projects, distribute money to other federal agencies to fund their construction projects, or make loans to states and localities to fund their construction projects. But many in the Roosevelt administration felt PWA should not spend money, for fear of worsening the federal deficit, and so funds flowed slowly. Furthermore, the very nature of construction (planning, specifications, and blueprints) also held up

8798-490: The new poultry code, the Schechter brothers were indicted on 60 counts (of which 27 were dismissed by the trial court), acquitted on 14, and convicted in 19. One of the counts on which they were convicted was for selling a diseased bird, leading Hugh Johnson to jokingly call the suit the "sick chicken case". Even before these legal aspects became widely known, a number of court challenges to the NIRA were winding their way through

8904-483: The parent company was found in violation of the Act. Title II established the Public Works Administration. Title II, Section 201 established the agency and provided for a two-year sunset provision. Section 202 outlines the types of public works which the new agency may seek to fund or build. Title II, Section 203 authorized the Public Works Administration to provide grants and/or loans to states and localities in order to more rapidly reduce unemployment as well as to use

9010-505: The power of eminent domain to seize land or materials to engage in public works. Title II, Section 204 explicitly provided $ 400 million for the construction of public highways, bridges, roads, railroad crossings, paths, and other transportation projects. Title II, Section 208 authorized the president to expend up to $ 25 million to purchase farms for the purpose of relocating individuals living in overcrowded urban areas (such as cities) to these farms and allowing them to raise crops and earn

9116-618: The press. Featured in Life magazine, Time magazine, The Architectural Forum , The New York Times , and The Boston Globe , it was identified as a leader of the advancement of education. In 1966, an English Building (later the Math-English Building) was built behind the Math-Science Building at the rear of the campus. This was followed six years later, in 1972, by the construction of an Administration/Media Center building in

9222-447: The purpose of collective bargaining or other mutual aid or protection; [and] (2) that no employee and no one seeking employment shall be required as a condition of employment to join any company union or to refrain from joining, organizing, or assisting a labor organization of his own choosing... . Title I, Section 7(b) permitted the establishment of standards regarding maximum hours of labor, minimum rates of pay, and working conditions in

9328-459: The second Monday in May and last ten school days. AP tests are scored on a 1 to 5 scale as follows: The multiple-choice component of the exam is scored by computer, while the free-response and essay portions are scored by trained Readers at the AP Reading each June. The scores on various components are weighted and combined into a raw Composite Score. The Chief Reader for each exam then decides on

9434-403: The statement of the general aims of rehabilitation, correction, and expansion described in section 1. In view of the scope of that broad declaration and of the nature of the few restrictions that are imposed, the discretion of the President in approving or prescribing codes, and thus enacting laws for the government of trade and industry throughout the country, is virtually unfettered. We think that

9540-459: The two were assisted by the renowned architect Walter Gropius . When the high school opened in the fall of 1960, it was hailed for its innovative design. In November 1960 The Architectural Forum wrote, “Probably the most talked-about school plant in the U.S. this fall is a collection of five flat-roofed buildings and a big white dome set down in a green pasture some 16 miles west of Boston." The school received an enormous amount of attention from

9646-500: The validity of Advanced Placement scores or Advanced Placement as an effective form of positive reinforcement . It is argued that the pursuit of extrinsic reward is not an accurate reflection of intrinsic interest in course material. Many other criteria should also be employed to judge a student including standardized test scores, research experience, breadth and the level of courses taken, and academic-related extracurriculars performance. Writing honors thesis or semi-independent research in

9752-471: Was a US labor law and consumer law passed by the 73rd US Congress to authorize the president to regulate industry for fair wages and prices that would stimulate economic recovery. It also established a national public works program known as the Public Works Administration (PWA). The National Recovery Administration (NRA) portion was widely hailed in 1933, but by 1934 business opinion of

9858-511: Was also a major force behind a major modification of the law criminalizing making false statements . The Depression began in the United States in October 1929 and grew steadily worse to its nadir in early 1933. President Herbert Hoover feared that too much intervention or coercion by the government would destroy individuality and self-reliance, which he considered to be important American values. His laissez-faire views appeared to be shared by

9964-505: Was as professional as theirs. This, combined with overcrowding at the high school led to the formation of the School Building Committee. Educational consultants Cambridge Consultants, Inc. of Boston were hired to help the town determine what educational changes and structural changes were needed to make the new high school better than the last. At the same time there was a nationwide push to focus on math and science education due

