102-497: Wansapanataym ( Filipinization of the English phrase " once upon a time "), also known as Wansapanataym Presents , is a Philippine television drama fantasy anthology series broadcast by ABS-CBN . It aired from June 22, 1997 to February 27, 2005, replacing The Sharon Cuneta Show . The show returned on the network's Yes Weekend! from September 11, 2010, to April 7, 2019, replacing Agimat: Ang Mga Alamat ni Ramon Revilla and
204-464: A Dynamic Model of the evolution of Postcolonial Englishes, positioning Philippine English in Phase 3, Nativization . In 2016, Ariane Macalinga Borlongan argued in a research article that that Philippine English had met the parameters set for repositioning into Phase 4, Endonormative stabilization . Philippine laws and court decisions, with extremely rare exceptions, are written solely in English. English
306-518: A National Artist award. Larry Alcala left a lasting legacy with his 56-year career, notably through his Slice of Life , a single-panel comic strip series portraying daily life in the Philippines without dialogue. Alcala was also bestowed with the title of National Artist. Mars Ravelo introduced the iconic Filipino superhero, Darna . Ravelo's other creations, such as Captain Barbell , Lastikman ,
408-463: A movie and a musical theater production. The 1990s also witnessed a surge in influence from Japanese manga and anime. This trend can be traced back to the 1970s when anime titles such as Voltes V and G-Force had gained popularity among expanding television audience of the middle class. However, the momentum of the anime boom was hindered when the Marcos administration banned these series, though
510-497: A bill was introduced for a graphic novel archiving project. Comic creation is now being integrated into university curricula, and student groups are actively fostering emerging comic book artists. While circulation numbers may not reach previous highs, the comics culture is experiencing a resurgence in the 21st century. Comics with boy's love genre focusing on the lived experiences of the Filipino queer community have become popular in
612-687: A close association with the film industry. Tailored to the preference and aspirations of the " clog -wearing" Filipino public, comic books proved to be suitable source material for films, with approximately 30–40% of major studio releases in 1986 being comic book adaptations. These adaptations covered a variety of genres, including melodramas, romantic comedies , and adventures. Filmmaker Lino Brocka acknowledged his practice of alternating between artistically oriented projects and those based on comics that appeal to existing audiences. Beside direct adaptations, some Filmmakers provided original story for comic magazines, later releasing film adaptations coinciding with
714-842: A compassionate prostitute, a daughter sacrificing herself for her family, or a woman deceived by her lover, with the protagonist ultimately prevailing and finding happiness. Queer genres, such as boy's love , have recently enjoyed a rise in popularity especially after the rise of queer motion-picture series in the 2020's. Besides these mainstream genres, Philippine comics explored a wide range of themes, including news, politics, agriculture, biography, history, and sports. Some stories depicted dramas revolving around ordinary people based on reader-submitted narratives. Science fiction elements, such as space adventures, organ transplants, cloning, and test-tube babies, were often featured. Additionally, works imitating hit movies like Jaws , The Towering Inferno , and James Bond , were not uncommon. In
816-528: A cultural export in the Philippines as in other Asian nations. The reception of Japanese manga has sparked controversial, mirroring debates in other nations. Alanguilan has criticized Filipino professional manga artists for adopting styles closely associated with Japanese cultural identity, labeling them as "Filipino". As new developments unfolded, efforts to revive traditional Filipino comics were also underway. Mango Comics rebooted old superheroes like Darna, Lastikman, and Captain Barbell around 2003. Targeting
918-444: A decline in quality, exemplified by writer Carlo Caparas who once produced 36 works (typically 4 pages each ) on a weekly basis, while another artist completed 19 works per week with assistance for the pen work. In the 1990s, economic instability, political turmoil, and natural disasters strained family finances, resulted in sharp decline in comic book sales. Concurrently, new forms of entertainment including television, video games,
1020-565: A decline in the 1990s and have since evolved into modernized forms with updated content and binding, targeting university students and affluent urban residents. The readership now predominantly consists of males. Following the dissolution of the Roces family's monopoly, numerous independent publishing houses have emerged. Their owners often derive their primary income from mass media or academia and frequently are creators themselves. These publishers maintain close connections with their fan base, nurturing
1122-453: A distinctive character as melodramas enjoyed by both children and adults. Marked by ornate, baroque illustrations drawn in thick lines, Philippine comics peaked in popularity as a national pastime during the 1980s. They also served as source material for movies, as well as for promoting government initiatives. However, by the end of the 20th century, public interest began to wane, with alternative forms of entertainment such as television and
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#17328958398991224-406: A diverse range of content, including anthologies, reprints of serialized works, and newly created comics. Most Pinoy manga, Filipino comics influenced by Japanese manga, are printed in color and cover a wide range of themes, gaining particularly popularity among women aged 8 to 25. Manga publishers focus on middle and high-school students, as publications tailored to this age group were limited in
