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65-518: Waterlooville is a town in the Borough of Havant in Hampshire , England, approximately 6 miles (9.7 km) north northeast of Portsmouth . It is the largest town in the borough. The town had a population of 64,350 in the 2011 Census. It is surrounded by Purbrook , Blendworth , Cowplain , Lovedean , Clanfield , Catherington , Crookhorn , Denmead , Hambledon , Horndean and Widley . It forms part of

130-467: A "hard frost" below −2 °C (28 °F). Plants likely to be damaged even by a light frost include vines—such as beans, grapes, squashes, melons—along with nightshades such as tomatoes, eggplants, and peppers. Plants that may tolerate (or even benefit from) frosts include: Even those plants that tolerate frost may be damaged once temperatures drop even lower (below −4 °C or 25 °F). Hardy perennials, such as Hosta , become dormant after

195-512: A freezing window. In the atmosphere, it more often occurs when both the air and the surface are below freezing, when the air experiences a drop in temperature bringing it below its dew point, for example, when the temperature falls after the Sun sets. In temperate climates , it most commonly appears on surfaces near the ground as fragile white crystals ; in cold climates, it occurs in a greater variety of forms. The propagation of crystal formation occurs by

260-438: A glass pane is exposed to very cold air on the outside and warmer, moderately moist air on the inside. If the pane is a bad insulator (for example, if it is a single-pane window), water vapour condenses on the glass, forming frost patterns. With very low temperatures outside, frost can appear on the bottom of the window even with double-pane energy-efficient windows because the air convection between two panes of glass ensures that

325-475: A heavy coating of hoar frost with big, interlocking crystals, usually needle-shaped. Rime is a type of ice deposition that occurs quickly, often under heavily humid and windy conditions. Technically speaking, it is not a type of frost, since usually supercooled water drops are involved, in contrast to the formation of hoar frost, in which water vapour desublimates slowly and directly. Ships travelling through Arctic seas may accumulate large quantities of rime on

390-542: A mass of frost crystals scatters light in all directions, the coating of frost appears white. Types of frost include crystalline frost ( hoar frost or radiation frost) from deposition of water vapor from air of low humidity, white frost in humid conditions, window frost on glass surfaces, advection frost from cold wind over cold surfaces, black frost without visible ice at low temperatures and very low humidity, and rime under supercooled wet conditions. Plants that have evolved in warmer climates suffer damage when

455-745: A non-metropolitan district named just "Havant" by the Local Government Act 1972 on 1 April 1974. The district was granted borough status as part of the 1974 reforms, allowing the chair of the council to take the title of mayor. No successor parish was created for the former urban district. The Borough of Havant is twinned with Wesermarsch district in Germany and Yavoriv Raion in Western Ukraine. Havant Borough Council provides district-level services. County-level services are provided by Hampshire County Council . There are no civil parishes in

520-600: A plant becomes tolerant to low temperatures. See also Cryobiology . Certain bacteria , notably Pseudomonas syringae , are particularly effective at triggering frost formation, raising the nucleation temperature to about −2 °C (28 °F). Bacteria lacking ice nucleation-active proteins ( ice-minus bacteria ) result in greatly reduced frost damage. Typical measures to prevent frost or reduce its severity include one or more of: Such measures need to be applied with discretion, because they may do more harm than good; for example, spraying crops with water can cause damage if

585-479: A process similar to the formation of dust bunnies and similar structures. Hoar frost and white frost also occur in man-made environments such as in freezers or industrial cold-storage facilities. If such cold spaces or the pipes serving them are not well insulated and are exposed to ambient humidity, the moisture will freeze instantly depending on the freezer temperature. The frost may coat pipes thickly, partly insulating them, but such inefficient insulation still

650-712: A swimming pool which is used by Havant and Waterlooville Swimming Club. Waterlooville Cricket Club plays its home games at Jubilee Park. It runs three Saturday sides and has a youth set-up. The 1st XI currently competes in the Southern Premier Cricket League Division 2 with other sides spread across the Hampshire League spectrum. There is a bowls club with a carpet green in Jubilee Park. Havant & Waterlooville football club, which plays in Havant,

