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43-685: Warburton, Warburton Ranges or Milyirrtjarra (in the Ngaanyatjarra dialect ) is an Aboriginal Australian community in Western Australia , just to the south of the Gibson Desert and located on the Great Central Road (part of the Outback Way ) and Gunbarrel Highway . At the 2016 census , Warburton had a population of 576. The settlement was established as an Aboriginal mission under

86-814: A movie camera . The resulting film, titled Manslaughter , was screened in Adelaide , Perth , Sydney , and in country towns, shocking audiences with its depiction of malnourished children. More White Australians wrote to the Prime Minister and rejected the federal government's response and Murdoch's report, and the Save the Aborigines Committee was established in Melbourne (a precursor to the Victorian Aborigines Advancement League . The incident proved

129-412: A contested situation at Coranderrk , the stations were progressively shrunk and closed. Only Lake Tyers and Framlingham were left by the early 1920s. At this time, Framlingham became an unsupervised reserve where many Aboriginal people lived. In 1958 and 1960, two new Aboriginal settlements were built by the government in northern Victoria to provide transitional housing for people living in camps. Within

172-424: A damning assessment of the report, and letters to the editors flooded in. In response to the publicity, three separate groups visited the area: Murdoch rejected the findings outright, saying in an article "These fine native people have never enjoyed better conditions", accompanied by a photograph of a well-fed, happy family group – failing to mention that the photo was four years old. The anthropologists said that

215-695: A dying race, the colonial governments passed legislation designed to "protect" them. The idea was that by legislating to create certain territory for Aboriginal people, the clashes over land would stop. Officials that the Aboriginal people could farm in their reserves and become less reliant on government rations. Aboriginal Protection Boards were created in most colonies/states: The Aboriginal laws gave governments much power over all aspects of Aboriginal people’s lives. They lost what would later be considered basic human rights like freedom of movement, custody of children and control over property. In some states and

258-498: A height of 30 centimetres (12 in) and two people had to be rescued from a stranded four-wheel drive vehicle that had water reach window level. In 1957, the "Warburton Ranges controversy" or "Warburton Ranges crisis" arose, after it was reported in 1956 that at least 40 Aboriginal people had been discovered to be ill and malnourished in the Central Desert . The matter came into public consciousness after, in partnership with

301-406: A mean minimum of 23.2 °C (73.8 °F). July is the coolest month with a mean maximum temperature of 20.9 °C (69.6 °F) and a mean minimum temperature of 5.8 °C (42.4 °F). Average rainfall is 242.7 millimetres (9.56 in), with February tending to be the wettest month and September the driest month. Warburton is therefore more affected by the tropical rain systems from

344-399: A range of different practices including music, fashion performance, land and cultural practice, digital media, print media and art. Wilurarra Creative engages with the demand from Warburton's young people for the activities that link the reality of contemporary cultural context within which Ngaanyatjarra life operates. The centre was built in 1994, the first dedicated music recording studio in

387-772: A special institution so that they could go out and work. Most of what is now the Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara (APY lands) was formerly the North-West Aboriginal Reserve. Before the Aboriginals Protection and Restriction of the Sale of Opium Act 1897 , various religious organisations had established a number of mission stations, and the Colony of Queensland government had gazetted small areas as reserves for Aboriginal people to use. Once

430-791: A spur to a range of activism, including plans by the Anti-Slavery and Aborigines' Protection Society , based in London , in conjunction with the Victorian Council for Aboriginal Rights (CAR) and the Aboriginal-Australian Fellowship in New South Wales , in collaboration with Jessie Street , a leading Australian suffragette . Anna Froland of the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom 's Melbourne branch,

473-536: Is Yulara , near Uluru . The closest town is Laverton 560 km south west along the Great Central Road. Warburton is situated on the Elder Creek. The area around Warburton continues to be of interest for mining exploration, predominantly for copper and nickel , but also uranium and gold . Warburton Layout Plan No.1 was prepared in accordance with State Planning Policy 3.2 Aboriginal Communities, and

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516-487: Is a "dry" community where the use and import of alcohol is prohibited under local by-laws. Tourists and visitors need a permit from the Ngaanyatjarra Council to enter the town and use any of the highways in the area. Warburton has a semi-arid climate ( Bsk ) with long, hot summers and short, warm winters. January is the hottest month of the year, with a mean maximum temperature of 37.9 °C (100.2 °F) and

