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63-572: The museum boasts the Faras Gallery with Europe's largest collection of Nubian Christian art and the Gallery of Medieval Art with artefacts from all regions historically associated with Poland, supplemented by selected works created in other regions of Europe. The National Museum in Warsaw was established on 20 May 1862, as the "Museum of Fine Arts, Warsaw", and in 1916 renamed "National Museum, Warsaw" (with

126-552: A century later, the Spanish artist Francisco de Goya (1746–1828) used genre scenes in painting and printmaking as a medium for dark commentary on the human condition. His The Disasters of War , a series of 82 genre incidents from the Peninsular War , took genre art to unprecedented heights of expressiveness. With the decline of religious and historical painting in the 19th century, artists increasingly found their subject matter in

189-459: A collection of Gabriela Zapolska , including several paintings by Paul Sérusier . The collection of Polish modern art gained a more international context with the purchase of Portrait of Tadeusz Makowski by Marcel Gromaire in 1959 and Lassitude by an Art Deco painter Tamara de Lempicka in 1979, both on permanent display. The museum also features the works of other major European artists such as Rembrandt , Sandro Botticelli , Lucas Cranach

252-515: A complex restoration process and were prepared for exhibition. The protective layers were then removed, original plaster was removed from the reverse sides of paintings, and a thin (ca. 2–3 mm) layer was moved to an artificial background. 67 paintings and many other objects discovered in Faras have been transported to Poland. The first group of artworks arrived at the Museum in 1962. The collection held by

315-848: A confrontation of artistic circles of the South and North. The new system reflects the hierarchy of the genres created by Renaissance art theory and the former function of the paintings. The aim of this exhibition is to show, for what purpose and for which recipients, works of art were created. The gallery shows a variety of effigies, reflecting the multiplicity of social, political and private functions of portraiture . The exhibition opens with monumental images of courtly and aristocratic portraits and busts compiled with some examples of traditional Polish and Western European portraits en pied and followed with smaller, less formal, or private portraits, coffin portraits and 18th-century portraits followed with miniature portraits and paintings of Stanislaus Augustus ' era on

378-748: A gift to Hans Frank in occupied Kraków and packed everything else to be shipped to Berlin. After the war the Polish Government, under the supervision of Professor Lorentz, retrieved many of the works seized by the Germans. More than 5,000 artifacts are still missing. Many works of art of, at that time unknown or of uncertain provenance (e.g. originating from Nazi German art repositories in Polish Recovered Territories in Kamenz , Karthaus , Liebenthal and Rohnstock among others) were nationalized by

441-700: A heightened interest in the depiction of everyday life, whether through the romanticized paintings of Watteau and Fragonard , or the careful realism of Chardin . Jean-Baptiste Greuze (1725-1805) and others painted detailed and rather sentimental groups or individual portraits of peasants that were to be influential on 19th-century painting. In England, William Hogarth (1697–1764) conveyed comedy, social criticism and moral lessons through canvases that told stories of ordinary people full of narrative detail (aided by long sub-titles), often in serial form, as in his A Rake's Progress , first painted in 1732–33, then engraved and published in print form in 1735. Spain had

504-717: A major work by the French painter Gustave Courbet , After Dinner at Ornans (1849). Famous Russian realist painters like Pavel Fedotov , Vasily Perov , and Ilya Repin also produced genre paintings. In Germany, Carl Spitzweg (1808–85) specialized in gently humorous genre scenes, and in Italy Gerolamo Induno (1825–90) painted scenes of military life. Subsequently, the Impressionists , as well as such 20th-century artists as Pierre Bonnard , Itshak Holtz , Edward Hopper , and David Park painted scenes of daily life. But in

567-434: A more modern type of genre painting. Japanese ukiyo-e prints are rich in depictions of people at leisure and at work, as are Korean paintings, particularly those created in the 18th century. While genre painting began, in the 17th century, with representations by Europeans of European life, the invention and early development of photography coincided with the most expansive and aggressive era of European imperialism, in

630-464: A symbolic pose that is based on a lewd engraving by Gillis van Breen (1595–1622), with the same scene. The merry company showed a group of figures at a party, whether making music at home or just drinking in a tavern. Other common types of scenes showed markets or fairs, village festivities ("kermesse"), or soldiers in camp. In Italy , a "school" of genre painting was stimulated by the arrival in Rome of