1326-442: A dominant position, owning 62 out of 71 titles in the market by 1992. The publishing model established by the Roces family, characterized by the short publication periods, a wide array of titles, and affordable prices, faced minimal challenges from smaller publishers. However, this oligopoly led to a conservative approach to content, often favoring recycled ideas over innovation. The relentless pursuit of production speed resulted in
1428-474: A flourishing of the genre. Nonoy Marcelo , among those blacklisted, evaded censorship by joining the state-run media agency , and infused subtle political satire into his cartoons featuring his rat character Ikabod . Eventually Marcos was overthrown in 1986, yet satirical cartoons did not regain their former prominence, as media conglomerates increasingly excluded content deemed detrimental to business interests. The 1970s presented multiple challenges for
1530-507: A full-color page, then advanced into the magazine's various language editions. The moniker "Kenkoy" was ingrained into the Filipino vernacular as a term meaning "someone who is boisterously hilarious, funny or amusing", and the character persisted in comics and visual media well into the 21st century. Velasquez has come to be called "father of Filipino comics," partly due to his role as a publisher in later years, providing numerous creators with
1632-668: A generational change in comic book publishing. Many young artists were inspired to break into American comics industry by Whilce Portacio , a Filipino immigrant who had achieved success in America. Portacio made regular visits to his home country in the early 1990s, engaging with and mentoring local artists, including the Alamat group. The studio Portacio founded in Manila has nurtured talents such as Alanguilan and Leinil Francis Yu , both of whom have subsequently contributed to Marvel Comics . During
1734-500: A higher-income demographic, Mango opted to distribute through comic book specialty stores rather than newsstands. In 2007, the company embarked on an unsuccessful venture into mass-market weekly comic books, setting filmmaker and writer Carlo Caparas as a spokesperson. Caparas himself promoted Philippine comics through initiatives such as establishing awards for new creators and organizing the Artist Training Caravan to bolster
1836-544: A major presence in American comics. However, as reader preferences shifted in the 1980s, many Filipino artists transitioned to alternative career paths, such as animation. In 1972, Ferdinand Marcos ' administration imposed martial law , forcing all publishers to align with a pro-regime stance. The administration recognized the significant influence of comics on public opinion and published comics to promote its policies, while establishing The Media Advisory Council to regulate
1938-458: A niche community. General bookstores in the Philippines primarily focus on foreign publications, placing domestic comic books at a disadvantage in terms of sales and distribution. Consequently, independent publishers view comic conventions as vital channels for sales. Graphic novels , primarily comprising Western works and English-language Japanese ones, are widely accessible in general bookstores. This relatively new publishing format encompasses
2040-970: A phonological feature across numerous Philippine languages such as Karay-a , Maranao , Kapampangan , or the Abagatan (Southern) dialect of Ilocano —is absent as a separate phoneme. Many Filipinos often have distinct non-native English pronunciation, and many fall under different lectal variations (i.e. basilectal, mesolectal, acrolectal). Some Philippine languages (e.g. Ibanag , Itawis , Surigaonon , Tausug ) feature certain unique phonemes such as [dʒ] , [f] , [v] , and [z] , which are also present in English. However, Filipinos' first languages (such as Tagalog ) have generally different phonological repertoires (if not more simplified compared to English), and this leads to mis- or distinct pronunciations particularly among basilectal and to some extent mesolectal speakers. Philippine comics Philippine Comics ( Filipino : Komiks ) have been popular throughout
2142-472: A platform to publish their works. During the 1930s, Filipino comics heavily mirrored American comic strips. José Zabala-Santos was renowned for his Popeye -inspired creations, Lukas Marakas and Popoy . The first adventure comic, Francisco Reyes ' Kulafu , featured a Tarzan -esque hero in the jungles of Luzon during the pre-Spanish era . Amidst the pressures of westernization, such pseudo-historical adventures continued to captivate audiences in
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#17328958398992244-462: A small fanbase before 2015, but has drastically grown since the 2020's and transformed into its own sub-genre of Pinoy BL. New generations of queer comic authors, most of which are queer themselves, have focused on creating books to introduce people to the LGBTQIA+ world, covering both differences and similarities to the heterosexual mainstream. Notable works include Ang Jowa Kong Crosswise , Champion of
2346-604: A surge in female creators. In the past, comic artists operated within an apprenticeship-like dynamic, often excluding women. However, with the rise of a new generation influenced by Western comics and manga such as Sailor Moon and CLAMP , independent comics by female artists have become more common. Despite the persistent male dominance in the comics landscape of the 2020s, events like Komiket actively empower and support women's creative pursuits. Comics are increasingly acknowledged as an art form, with frequent retrospectives honoring early artists like Ravelo and Coching. In 2010,
2448-513: A tool for government public relations. During the presidency of Corazon Aquino in the late 1980s, comics were used to disseminate messages urging communist guerrillas to surrender, camouflaged as romance stories, and distributed nationwide. In the 1970s, Filipino artists began penetrating the U.S. market, pioneered by Tony DeZuniga , a Filipino immigrant based in New York. Recruited by DC Comics editor Joe Orlando in 1970, DeZuniga would create