715-537: Is Hampshire County Council ; the town centre is combined with Stakes North as the single-councillor division of Waterlooville and Stakes North, while another division covers Cowplain and Hart Plain. For representation to the House of Commons , Waterlooville falls within the Fareham and Waterlooville constituency. Waterloo was formerly an extra-parochial chapelry, in 1858 Waterloo became a separate civil parish , on 1 April 1932

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780-513: Is Stagecoach service 37 via Clanfield. Havant railway station is served by Stagecoach service 39, and stations in Portsmouth by First services 7 and 8. For westbound trains the station at Cosham , served by the local bus services, is on the line between Portsmouth and Fareham , with regular trains to Southampton and Cardiff . Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC South and ITV Meridian . Television signals are received from

845-522: Is a local government district with borough status in Hampshire , England. Its council is based in Havant . Other towns and villages within the borough include Bedhampton , Cowplain , Emsworth , Hayling Island , Purbrook , Waterlooville and Widley . The borough covers much of the semi-urban area in the south east of Hampshire, between the city of Portsmouth and the West Sussex border. Havant itself

910-520: Is a consequence of the nucleation process being constrained to unfold in two dimensions, unlike a snowflake, which is shaped by a similar process, but forms in three dimensions and has a fractal dimension greater than two. If the indoor air is very humid, rather than moderately so, water first condenses in small droplets, and then freezes into clear ice . Similar patterns of freezing may occur on other smooth vertical surfaces, but they seldom are as obvious or spectacular as on clear glass. White frost

975-431: Is a solid deposition of ice that forms directly from water vapour contained in air. White frost forms when relative humidity is above 90% and the temperature below −8 °C (18 °F), and it grows against the wind direction, since air arriving from windward has a higher humidity than leeward air, but the wind must not be strong, else it damages the delicate icy structures as they begin to form. White frost resembles

1040-413: Is a source of heat loss. Advection frost (also called wind frost ) refers to tiny ice spikes that form when very cold wind is blowing over tree branches, poles, and other surfaces. It looks like rimming on the edges of flowers and leaves, and usually forms against the direction of the wind . It can occur at any hour, day or night. Window frost (also called fern frost or ice flowers ) forms when

1105-569: Is based at the Public Service Plaza on Civic Centre Road in Havant. The building was previously called Civic Offices and had been built in 1977, replacing the old Town Hall on East Street in the centre of Havant, which subsequently became The Spring Arts & Heritage Centre . A large extension was added to the Civic Offices in 2011 to incorporate some Hampshire County Council offices and space for voluntary organisations as well, after which

1170-406: Is called "killing frost" because white frost tends to be less cold, partly because the latent heat of freezing of the water reduces the temperature drop. Many plants can be damaged or killed by freezing temperatures or frost. This varies with the type of plant, the tissue exposed, and how low temperatures get; a "light frost" of −2 to 0 °C (28 to 32 °F) damages fewer types of plants than

1235-633: Is due partly to differences of elevation, the lower areas becoming colder on calm nights. Where static air settles above an area of ground in the absence of wind, the absorptivity and specific heat of the ground strongly influence the temperature that the trapped air attains. Hoar frost , also hoarfrost , radiation frost , or pruina , refers to white ice crystals deposited on the ground or loosely attached to exposed objects, such as wires or leaves. They form on cold, clear nights when conditions are such that heat radiates into outer space faster than it can be replaced from nearby warm objects or brought in by

1300-447: Is largely ceremonial in Havant. Political leadership is instead provided by the leader of the council . The leaders since 2001 have been: Following the 2024 election , the composition of the council was: Following the election a "Progressive Alliance" was formed in May 2024, led by Philip Munday, the leader of the local Labour party. The next council election will be in May 2026. Since

1365-411: Is not necessarily damaged when leaf temperatures drop below the freezing point of their cell contents. In the absence of a site nucleating the formation of ice crystals, the leaves remain in a supercooled liquid state, safely reaching temperatures of −4 to −12 °C (25 to 10 °F). However, once frost forms, the leaf cells may be damaged by sharp ice crystals. Hardening is the process by which

