Misplaced Pages

#225774

93-460: The adult moths are sometimes called "bee moths", but, particularly in apiculture , this can also refer to Aphomia sociella , another Galleriinae moth which also produces waxworms, but is not commercially bred. Waxworms are medium-white caterpillars with black-tipped feet and small, black or brown heads. In the wild, they live as nest parasites in bee colonies and eat cocoons , pollen, and shed skins of bees, and chew through beeswax , thus

186-419: A smoker , a device that generates smoke from the incomplete combustion of fuels. Although the exact mechanism is disputed, it is said smoke calms bees. Some claim it initiates a feeding response in anticipation of possible hive abandonment due to fire. It is also thought smoke masks alarm pheromones released by guard bees or bees that are squashed in an inspection. The ensuing confusion creates an opportunity for

279-410: A steelhead subspecies, generally accepted as coming from Sonoma Creek . The rainbow trout of New Zealand still show the steelhead tendency to run up rivers in winter to spawn. In Australia, the rainbow trout was introduced in 1894 from New Zealand and is an extremely popular gamefish in recreational angling. Despite severely impacting the distribution and abundance of native Australian fish, such as

372-451: A backbone like snails, worms, or insects. They also eat flies, and most people who try to use lures to fish trout mimic flies because they are one of trout's most fed on meals. Trout enjoy certain land animals, including insects like grasshoppers. They also eat small animals like mice when they fall in. (Although only large trout have mouths capable of eating mice.) They consume a diet of aquatic life like minnows or crawfish as well. Trout have

465-445: A compound which biodegrades rapidly. This unusual ability to digest matter classically thought of as non-edible may originate with the waxworm's ability to digest beeswax as a result of gut microbes that are essential in the biodegradation process. Two strains of bacteria, Enterobacter asburiae and Bacillus sp , isolated from the guts of Plodia interpunctella waxworms, have been shown to decompose polyethylene in laboratory testing. In

558-408: A condition known as physostome . Unlike many other physostome fish, trout do not use their bladder as an auxiliary device for oxygen uptake, relying solely on their gills . There are many species, and even more populations, that are isolated from each other and morphologically different. However, since many of these distinct populations show no significant genetic differences, what may appear to be

651-595: A diverse diet they follow; they have plenty of different oppositions. Compared to other salmonids, trout are somewhat more bony , but the flesh is generally considered delicious, and the texture is often indistinguishable from that of salmon . The flavor of the flesh is heavily influenced by the diet of the fish. For example, trout that have been feeding on crustaceans tend to be more flavorful than those feeding primarily on insects and larvae . Because of their popularity, trout are often raised on fish farms and then stocked into heavily fished waters, in an effort to mask

744-600: A force the native salmon and trout have to reckon with. Not only do the non-native fish drive the native fish to occupy new niches, but they also try to hybridize with them, contaminating the native gene construction. As more hybrids between native and non-native fish are formed, the lineage of the pure fish is continuously being contaminated by other species and soon may no longer represent the sole native species. The Rio Grande cutthroat trout ( Oncorhynchus clarki virginalis ) are susceptible to hybridization with other salmonids such as rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) and yield

837-696: A good fight when caught with a hook and line . As trout are predatory fish , lure fishing (which use replica baits called lures to imitate live prey) is the predominant form of sport fishing involving trout, although traditional bait fishing techniques using floats and/or sinkers (particularly with moving live baits such as baitfish , crayfish or aquatic insects ) are also successful, especially against stocked trout that are hatchery / farm -raised and thus more accustomed to artificial feeds . Many species of trout, most noticeably rainbow trout and brown trout , have been widely introduced into waterbodies outside of their native ranges purely for

930-477: A large number of species is considered a much smaller number of distinct species by most ichthyologists . The trout found in the eastern United States are a good example of this. The brook trout , the aurora trout , and the (extinct) silver trout all have physical characteristics and colorations that distinguish them, yet genetic analysis shows that they are one species, Salvelinus fontinalis . Lake trout ( Salvelinus namaycush ), like brook trout, belong to

1023-479: A large part of the diet. In general, trout longer than about 300 millimetres (12 in) prey almost exclusively on fish, where they are available. Adult trout will devour smaller fish up to one-third of their length. Trout may feed on shrimp , mealworms , bloodworms , insects , small animal parts, and eel . Trout who swim the streams love to feed on land animals, aquatic life, and flies. Most of their diet comes from macroinvertebrates, or animals that do not have

SECTION 10

#1732883758226

1116-429: A new " cutbow " trout, which is a contamination of both lineages’ genes. One solution to this issue is implemented by New Mexico Department of Game and Fish hatcheries : stock only sterile fish in river streams. Hatcheries serve as a reservoir of fish for recreational activities but growing and stocking non-sterile fish would worsen the hybridization issue on a quicker, more magnified time scale. By stocking sterile fish,