2550-429: A tumultuous period of colonial transition, Filipino leaders and elites, and the American colonial government alike began discussing the formation of a Philippine national language . The retained high ethnolinguistic diversity of the new colony was due to a low penetration of Spanish under Spain's rule. Spanish was limited to a medium of instruction for the landed elites and gentry. By the end of Spanish colonization and
2652-494: A viable alternative to the traditional weekly comic books. Notable works like Trese by Alamat member Budjette Tan and Kajo Baldisimo , The Mythology Class and Trip to Tagaytay by Arnold Arre , and One Night in Purgatory by Carlo Vergara have been released in book form by mainstream publishers. Vergara's queer superhero Zsazsa Zaturnnah , created in 2002, gained widespread popularity, leading to its adaptation into
2754-413: A younger generation distinct from traditional comics readers. In 2000, Culture Crash Comics debuted, showcasing high-quality manga-inspired works. Although the magazine did not last long due to financial difficulties, its popularity spurred the emergence of followers such as Mangaholix by the same publisher, alongside Questor and Nautilus Comics . Superhero comic publisher Mango Comics launched
2856-486: Is a variety of English native to the Philippines , including those used by the media and the vast majority of educated Filipinos and English learners in the Philippines from adjacent Asian countries. English is taught in schools as one of the two official languages of the country, the other being Filipino , a standardized form of Tagalog . Due to the influx of Philippine English teachers overseas, Philippine English
2958-611: Is a 1999 Filipino fantasy comedy-drama film directed by Johnny Manahan . It is a film adaptation of the series and was released in May 26, 1999. The story is about an orphaned girl named Anna ( Shaina Magdayao ) who searches for her long-lost father ( Christopher de Leon ) whom she was able to find with the help of a guardian angel Barbiel ( Serena Dalrymple ). During the ABS-CBN Trade Launch held at NBC Tent, Metro Manila in August 2010, it
3060-554: Is a general absence of the schwa /ə/ ; it is instead pronounced by its respective equivalent full vowel, although the r-colored variant [ɚ] has been increasingly popular in recent years. The following consonant changes apply for many non-native speakers of the dialect: Vowels in Philippine English are pronounced according to the letter representing each, so that ⟨a, e, i, o, u⟩ are generally pronounced as [a, ɛ, i, o, u] , respectively. The schwa /ə/ —although
3162-503: Is also becoming the prevalent variety of English being learned in the Far East as taught by Filipino teachers in various Asian countries such as South Korea , Japan , and Thailand among others. Due to the highly multilingual and bilingual nature of the Philippines, code-switching such as Taglish ( Tagalog -infused English) and Bislish (English infused with any of the Bisayan languages )
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3264-400: Is also used in higher education , religious affairs, print and broadcast media, and business. Most well-educated Filipinos are bilingual and speak English as one of their languages. For highly technical subjects such as nursing, medicine, computing and mathematics, English is the preferred medium for textbooks and communication. Very few would prefer highly technical books in either Filipino or
3366-512: Is prevalent across domains from casual settings to formal situations. Filipinos were first introduced to English when the British invaded and occupied Manila and Cavite in 1762 as part of the Seven Years' War . Still, this occupation had no lasting effect on English in the country. A national variety called Philippine English evolved as a result of American colonization and was arguably one of
3468-412: Is the longest-running fantasy anthology series on Philippine television, reaching its 19th year in 2019. The creators dubbed the series as "the original storybook of Filipino children". As the series progressed, most episodes have spanned a variety of genres and subgenres including romantic comedy , action-adventure , horror , and science fiction , while also keeping the fantasy genre. Wansapanataym
3570-699: The Philippines Free Press under the American rule , extensively criticized both the colonial powers and the local government through cartoons. Early political cartoons personified the nation as "Filipinas", a naive maiden courted by Uncle Sam , who later was replaced by Juan dela Cruz , a slipper-wearing common man introduced by Jorge Pineda in The Independent . Noteworthy painters of this era, such as Fernando Amorsolo and Botong Francisco , were also known for their cartooning. The weekly Liwayway ,
3672-470: The shōjo title Mango Jam . Even longstanding children's magazines such as Funny Komiks adopted manga-style illustrations. These creations by Filipino artists, dubbed "Pinoy manga," marked an era of "comics, komiks, and manga" (works in the American, Filipino, and Japanese styles). Notable Pinoy manga works include Love is in the Bag by Ace Vitangcol. The Japanese government actively promoted manga as
3774-546: The Philippine Postal Corporation commemorated Philippine comics by issuing a series of stamps . The featured artworks included Darna by Gilbert Monsanto, Darna by Nestor Redondo, Kulafu by Francisco Reyes, and Lapu-Lapu by Francisco Coching. The National Book Awards , managed by the National Book Development Board , have included a category for graphic literature since 1999. Below
3876-475: The Philippine peso sign (₱, used in prices), however, are not indicated on Philippine keyboards; these are usually entered through dead keys, keyboard shortcuts or character input aids. Philippine English is a rhotic accent mainly due to the influence of Philippine languages , which are the first language of most of its speakers. Another influence is the rhotic characteristic of American English , which became