693-589: A tradition predating The Book of Good Love of social observation and commentary based on the Old Roman Latin tradition, practiced by many of its painters and illuminators . At the height of the Spanish Empire and the beginning of its slow decline, many picaresque genre scenes of street life—as well as the kitchen scenes known as bodegones —were painted by the artists of The Spanish Golden Age , notably Velázquez (1599–1660) and Murillo (1617–82). More than

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756-570: Is curated by Bożena Mierzejewska. The modernisation was funded by Wojciech Pawłowski. The Faras Gallery was reopened under the auspices of UNESCO and the Minister of Culture and National Heritage Małgorzata Omilanowska. Room I presents objects found at the Faras Cathedral , such as the frieze fragment from the apse of the First Cathedral; the founding inscription of bishop Paulos (commemorating

819-649: Is mentioned by Pliny the Elder as a Hellenistic panel painter of "low" subjects, such as survive in mosaic versions and provincial wall-paintings at Pompeii : "barbers' shops, cobblers' stalls, asses, eatables and similar subjects". Medieval illuminated manuscripts often illustrated scenes of everyday peasant life, especially in the Labours of the Months in the calendar section of books of hours , most famously Les Tres Riches Heures du Duc de Berry . The Low Countries dominated

882-538: Is similar to that of the Faras Cathedral . The arcades are complemented by an apse . This room contains wall paintings removed from the walls of the nartex, northern nave and presbytery. The paintings have been created between the 7th and 14th centuries and were found on various layers of plaster (due to multiple stages of building of the cathedral and covering the walls with newer images). The wall paintings are images of Christ , Mary , angels and archangels, saints, bishops and rulers. They are painted al secco . Among

945-404: Is that it shows figures to whom no identity can be attached either individually or collectively—thus distinguishing petit genre from history paintings (also called grand genre ) and portraits . A work would often be considered as a genre work even if it could be shown that the artist had used a known person—a member of his family, say—as a model. In this case it would depend on whether the work

1008-590: Is the pictorial representation in any of various media of scenes or events from everyday life, such as markets, domestic settings, interiors, parties, inn scenes, work, and street scenes. Such representations (also called genre works , genre scenes , or genre views ) may be realistic, imagined, or romanticized by the artist. Some variations of the term genre art specify the medium or type of visual work, as in genre painting , genre prints , genre photographs , and so on. The following concentrates on painting, but genre motifs were also extremely popular in many forms of

1071-526: The Battle of Grunwald by Jan Matejko (426 cm × 987 cm (168 in × 389 in)), is displayed in the Gallery of 19th-century Art. Collections of modern and contemporary art are among the largest in Poland. Paintings, sculptures, prints and drawings from the 1920s and 1930s, Polish avant-garde film , photographs, photomontages, along with selected works of the 1980s independent culture, video and performance of

1134-715: The National Museum in Warsaw is the largest and most valuable set of archaeological heritage found outside Poland residing in Polish museum collections. The Nubian Campaign generated scientific interest in Sudan and its ancient cultures. Polish archaeologists have conducted numerous excavations and research expeditions in Old Dongola , the capital of Makuria , Banganarti or the IVth region of Nile cataract. These expeditions considerably expanded

1197-629: The Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology of the University of Warsaw (then Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology of the University of Warsaw in Cairo). During the excavations the archaeologists discovered well-preserved ruins of places of worship, layered one over another, within the area of the city Faras (ancient Pachoras), next to the Sudanian - Egyptian border. The buildings originated from between

1260-665: The communist authorities using subsequent decrees and acts from 1945, 1946 and 1958 and were included in the museum collection as so-called abandoned property . At present, the collection of the National Museum in Warsaw includes over 780,000 items displayed in many permanent galleries, including the Professor Kazimierz Michałowski Faras Gallery and galleries given over to ancient art, medieval art, painting, goldsmithing, decorative art and oriental art, as well as many temporary exhibitions. In 2008-2013