1209-482: A noblewoman during an archaeological excavations in 2003 near the town of Borjomi , Georgia . Ceramic jars found in the grave contained several types of honey, including linden and flower honey. Domestication of bees can be seen in Egyptian art from around 4,500 years ago; there is also evidence of beekeeping in ancient China , Greece , and Maya . In the modern era, beekeeping is often used for crop pollination and

1302-661: A safer, more convenient alternative. It is a water-based solution that is sprayed onto the bees from a plastic spray bottle. A spray of clean water can also be used to encourage bees to move on. Torpor may also be induced by the introduction of chilled air into the hive, while chilled carbon dioxide may have harmful, long-term effects. Few anecdotal stories of using the smoke from burning fungi in England or Europe for centuries have been published. Several more recent studies describe anaesthesia of honeybees use of smoke from burning fungi. The fungi reported to have been used to smoke bees are

1395-452: A sliding frame design. The AZ Hive, the original sliding frame design, integrates hives using Langstroth-sized frames into a honey house to streamline the workflow of honey harvest by localization of labor, similar to cellular manufacturing . The honey house can be a portable trailer, allowing the beekeeper to move hives to a site and provide pollination services. Top-bar stackable hives use top bars instead of full frames. The most common type

1488-588: A source of nutrients for scavengers , detrivores and riparian florae , making trout keystone species across aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems . The name "trout" is commonly used for many (if not most) species in three of the seven genera in the subfamily Salmoninae: Salmo ( Atlantic ), Oncorhynchus ( Pacific ) and Salvelinus ( circum - arctic ). Fish species referred to as trout include: Trout that live in different environments can have dramatically different colorations and patterns. Mostly, these colors and patterns form as camouflage , based on

1581-531: A system of high-status apiculture that is evidenced by the finds of hives, smoking pots, honey extractors and other beekeeping paraphernalia in Knossos . Beekeeping was considered a highly valued industry controlled by beekeeping overseers—owners of gold rings depicting apiculture scenes rather than religious ones as they have been reinterpreted recently, contra Sir Arthur Evans . Aspects of the lives of bees and beekeeping are discussed at length by Aristotle . Beekeeping

1674-430: A test with a 28-day incubation period of these two strains of bacteria on polyethylene films, the films' hydrophobicity decreased. In addition, damage to the films' surface with pits and cavities (0.3–0.4 μm in depth) was observed using scanning electron microscopy and atomic-force microscopy . Placed in a polyethylene shopping bag, about 100 Galleria mellonella waxworms consumed almost 0.1 g (0.0035 oz) of

1767-409: A treat rather than a staple food, due to their relative lack of nutrients when compared to crickets and mealworms . Their high fat and food energy (caloric) density can also contribute to obesity in captive animals if they are fed waxworms too often, especially in animals with a low metabolism , such as reptiles. Most commonly, they are used to feed reptiles such as bearded dragons (species in

1860-418: A vapor or "miasma" emanating from the drones fertilized queens without physical contact. Huber was the first to prove by observation and experiment that drones physically inseminate queens outside the confines of the hive, usually a great distance away. Following Réaumur's design, Huber built improved glass-walled observation hives and sectional hives that could be opened like the leaves of a book. This allowed

1953-415: Is a generic common name for numerous species of carnivorous freshwater ray-finned fishes belonging to the genera Oncorhynchus , Salmo and Salvelinus , all of which are members of the subfamily Salmoninae in the family Salmonidae . The word trout is also used for some similar-shaped but non-salmonid fish, such as the spotted seatrout/speckled trout ( Cynoscion nebulosus , which

SECTION 20

#1732883758226

2046-697: Is a single-story, frameless beehive in which the comb hangs from removable bars that form a continuous roof over the comb, whereas the frames in most current hives allow space for bees to move between boxes. Hives that have frames or that use honey chambers in summer and use management principles similar to those of regular top-bar hives are sometimes also referred to as top-bar hives. Top-bar hives are rectangular and are typically more than twice as wide as multi-story framed hives commonly found in English-speaking countries. Top-bar hives usually include one box and allow for beekeeping methods that interfere very little with

2139-564: Is actually a croaker ). Trout are closely related to salmon and have similar migratory life cycles . Most trout are strictly potamodromous , spending their entire lives exclusively in freshwater lakes , rivers and wetlands and migrating upstream to spawn in the shallow gravel beds of smaller headwater creeks . The hatched fry and juvenile trout, known as alevin and parr , will stay upstream growing for years before migrating down to larger waterbodies as maturing adults . There are some anadromous species of trout, such as

2232-456: Is commonly given as between 6 and 9 mm (0.24 and 0.35 in), though up to 15 mm (0.59 in) has been found in populations in Ethiopia. Langstroth then designed a series of wooden frames within a rectangular hive box, carefully maintaining the correct space between successive frames. He found the bees would build parallel honeycombs in the box without bonding them to each other or to