3978-475: The Philippine–American War in 1903, only 10% of the colonial population could speak Spanish. The lingering effects of Spanish amongst the general population nevertheless had notable effects on the lexical development of many Philippine languages , and even Philippine English, in the form of Hispanisms. Tagalog was selected as the basis for a national language in 1937, and has since remained so. It
4080-763: The reforms promulgated in Noah Webster 's 1828 Dictionary . The MM/DD/YYYY and DD/MM/YYYY date format are used in the Philippines for date notation and the 12-hour clock for time notation. There are two major English language keyboard layouts , the United States layout and the United Kingdom layout. Keyboards and keyboard software for the Philippine market universally use the US keyboard layout. Common special characters such as Ñ (used in proper nouns and Spanish loanwords) or
4182-546: The western hero Jonah Hex and contribute to Conan the Barbarian , as well as various romance , horror , and war titles. In 1971, DeZuniga recommended DC publisher Carmine Infantino to visit the Philippines to scout for new talent at moderate rates. This initiative resulted in a significant outflux of Filipino artists, including Alex Niño, Nestor Redondo and Alfredo Alcala. Renowned for their drawing proficiency, speed, and diverse artistic range, Filipino artists became
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4284-418: The 1930s with humorous works such as Kenkoy , followed by the popularity of historical heroic tales such as Kulafu . The subsequent rise of melodrama in the 1940s and 1950s, drawing from the tradition of Philippine popular fiction, set the prevailing tone of Philippine comics. Mars Ravelo, one of the genre's most renowned writers, created Roberta , in which a young girl is bullied by her stepmother. By
4386-599: The 1970s with the works of Pablo Gomez and Carlo Caparas, and by 1980, fantasy narratives were present in around 70% of all comic magazines. Romance comics had become a dominant genre by the 1990s, comprising more than half of the stories published in popular magazines as indicated by a 1992 survey. Comics editor Emmanuel Martinez suggests that Filipinos are particularly drawn to love stories due to their romantic, emotional, and family-oriented nature. Martinez notes that readers prefer light-hearted tales with optimistic endings. These stories frequently portrayed characters such as
4488-504: The 1970s, each magazine featured signature long serials, with Anak ni Zuma in Aliwan Komiks standing out as a prominent example that remained popular for over a decade. Additionally, these comics books featured crossword puzzles, short gags, letter sections, advertisements, and prose sections covering topics such as celebrity gossip, biographies, and life hacks. The title of comics was often straightforward, employing everyday objects,
4590-424: The 1980s, marked by the publication of 47 weekly comic books and a total circulation of 2.5 to 3 million copies by the mid-1980s. The actual readership far exceeded these figures due to the conventionalized sharing of copies among friends and families, making comics the most widely consumed form of publishing, even surpassing newspapers. With a national distribution network under its ownership, Roces continued to hold
4692-461: The 1980s, melodramatic narratives infused with themes of sex, violence, and class inequality gained prominence. Despite the male dominance in the industry, this genre was contributed to by many female writers including Elena Patron , who produced over 350 short comics and 120 serials in 20 years, alongside Nerissa Cabral and Gilda Olvidado . Action and fantasy also have long been popular in Philippine comics. In 1950s, Ravelo introduced Dyesebel ,
4794-792: The 1980s. From their inception, comics faced criticism from conservative and religious groups due to perceived lowbrow content. In 1954, following the establishment of the Comics Code in the U.S. comics industry, the Association of Publishers and Editors of Philippine Comics-Magazines (APEPCOM) was formed, spearheaded by Ace. Collaborating with the Catholic Church, APEPCOM implemented a self-regulatory code aimed at excluding "filth harmful to morals," such as explicit sex, horror, and criminal activities, from their works. Consequently, Filipino comics would persist in avoiding offensive or vulgar humor until
4896-485: The 1990s, a new trend emerged as artists began to self-publish photocopied minicomics , predominantly within the American-style superhero genre, often selling them at campus festivals. Alamat Comics, founded in 1994 as a small convention for independent creators to connect, eventually expanded to formally publish works such as Wasted by Gerry Alanguilan . Mango Comics and other publishers also emerged, signifying
4998-426: The 2000s, comic publishing styles diversified, with more artists taking on works from non-comic or international publishers, alongside the trend of self-publishing. The latter facilitated the creation of a broader range of works. In the late 2000s, Alanguilan self-published Elmer , a social drama featuring intelligent chickens, earning a nomination for the prestigious Eisner Award . Graphic novels emerged as
5100-450: The 21st century, predominantly focusing on simple humor and political satire. During this era, many artists emerged who would shape the history of Philippine comics. Francisco Coching , a World War II guerrilla fighter, established the indigenous style of Philippine comics with his dynamic and intricate drawings. Nicknamed "the Dean of Philippine comics," Coching was posthumously honored with
5202-716: The American English from which it was derived are observable. Philippine English traditionally follows American English spelling and grammar while it shares some similarity to Commonwealth English . Philippine English follows the latter when it comes to punctuation as well as date notations. For example, a comma almost never precedes the final item in an enumeration (much like the AP Stylebook and other style guides in English-language journalism generally). Philippine spelling usually follows American spellings, following