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1430-543: Is personified in Russian culture as Ded Moroz . Indigenous peoples of Russia such as the Mordvins have their own traditions of frost deities. English folklore tradition holds that Jack Frost , an elfish creature, is responsible for feathery patterns of frost found on windows on cold mornings. In 2024, two European Space Agency spacecraft, Exomars TGO and Mars Express , discovered a thin but very wide layer of water frost on

1495-448: The Battle of Waterloo , decided to stop there and celebrate their victory. According to local legend, many of them settled there. The pub was thereafter renamed in their honour and the area around the pub became known as Waterloo. In order to differentiate the town from other places with the same name , it became known as Waterlooville at a later date. The town was known as Waterloo parish at

1560-456: The Rowridge TV transmitter. Local radio stations are BBC Radio Solent on 96.1 FM, Heart South on 97.5 FM, Capital South on 103.2 FM, Easy Radio South Coast on 107.4 FM, Nation Radio South Coast on 106.0 FM, Radio Victory on 95.8 FM, and The Flash, a community based radio station which broadcast on DAB . The town is served by the local newspaper, The News . Waterlooville has

1625-538: The South Hampshire conurbation. The town formed around the old A3 London to Portsmouth road. It is reputed that the name derived from a pub that stood at the centre of the town, then known as Wait Lane End, where the stage-coach horses waited to change places with the team that pulled the coach up and over Portsdown Hill . The pub had been named Heroes of Waterloo because, on its opening day in 1815, soldiers who had just disembarked at Portsmouth, returning from

1690-527: The contiguous United States , southern Florida around Miami Beach and the Florida Keys are the only reliably frost-free areas, as well as the Channel Islands off the coast of California . The hardiness zones in these regions are 11a and 11b. Permafrost is a layer of frozen earth underground which never heats above freezing even during summer months, remaining frozen year round. Although not frost in

1755-418: The liquid phase . The air must be humid, but not sufficiently humid to permit the condensation of liquid water, or icing will result instead of desublimation. The size of the crystals depends largely on the temperature, the amount of water vapor available, and how long they have been growing undisturbed. As a rule, except in conditions where supercooled droplets are present in the air, frost will form only if

1820-533: The Earth to reach deep enough to thaw the permafrost layer. The permafrost may begin from the surface of the ground or many meters beneath it, and may extend from just a meter to over a thousand meters in thickness. Permafrost contains a significant portion of the Earth's water and carbon, and prevents surface water from penetrating very deep into the ground, making it responsible in part for the typical taiga and spruce bog environments common in northern latitudes. Frost

1885-462: The air temperature a few feet above ground is well above freezing. The word "hoar" comes from an Old English adjective that means "showing signs of old age". In this context, it refers to the frost that makes trees and bushes look like white hair. Hoar frost may have different names depending on where it forms: When surface hoar covers sloping snowbanks, the layer of frost crystals may create an avalanche risk; when heavy layers of new snow cover

1950-553: The area available to the weekly Friday market. GEC Marconi built a site at Waterlooville for their Underwater Systems Division in the early 1980s, for the Stingray anti-submarine torpedo. A peace camp was set up near the construction site. After completion of the GEC building, a free music festival was held at Old Park Farm in Waterlooville called Torpedo Town. A second Torpedo Town festival

2015-658: The area rarely achieves above 35 °C (95 °F). In fact, in the last century there have only been two days in June 1976, one day in August 1990 and one day in August 2003 where temperatures reached over 35 °C (95 °F). The highest recorded temperature was around 37 °C (99 °F) on 10 August 2003. In contrast, the lowest recorded temperature was on 12 January 1987, when the temperature dipped to −10 °C (14 °F). During winter, Waterlooville tends to have more frost than nearby Portsmouth as it has fewer influences from

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2080-461: The atmospheric sense, it consists of dirt, soil, sand, rocks, clay, or organic matter (peat) bound firmly together by ice crystals, making the material very hard and difficult to penetrate. Permafrost exists in the colder climates of the Arctic and Antarctic, such as Russia, Canada, Alaska, Norway, Greenland, or Antarctica, where the warmer conditions of summer are insufficient to penetrate the insulation of

