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77-470: In the 19th century, freight transport by road was very expensive. For factories depending on roads, this put a very narrow limit on the distance at which it was still economical to transport sugar beet . This limit was about 5–6 km. Therefore, there were a lot of small sugar factories. E.g. in Hainaut Province alone, there were about 90 sugar factories in 1877. As beet contained only about 10% sugar,

154-460: A crop rotation cycle. Sugar beet plants are susceptible to Rhizomania ("root madness"), which turns the bulbous tap root into many small roots, making the crop economically unprocessable. Strict controls are enforced in European countries to prevent the spread, but it is already present in some areas. It is also susceptible to both the beet leaf curl virus , which causes crinkling and stunting of

231-466: A byproduct of manufacturing sugar. It is about fermenting the sugar beet molasses that are left after (the second) centrifugation. This strongly resembles the manufacture of rum from sugar cane molasses. In a number of countries, notably the Czech Republic and Slovakia , this analogy led to making a rum-like distilled spirit called Tuzemak . On the Åland Islands , a similar drink is made under

308-797: A few months Paul Wittouck and Böhrig & König from Magdeburg succeeded in raising the daily capacity to 2,000 t of beet per day. It made Wanze Sugar Factory the biggest sugar factory of the world. Also in the late 1880s, the water supply on the plateau of Hesbaye became a cause of concern for the company. The râperies all had steam engines, and so did the pumping stations. The râperies were in Perwez , Ramillies , Longchamps , Burdinne , Vissoul , Moha , Warnant-Dreye , Chapon-Seraing , Viemme , Lens-Saint-Remy , Waremme , Mechelen-Bovelingen ( Marlinne ), Bergilers . There were pumping stations in Bierwart , Hambraine, Lavoir and Villers-le-Bouillet . At

385-433: A great deal of moisture. A certain amount of alkali is not necessarily detrimental, as sugar beets are not especially susceptible to injury by some alkali. The ground should be fairly level and well-drained, especially where irrigation is practiced. Generous crops can be grown in both sandy soil and heavy loams , but the ideal soil is a sandy loam, i.e., a mixture of organic matter, clay and sand. A subsoil of gravel, or

462-418: A height of about 35 cm (14 in). The leaves are numerous and broad and grow in a tuft from the crown of the beet, which is usually level with or just above the ground surface. The species beet consists of several cultivar groups. The 16th-century French scientist Olivier de Serres discovered a process for preparing sugar syrup from (red) beetroot . He wrote: "The beet-root, when being boiled, yields

539-587: A high concentration of sucrose and that is grown commercially for sugar production. In plant breeding, it is known as the Altissima cultivar group of the common beet ( Beta vulgaris ). Together with other beet cultivars, such as beetroot and chard , it belongs to the subspecies Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris but classified as var. saccharifera . Its closest wild relative is the sea beet ( Beta vulgaris subsp. maritima ). Sugar beets are grown in climates that are too cold for sugarcane . In 2020, Russia,

616-518: A higher water table due to the Tongrian and Rupelian clay-containing layers near the surface, and many springs . It is by far the main fruit growing area of Belgium, as well as home to some of the most northerly vineyards in Belgium. The southern "Dry" division is somewhat more fertile and the ground water sinks more easily; in this region sugar beet , chicory , flax, rapeseed and grains (90% of which

693-514: A juice similar to syrup of sugar, which is beautiful to look at on account of its vermilion colour" (1575). Because crystallized cane sugar was already available and had a better taste, this process did not become popular. Modern sugar beets date to the mid-18th century Silesia where Frederick the Great , king of Prussia , subsidized experiments to develop processes for sugar extraction. In 1747, Andreas Sigismund Marggraf , professor of physics in

770-582: A low toxicity . A study from the UK suggests yields of genetically modified beet were greater than conventional, while another from the North Dakota State University extension service found lower yields. The introduction of glyphosate-resistant sugar beets may contribute to the growing number of glyphosate-resistant weeds, so Monsanto has developed a program to encourage growers to use different herbicide modes of action to control their weeds. In 2008,

847-520: A plant pest. Sugar from glyphosate-resistant sugar beets has been approved for human and animal consumption in multiple countries, but commercial production of biotech beets has been approved only in the United States and Canada. Studies have concluded the sugar from glyphosate-resistant sugar beets has the same nutritional value as sugar from conventional sugar beets. After deregulation in 2005, glyphosate-resistant sugar beets were extensively adopted in