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#17328958398995304-512: The Filipino folktale The Turtle and the Monkey , which featured a combination of words and pictures akin to modern cartoons. As in many countries, commercial cartooning in the Philippines originated with single-panel political cartoons in satirical periodicals . Magazines and newspapers such as Te con Leche and El Tio Verdades during the Spanish colonial period , followed by Lipang Kalabaw and
5406-588: The Internet taking precedence, leading to the decline of nationally distributed comic books. Subsequently, self-publishing and independent publishers flourished, and comics communities formed through conventions . The emergence of webcomics provided a new avenue for publishing works. Some believe that the origin of indigenous Philippine cartoons can be traced back to the independence activist José Rizal . Rizal privately created several picture stories , with one notable example being his 1885 illustrated rendition of
5508-444: The Internet, and foreign comics, further intensified competition. Furthermore, the departure of top artists for other industries or overseas opportunities, combined with outdated printing and binding techniques, contributed to the industry's struggles. To address the downturn in the market, comic book publishers employed various strategies, including the integration of Japanese anime and video game aesthetics into children's titles and
5610-544: The Japanese Propaganda Corps, promoted assimilation programs such as Japanese language education and suggested ways to address shortages in supplies. After World War II , Filipino publishers began to adopt the format of American comic books , influenced by the abundance of comics in American soldiers' garrisons. Unlike the single-story format common in the U.S., these Filipino periodicals were typically anthologies ranging from 36 to 45 pages. Leading this trend
5712-448: The Philippine art style as "classical and romantic, delineated by luscious and graceful brushwork." Franscisco Coching was an influential artist who left a lasting impact on his contemporaries starting from the 1950s, earning the nickname "Dean of Filipino Komiks Illustration." Alanguilan praised his "bold and frenetic" brushwork, noting that his figures "seemed to move even when they were standing still." Filipino comics originated in
5814-515: The Philippine comics industry. Alongside losing talent to the higher-paying American counterpart, the industry faced criticism from the administration and the Catholic Church regarding perceived 'harmful' content, not to mention economic recession. While several weaker publishers succumbed to these pressures, companies such as GASI and Atlas, owned by Ramon Roces, continued to thrive. GASI's circulation and revenues quadrupled between 1975 and 1978. The popularity or Philippine comics reached its peak in
5916-523: The Philippines to become a choice destination for foreign companies wishing to establish call centers and other outsourcing . English proficiency sustains a major call center industry and in 2005, America Online had 1,000 people in what used to be the US Air Force's Clark Air Base in Angeles City answering ninety percent of their global e-mail inquiries. Citibank does its global ATM programming in
6018-527: The Philippines, where the majority of the population is Catholic, pornography is prohibited by law, and homosexuality tends to be viewed indecent as well. Positive portrayals of homosexuality are rare in mainstream media. According to comics scholar Soledad Reyes , many traditional romance comics depicted protagonists undergoing an overnight transformation from "overaged babies, thumb sucking men and women, [...], and effeminate man" into proud and confident individuals "deeply conscious of their sexuality" through
6120-737: The Philippines. During the Pacific War , Manila fell under Japanese military control in January 1942. Japanese military authorities enforced a ban on local newspapers, while utilizing Roces family-owned publications such as Liwayway and The Tribune for propaganda. American comic strips including The Lone Ranger and Fritzi Ritz , which had been serialized in The Tribune , were replaced by The Boy 'Pilipino' by Japanese cartoonist Keizo Shimada [ ja ] and The KALIBAPI Family by Tony Velasquez. These works, subject to censorship by
6222-701: The Philippines. These conventions serve as vital platforms for indie artists to distribute their works. Online fan activities have thrived, enabling greater exposure to international influences and creating new avenues for publication. Several platforms originating in the Philippines, such as Penlab, Webkom Alliance, and Kudlis, allow amateurs to publish webcomics. Some artists have found recognition on Korean webtoons . Veteran artists including Pol Medina Jr. have ventured into online publishing and monetization. The anime adaptation of Budjette Tan's Trese , released on Netflix in 2021, attracted international attention. The evolution of comics culture has facilitated
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#17328958398996324-401: The Roces comics monopoly fell in the late 1990s, it took everything with it." Although comics publishing persisted, the dissolution of the Roces distribution network significantly diminished the industry and compelled a shift in publishing style. Many artists opted for self-publishing avenues, such as Pol Medina Jr. , who reprinted his newspaper serial Pugad Baboy as graphic novels. In
6426-485: The Rose , Nang Mainlove Ako sa Isang Sakristan , and Sari Sari Story , while various queer comic anthologies have also been published in last few years. Filipino language, geography, and culture often merged with American and Japanese influences in various works. While U.S. superheroes typically operate in settings where superhuman abilities arise from innate qualities or are obtained through scientific means and training,