10070-645: Was built. The school "welcomed students in grades 1 to 12 in 1897. It served as a high school until 1936, and as a junior high school until 1961." In the 1930s, again due to overcrowding, a new building (now the Wayland Town Building) was constructed behind the Trinitarian Church using federal grant money from the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 . "[T]he final construction was for a four-classroom building with no basement due to

10176-613: Was convinced that federal activism was needed to reverse the country's economic decline. In his first hundred days in office, the Congress enacted at Roosevelt's request a series of bills designed to strengthen the banking system, including the Emergency Banking Act , the Glass–Steagall Act (which created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ), and the 1933 Banking Act . The Congress also passed

10282-440: Was devoted to industrial recovery, authorizing the promulgation of industrial codes of fair competition, guaranteed trade union rights, permitted the regulation of working standards, and regulated the price of certain refined petroleum products and their transportation. Title II established the Public Works Administration , outlined the projects and funding opportunities it could engage in. Title II also provided funding for

10388-560: Was devoted to industrial recovery. Title I, Section 2 empowered the President to establish executive branch agencies to carry out the purposes of the Act, and provided for a sunset provision nullifying the Act in two years. The heart of the Act was Title I, Section 3, which permitted trade or industrial associations to seek presidential approval of codes of fair competition (so long as such codes did not promote monopolies or provide unfair competition against small businesses) and provided for enforcement of these codes. Title I, Section 5 exempted

10494-599: Was former Social Studies and Business Department Head, Kevin Delaney. "Delaney is the recipient of the 2017 New England History Teachers Association Kidger Award for excellence in teaching, the 2016 Massachusetts Daughters of the American Revolution U.S. History Teacher of the Year, and the 2014 Massachusetts History Teacher of the Year." Delaney retired at the end of the 2020–2021 school year. Numerous Wayland teachers have also won

10600-798: Was founded and pioneered at Kenyon College in Gambier, Ohio, by the then-college president Gordon Chalmers . The first study was conducted by four prep schools—the Lawrenceville School , Phillips Academy , Phillips Exeter Academy , and St. Paul's School —and three universities— Harvard University , Princeton University and Yale University . In 1952 they issued the report General Education in School and College: A Committee Report which recommended allowing high school seniors to study college-level material and to take achievement exams that allowed them to attain college credit for this work. The second committee,

10706-419: Was indicated) along with a College Board Account to access current and previous years' exam scores. This system can also be used to send scores to colleges and universities for which a four-digit institutional code is assigned. Recognizing that the cost could be an impediment to students of limited means, a number of states and municipalities independent of the College Board have partially or fully subsidized

10812-423: Was moving on its own industrial legislation. In the Senate, Robert F. Wagner , Edward P. Costigan , and Robert M. La Follette, Jr. were promoting public works legislation, and Hugo Black was pushing short-work-week legislation. Motivated to work on his own industrial relief bill by these efforts, Roosevelt ordered Moley to work with these Senators (and anyone else in government who seemed interested) to craft

10918-581: Was not affected by the Supreme Court's decision in Schechter Poultry, the failure of the section led directly to passage of the National Labor Relations Act in July 1935. Historian Alan Brinkley stated that by 1935 the NIRA was a "woeful failure, even a political embarrassment." Many liberals, probably including Roosevelt, were quietly relieved by its demise. However, New Dealers were worried by

11024-473: Was not convincing enough to persuade an overwhelmingly urban liberal Democratic Congress. As Kenneth Finegold and Theda Skocpol have correctly pointed out, congressional Democrats were eager to consolidate their electoral majorities by supporting and enacting prolabor legislation. With the urban industrial working class becoming a major electoral bloc for urban Democrats, it is not surprising that pressures from industrial workers, both employed and unemployed, played

11130-496: Was the least-intrusive and yet most effective method for achieving national planning and economic improvement. Some work on an industrial relief bill had been done in the weeks following Roosevelt's election, but much of this was in the nature of talk and the exchange of ideas rather than legislative research and drafting. The administration, preoccupied with banking and agriculture legislation, did not begin working on industrial relief legislation until early April. Congress, however,

11236-420: Was very strong in 1933, but had collapsed by mid-1934. Many studies conclude, however, that business support for NIRA was never uniform. Larger, older businesses embraced the legislation while smaller, newer ones (more nimble in a highly competitive market and with less capital investment to lose if they failed) did not. This is a classic problem of cartels, and thus NIRA codes failed as small business abandoned

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