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924-483: A smaller extension of the plateau landscape stretches into Hainaut and between Brussels and Charleroi , sometimes referred to as the "plateau brabançonne". The Hesbaye is often divided into two divisions based on stratigraphy , with the boundary running through Sint-Truiden, Borgloon and Tongeren in Dutch-speaking southern Limburg. The northern "Humid" Hesbaye (Dutch Vochtig Haspengouw , French Hesbaye Humide ) has

1001-506: A spread for sandwiches, as well as for sweetening sauces, cakes and desserts. Dutch people generally top their pancakes with stroop. Suikerstroop made according to the Dutch tradition is a Traditional Speciality Guaranteed under EU and UK law. Commercially, if the syrup has a dextrose equivalency (DE) above 30, the product has to be hydrolyzed and converted to a high-fructose syrup, much like high-fructose corn syrup , or isoglucose syrup in

1078-403: A study at University of Maryland Eastern Shore indicates sugar beets appear capable of producing 8,000–8,400 litres per hectare (860–900 US gallons per acre) of ethanol. In New Zealand, sugar beet is widely grown and harvested as feed for dairy cattle. It is regarded as superior to fodder beet , because it has a lower water content (resulting in better storage properties). Both the beet bulb and

1155-453: A sucrose content of around 18% in modern varieties. Franz Karl Achard opened the world's first beet sugar factory in 1801, at Kunern , Silesia (now Konary, Poland). The idea to produce sugar from beet was soon introduced to France, whence the European sugar beet industry rapidly expanded. By 1840, about 5% of the world's sugar was derived from sugar beets, and by 1880, this number had risen more than tenfold to over 50%. In North America,

1232-447: A sugar refinery. The beet pulp is processed on site to become cattle fodder. The next steps to produce white sugar are not specific for producing sugar from sugar beet. They also apply to producing white sugar from sugar cane. As such, they belong to the sugar refining process, not to the beet sugar production process per se. There are two obvious methods to produce alcohol ( ethanol ) from sugar beet. The first method produces alcohol as

1309-522: A time to be careful when driving on local roads in the area while the beets are being grown, because the naturally high clay content of the soil tends to cause slippery roads when soil falls from the trailers during transport. The world harvested 260,998,614 metric tons (256,900,000 long tons; 287,700,000 short tons) of sugar beets in 2022. The world's largest producer was Russia, with a 48,907,753 metric tons (48,100,000 long tons; 53,900,000 short tons) harvest. The average yield of sugar beet crops worldwide

1386-415: A winter crop, planted in the autumn and harvested in the spring. In recent years, Syngenta has developed the so-called tropical sugar beet. It allows the plant to grow in tropical and subtropical regions. Beets are planted from a small seed; one kilogram (2 lb 3 oz) of beet seed comprises 100,000 seeds and will plant over one hectare ( 2 + 1 ⁄ 2 acres) of ground. Until the latter half of

1463-592: Is a traditional cultural and geophysical region in eastern Belgium . It is a loamy plateau region which forms a watershed between the Meuse and Scheldt drainage basins . It has been one of the main agricultural regions in what is now Belgium since before Roman times , and specifically named in records since the Middle Ages , when it was an important Frankish pagus or gau , called Hasbania in medieval Latin . Major parts of three Belgian provinces are dominated by

1540-475: Is approximately 731 (714–758) Megabases, and sugar beet DNA is packaged in 18 metacentric chromosomes (2n=2x=18). All sugar beet centromeres are made up of a single satellite DNA family and centromere-specific LTR retrotransposons . More than 60% of sugar beet's DNA is repetitive, mostly distributed in a dispersed way along the chromosomes. Crop wild beet populations ( B. vulgaris ssp. maritima ) have been sequenced as well, allowing for identification of

1617-429: Is done in a beet sugar factory, often abbreviated to sugar factory. Nowadays these most of the time also act as a sugar refinery, but historically the beet sugar factory produced raw sugar and the sugar refinery refined raw sugar to create white sugar. In the 1960s, beet sugar processing was described as consisting of these steps. Nowadays, most sugar factories then refine the raw juice themselves, without moving it to