1323-458: The decorative arts , especially from the Rococo of the early 18th century onwards. Single figures or small groups decorated a huge variety of objects such as porcelain , furniture, wallpaper , and textiles. Genre painting , also called genre scene or petit genre , depicts aspects of everyday life by portraying ordinary people engaged in common activities. One common definition of a genre scene

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1386-532: The "Polish Archaeological Mission " Tyritake " of National Museum in Warsaw" conducted works at Tyritake , Crimea . In 2016 the "Polish Archaeological Mission "Olbia" commenced works at Olbia (archaeological site) , Ukraine . Both are headed by Alfred Twardecki curator of the Ancient Art Gallery. In 2010 the National Museum, as one of the first state institutions in the world, held an exhibition entirely dedicated to homoerotic art - Ars Homo Erotica . Since

1449-482: The 16th century. These were part of a pattern of " Mannerist inversion" in Antwerp painting, giving "low" elements previously in the decorative background of images prominent emphasis. Joachim Patinir expanded his landscapes , making the figures a small element, and Pieter Aertsen painted works dominated by spreads of still life food and genre figures of cooks or market-sellers, with small religious scenes in spaces in

1512-415: The 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century thanks to antiquarians and private collectors. The Louvre contains several artworks from Faras, belonging to the National Museum in Warsaw. Among these is the image of Archangel Michael and a Faras archbishop. 52°13′54″N 21°1′29″E  /  52.23167°N 21.02472°E  / 52.23167; 21.02472 Genre works Genre art

1575-475: The 2011–12 renovation, the museum is also considered one of the most modern in Europe with a computer-led LED lighting allowing to enhance unique qualities of every painting and exhibit. In 1945 the National Museum took over the historic Nieborów Palace in the village of the same name and made them its subsidiaries. In the early perioid, the deputy curator there was the writer Mieczysław Smolarski . In 2012

1638-438: The 7th and 14th centuries, and were decorated with wall paintings depicting Christian religious themes. In order to remove the wall paintings from the cathedral walls and move them to specially prepared screens, it was necessary to secure and reinforce the surface to prevent cracking. To do this, the faces of paintings were covered with sheets of japanese tissue paper and impregnated with a thick mix of wax-rosin. Upper parts of

1701-508: The Cross), Lesser Poland , Greater Poland and Kuyavia between 1440 and 1520 (with altarpieces and devotional paintings) and Gdańsk and the Hanseatic region between 1420 and 1520 (with large altars from Hamburg and Pomerania ). The new techniques implemented in the gallery allow the unabridged presentation of large polyptychs, such as the famous Grudziądz Polyptych, including the reverse of

1764-506: The Dutch painter Pieter van Laer in 1625. He acquired the nickname "Il Bamboccio" and his followers were called the Bamboccianti , whose works would inspire Giacomo Ceruti , Antonio Cifrondi , and Giuseppe Maria Crespi among many others. Louis le Nain was an important exponent of genre painting in 17th-century France, painting groups of peasants at home, where the 18th century would bring

1827-530: The Elder , Auguste Renoir , Gustave Courbet , Angelica Kauffmann , Luca Giordano , Mattia Preti , Joos van Cleve , Jan Brueghel the Elder , David Teniers the Younger and Gaspare Traversi . The gallery displays a large collection of Polish history paintings of the 19th century, many of which are well-known in Polish culture , vividly depicting various incidents from the nation's history. Faras Gallery at

1890-496: The Faras Cathedral, and the patron of the gallery. This room contains the objects related to the burial of Faras bishops . Most of the objects were found in the burial chambers or grave constructions. The objects include epitaphs , water containers or chest crosses, which were buried with the bishops. Sixteen bishops of Faras had been buried in the close vicinity of the cathedral or inside it. Information about their identity

1953-522: The Gallery of 20th and 21st-century, includes the works of Polish painters and sculptors and are displayed in the context of art in other countries and in different epochs. The galleries reflect the richness and diversity of traditions and historical experiences of individual nations, which, however, built their cultural identity on the same foundation of Greco-Roman antiquity and the Christian religion . The Gallery of Medieval Art mainly presents objects from