2325-661: Is much cheaper than the imported Atlantic salmon and the meat are indistinguishable to the untrained eyes, and the news of trout being sold as salmon triggered public scrutiny accusing seafood suppliers of bait-and-switch and unethical business practices . Also, many people believe freshwater trout are more prone to parasites than oceanic salmon (even though both live in freshwater for significant periods of their life cycles) and thus unsafe for raw eating . One fillet of trout (about 79 g or 2.8 oz) contains: Trout are very popular freshwater game fish highly prized especially by creek fishermen, because they generally put up

2418-553: Is now possible to screen large numbers of bacterial and fungal strains to identify genes involved in pathogenesis or large chemical libraries with the hope of identifying promising therapeutic compounds. The later studies have proved especially useful in identifying chemical compounds with favorable bioavailability. Two species of waxworm, Galleria mellonella and Plodia interpunctella have both been observed eating and digesting polyethylene plastic ( plastivory ). The waxworms metabolize polyethylene plastic films into ethylene glycol ,

2511-654: Is referred to as meliponiculture , which is named after bees of the tribe Meliponini such as Melipona quadrifasciata in Brazil. This variation of beekeeping still occurs today. For instance, in Australia , the stingless bee Tetragonula carbonaria is kept for the production of honey. European natural philosophers began to scientifically study bee colonies in the 18th century. Eminent among these scientists were Swammerdam , René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur , Charles Bonnet and François Huber . Swammerdam and Réaumur were among

2604-403: Is regarded as "the father of modern bee-science" and his work Nouvelles Observations sur Les Abeilles (New Observations on Bees) revealed all of the basic scientific facts of the biology and ecology of honeybees. Before the invention of the movable comb hive, the harvesting of honey frequently resulted in the destruction of the whole colony. The wild hive was broken into using smoke to quieten

2697-552: Is the Warre hive, although any hive with hanging frames can be converted into a top-bar stackable hive by using only the top bar rather than the whole frame. This may work less well with larger frames, where crosscomb and attachment can occur more readily. Most beekeepers wear some protective clothing. Novice beekeepers usually wear gloves and a hooded suit or hat and veil. Experienced beekeepers sometimes choose not to use gloves because they inhibit delicate manipulations. The face and neck are

2790-463: Is virtually impossible to define a particular color pattern as belonging to a specific breed; however, in general, wild fish are claimed to have more vivid colors and patterns. Trout have fins entirely without spines, and all of them have a small adipose fin along the back, near the tail. The pelvic fins sit well back on the body, on each side of the anus. The swim bladder is connected to the esophagus , allowing for gulping or rapid expulsion of air,

2883-763: The Jordan Valley , Israel. Thirty intact hives made of straw and unbaked clay were discovered in the ruins of the city, dating from about 900 BCE, by archaeologist Amihai Mazar . The hives were found in orderly rows, three high, in a manner that according to Mazar could have accommodated around 100 hives, held more than one million bees and had a potential annual yield of 500 kilograms (1,100 lb) of honey and 70 kilograms (150 lb) of beeswax, and are evidence an advanced honey industry in Tel Rehov , Israel 3,000 years ago. In ancient Greece , in Crete and Mycenae , there existed

Waxworm - Misplaced Pages Continue

2976-645: The climbing galaxias , millions of rainbow and other trout species are released annually from government and private hatcheries. The closest resemblance of seema trout and other trout family can be found in the Himalayan Region of India, Nepal, Bhutan, Pakistan and in Tian Shan mountains of Kyrgyzstan . Trout generally feed on other fish, and soft-bodied aquatic invertebrates , such as flies , mayflies , caddisflies , stoneflies , mollusks and dragonflies . In lakes, various species of zooplankton often form

3069-409: The greater honeyguide can also appreciate the food. They can also be used as food for captive predatory insects reared in terraria, such as assassin bugs in the genus Platymeris , and are also occasionally used to feed certain kinds of fish in the wild, such as bluegills ( Lepomis macrochirus ). Waxworms may be store-bought or raised by anglers. Anglers and fishing bait shops often refer to

3162-994: The steelhead (a coastal subspecies of rainbow trout ) and sea trout (the sea-run subspecies of brown trout ), that can spend up to three years of their adult lives at sea before returning to freshwater streams for spawning, in the same fashion as a salmon run . Brook trout and three other extant species of North American trout, despite the names, are actually char (or charr) , which are salmonids also closely related to trout and salmon. Trout are classified as oily fish and have been important food fish for humans . As mid-level predators , trout prey upon smaller aquatic animals including crustaceans , insects , worms , baitfish and tadpoles , and themselves in turn are also important staple prey items for many wildlifes including brown bears , otters , raccoons , birds of prey (e.g. sea eagles , ospreys , fish owls ), gulls , cormorants and kingfishers , and other large aquatic predators. Discarded remains of trout also provide