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1694-603: Is produced by cooking shredded sugar beet for several hours, then pressing the resulting mash and concentrating the juice produced until it has a consistency similar to that of honey . No other ingredients are used. In Germany, particularly the Rhineland area, and in the Netherlands, this sugar beet syrup (called Zuckerrüben-Sirup or Zapp in German, or Suikerstroop in Dutch) is used as

1771-399: Is the most important factor in the successful cultivation of sugar beets. Near the equator, the shorter days and the greater heat of the sun sharply reduce the sugar content in the beet. In high elevation regions such as those of Idaho, Colorado and Utah, where the temperature is high during the daytime, but where the nights are cool, the quality of the sugar beet is excellent. In Michigan ,

1848-415: Is then stored in the root. The root of the beet contains 75% water, about 20% sugar, and 5% pulp . The exact sugar content can vary between 12% and 21%, depending on the cultivar and growing conditions. Sugar is the primary value of sugar beet as a cash crop . The pulp, insoluble in water and mainly composed of cellulose , hemicellulose, lignin , and pectin , is used in animal feed. The byproducts of

1925-408: Is typically able to cover six rows at the same time. The beets are dumped into trucks as the harvester rolls down the field, and then delivered to the factory. The conveyor then removes more soil. If the beets are to be left for later delivery, they are formed into clamps . Straw bales are used to shield the beets from the weather. Provided the clamp is well built with the right amount of ventilation,

2002-463: Is wheat and barley ) are cultivated. In the oldest Latin documents the name of the pagus (country or territory) was typically Hasbania . As demonstrated in the collection of such records given by Ulrich Nonn, this was generally given in an adjectival form such as pagus hasbaniensis . Only a small number of such records added the Germanic word gau or gouw . Verhelst (p. 245 n.45) proposed that

2079-594: The Center for Food Safety , the Sierra Club , the Organic Seed Alliance and High Mowing Seeds filed a lawsuit against USDA-APHIS regarding their decision to deregulate glyphosate-resistant sugar beets in 2005. The organizations expressed concerns regarding glyphosate-resistant sugar beets' ability to potentially cross-pollinate with conventional sugar beets. U.S. District Judge Jeffrey S. White , US District Court for

2156-626: The Raffinerie Tirlemontoise in 1894. In 1928, the company Sucreries centrales de Wanze was merged into the Raffinerie Tirlemontoise. During the twentieth century, the cost of road transport decreased due to better roads and steadily more powerful trucks. For the heavy sugar beet it took some time before this made the central refinery - râperie system obsolete. Râperies that were destroyed in World War I were often rebuilt. In time

2233-539: The pagus of Hesbaye included a County of Avernas (with its capital town in modern Hannut ), a county which was itself called Haspinga , possibly between the rivers Jeker and the Meuse, and a county named Huste or Hufte, which might have had its seat at modern Hocht in modern Lanaken , in the extreme northeast of the area. It is possible that Vliermaal played a role in a county also, for example in Hocht, because in later times it

2310-422: The 20th century, sugar beet production was highly labor-intensive, as weed control was managed by densely planting the crop, which then had to be manually thinned two or three times with a hoe during the growing season. Harvesting also required many workers. Although the roots could be lifted by a plough -like device that could be pulled by a horse team, the rest of the preparation was by hand. One laborer grabbed

2387-600: The 8th century, Robert , who has been proposed as an ancestor of the Capetians , was described as a Duke or Count of Hasbania , implying that in his lifetime maybe it formed one large political area. In a grant of 741 some of his lands near Diest were described as being in the country of " Hasbaniensi et Mansuarinsi ", the Hasbanians and the Mansuarini. Later, Hasbania was mentioned in the division of territories between Charles

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2464-725: The Academy of Science of Berlin, isolated sugar from beetroots and found them at concentrations of 1.3–1.6%. He also demonstrated that the sugar that could be extracted from beets was identical to that produced from cane. He found the best of these vegetable sources for sugar was the white beet. Despite Marggraf's success in isolating sugar from beets, it did not lead to commercial sugar production. Marggraf's student and successor Franz Karl Achard began plant breeding sugar beet in Kaulsdorf near Berlin in 1786. Achard started his plant breeding by evaluating 23 varieties of beet for sugar content. In

2541-572: The Bald and Louis the German in 870 in the Treaty of Meerssen , which specifically mentions that it had four counties at that time. Its exact boundaries are unclear but it may have stretched as far west as Leuven and the River Dyle . Judging from the ancient catholic Archdeaconry of Hesbaye, it may also have stretched to the east of the Meuse. In the 10th century, smaller counties considered to have been within