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2016-522: The Low Countries during the 17th century. The generally small scale of these artists' paintings was appropriate for their display in the homes of middle class purchasers. Often the subject of a genre painting was based on a popular emblem from an emblem book . This can give the painting a double meaning, such as in Gabriel Metsu 's The Poultry seller , 1662 , showing an old man offering a rooster in

2079-531: The National Museum in Warsaw The Professor Kazimierz Michałowski Faras Gallery at the National Museum in Warsaw is a permanent gallery at the National Museum in Warsaw , presenting Nubian early Christian art . The Gallery features a unique collection of wall paintings and architectural elements from the Faras Cathedral , discovered by an archeological expedition led by Professor Kazimierz Michałowski . Most of

2142-570: The United States include George Caleb Bingham , William Sidney Mount , and Eastman Johnson . Harry Roseland focused on scenes of poor African Americans in the post- American Civil War South, and John Rogers (1829–1904) was a sculptor whose small genre works, mass-produced in cast plaster, were immensely popular in America. The works of American painter Ernie Barnes (1938–2009) and those of illustrator Norman Rockwell (1894–1978) could exemplify

2205-552: The artworks shown in the Faras Gallery found their way there thanks to the archaeologists participating in the international effort to save the remains of old Nile basin cultures, known as the Nubian Campaign. The Nubian Campaign was initiated by UNESCO in 1959 (official inauguration took place on March 8, 1960). Excavations in Faras, which lasted between 1961 and 1964 were directed by Professor Kazimierz Michałowski on behalf of

2268-536: The background. Pieter Brueghel the Elder made peasants and their activities, very naturalistically treated, the subject of many of his paintings, and genre painting was to flourish in Northern Europe in Brueghel's wake. Adriaen and Isaac van Ostade , Jan Steen , Adriaen Brouwer , David Teniers , Aelbert Cuyp , Johannes Vermeer and Pieter de Hooch were among the many painters specializing in genre subjects in

2331-464: The collection of Wojciech Kolasiński in the years 1877–1896 and bequests by Cyprian Lachnicki in 1906 including Flagellation of Christ by Pieter de Kempeneer , Portrait of a man in a yellow jerkin by Hans Schäufelein , Expulsion from Paradise by Pier Francesco Mola and Academic study by Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres . In 1935 the museum purchased a large collection of Jan Popławski , including Portrait of Admiral by Tintoretto , and in 1961

2394-559: The context of modern art the term "genre painting" has come to be associated mainly with painting of an especially anecdotal or sentimental nature, painted in a traditionally realistic technique. The first true genre painter in the United States was the German immigrant John Lewis Krimmel , who learning from Wilkie and Hogarth, produced gently humorous scenes of life in Philadelphia from 1812 to 1821. Other notable 19th-century genre painters from

2457-619: The distinction of figurative sculpture from architecture in the Romanesque era , Central European sculpture from the circle of the Madonnas on the Lion , and so-called International Gothic , also referred to as a courtly style. Many of the works included in the exhibition underline a distinct character of Central European regions such as Silesia between 1440 and 1520 (with large quartered polyptychs , epitaphs , votive and didactic plaques, and Ways of

2520-472: The field until the 18th century, and in the 17th century both Flemish Baroque painting and Dutch Golden Age painting produced numerous specialists who mostly painted genre scenes. In the previous century, the Flemish Renaissance painter Jan Sanders van Hemessen painted innovative large-scale genre scenes, sometimes including a moral theme or a religious scene in the background in the first half of

2583-541: The first floor. The core of the new exhibition of the Gallery of 19th-century Art, presenting the main trends shaping the art in the nineteenth century, is the work of Polish painters and sculptors, which is present in the context of selected works by representatives of other nationalities. Confrontation of works by artists from different European countries shows their artistic aspirations, universal ideas or symbols , similar experiments carried out independently or in workshop practice. One of Poland's largest canvas paintings ,

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2646-611: The inclusion of collections from museums and cultural institutions such as the Society of Care for Relics of the Past, the Museum of Antiquity at Warsaw University , the Museum of the Society for Encouragement of the Fine Arts , and the Museum of Industry and Agriculture). The collection, on Jerusalem Avenue , is housed in a building designed by Tadeusz Tolwiński, developed between 1927 and 1938 (earlier