2145-508: The borough. For the majority of the council's existence, the council has been under Conservative majority control, most recently for a period of over twenty years following the 2002 Havant local elections. However, following boundary changes made in 2023 the Conservatives lost majority control in the 2024 Havant Borough Council election . Political control of the council since the 1974 reforms has been as follows: The role of mayor

2210-399: The bottom part of the glazing unit is colder than the top part. On unheated motor vehicles, the frost usually forms on the outside surface of the glass first. The glass surface influences the shape of crystals, so imperfections, scratches, or dust can modify the way ice nucleates . The patterns in window frost form a fractal with a fractal dimension greater than one, but less than two. This

2275-454: The building was renamed Public Service Plaza. 50°51′03″N 0°58′58″W  /  50.85088°N 0.98284°W  / 50.85088; -0.98284 Frost Air always contains a certain amount of water vapor, depending on temperature. Warmer air can hold more than colder air. When the atmosphere contains more water than it can hold at a specific temperature, its relative humidity rises above 100% becoming supersaturated , and

2340-446: The climate in the area does have mild differences between highs and lows. with chilly winters and warm summers. In January and February average nighttime minimum temperatures drop to about 2 to 1 °C (36 to 34 °F), whereas in July and August average daytime maximum temperatures are around 23 to 24 °C (73 to 75 °F). Although 30 °C (86 °F) is common in July and August,

2405-452: The deposition surface is colder than the surrounding air. For instance, frost may be observed around cracks in cold wooden sidewalks when humid air escapes from the warmer ground beneath. Other objects on which frost commonly forms are those with low specific heat or high thermal emissivity , such as blackened metals, hence the accumulation of frost on the heads of rusty nails. The apparently erratic occurrence of frost in adjacent localities

2470-428: The excess water vapor is forced to deposit onto any nearby surface, forming seed crystals . The temperature at which frost will form is called the dew point , and depends on the humidity of the air. When the temperature of the air drops below its dew point, excess water vapor is forced out of solution, resulting in a phase change directly from water vapor (a gas ) to ice (a solid). As more water molecules are added to

2535-407: The first frosts and regrow when spring arrives. The entire visible plant may turn completely brown until the spring warmth, or may drop all of its leaves and flowers, leaving the stem and stalk only. Evergreen plants, such as pine trees, withstand frost although all or most growth stops. Frost crack is a bark defect caused by a combination of low temperatures and heat from the winter sun. Vegetation

2600-414: The frosty surface, furry crystals standing out from the old snow hold off the falling flakes, forming a layer of voids that prevents the new snow layers from bonding strongly to the old snow beneath. Ideal conditions for hoarfrost to form on snow are cold, clear nights, with very light, cold air currents conveying humidity at the right rate for growth of frost crystals. Wind that is too strong or warm destroys

2665-405: The furry crystals, and thereby may permit a stronger bond between the old and new snow layers. However, if the winds are strong enough and cold enough to lay the crystals flat and dry, carpeting the snow with cold, loose crystals without removing or destroying them or letting them warm up and become sticky, then the frost interface between the snow layers may still present an avalanche danger, because

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2730-449: The last boundary changes in 2024 the council has comprised 36 councillors representing 12 wards with each ward electing three councillors. Elections are held in three years out of every four, with a third of the council (one councillor for each ward) being elected each time for a four-year term of office. Hampshire County Council elections are held in the fourth year of the cycle when there are no borough council elections. The council

2795-412: The level of supersaturation. For example, water vapor adsorbs to glass very well, so automobile windows will often frost before the paint, and large hoar-frost crystals can grow very rapidly when the air is very cold, calm, and heavily saturated, such as during an ice fog . Frost may occur when warm, moist air comes into contact with a cold surface, cooling it below its dew point, such as warm breath on

2860-523: The lowland tropics, where they cover almost all land except at altitudes above about 3,000 metres or 9,800 feet near the equator and around 2,000 metres or 6,600 feet in the semiarid areas in tropical regions. Some areas on the oceanic margins of the subtropics are also frost-free, as are highly oceanic areas near windward coasts. The most poleward frost-free areas are the lower altitudes of the Azores , Île Amsterdam , Île Saint-Paul , and Tristan da Cunha . In