2618-736: The EU. Uridine can be isolated from sugar beet. BP and Associated British Foods plan to use agricultural surpluses of sugar beet to produce biobutanol in East Anglia in the United Kingdom. The feedstock-to-yield ratio for sugarbeet is 56:9. Therefore, it takes 6.22 kg of sugar beet to produce 1 kg of ethanol (approximately 1.27 L at room temperature). In 2006 it was found that producing ethanol from sugar beet or cane became profitable when market prices for ethanol were close to $ 4 per gallon. According to Atlantic Biomass president Robert Kozak,

2695-698: The Emperor Henry III recognized a county called Hasbania as being under the prince-bishop Nithard of Liège . This Hasbania may have been one of the smaller counties within the Hesbaye, but it seems that the important County of Loon , which had formed out of the Counties of Avernas and Hocht, was considered to be held under it. Much later, the County of Loon was integrated it with the Prince-Bishopric of Liège . Areas to

2772-520: The Hesbaye landscape, important for both tourism and agriculture, and by some definitions it stretches further: Geographically, Hesbaye borders on several similar regions of rolling hills: In contrast, to the north it borders on the flat sandy Kempen region. And over the Meuse to the southeast are the rocky hills of the Ardennes. In the west the plateau ends at the Dyle river valley, except to its south where

2849-623: The Northern District of California , revoked the deregulation of glyphosate-resistant sugar beets and declared it unlawful for growers to plant glyphosate-resistant sugar beets in the spring of 2011. Believing a sugar shortage would occur USDA-APHIS developed three options in the environmental assessment to address the concerns of environmentalists. In 2011, a federal appeals court for the Northern district of California in San Francisco overturned

2926-480: The Sucreries de Breda et Berg op Zoom. The new company set about on a complete modernization of the installations. It also built a 14th râperie, that of Wanze itself, which could process 700 t of beet per day. In 1888, a description of the factory was published. It could process 30,000 hectoliter of raw juice per 24 hours. Highlights were the impressive carbonatation hall and the big quadruple effect evaporators. Within

3003-464: The United States, Germany, France and Turkey were the world's five largest sugar beet producers. In 2010–2011, Europe, and North America except Arctic territories failed to supply the overall domestic demand for sugar and were all net importers of sugar. The US harvested 406,500 hectares (1,004,600 acres) of sugar beets in 2008. In 2009, sugar beets accounted for 20% of the world's sugar production and nearly 30% by 2013. Sugarcane accounts for most of

3080-449: The United States. About 95% of sugar beet croplands in the US were planted with glyphosate-resistant seed in 2011. Weeds may be chemically controlled using glyphosate without harming the crop. After planting sugar beet seed, weeds emerge in fields and growers apply glyphosate to control them. Glyphosate is commonly used in field crops because it controls a broad spectrum of weed species and has

3157-459: The absence of adequate irrigation, 460 mm (18 inches) of rainfall are necessary to raise an average crop. High winds are harmful, as they generally crust the land and prevent the young beets from coming through the ground. The best results are obtained along the coast of southern California, where warm, sunny days succeeded by cool, foggy nights seem to meet sugar beet's favored growth conditions. Sunshine of long duration but not of great intensity

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3234-413: The back of a cart . Today, mechanical sowing, herbicide application for weed control, and mechanical harvesting have displaced this reliance on manual farm work. A root beater uses a series of blades to chop the leaf and crown (which is high in nonsugar impurities) from the root. The beet harvester lifts the root, and removes excess soil from the root in a single pass over the field. A modern harvester

3311-432: The beets by their leaves, knocked them together to shake free loose soil, and then laid them in a row, root to one side, greens to the other. A second worker equipped with a beet hook (a short-handled tool between a billhook and a sickle ) followed behind, and would lift the beet and swiftly chop the crown and leaves from the root with a single action. Working this way, he would leave a row of beets that could be forked into

3388-434: The beets do not significantly deteriorate. Beets that freeze and then defrost, produce complex carbohydrates that cause severe production problems in the factory. In the UK, loads may be hand examined at the factory gate before being accepted. In the US, the fall harvest begins with the first hard frost, which arrests photosynthesis and the further growth of the root. Depending on the local climate, it may be carried out over