3255-414: The "swim" they are targeting, attracting the trout to the area. The angler then uses the largest or most attractive waxworms on the hook, hoping to be irresistible to the fish. Waxworms can replace mammals in certain types of scientific experiments with animal testing , especially in studies examining the virulence mechanisms of bacterial and fungal pathogens. Waxworms prove valuable in such studies because

3348-499: The 19th century, changes in beekeeping practice were completed through the development of the movable comb hive by the American Lorenzo Lorraine Langstroth , who was the first person to make practical use of Huber's earlier discovery of a specific spatial distance between the wax combs, later called the bee space , which bees do not block with wax but keep as a free passage. Having determined this bee space, which

3441-453: The 19th century, improvements were made in the design and production of beehives, systems of management and husbandry, stock improvement by selective breeding , honey extraction and marketing. Notable innovators of modern beekeeping include: Petro Prokopovych used frames with channels in the side of the woodwork; these were packed side-by-side in stacked boxes. Bees traveled between frames and boxes via these channels, which were similar to

3534-494: The 20th century and is still kept in some areas. The Langstroth and Dadant designs, however, remain ubiquitous in the U.S. and in many parts of Europe, though Sweden, Denmark, Germany, France and Italy all have their own national hive designs. Regional variations of hive were developed according to climate, floral productivity and reproductive characteristics of the subspecies of native honey bees in each bio-region. The differences in hive dimensions are insignificant in comparison to

3627-520: The British National, Dadant, Layens, and Rose, which differ in size and number of frames. The Langstroth was the first successful top-opened hive with movable frames. Many other hive designs are based on the principle of bee space that was first described by Langstroth, and is a descendant of Jan Dzierzon's Polish hive designs. Langstroth hives are the most-common size in the United States and much of

3720-541: The Middle East beginning about 7,000 BCE. Domestication of bees is shown in Egyptian art from around 4,500 years ago. Simple hives and smoke were used, and honey was stored in jars, some of which were found in the tombs of pharaohs such as Tutankhamun . In the 18th century, European understanding of the colonies and biology of bees allowed the construction of the movable comb hive so honey could be harvested without destroying

3813-485: The Natural History of Bees . L. L. Langstroth has influenced modern beekeeping practice more than anyone else. His book The Hive and Honey-bee was published in 1853. Moses Quinby , author of Mysteries of Bee-Keeping Explained , invented the bee smoker in 1873. Amos Root , author of the A B C of Bee Culture , which has been continuously revised and remains in print, pioneered the manufacture of hives and

Waxworm - Misplaced Pages Continue

3906-653: The United States. Classic designs evolved in each country; Dadant hives and Langstroth hives are still dominant in the U.S.; in France the De-Layens trough hive became popular, in the UK a British National hive became standard by the 1930s, although in Scotland the smaller Smith hive is still popular. In some Scandinavian countries and in Russia, the traditional trough hive persisted until late in

3999-416: The bee space and the development of his patent movable comb hive. The invention and development of the movable comb hive enabled the growth of large-scale, commercial honey production in both Europe and the U.S. Langstroth's design of movable comb hives was adopted by apiarists and inventors in both North America and Europe, and a wide range of moveable comb hives were developed in England, France, Germany and

4092-708: The beekeeper to open the hive and work without triggering a defensive reaction. Many types of fuel can be used in a smoker as long as it is natural and not contaminated with harmful substances. Common fuels include hessian , twine , pine needles, corrugated cardboard, and rotten or punky wood. Indian beekeepers, especially in Kerala, often use coconut fibers, which are readily available, safe, and cheap. Some beekeeping supply sources also sell commercial fuels like pulped paper, compressed cotton and aerosol cans of smoke. Other beekeepers use sumac as fuel because it ejects much smoke and lacks an odor. Some beekeepers use "liquid smoke" as

4185-447: The bees could be separately preserved at the harvest the following season. Wildman also described the use of hives with "sliding frames" in which the bees would build their comb. Wildman's book acknowledges the advances in knowledge of bees made by Swammerdam, Maraldi, and de Réaumur—he includes a lengthy translation of Réaumur's account of the natural history of bees. Wildman also describes the initiatives of others in designing hives for

4278-414: The bees. The oldest evidence of their use dates to 1669, although it is probable their use is more than 3,000 years old. Intermediate stages in the transition from older methods of beekeeping were recorded in 1768 by Thomas Wildman, who described advances over the destructive, skep-based method so bees no longer had to be killed to harvest their honey. Wildman fixed an array of parallel wooden bars across