2709-701: The largest and most important of its kind in Poland. The collection of frescoes from the Christian cathedral in Faras (ancient Pachoras in today's Sudan ) and a collection of painted Greek vases are among the most important. The origins of the Old European Painting Collection, comprising 3,700 paintings, dates back to 1862 and the establishment of the Museum of Fine Arts, when 36 Italian, Dutch and German paintings from Johann Peter Weyer collection in Cologne were acquired. The museum came into possession of

2772-585: The last forty years are exhibited in a 700 m gallery. Information about the selected objects is available through mobile applications and selected works are visualized and described by the gallery curator thanks to augmented reality . Collections of the National Museum in Warsaw comprise about 830,000 exhibits of Polish and foreign art, from antiquity to the present, and include paintings, sculptures, drawings, engravings, photographs and coins as well as objects of applied art and design. The Collection of Ancient and East Christian Art numbers some 24,000 exhibits, being

2835-484: The late Middle Ages (14th-15th century), originating from different regions of today's Poland, as well as several examples of western European art . These works were originally designed almost exclusively for churches. The exhibition was designed to allow the audience to understand the role of art in the religious life of the Middle Ages. The gallery presents trans-regional phenomena from the 12th–14th centuries, such as

2898-439: The life around them. Realists such as Gustave Courbet (1819–77) upset expectations by depicting everyday scenes in huge paintings—at the scale traditionally reserved for "important" subjects—thus blurring the boundary which had set genre painting apart as a "minor" category. History painting itself shifted from the exclusive depiction of events of great public importance to the depiction of genre scenes in historical times, both

2961-438: The mid-to-late 19th century, and so genre photographs, typically made in the proximity of military, scientific and commercial expeditions, often also depict the people of other cultures that Europeans encountered throughout the world. Although the distinctions are not clear, genre works should be distinguished from ethnographic studies , which are pictorial representations resulting from direct observation and descriptive study of

3024-419: The most characteristic paintings presented in this room are: Saint Anne , Archangels Michael and Gabriel, bishops Marianos and Petros, various iconographic representations of Mary, and others. Ceramics and pottery frequently constitute a majority of archaeological finds at excavation sites. The majority of finds in the case of the Faras expedition dates from the Christian period. In that time (650–1000 AD) Faras

3087-514: The most valuable works of art during World War II. During the invasion of Poland the building was damaged and after the Siege of Warsaw the collection was looted by the Gestapo led by Nazi historian Dagobert Frey , who had already prepared a meticulous list of the most valuable artwork on official visits from Germany in 1937. The Gestapo headquarters presented Rembrandt 's portrait of Maerten Soolmans as

3150-441: The museum had been located at ulica Podwale 15 ). In 1932 an exhibition of decorative art opened in the two earlier erected wings of the building. The new building was inaugurated on 18 June 1938. The purpose-built modernistic edifice , was situated on the edge of Na Książęcem Park established between 1776–79 for Prince Kazimierz Poniatowski . From 1935 the museum director was Stanisław Lorentz , who directed an effort to save

3213-471: The original collection of the Faras Gallery. The Faras Gallery at the National Museum in Warsaw was opened to the public in 1972, and accompanied by the first nubiology congress and the announcement of a new scientific discipline: nubiology. On 17 October 2014 the renovated and rearranged Faras Gallery was reopened. The authors of the architectural design and modernised concept of the gallery space are Mirosław Orzechowski and Grzegorz Rytel. The exhibition

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3276-524: The paintings were secured by pressing stripes of canvas into them. Next, fragments of plaster with the paintings attached to them were cut off from walls using knives and saws. The removed paintings were then moved onto wooden screens. It was necessary to remove excess plaster from the backs of paintings and to reinforce the paintings with gypsum. The artworks were wrapped in cotton blankets and transported to museums in Warsaw and Khartoum . There they underwent

3339-592: The permanent galleries underwent revolutionary changes. The curators of the museum re-arranged it and supplemented it with new works from the museum's warehouses. Paintings were not hung chronologically, but thematically: genre painting , still lifes , landscapes , cityscapes , biblical, mythological, nudes . Works by Italian, Flemish, Dutch, German and Polish artists were hung together, making it easy to observe and compare similarities and differences. The Gallery of Ancient Art, Faras Gallery , Gallery of Medieval Art, Gallery of Old Masters, Gallery of 19th-century Art and