3465-419: The brand name Kobba Libre . The second method to produce alcohol from sugar beet is to ferment the sugar beet themselves. I.e. without attempting to produce sugar. The idea to distill sugar from the beet came up soon after the first beet sugar factory was established. Between 1852 and 1854 Champonnois devised a good system to distill alcohol from sugar beet. Within a few years a large sugar distilling industry

3542-433: The course of a few weeks or be prolonged throughout the winter months. The harvest and processing of the beet is referred to as "the campaign", reflecting the organization required to deliver the crop at a steady rate to processing factories that run 24 hours a day for the duration of the harvest and processing (for the UK, the campaign lasts about five months). In the Netherlands, this period is known as de bietencampagne ,

3619-446: The earth during the process of growth. A hard subsoil is impervious to water and prevents proper drainage. It should not be too loose, however, as this allows the water to pass through more freely than is desirable. Ideally, the soil should be deep, fairly fine and easily penetrable by the roots. It should also be capable of retaining moisture and at the same time admit of a free circulation of air and good drainage. Sugar beet crops exhaust

3696-480: The end he selected a local strain from Halberstadt in modern-day Saxony-Anhalt , Germany. Moritz Baron von Koppy and his son further selected white, conical tubers from this strain. The selection was named weiße schlesische Zuckerrübe , meaning white Silesian sugar beet. In about 1800, this cultivar boasted about 5–6% sucrose by (dry) weight. It would go on to be the progenitor of all modern sugar beets. The plant breeding process has continued since then, leading to

3773-460: The first commercial production started in 1879 at a farm in Alvarado, California . The sugar beet was introduced to Chile by German settlers around 1850. The sugar beet, like sugarcane , needs a particular soil and a proper climate for its successful cultivation. The most important requirements are that the soil must contain a large supply of nutrients, be rich in humus , and be able to contain

3850-628: The form without is the only one. Latin continued to be use in documentation in the Belgian area into the early modern era, and it has been noted that spelling variations sometimes even included Hispania (or similar) which would usually refer to geographical area containing Spain and Portugal. In Roman times, Haspengouw formed the fertile agricultural core area of the Civitas Tungrorum , containing its capital in Tongeren , and with sandy Toxandria to

3927-546: The idea to split the production process came up. The extraction of the raw juice from the beet would be done in a râperie close to the farm. Only the raw juice would then be transported over a longer distance. A large central factory would be able to do the final processing at lower cost. In 1867 the idea was implemented by building a sugar factory in Montcornet, Aisne and a râperie at a distance of 8 km. The two were connected by means of an underground pipeline that transported

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4004-435: The land must be properly prepared. Deep ploughing is the first principle of beet culture. It allows the roots to penetrate the subsoil without much obstruction, thereby preventing the beet from growing out of the ground, besides enabling it to extract considerable nourishment and moisture from the lower soil. If the latter is too hard, the roots will not penetrate it readily and, as a result, the plant will be pushed up and out of

4081-529: The leaves (with 25% protein) are fed to cattle. Although long considered toxic to cattle, harvested beet bulbs can be fed to cattle if they are appropriately transitioned to their new diet. Dairy cattle in New Zealand can thrive on just pasture and beets, without silage or other supplementary feed. The crop is also now grown in some parts of Australia as cattle feed. Molasses can serve to produce monosodium glutamate (MSG). Sugar beets are an important part of

4158-690: The leaves and beet yellows virus . Continual research looks for varieties with resistance, as well as increased sugar yield. Sugar beet breeding research in the United States is most prominently conducted at various USDA Agricultural Research Stations, including one in Fort Collins, Colorado , headed by Linda Hanson and Leonard Panella; one in Fargo, North Dakota , headed by John Wieland; and one at Michigan State University in East Lansing, Michigan , headed by Rachel Naegele. Other economically important members of

4235-703: The long summer days from the relatively high latitude (the Lower Peninsula , where production is concentrated, lies between the 41st and 46th parallels North) and the influence of the Great Lakes result in satisfactory climatic conditions for sugar beet culture. Sebewaing, Michigan , lies in the Thumb region of Michigan; both the region and state are major sugar beet producers. Sebewaing is home to one of four Michigan Sugar Company factories. The town sponsors an annual Michigan Sugar Festival. To cultivate beets successfully,