559-566: Is also in the area of the Papunya Tula art movement, which was founded in 1971–2 and whose name derives from derives from Papunya , a settlement located about 240 km (150 mi) north-west of Alice Springs in the Northern Territory . Artworks by Papunya Tula artists are represented in many major art galleries, museums, institutions and private collections both in Australia and around

602-492: Is very similar to its close neighbour Ngaatjatjarra , with which it is highly mutually intelligible. Most Ngaanyatjarra people live in one of the communities of Warburton , Warakurna , Tjukurla, Papulankutja (Blackstone), Mantamaru (Jameson) or Kaltukatjara (Docker River) . Some have moved to Cosmo Newbery and Laverton in the Eastern Goldfields area of Western Australia . The name Ngaanyatjarra derives from

645-756: The Prime Minister of Australia , Sir Robert Menzies , as well as their local MPs . An enquiry into the state of the Aboriginal people by a select committee followed, with their report tabled in the Western Australian Parliament in December 1956, officially called the Report of the Select Committee appointed to Enquire into Native Welfare Conditions in the Laverton-Warburton Range Area (or

688-640: The 1913 Royal Commission on the Aborigines in its final report in 1916. Included in the recommendations was that the government become the legal guardian of all Aboriginal children upon reaching their 10th birthday, and place them "where they deem best". Seven years after the Final Report of the Commission, the Aborigines (Training of Children) Act 1923 , in order to allow Indigenous children to be "trained" in

731-661: The APB from 1883 onwards, and were managed by officials appointed by that Board. Education (in the form of preparation for the workforce), rations and housing tended to be provided on these reserves, and station managers tightly controlled who could, and could not, live there. Many people were forcibly moved onto and off stations. Managed stations included Purfleet, Karuah and Murrin Bridge near Lake Cargellico. Many other Aboriginal people did not live on Aboriginal missions, reserves or stations, but in towns, or in fringe camps on private property or on

774-500: The Act was passed, all Aboriginal reserves became subject to the Act. For several of these reserves, Superintendents were appointed to carry out the provisions of the Act, and missionaries who had been running Aboriginal settlements also became Superintendents. However, the majority of reserves in Queensland were never "managed" reserves; they had no Superintendent and were usually controlled by

817-672: The British Government, the Commonwealth government had started testing nuclear weapons in the desert, and the Government of Western Australia raised concerns about the Western desert people living nomadically in the area. The response from the Commonwealth was that Aboriginal welfare was a state government matter. Activists protested and many concerned members of the public wrote letters to

860-781: The Federal Attorney General's Department and occur in the town of Warburton on the Ngaanyatjarra Lands. The Tjulyuru Cultural and Civic Centre houses the Tjulyuru Regional Arts Gallery, which is reputed to be the largest collection of community-controlled Aboriginal Australian art in the world, also known as the Warburton Collection. The gallery exhibits Aboriginal arts and crafts from Warakurna Artists, Papalunkutja Artists, Kayili Artists, Tjanpi Weavers and Wilurarra Creative. The Warburton Arts Project

903-734: The Grayden Report, after chairman William Grayden ). It reported that many of the Wongi people (referring to the Wangkatha , a group of eight Aboriginal peoples) of the Warburton Ranges region suffered from malnutrition , blindness , disease, burns and other injuries, and that abortions and infanticide were common. Mainstream newspapers brought the matter to public attention after the Communist Party of Australia 's newspaper Tribune published

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946-685: The Local Protector of Aborigines. Victoria had a number of Aboriginal stations and Native Police reserves (run by the colonial government), and missions (run by religious organisations). In 1860, the missions were taken over by the state, becoming stations, though were still often administered by the same religious groups. The stations were run by Superintendents (earlier Assistant Protectors ). The government also operated depots , (run by Guardians ) which provided food, clothing and blankets, but not somewhere to live. A number of closed stations were subsequently used as depots. From 1886, after