6528-546: The United Kingdom) may speak in a non-rhotic accent unless taught otherwise. Native and well-educated speakers (also called acrolectal speakers ) may also feature flapping and vowel sounds resembling the California vowel shift due to the influence of Hollywood movies and call center culture mostly pegged towards the American market. For non-native speakers, Philippine English phonological features are heavily dependent on
6630-517: The World Englishes framework of linguist Braj Kachru , is a recognized variety of English with its distinct lexical, phonological, and grammatical features (with considerable variations across socioeconomic groups and level of education being predictors of English proficiency in the Philippines). As the English language became highly embedded in Philippine society, it was only a matter of time before
6732-665: The climax of the comic serialization, featuring actors resembling the characters from the comics. The 21st century continues to witness film adaptations of both older classics and more recent comics. Among classics adapted into television series in the 2000s are Mars Ravelo's Darna (2005), Carlo Caparas' Bakekang (2006), Francisco Coching's Pedro Penduko (2006), Pablo Gomez's Kampanerang Kuba (2005). As of 2016, Darna has been featured 13 films, three TV dramas, an animated TV series, and even ballet performances. Film adaptations of recent comics include Mulawin (2004), Encantadia (2005), and Atlantika (2006). In 2004,
6834-869: The comic book industry often faced instability, partly due to the sluggish Philippine economy. Larry Alcala reflected on this period, noting that overproduction led to a decline in quality, marking the end of the golden age. The " bomba " and "developmental comics" are genres unique to the Philippines that emerged in the 1960s. Bomba comics, published by ephemeral publishers, featured pornographic stories , nude photos, and occasional political messages. Despite facing condemnation from religious and feminist groups, bomba magazines remained popular until they were forced underground following intensified enforcement measures during martial law from 1972 onwards. Developmental comics, published by public agencies, aimed to raise awareness about family planning and were reported for their impact on population control. Comics were also utilized as
6936-468: The content of comics. The comics industry complied, leading to a disappearance of works depicting poverty or social unrest from their pages. Although the Philippines had previously enjoyed an exceptional level of freedom for political satire among Southeast Asian countries, political cartoonists critical of the government began to be ostracized. Newspaper and magazines under Marcos' influence carried humorous cartoons devoid of political commentary, fostering
7038-416: The country in recent years, while queer comic festivals have become mainstream every Pride Month. The traditional format of Philippine comic book was firmly established by the 1990s. These books typically spanned 32 to 48 pages in color and were priced at 17 to 20 U.S. cents. Each weekly issue consisted of several short stories ( wakasan ) and serials ( nobela ), each running four pages in length. During
7140-588: The country, and Procter & Gamble has over 400 employees in Makati , a central Manila neighborhood, doing back office work for their Asian operations including finance, accounting, human resources and payments processing. An influx of foreign students, principally from South Korea , has also led to growth in the number of English language learning centers, especially in Metro Manila , Baguio , Metro Cebu and Metro Bacolod . In 2003, Edgar W. Schneider defined
7242-575: The dominant language, and by the ratification into the current Philippine Constitution in 1987 , both Filipino and English were declared co-official languages, while removing Spanish as an official language. In 2020, the Philippines was ranked 27th worldwide (among 100 countries ranked) in the EF English Proficiency Index . In the same report, it was ranked 2nd in Asia next only to Singapore . Today Philippine English, as formally called based on
7344-543: The fastest to develop in the postcolonial world. Its origins as an English language spoken by a large segment of the Philippine population can be traced to the American introduction of public education , taught in the English medium of instruction. This was marked by the arrival of the Thomasites in 1901, immediately during re-colonization after the Philippine Revolution in the late 19th century up to early 1900. After
7446-505: The film. It was composed by Homer Flores in the television series and Jaime Fabregas in the film, with lyrics by Jose Bartolome. The song was used from 1997 until 2004. The second theme song was sung by Nyoy Volante , replacing Ayalde's version. It was composed by Jonathan Manalo replacing Flores, with lyrics by Aris Pollisco ( Gloc-9 ), replacing Bartolome. It was used in 2004–2005 and in 2010–2019. Philippine English Philippine English (similar and related to American English )
7548-481: The first literary magazine in the Philippines, introduced its first comic strip in 1929. Titled Mga Kabalbalan ni Kenkoy (Misadventures of Kenkoy), the strip was centered around Kenkoy , a Filipino trying to imitate Americans. This notable character was created by writer Romualdo Ramos and by illustrator Tony Velasquez , who was 18 years old at the time, by commission from publisher Ramon Roces [ tl ] . The short comic swiftly expanded to occupy
7650-536: The first 1997–2005 iteration. On June 29, 2013, Wansapanataym was reformatted as a bi-monthly series wherein one story will be shown for a month or two except on Christmas specials. On November 8, 2015, Wansapanataym launched its two-month television special titled 15 Magical Years in celebration of the show's 15th anniversary, airing 8 special episodes (4 of which were Christmas specials). The special ended on December 27, 2015, now regularly airing bi-monthly episodes. After almost 9 years of broadcast airing of