4312-664: The north of it in the Campine , and the stony hills of the Condroz and Ardennes to the south. The Salian Franks were allowed to settle in Toxandria in the 4th century, while the more heavily populated Haspengouw remained more Romanized. Frankish power however eventually extended over neighbouring Romans. From at least the eighth century Hesbaye was an important geographical division in the Merovingian Frankish kingdom of Austrasia . In

4389-506: The plans ( cahier des charges ) for a sugar factory in Wanze. In December 1870 potential contractors for the delivery and installation of 30 kilometers of pipeline were called upon. The central factory was built on a terrain of the Hospices Civils de Huy in Wanze. This is a municipality on the north bank of the Meuse , facing Huy. The central factory was connected to râperies located on

4466-528: The plateau of Hesbaye , where the sugar beet were grown. By February 1872 the central factory was connected to 5 râperies. That of Longchamps (Éghezée) was 23 km away. The others were at Burdinne (12 km), Vissoul (9 km), Moha (3 km), and Chapon-Seraing (10 km). Two of these communicated by telegraph , the others by regular messengers. At the time, 3 new râperies were under construction. The factory could process 9–10,000 hectoliter of raw juice per day. It could not process sugar beet, but it

4543-401: The presence of hardpan , is not desirable, as cultivation to a depth of from 12 to 15 inches (30 to 38 cm) is necessary to produce the best results. Climatic conditions, temperature, sunshine, rainfall and winds have an important bearing upon the success of sugar beet agriculture. A temperature ranging from 15 to 21 °C (59 to 70 °F) during the growing months is most favorable. In

4620-476: The raw juice. The company that would build Wanze Sugar Factory was known as Sucreries Centrales. It was founded by contract on 16 May 1870. It would have its headquarters in Liège. The goal of the company was to establish one or more central sugar factories connected by pipeline to outlying râperies, as well as engaging in all possible other industrial and trade activities in the sugar industry. The initial share capital

4697-671: The resistance gene Rz2 in the wild progenitor. Rz2 confers resistance to rhizomania, commonly known as the sugar beet root madness disease. Sugar beets have been bred for increased sugar content, from 8% to 18% in the 200 years up to 2013 , resistance to viral and fungal diseases, increased taproot size, monogermy , and less bolting . Breeding has been eased by discovery of a cytoplasmic male sterility line – this has especially been useful in yield breeding. Hesbaye The Hesbaye ( French , French pronunciation: [ɛsbɛ] ), or Haspengouw ( Dutch and Limburgish , Dutch pronunciation: [ˈɦɑspə(ŋ)ˌɣʌu] ),

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4774-402: The rest of sugar produced globally . In February 2015, a USDA factsheet reported that sugar beets generally account for about 55 percent of domestically produced sugar, and sugar cane for about 45 percent. The sugar beet has a conical, white, fleshy root (a taproot ) with a flat crown. The plant consists of the root and a rosette of leaves. Sugar is formed by photosynthesis in the leaves and

4851-451: The ruling. In July 2012, after completing an environmental impact assessment and a plant pest risk assessment the USDA deregulated Monsanto's Roundup Ready sugar beets. The sugar beet genome shares a triplication event somewhere super-Caryophyllales and at or sub- Eudicots . It has been sequenced and two reference genome sequences have already been generated. The genome size of the sugar beet

4928-494: The shareholders agreed to liquidate the Sucreries Centrales. A new company "Sucreries centrales de Wanze" was then founded. It got a share capital of 2,000,000 Francs divided in 4,000 privileged shares of 500 Francs and 4,000 shares without a designated value. The executive board consisted of Paul Wittouck; Alban Poulet, banker, and Baron Gustave Mincé du Fontbaré. Godefroid Piesseria and Ernest de Moerloose were appointed to

5005-407: The small number cases of medieval Latin which include the "gau" ending are un-coincidentally in or near the old deaconry of Tongeren, which he proposed to be the historical core of the Hesbaye. Therefore, he proposed, the terms Hasbania and Haspengouw can not be assumed to have identical meanings in all records, even though in modern Dutch the form with "gouw" is now the only one, while in modern French

5082-527: The soil rapidly. Crop rotation is recommended and necessary. Normally, beets are grown in the same ground every third year, peas, beans or grain being raised the other two years. In most temperate climates, beets are planted in the spring and harvested in the autumn. At the northern end of its range, growing seasons as short as 100 days can produce commercially viable sugar beet crops. In warmer climates, such as in California 's Imperial Valley , sugar beets are