4371-402: The bees. The honeycombs were pulled out and either immediately eaten whole or crushed, along with the eggs, larvae, and honey they held. A sieve or basket was used to separate the liquid honey from the demolished brood nest. In medieval times in northern Europe, although skeps and other containers were made to house bees, the honey and wax were still extracted after the bee colony was killed. This

4464-584: The brood-box and honey supers to keep the queen from laying eggs in cells next to those containing honey intended for consumption. With the 20th-century advent of mite pests, hive floors are often replaced, either temporarily or permanently, with a wire mesh and a removable tray. In 2015, the Flow Hive system was invented in Australia by Cedar Anderson and his father Stuart Anderson, whose design allows honey to be extracted without cumbersome centrifuge equipment. In

4557-478: The char genus. Lake trout inhabit many of the larger lakes in North America, and live much longer than rainbow trout , which have an average maximum lifespan of seven years. Lake trout can live many decades, and can grow to more than 30 kilograms (66 lb). As salmonids, trout are coldwater fish that are usually found in cool (50–60 °F or 10–16 °C), clear streams, wetlands and lakes, although many of

4650-959: The collection of its byproducts, such as wax and propolis . The largest beekeeping operations are agricultural businesses but many small beekeeping operations are run as a hobby . As beekeeping technology has advanced, beekeeping has become more accessible, and urban beekeeping was described as a growing trend as of 2016. Some studies have found city-kept bees are healthier than those in rural settings because there are fewer pesticides and greater biodiversity in cities. At least 10,000 years ago, humans began to attempt to maintain colonies of wild bees in artificial hives made from hollow logs, wooden boxes, pottery vessels, and woven straw baskets known as skeps . Depictions of humans collecting honey from wild bees date to 10,000 years ago. Beekeeping in pottery vessels began about 9,000 years ago in North Africa. Traces of beeswax have been found in potsherds throughout

4743-400: The colony. While conventional advice often recommends inspecting each colony each week during the warmer months, some beekeepers fully inspect top-bar hives only once a year, and only one comb needs to be lifted at a time. There are three types of vertical stackable hives: hanging or top-access frame, sliding or side-access frame, and top bar. Hanging-frame hive designs include Langstroth,

SECTION 50

#1732883758226

4836-712: The comb will spill or contaminate stored honey and may kill bee larvae or be the cause of the spreading of honey bee diseases . When kept in captivity, they can go a long time without eating, particularly if kept at a cool temperature. Captive waxworms are usually raised on a mixture of cereal grain, bran , and honey. Waxworms are a commonly used food for many insectivorous animals and plants in captivity. These larvae are grown extensively for use as food for humans , as well as live food for terrarium pets and some pet birds , mostly due to their high fat content, their ease of breeding, and their ability to survive for weeks at low temperatures . They are recommended for use as

4929-412: The common factors in these hives: they are all square or rectangular; they all use movable wooden frames; and they all consist of a floor, brood-box, honey super , crown-board and roof. Hives have traditionally been constructed from cedar, pine or cypress wood but in recent years, hives made from injection-molded, dense polystyrene have become increasingly common. Hives also use queen excluders between

5022-609: The cost of coloring is an expense not warranted for workwear, though some consider this to provide better differentiation from the colony's natural predators such as bears and skunks, which tend to be dark-colored. It is now known bees see in ultraviolet wavelengths and are also attracted to scent. The type of fabric conditioner used has more impact than the color of the fabric. Stings that are retained in clothing fabric continue to pump out an alarm pheromone that attracts aggressive action and further stinging attacks. Attraction can be minimized with regular washing. Most beekeepers use

5115-417: The cutouts in the sides of modern wooden sections. Jan Dzierżon ' beehive design has influenced modern beehives. François Huber made significant discoveries about the bee life cycle and communication between bees. Despite being blind, Huber discovered a large amount of information about the queen bee's mating habits and her contact with the rest of the hive. His work was published as New Observations on

5208-576: The day and larger trout crowding in during morning and evening feeding periods. Fishing for trout under the ice generally occurs in depths of 4 to 8 feet (1.2 to 2.4 m). Because trout are cold water fish, during the winter they move from up-deep to the shallows, replacing the small fish that inhabit the area during the summer. Trout in winter constantly cruise in shallow depths looking for food, usually traveling in groups, although bigger fish may travel alone and in water that's somewhat deeper, around 12 feet (3.7 m). Rainbow, Brown, and Brook trout are

5301-524: The distribution of bee packages in the United States. A. J. Cook author of The Bee-Keepers' Guide; or Manual of the Apiary , 1876. Dr. C.C. Miller was one of the first entrepreneurs to make a living from apiculture. By 1878, he made beekeeping his sole business activity. His book, Fifty Years Among the Bees , remains a classic and his influence on bee management persists into the 21st century. Franz Hruschka