7752-553: The incorporation of adult humor. These measures offered only temporary respite. Some of the longest-running titles in the world, notably the initial four founded by Tony Velasquez around 1950, which collectively amassed 11,500 issues, ceased publication during this period. The passing of industry titan Ramon Roces in 1993 signaled a pivotal moment. Following his death, Roces family-owned businesses either folded or discontinued comics publication entirely. Many argue that Philippine comics died during this period. As one critic noted, "When
7854-668: The industry, and general magazines began devoting special issues to comics. Additionally, translated U.S. comics became increasingly common. While many of these publishers faced various challenges and industry fluctuations, Roces and his family would remain a dominant figure in the comic book industry for decades. Filipino comics experienced a golden age during the 1950s, as affordable comic books became widely available at street newsstands and general stores ( sari-sari stores ), gradually supplanting literary magazines. While American titles like Superman , Archie , and MAD , sold in supermarkets and bookstores, were primarily consumed by
7956-483: The language was indigenized to the point that it became differentiated from English varieties found in the United States, United Kingdom, or elsewhere. This, along with the formal introduction of the World Englishes (WE) framework to English language scholars in the Philippines, opened the floodgates to research on this new emerging English, which has since been branded as such as Philippine English. The abundant supply of English speakers and competitive labor costs enabled
8058-690: The local comics scene. He also initiated the National Komiks Congress and the Komiks Caravan with support from the National Commission for Culture and the Arts to elevate awareness of comics within the country. In the 2010s, comics further diversified in content and publication formats. Since the establishment of Komikon in 2005, conventions for fans of subcultures such as comics, anime, and video games have become regular events throughout
8160-582: The longstanding standard in the archipelago since Americans introduced the language in public education. This is contrary to the majority of Commonwealth English varieties spoken in neighboring countries such as Malaysia or Singapore . The only exception to this rule is the word Marlboro , which is frequently read as Malboro . Therefore, /r/ phonemes are pronounced in all positions. However, some children of Overseas Filipinos who are educated in Commonwealth countries (such as Australia, New Zealand, or
8262-405: The main character's name (in accordance with the Filipino convention of "characteristic + first name"), or wordplay based on the name of a celebrity. Comic books were sold through newsstands. It is estimated that each copy was read by six to ten individuals due to the accessibility of street lending shops and the practice of sharing within families and among neighbors. A significant proportion of
8364-756: The mermaid Dyesebel , and the humorous character Bondying , have seen remakes in the 21st century, captivating a new generation of readers. Other notable figures include Alfredo Alcala , Clodualdo del Mundo , Nestor Redondo , Alex Niño , Pablo S. Gomez , and Jesse Santos . When the Ace Publication went bankrupt in 1963 following a printers' strike, creators who had contributed the company ventured into their own business endeavors. Velasquez managed GASI (Graphic Arts Services Incorporated) with Roces' support. Pablo Gomez and Mars Ravelo established their respective publishing houses PSG (1964) and RAR (1970) releasing several weekly titles. However, many new entrants into
8466-621: The mermaid who falls in love with a human, and the girl superhero Darna. A common storyline featured the protagonist acquiring a magical item (such as a typewriter, ballpoint pen, or winnowing basket) to overcome adversity. The genre also featured a variety of unusual characters, including half-beast children, talking dolphins, women with a snake or a mouse as twin siblings, three-headed girls, and "The Hands," severed and animated hands with eyes and magical powers. These characters were often drawn inspiration from an eclectic blend of Philippine , Roman , and Greek myths. The genre reached its peak in
8568-426: The middle classes, homegrown comics were embraced by the common people. Most creators did not hail from the intellectual elite either. Due to the shared pool of writers, Filipino comics inherited the characteristic of didactic melodrama from popular literatures. Initially serving as a means of escapism from reality, comics evolved over time, with stories growing more sophisticated and diverse genres emerging through
8670-547: The nation from the 1920s to the present. Comics scholar John A. Lent posited that the Philippine comics tradition has "the strongest audience appeal, best-known cartooning geniuses, and most varied comics content" in Asia after Japan and Hong Kong . The origins of Philippine comic strips trace back to the early 20th century, and Comic books gained widespread readership after World War II . These early comics were deeply rooted in Western styles and formats, yet they possessed
8772-700: The past. Traditional Filipino comics draw inspiration not only from U.S. comic book arts but also from pen-drawn magazine illustrations, such as those by Charles Dana Gibson . The iconic character Darna, created by Mars Ravelo, was influenced by the works of Peruvian illustrator Alberto Vargas . According to Gerry Alanguilan , a comic artist known for his efforts in reprinting and popularizing vintage comics, Filipino comic artists were significantly influenced by American illustrators renowned for their exquisite artwork, such as Franklin Booth , J. C. Leyendecker , Norman Rockwell , and Frank Frazetta . Alanguilan characterizes