2925-689: The new housing development area situated off the Maurepas Roundabout. The first of these is scheduled to open in September 2014 with a possible Year R only intake depending on the number of children needing places. It contains five secondary schools: Horndean Technology College , The Cowplain School , Oaklands Catholic School , Purbrook Park School and Crookhorn College . There are two colleges, Oaklands Catholic Sixth Form College and South Downs College . Borough of Havant The Borough of Havant

2990-434: The original Victorian church failing to cope with the population growth. Plans for a new church were started and in 1970 the new church was built on the site of the old church. Parts of the old church were retained. In July 2011 the town saw the consecration of its first Roman Catholic Church. Waterlooville has a temperate oceanic climate ( Köppen climate classification Cfb ), similar to much of southern Britain. However,

3055-764: The parish was abolished and merged with Havant, part also went to from Southwick and Widley . In 1931 the parish had a population of 1250. Waterlooville contains ten primary schools: Morelands Primary School, Meadowlands Junior and Infants School, Padnell Infants and Junior School, Hart Plain Infants and Junior schools, Springwood Infant School (formerly Stakes Hill Infant School), Springwood Junior School (formerly Hulbert Junior School), Mill Hill Primary School (formerly Waite End Infants and Waite End Junior School and Waite End Primary School), Purbrook Infant and Junior Schools, Queens Inclosure Primary and St. Peter's Catholic Primary. Two new two form entry primary schools are to be built in

3120-466: The plants become overburdened with ice. An effective, low cost method for small crop farms and plant nurseries, exploits the latent heat of freezing . A pulsed irrigation timer delivers water through existing overhead sprinklers at a low volumes to combat frosts down to −5 °C (23 °F). If the water freezes, it gives off its latent heat, preventing the temperature of the foliage from falling much below zero. Frost-free areas are found mainly in

3185-490: The process of nucleation , in specific, water nucleation , which is the same phenomenon responsible for the formation of clouds, fog, snow, rain and other meteorological phenomena. The ice crystals of frost form as the result of fractal process development. The depth of frost crystals varies depending on the amount of time they have been accumulating, and the concentration of the water vapor ( humidity ). Frost crystals may be invisible (black), clear ( translucent ), or, if

3250-411: The rigging. Unlike hoar frost, which has a feathery appearance, rime generally has an icy, solid appearance. Black frost (or "killing frost") is not strictly speaking frost at all, because it is the condition seen in crops when the humidity is too low for frost to form, but the temperature falls so low that plant tissues freeze and die, becoming blackened, hence the term "black frost". Black frost often

3315-521: The sea and is more exposed to northerly winds. However, highs in the summer are slightly warmer than Portsmouth because there is less influence of cool breezes from the English Channel as the town is more inland. Sunshine averages are typical of that across the Portsmouth area, Isle of Wight and the south- west Sussex coast of around 1800 – 2100 hours of sunshine a year, where southwesterly winds keep

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3380-546: The seeds, crystal growth occurs, forming ice crystals . Crystals may vary in size and shape, from an even layer of numerous microscopic-seeds to fewer but much larger crystals, ranging from long dendritic crystals (tree-like) growing across a surface, acicular crystals (needle-like) growing outward from the surface, snowflake-shaped crystals, or even large, knifelike blades of ice covering an object, which depends on many factors such as temperature, air pressure, air motion and turbulence, surface roughness and wettability , and

3445-432: The solid surface on which they grow. The main difference between the ice coatings and frost spicules arises because the crystalline spicules grow directly from desublimation of water vapour from air, and desublimation is not a factor in icing of freezing surfaces. For desublimation to proceed, the surface must be below the frost point of the air, meaning that it is sufficiently cold for ice to form without passing through

3510-567: The sunshine hours up between late March and mid September; the town is also protected by the South Downs . The main shopping precinct is served by First Hampshire & Dorset bus routes 7, 8, The X9 route has been discontinued and replaced by the D1 and D2 service which runs from Hambledon and Denmead and goes to Waterlooville town centre, and Stagecoach South services 37 and 39. The A3 Bus Corridor priority route (constructed between 2003 and 2007) serves