989-520: The Ngaanyatjarra region, and its programs have been across various art and cultural forms, subject matter and involving a range of community people. In 2007, a video produced by Warburton Youth Artists Nerida Lane and Prudence Andy won the prestigious Heywire Award. The Wilurarra Creative program is based on empowerment, equality and collaboration. Wilurarra also utilises the democratising power of YouTube. The Studio and its programs are currently funded by

1032-680: The Northern Territory, the Chief Protector had legal guardianship over all Aboriginal children, ahead of the parents. These policies were at their worst in the 1930s. "In the name of protection", suggest the authors of the 1997 Bringing Them Home report, "Indigenous people were subject to near-total control". The forcible removal of children from their families led to what became known as the Stolen Generations . Broadly speaking, there were three types of spaces formally set aside by

1075-658: The Victorian Aborigines Advancement League. The national movement was created in Adelaide in February 1958, when activists from all over Australia formed the Federal Council for Aboriginal Advancement (now FCAATSI). Warburton is the centre of a very large and extremely isolated Aboriginal reserve, Ngaanyatjarra , which stretches east to the Northern Territory border. Beyond there the first major settlement

1118-585: The auspices of the UAM ( United Aborigines Mission ) in 1934 by Will Wade, his wife and his children. It was named after explorer Peter Warburton , the first European to cross the Great Sandy Desert . The Ngaanyatjarra people of the Western Desert cultural bloc were nomadic people, but with the arrival of missionaries in 1933, they were drawn to the mission. By 1954, around 500 to 700 Aboriginal people lived at

1161-574: The cave in the early 2000s. Warburton is in the Shire of Ngaanyatjarraku. Information on travel and tourism in the area can be found on their website. The town has an air strip, one community store, health clinic, school, youth drop-in centre, open air swimming pool, sports field, gallery and coffee shop (open Sunday mornings), and roadhouse. The town is serviced by Australia Post and the Flying Doctor Service. A two-chair haemodialysis unit opened in

1204-453: The community in 2013. Patients can return to Warburton permanently or for extended visits and be treated. The service is run by Western Desert Dialysis in partnership with Ngaanyatjarra Health Service. Ngaanyatjarra Community College was opened in August 1996 to provide a range of adult education options for the community. The only current service offered at the college is a telecentre. Warburton

1247-804: The government specifically for Aboriginal people to live on: Aboriginal reserves: Aboriginal reserves were parcels of land set aside for Aboriginal people to live on; these were not managed by the government or its officials. From 1883 onwards, the Aboriginal people who were living on unmanaged reserves received rations and blankets from the Aborigines Protection Board (APB), but remained responsible for their own housing. Such reserves included Forster and Burnt Bridge. Aboriginal missions: Aboriginal missions were created by churches or religious individuals to house Aboriginal people and train them in Christian ideals and to also prepare them for work. Most of

1290-538: The interests of the Aboriginal people. Aboriginal reserves were used from the nineteenth century to keep Aboriginal people separate from the white Australian population, often ostensibly for their protection. Protectors of Aborigines had been appointed from as early as 1836 in South Australia (with Matthew Moorhouse as the first permanent appointment as Chief Protector in 1839). The Governor proclaimed that Aboriginal people were "to be considered as much under

1333-457: The mission. There was a school where they were taught in English, and traditional culture discouraged. Domestic skills were taught to women and girls, and the men collected dingo or became shearers or builders. More people were attracted to work at the copper mine which opened nearby, and by the 1970s there were few Aboriginal people living as nomads in the bush. In 1973, the UAM handed control of

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1376-463: The missions were developed on land granted by the government for this purpose. Around ten missions were established in NSW between 1824 and 1923, although missionaries also visited some managed stations. Many Aboriginal people have adopted the term ‘mission’ or ‘mish’ to refer to reserve settlements and fringe camps generally. Aboriginal stations: Aboriginal stations or ‘managed reserves’ were established by

1419-539: The north of Australia rather than the rain-bearing cold fronts arriving from Antarctica towards the south of Australia. Ngaanyatjarra dialect Ngaanyatjarra ( IPA: [ˈŋɐːn̪ɐt̪ɐrɐ] ; also Ngaanyatjara, Ngaanjatjarra) is an Australian Aboriginal language . It is one of the Wati languages of the large Pama–Nyungan family . It is one of the dialects of the Western Desert Language and