5394-554: The effects of overfishing . Farmed trout are also sold commercially as seafood , although they are not saltwater fish . Trout meat is typically prepared the same way as salmon, often by smoking . In Mainland China , farm-raised rainbow trout from Qinghai was officially sanctioned to be labeled and sold domestically as salmon, which caused much controversy regarding food safety and consumer rights violation , as raw fish dishes or yusheng using Atlantic salmon are gaining popularity in southern China . Farmed rainbow trout

5487-537: The efficiency of honey harvesting and catalyzed the modern honey industry. Walter T. Kelley was an American pioneer of modern beekeeping in the early-and mid-20th century. He greatly improved upon beekeeping equipment and clothing, and went on to manufacture these items and other equipment. His company sold products worldwide and his book How to Keep Bees & Sell Honey , encouraged a boom in beekeeping following World War II . Cary W. Hartman (1859–1947), lecturer, well known beekeeping enthusiast and honey promoter

5580-648: The entire colony. Honeybees were kept in Egypt from antiquity. On the walls of the sun temple of Nyuserre Ini from the Fifth Dynasty before 2,422 BCE, workers are depicted blowing smoke into hives as they remove honeycombs . Inscriptions detailing the production of honey are found on the tomb of Pabasa from the Twenty-sixth Dynasty c.  650 BCE , in which cylindrical hives are depicted along with people pouring honey into jars. An inscription records

5673-434: The first to use a microscope and dissection to understand the internal biology of honey bees. Réaumur was among the first to construct a glass-walled observation hive to better observe activities inside hives. He observed queens laying eggs in open cells but did not know how queens were fertilized; the mating of a queen and drone had not yet been observed and many theories held queens were " self-fertile " while others believed

SECTION 60

#1732883758226

5766-473: The genus Pogona ), the neon tree dragon ( Japalura splendida) , geckos , brown anoles ( Anolis sagrei ), turtles such as the three-toed box turtle ( Terrapene carolina triunguis ), and chameleons . They can also be fed to amphibians such as Ceratophrys frogs, newts such as Strauch's spotted newt ( Neurergus strauchii ), and salamanders such as axolotls . Small mammals such as the domesticated hedgehog can also be fed with waxworms, while birds such as

5859-460: The hive walls. This enables the beekeeper to slide any frame out of the hive for inspection without harming the bees or the comb; and protecting the eggs, larvae and pupae in the cells. It also meant combs containing honey could be gently removed and the honey extracted without destroying the comb. The emptied honeycombs could then be returned intact to the bees for refilling. Langstroth's book The Hive and Honey-bee (1853), describes his rediscovery of

5952-408: The hive, especially on top of the frames. They are also used to separate the frames before lifting out of the hive. Some beekeepers believe pain and irritation from stings decreases if a beekeeper receives more stings, and they consider it important for safety of the beekeeper to be stung a few times a season. Beekeepers have high levels of antibodies, mainly Immunoglobulin G , caused by a reaction to

6045-401: The hive: beeswax , propolis , bee pollen , and royal jelly . Other sources of beekeeping income include pollination of crops, raising queens , and production of package bees for sale. Bee hives are kept in an apiary or "bee yard". The keeping of bees by humans, primarily for honey production, began around 10,000 years ago. A sample of 5,500-year-old honey was unearthed from the grave of

6138-399: The honey and wax – and the gardeners know too. Whoever comes in the future, may he ask the old men of the town, (who will say) thus: "They are the buildings of Shamash-resh-ușur, the governor of Suhu, who introduced honey bees into the land of Suhu". The oldest archaeological finds directly relating to beekeeping have been discovered at Rehov , a Bronze and Iron Age archaeological site in

6231-414: The innate immune system of insects is strikingly similar to that of mammals. Waxworms survive well at human body temperature and are large enough in size to allow straightforward handling and accurate dosing. Additionally, the considerable cost savings when using waxworms instead of small mammals (usually mice, hamsters, or guinea pigs) allows testing throughput that is otherwise impossible. Using waxworms, it

6324-412: The inspection of individual wax combs and greatly improved direct observation of hive activity. Although he went blind before he was twenty, Huber employed a secretary named François Burnens to make daily observations, conduct experiment and keep accurate notes for more than twenty years. Huber confirmed a hive consists of one queen, who is the mother of every female worker and male drone in the colony. He

6417-508: The introduction of honey bees into the land of Suhum in Mesopotamia , where they were previously unknown: I am Shamash-resh-ușur, the governor of Suhu and the land of Mari . Bees that collect honey, which none of my ancestors had ever seen or brought into the land of Suhu, I brought down from the mountain of the men of Habha, and made them settle in the orchards of the town 'Gabbari-built-it'. They collect honey and wax, and I know how to melt