3575-407: The surface itself is colder than freezing, ice will form on it. If the water deposits as a liquid that then freezes, it forms a coating that may look glassy, opaque, or crystalline, depending on its type. Depending on context, that process may also be called atmospheric icing . The ice it produces differs in some ways from crystalline frost, which consists of spicules of ice that typically project from

3640-421: The temperature falls low enough to freeze the water in the cells that make up the plant tissue . The tissue damage resulting from this process is known as "frost damage". Farmers in those regions where frost damage has been known to affect their crops often invest in substantial means to protect their crops from such damage. If a solid surface is chilled below the dew point of the surrounding humid air, and

3705-489: The texture of the frost crystals differs from the snow texture, and the dry crystals will not stick to fresh snow. Such conditions still prevent a strong bond between the snow layers. In very low temperatures where fluffy surface hoar crystals form without subsequently being covered with snow, strong winds may break them off, forming a dust of ice particles and blowing them over the surface. The ice dust then may form yukimarimo , as has been observed in parts of Antarctica, in

3770-406: The time of the 1911 Census. In June 2015 Waterlooville town celebrated its first 200 years, its origins and history in a festival called Waterlooville 200. The town centre was closed to traffic in 1985 when a bypass was constructed to take traffic away from the main shopping area. The bypass, initially anonymous, was named Maurepas Way sometime after the two towns were twinned in 1995. An underpass

3835-455: The town. As of 2006, the shopping precinct is closed to all road traffic other than buses. The nearest train station is located in Bedhampton and is on the main train route between London and Portsmouth . For a time, South Western Railway provided a direct bus link to Petersfield railway station via Horndean, enabling quick access to fast London-bound trains, but now the link to Petersfield

3900-428: The wind. Under suitable circumstances, objects cool to below the frost point of the surrounding air, well below the freezing point of water. Such freezing may be promoted by effects such as flood frost or frost pocket . These occur when ground-level radiation cools air until it flows downhill and accumulates in pockets of very cold air in valleys and hollows. Hoar frost may freeze in such low-lying cold air even when

3965-404: Was an ancient parish . Until 1852 it was governed by its vestry , in the same way as most rural areas. The parish was made a local board district in 1852, governed by an elected local board. Such districts were reconstituted as urban districts in 1894. The neighbouring parish of Warblington (which contained Emsworth) was made an urban district at the same time. The Havant Urban District

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4030-520: Was constructed for pedestrians walking up along the Hambledon road. Between 1982 and 1983 the old road was then fully converted to a pedestrian precinct. The precinct had a fountain and raised area at the northern end, near the Heroes pub; however, regular vandalism of the fountain soon resulted in its removal. In August 2012 the northern part of the precinct received a £700,000 renovation and repaving, increasing

4095-543: Was formed in 1998 after a merger between Havant Town and Waterlooville . The area is mainly unparished, therefore Waterlooville does not have its own parish council or town council. However, part of Waterlooville is in the district of Winchester City Council, which is parished, and therefore includes the Parish of Newlands. The first tier of local government is the Borough of Havant , with councillors elected for its Waterloo, Hart Plain , Cowplain, and Stakes wards. The upper tier

4160-481: Was held in August 1987 at Bramdean Common near Winchester . Near the town centre is St George's Church, rebuilt in 1968–70 around the core of the original (1830) church. Waterlooville Baptist Church was built in 1967 in a Modernist style to replace the original chapel of 1884–85 in the town centre. During the 1950s and 1960s the surrounding area saw extensive growth in housing, when large suburban public and private housing estates were constructed. This resulted in

4225-416: Was substantially enlarged in 1932, taking in the urban district of Warblington and the parishes of Bedhampton, North Hayling, South Hayling and Waterloo , with some adjustments to the boundaries with other neighbouring areas. It was renamed the Havant and Waterloo Urban District, and the whole area was made a single urban parish called Havant. The Havant and Waterloo Urban District was reconstituted as

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