5159-560: The subfamily Chenopodioideae : In the United States, genetically modified sugar beets, engineered for resistance to glyphosate , a herbicide marketed as Roundup, were developed by Monsanto as a genetically modified crop . In 2005, the US Department of Agriculture-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service ( USDA - APHIS ) deregulated glyphosate-resistant sugar beets after it conducted an environmental assessment and determined glyphosate-resistant sugar beets were highly unlikely to become

5236-399: The sugar beet crop, such as pulp and molasses , add another 10% to the value of the harvest. Sugar beets grow exclusively in the temperate zone, in contrast to sugarcane , which grows exclusively in the tropical and subtropical zones. The average weight of a sugar beet ranges between 0.5 and 1 kg (1.1 and 2.2 lb). Sugar beet foliage has a rich, brilliant green color and grows to

5313-434: The supervisory board of the new company. The liquidators of the Sucreries Centrales in liquidation got 3,979 privileged shares in exchange for the central factory and the râperies. The pipelines were sold separately for 2,000,000 Francs in new bonds. The bonds of the old Sucreries Centrales could be exchanged at the ratio of five old bonds for two 500 Franc bonds of the new Sucrerie centrales de Wanze and two 500 Franc bonds of

5390-446: The time the râperie at Longchamps was already important. The company also had a small sugar factory at Waremme. In 1896 the privileged shares and normal shares were exchanged for 8,000 new shares of 1,000 Franc each. The 6% interest on privileged shares had been paid up to 1896 while the rest of the profit had been reserved. From 1895 to 1911 the factory paid a steady high dividend. Paul Wittouck and his brother Franz Wittouck acquired

5467-625: The truck won, but this was probably only the case after World War II. The râperie in Warnant-Dreye closed down in 1925. The râperie in Vissoul closed down in 1948. The râperie in Chapon-Seraing on Rue de Mavoie closed down in 1955. The buildings have been renovated. The râperie in Mechelen-Bovelingen was closed down in 1956, the building still stands. The râperie de Hannêche (a.k.a. Burdinne)

5544-463: Was 2,000,000 belgian francs in 4,000 shares of 500 francs. The initial management of the Sucreries Centrales might have been a bit heavy. The executive management ( administrateurs ) consisted of: The supervisory board ( commissaires ) consisted of: By the time the company was founded, it had probably already decided on the Wanze location. In July 1870 potential contractors were invited to view

5621-532: Was 60.8 tonnes per hectare . The most productive sugar beet farms in the world, in 2022, were in Chile , with a nationwide average yield of 106.2 tonnes per hectare. Imperial Valley (California) farmers have achieved yields of about 160 tonnes per hectare and over 26 tonnes sugar per hectare. Imperial Valley farms benefit from high intensities of incident sunlight and intensive use of irrigation and fertilizers. Most sugar beet are used to create white sugar . This

5698-556: Was a court town for the County of Loon. In the west an apparently short-lived and small county named Brunengeruz was absorbed by the growing power of the westernmost county based in Louvain/Leuven. In the early 11th century the County of Loon, with its comital seat in Borgloon first starts to appear in records. Along with Louvain, whose power indeed proceeded to expand beyond the region, these two counties proved to be lasting. In 1040,

5775-541: Was closed down in 1958. An administrative building might still be standing. The râperie in Perwez on Avenue de Rosaie was shut down in 1959. A part of it survived and is now a restaurant. The Wanze Sugar Factory is now a production location of the Raffineries Tirlemontoise. It is the only European sugar factory that still has an operational râperie. Sugar beet A sugar beet is a plant whose root contains

5852-532: Was created in France. The current process to produce alcohol by fermenting and distilling sugar beet consists of these steps: Large sugar beet distilleries remain limited to Europe. In 2023 Tereos had 8 beet sugar distilleries, located in France, Czechia and Romania. In many European countries rectified spirit from sugar beet is used to make Liquor , e.g. vodka , Gin etc.. An unrefined sugary syrup can be produced directly from sugar beet. This thick, dark syrup

5929-405: Was planned to get a diffusing station for 20,000 t of beet to be used in the approaching campaign. The beet for this diffusing station would be brought in by boat over the Meuse. The Sucreries Centrales was not successful. In December 1886 it became known that the company had been sold to Paul Wittouck for 4,000,000 Francs. After the sale of the company, or really its assets, to Paul Wittouck ,

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