1462-558: The outskirts of towns, on beaches and riverbanks. There are many such places across the state that remain important to Aboriginal people. Since 1983, Local Aboriginal Land Councils have managed land and housing in similar and other settings. See also List of Aboriginal Reserves in New South Wales and List of Aboriginal missions in New South Wales . Several Aboriginal missions , including Point McLeay (1916) and Point Pearce (1915) became Aboriginal reserves, as recommended by

1505-449: The report had been exaggerated, and that malnutrition was not as widespread as it claimed, but argued that the status of Aboriginal reserves need examination. Being the Aboriginal people's "most tangible asset", mineral rights should not be granted in their land by the government. In response to Murdoch's repudiation of the report, Grayden set out to return to the area in February 1957, this time with Pastor Doug Nicholls and armed with

1548-737: The safeguard of the law as the Colonists themselves, and equally entitled to the Privileges of British Subjects". Under the Aboriginal Orphans Ordinance 1844 , the Protector was made legal guardian of "every half-caste and other unprotected Aboriginal child whose parents are dead or unknown". Schools and reserves were set up. Despite these attempts at protection, Moorhouse presided over the Rufus River massacre in 1841. The office of Protector

1591-498: The settlement to the Aboriginal people represented by the Ngaanyatjarra Council, while the Aboriginal Affairs Planning Authority of the Government of Western Australia became responsible for economic development. The town was hit by a flash flood in February 2011. Water levels in some parts of town reached as high as 2 metres (7 ft) resulting in 60 homes being evacuated. Water flowed through 15 homes to

1634-763: The word ngaanya 'this' which, combined with the comitative suffix -tjarra means 'having ngaanya (as the word for 'this')'. This distinguishes it from its near neighbour Ngaatjatjarra, which has ngaatja for 'this'. Orthography is in brackets. Watilu kurringka watjarru kulkultju kutipitjaku tjutipungka katuma mirrkatju pala tjurra wanti. Nyangka minymali mirrka paarnu tjunu wantirru tjarrpangu wiltjangka kankunarringu. Nyangku tjilku katjarralu pitjangu mirrka mantjirnu katingu ngalungu. Nyangka wataa mungangka pitjangku kurrinku. Source Copyright https://omniglot.com/writing/ngaanyatjarra.htm Aboriginal reserve Protectors of Aborigines and (later) Aboriginal Protection Boards were appointed to look after

1677-592: The world. The main language spoken is Ngaanyatjarra. According to the 2006 census, English was the only language spoken at home by 9.2% of Indigenous persons usually resident in Warburton while Ngaanyatjarra (78.5%) and Wangkatha (2.3%) were the only two other Indigenous languages spoken. Wilurarra Creative Centre is a community facility which is activated by a year-round program, for people aged between 17 and 30 years. Within Wilurarra Creative's Centre people work on

1720-632: Was a leading figure in keeping the issue alive, arguing that both federate and state governments were responsible for the welfare of the country's Aboriginal peoples. Soon a national movement grew, promoted by Shirley Andrews , the Secretary of the Victorian Council for Aboriginal Rights, Charles Duguid , the President of the Aborigines' Advancement League of South Australia , and Stan Davey , Secretary of

1763-490: Was abolished in 1856; within four years, governments had leased 35 of the 42 Aboriginal reserves in South Australia to settlers. In 1839 George Augustus Robinson was appointed the first Chief Protector in what is now Victoria . In the second half of the 19th century, in an attempt to reduce the violence on the frontiers , devastation by disease, and to provide a "humane" environment for Aboriginal people, perceived as

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1806-472: Was commenced in 1990 to preserve local tradition and culture, with the new cultural centre opening in October 2000. It includes a performing arts venue, and is a regional centre for Ngaanyatjarra culture. The rock art site known as the "Rainbow cave" has been painted layer upon layer over the years, using imagery which is used to teach children. Stewart Davies and Tommy Simms are two of the artists who painted

1849-563: Was endorsed by the community on 9 December 2003 and the Western Australian Planning Commission on 29 June 2004. The demographics of the population are likely matched by the overall data indicated for the Shire of Ngaanyatjarraku 2016 Census. The 2016 Census indicated a population of 576 residents, 84.9% of whom were Indigenous Australians . The Indigenous people of Warburton belong to the Western Desert cultural bloc . It

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