6510-659: The larvae as "waxies". They are used for catching some varieties of panfish , members of the sunfish family (Centrarchidae), green sunfish ( Lepomis cyanellus ) and can be used for shallow-water fishing with the use of a lighter weight. They are also used for fishing some members of the family Salmonidae , masu salmon ( Oncorhynchus masou ), white-spotted char ( Salvelinus leucomaenis ), and rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ). Anglers use waxworms usually provided by commercial suppliers to catch trout . Waxworms are popular bait for anglers in Japan . Anglers throw handfuls into

6603-474: The major antigen of bee venom , phospholipase A2 (PLA). Antibodies correlate with the frequency of bee stings. The entry of venom into the body from bee stings may be hindered and reduced by protective clothing that allows the wearer to remove stings and venom sacs with a simple tug on the clothing. Although the stinger is barbed, a worker bee's stinger is less likely to become lodged into clothing than human skin. Trout Trout ( pl. : trout)

6696-744: The most common trout species caught through the ice. By information from International Game Fish Association (IGFA), the most outstanding records are: Salmonid populations in general have been declining due to numerous factors, including invasive species , hybridization, wildfires, and climate change. Native salmonid fish in the western and southwestern United States are threatened by non-native species that were introduced decades ago. Non-native salmonids were introduced to enrich recreational fishing; however, they quickly started outcompeting and displacing native salmonids upon their arrival. Non-native, invasive species are quick to adapt to their new environment and learn to outcompete any native species, making them

6789-423: The most important areas to protect, so most beekeepers wear at least a veil. Defensive bees are attracted to the breath; a sting on the face can lead to much more pain and swelling than a sting elsewhere, while a sting on a bare hand can usually be quickly removed by fingernail scrape to reduce the amount of venom injected. Traditionally, beekeeping clothing is pale-colored because of the natural color of cotton and

6882-402: The name. Beekeepers consider waxworms to be pests . Galleria mellonella (the greater wax moths) will not attack the bees directly, but feed on the wax used by the bees to build their honeycomb. Their full development to adults requires access to used brood comb or brood cell cleanings—these contain protein essential for the larvae's development, in the form of brood cocoons. The destruction of

6975-485: The native Gila trout will be evacuated from streams that are threatened by nearby fires and be reintroduced after the threat is resolved. Climate change is also dwindling native salmonid populations. Global warming continually affects various cold-water fish such as trout, especially as inland waterbodies are more prone to warming than oceans. With an increase of temperature along with changes in spawning river flow, an abundance of trout species are effected negatively. In

7068-522: The native salmonids can't share genes with the non-native hatchery fish, thus, preventing further gene contamination of the native trout in New Mexico. Fire is also a factor in deteriorating Gila trout ( Oncorhynchus gilae ) populations because of the ash and soot that can enter streams following fires. The ash lowers water quality, making it more difficult for the Gila trout to survive. In some New Mexico streams,

7161-572: The plastic over the course of 12 hours in laboratory conditions. A non-peer reviewed research study in 2020 questioned the ability of G. mellonella caterpillars to digest and biologically degrade polyethylene. Apiculture Beekeeping (or apiculture ) is the maintenance of bee colonies, commonly in artificial beehives . Honey bees in the genus Apis are the most commonly kept species but other honey producing bees such as Melipona stingless bees are also kept. Beekeepers (or apiarists) keep bees to collect honey and other products of

7254-523: The preservation of bees when taking the harvest, citing reports from Brittany in the 1750s due to the Comte de la Bourdonnaye. Another hive design was invented by Rev. John Thorley in 1744; the hive was placed in a bell jar that was screwed onto a wicker basket. The bees were free to move from the basket to the jar, and honey was produced and stored in the jar. The hive was designed to keep the bees from swarming as much as they would have in other hive designs. In

7347-511: The puffballs Lycoperdon gigantium, L. wahlbergii and the conks, Fomes fomentarius and F. igiarius. When fungi are burned, the characteristic smell is due to the pyrolysis of the keratin cell wall of fungi. Besides being a major fungi constituent, keratin is found in animal tissues, such as hair or feathers. Anaesthesia experiments done using smoke from pyrolysis of L. wahlbergii, human hair and chicken feathers showed no difference in long-term mortality of anesthetized honeybees and non-treated bees in

7440-496: The sake of recreational fishing , and some of these introduced populations have even become invasive in the new habitats. While trout can be caught with a normal rod and reel , fly fishing is a distinctive lure fishing method developed for trout, and now extended to other species. Due to the high proportion of insects and small crustaceans within the trout's diet, small lures made of hand-tied hairs and threads are often used to imitate these aquatic invertebrates that

7533-526: The same hive. Hydrogen sulphide was identified as the major combustion product that is responsible for putting the bees to sleep. Note – hydrogen sulphide is toxic to humans at high concentrations. Most beekeepers use a hive tool when working on their hives. The two main types are the American hive tool; and the Australian hive tool often called a 'frame lifter'. They are used to scrape off burr-comb from around