3402-623: The private moments of great figures, and the everyday life of ordinary people. In French art this was known as the Troubador style . This trend, already apparent by 1817 when Ingres painted Henri IV Playing with His Children , culminated in the pompier art of French academicians such as Jean-Léon Gérôme (1824–1904) and Jean-Louis-Ernest Meissonier (1815–91). In the second half of the century interest in genre scenes, often in historical settings or with pointed social or moral comment, greatly increased across Europe. William Powell Frith (1819–1909)

3465-487: The renovation of the cathedral in 707 AD, "a holy Catholic place and a church of the Apostles of God"), stone blocks with inscriptions, and other elements. These objects are directly related to the history of the cathedral and its numerous building stages, happening from the 7th until the 14th century. The cathedral was built on the foundations of an older church, built in the beginning of the 7th century AD. In rooms II and III

3528-402: The visitors can view films on the history of discoveries, Nubia and the Nubian Campaign, as well as individual paintings, their style and iconography. Also shown are the photographs of the archaeological campaigns and the photographs of artworks which were transferred to the National Museum of Sudan . Another presentation concerns professor Kazimierz Michałowski , the archaeologist who discovered

3591-553: The wings. The new arrangement of the exhibition was designed by WWAA. The Gallery of Old Masters on the second floor was conceived from the former Gallery of Decorative Art, Gallery of Old European Painting and the Gallery of Old Polish and European Portrait in 2016. It combines species of pictorial art - painting , sculpture , drawings and prints with crafts in reference to the very notion of " art " which originally meant craftsmanship . Painting and sculpture with its representational character and imitation of reality ( mimesis )

3654-459: The works of such masters as Pinturicchio , Cornelis van Haarlem and Jacob Jordaens . The collection was enlarged through purchases, donations and deposits. The most significant acquisition was the collection of paintings of Pietro Fiorentini, donated in 1858 to the School of Fine Arts in Warsaw , and given to the museum in 1879. The collection was further expanded through the purchase of paintings from

3717-506: Was likely to have been intended by the artist to be perceived as a portrait—sometimes a subjective question. The depictions can be realistic, imagined, or romanticized by the artist. Because of their familiar and frequently sentimental subject matter, genre paintings have often proven popular with the bourgeoisie , or middle class . Genre themes appear in nearly all art traditions. Painted decorations in ancient Egyptian tombs often depict banquets, recreation, and agrarian scenes, and Peiraikos

3780-593: Was perhaps the most famous English genre painter of the Victorian era, painting large and extremely crowded scenes; the expansion in size and ambition in 19th-century genre painting was a common trend. Other 19th-century English genre painters include Augustus Leopold Egg , Frederick Daniel Hardy , George Elgar Hicks , William Holman Hunt and John Everett Millais . Scotland produced two influential genre painters, David Allan (1744–96) and Sir David Wilkie (1785–1841). Wilkie's The Cottar's Saturday Night (1837) inspired

3843-476: Was provided by the texts of epitaphs written in Greek or Coptic . Many epitaphs feature texts of prayers for the bishops. In Room V there are numerous examples of these epitaphs, including the epitaph of Bishop Ignatios, Bishop Maththaios, and Bishop Stephanos. Room VI is designed to evoke the character of a temple, with arcades forming subsequent annexes in which the wall paintings are presented. The spatial arrangement

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3906-480: Was the most important manufacturing centre for ceramics in northern Nubia . This activity came to a halt in the 10th century. The gallery presents also Coptic ceramics as well as ceramics from earlier periods. All the items originate from Faras and the IVth Nile cataract. Another collection is that of Coptic textiles , originating from Christian-era Egypt. This collection arrived at the National Museum in Warsaw in

3969-445: Was united with decorative arts in common goals and functions as well as in spaces where they were collected and exhibited. These "social spaces" have provided the key to the division of the gallery: 1. palace, villa, court; 2. church, chapel and domestic altar; 3. the city. In other words: 1. court culture; 2. religious culture; 3. city culture. In the redesigned gallery, the works are presented not according to national schools, but as

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