7626-527: The species have anadromous populations as well. Juvenile trout are referred to as troutlet, troutling or parr. They are distributed naturally throughout North America , northern Asia and Europe . Several species of trout were introduced to Australia and New Zealand by amateur fishing enthusiasts in the 19th century, effectively displacing and endangering several upland native fish species. The introduced species included brown trout from England and rainbow trout from California . The rainbow trout has

7719-501: The surroundings, and will change as the fish moves to different habitats. Trout in, or newly returned from the sea, can look very silvery, while the same fish living in a small stream or in an alpine lake could have pronounced markings and more vivid coloration; it is also possible that in some species, this signifies that they are ready to mate. In general, trout that are about to breed have extremely intense coloration and can look like an entirely different fish outside of spawning season. It

7812-410: The top of a straw hive 10 inches (25 cm) in diameter "so that there are in all seven bars of deal to which the bees fix their combs", foreshadowing future uses of movable-comb hives. He also described using such hives in a multi-story configuration, foreshadowing the modern use of supers: he added successive straw hives below and later removed the ones above when free of brood and filled with honey so

7905-551: The trout prey upon. These ultralight fly lures cannot be cast adequately by conventional techniques, and a specialized heavy line (i.e. fly line) is needed to launch the lure. Understanding how moving water shapes the stream channel makes it easier to find trout. In most streams, the current creates a riffle-run-pool pattern that repeats itself over and over. A deep pool may hold a big brown trout, but rainbow trout and smaller brown trout are likely found in runs. Riffles are where fishers will find small trout, called troutlet, during

7998-482: The world; the British National is the most common size in the United Kingdom; Dadant and Modified Dadant hives are widely used in France and Italy, and Layens by some beekeepers, where their large size is an advantage. Square Dadant hives–often called 12-frame Dadant or Brother Adam hives–are used in large parts of Germany and other parts of Europe by commercial beekeepers. Any hanging-frame hive design can be built as

8091-628: Was also documented by the Roman writers Virgil , Gaius Julius Hyginus , Varro , and Columella . Beekeeping has been practiced in ancient China since antiquity. In a book written by Fan Li (or Tao Zhu Gong) during the Spring and Autumn period are sections describing beekeeping, stressing the importance of the quality of the wooden box used and its effects on the quality of the honey. The Chinese word for honey mi ( Chinese : 蜜 ; pinyin : Mì ), reconstructed Old Chinese pronunciation *mjit )

8184-411: Was also the first to confirm mating with drones takes place outside hives and that queens are inseminated in successive matings with male drones, which occur high in the air at a great distance from the hive. Together, Huber and Burnens dissected bees under the microscope, and were among the first to describe the ovaries and spermatheca (sperm store) of queens, as well as the penis of male drones. Huber

8277-473: Was an Austrian/Italian military officer who in 1865 invented a simple machine for extracting honey from the comb by means of centrifugal force . His original idea was to support combs in a metal framework and then spin them within a container to collect honey that was thrown out by centrifugal force. This meant honeycombs could be returned to a hive empty and undamaged, saving the bees a vast amount of work, time and materials. This invention significantly improved

8370-614: Was an Egyptian poet, medical doctor, bacteriologist, and bee scientist, who was active in England and Egypt in the early twentieth century. In 1919, Abushady patented a removable, standardized aluminum honeycomb. In the same year, he founded The Apis Club in Benson, Oxfordshire , which later became the International Bee Research Association (IBRA). In Egypt in the 1930s, Abushady established The Bee Kingdom League and its organ The Bee Kingdom . A Horizontal top-bar hive

8463-415: Was borrowed from proto-Tocharian * ḿət(ə) (where * ḿ is palatalized ; cf. Tocharian B mit ), cognate with English mead . The ancient Maya domesticated a species of stingless bee , which they used for several purposes, including making balché , a mead -like alcoholic drink. By 300 BCE they had achieved the highest levels of stingless beekeeping practices in the world. The use of stingless bees

8556-670: Was elected President of the California State Beekeepers' Association in 1921. In the UK, practical beekeeping was led in the early 20th century by a few men, pre-eminently Brother Adam and his Buckfast bee , and R.O.B. Manley , author of books including Honey Production in the British Isles and inventor of the Manley frame, which is still universally popular in the UK. Other notable British pioneers include William Herrod-Hempsall and Gale. Ahmed Zaky Abushady (1892–1955)

8649-419: Was usually accomplished by using burning sulfur to suffocate the colony without harming the honey within. It was impossible to replace old, dark-brown brood comb in which larval bees are constricted by layers of shed pupal skins. The movable frames of modern hives are considered to have been developed from the traditional basket top bar (movable comb) hives of Greece, which allowed the beekeeper to avoid killing

#225774