8874-448: The power of love. Carlo Vergara's Zsazsa Zaturnnah (2003), a gay man who transforms into a female superhero, marked a significant breakthrough in LGBTQIA+ representation in comics. The work garnered attention from both the general public and academia and paved the way for autobiographical comics by LGBTQIA+ artists. Furthermore, a fandom of Japanese-style yaoi exists, which had
8976-523: The powers of traditional Filipino heroes often stem from faith. Characters like Darna, Panday , and others acquire magical items as symbols of the purity of their hearts. Arnold Arre's 1999 work The Mythology Class extensively explored Filipino mythology, revitalizing the fantasy genre that had been heavily influenced by American superhero comics. By around 2020, commercial works increasingly incorporate noirs and mysteries infused with folklore creatures . Traditional Philippine comics had maintained
9078-585: The readership was adult, particularly low-income women, which distinguished it from the U.S. counterpart. Most comic books were published in Tagalog and served to promote Filipino , the official language based on Tagalog, throughout the country. Around 1980, during the peak of prostitution tours from Japan to the Philippines, some works featuring Japanese protagonists were illustrated by Filipino artists and published in Japanese . Traditional comic books experienced
9180-494: The reasons for these restrictions remain debated. In the late 1980s, following a regime change, anime experienced a resurgence with the airing of Dragon Ball Z and Sailor Moon . However, it wasn't until the late 1990s that anime truly permeated the general public. The popular comedy show Bubble Gang played a significant role in this by featuring Voltes V , evoking memories of the military regime and contributing to anime's broader appeal. Japanese subculture captivated
9282-497: The regional language. Movies and TV shows in English are usually not dubbed in most cable channels except a few such as Tagalized Movie Channel . Because English is part of the curricula from primary to secondary education , many Filipinos write and speak in fluent Philippine English, although there might be differences in pronunciation . Most schools in the Philippines , however, are staffed by teachers who are speakers of Philippine English and hence notable differences from
9384-503: The show underwent a reformat featuring two child characters (played by Sharlene San Pedro and Nash Aguas ) and a magical book inside a chest or somewhere in their house at the start and end of almost every episode. Re-runs of past episodes (2002–2005; 2010–2015) are currently streaming on the Yey! YouTube Channel every Tuesday at 10:00 am and 3:00 pm, and Sunday at 9:30 am on A2Z . Wansapanataym (also known as Wansapanataym: The Movie )
9486-445: The show, Wansapanataym ended its overall original run on April 7, 2019, with a replay of "Selfie Pa More, Sasha No More" on April 14, 2019 between the show's second and final iteration original airing and its replacement Hiwaga ng Kambat . WansapanaSummer is a re-run of the past episodes from the show's second iteration. It was aired every weekday mornings on the network's Umaganda morning block from 2013 to 2014 (its 2015 airing
9588-411: The speaker's mother tongue, although foreign languages such as Spanish also influenced many Filipinos on the way of pronouncing English words. This is why approximations are very common, along with hypercorrections and hyperforeignisms . The most distinguishable feature of Philippine English is a lack of fricative consonants, including /f/ , /v/ , /θ/ , /ð/ , /z/ , and often /ʒ/ . Another feature
9690-508: The stories of everyday people as they encounter fantastic events involving magic and the supernatural and how their lives are forever changed by their adventures with the otherworldly. Like the children's television series Hiraya Manawari , the series also focus on providing values education for kids and teens through courage , discipline , honesty , humility , love , obedience , respect and other moral values, adapted from Filipino stories and legends or original stories. Wansapanataym
9792-537: Was Halakhak Komiks , a short-lived weekly publication launched by Tony Velasquez in 1946. Subsequently, in 1947, Ramon Roces established Ace Publications, appointing Velasquez as editor-in-chief. Ace introduced Pilipino Komiks , and several others including Tagalog Klasiks , Hiwaga Komiks , and Espcsyal Komiks . As these bi-weekly magazines became popular, they evolved into weekly and then semiweekly publications. Initial circulation began at 10,000 copies, eventually exceeding 100,000. By 1950, other publishers entered
9894-495: Was announced that Wansapanataym would return with new episodes. Unlike the previous iteration, it focuses on adaptations based on " komiks " in the first season. It premiered on September 11, 2010, with its first episode "Inday Bote" starring Melai Cantiveros-Francisco . The succeeding seasons stayed faithful to the original format. The show's second iteration initially aired on Saturday nights, but on May 25, 2014, Wansapanataym returned to Sunday nights again and onwards, similar to
9996-587: Was just a replay of one monthly special). The first run of WansapanaSummer aired from April 29 to June 20, 2013, every Mondays to Fridays at 10:15 am, replacing Ohlala Couple . The highest rating was 18.3% on May 10, 2013. The second run of WansapanaSummer aired from March 17 to April 11, 2014, every Mondays to Fridays at 10:15 am, replacing Crazy Love and was replaced by Kapamilya Kiddie Blockbusters . The third run of WansapanataymSummer presents "My App #Boyfie" aired from April 13 to 24, 2015, every Mondays to Fridays at 9:20 am, replacing Haikyu!! and
10098-555: Was launched in 1997, having genre similarities with the ABS-CBN Foundation-produced educational program Hiraya Manawari (which features Filipino short stories for children) and the 1980s series Pinoy Fantasy . A film was also produced based on the show's genre, which starred Serena Dalrymple , Christopher de Leon and Shaina Magdayao . Judy Ann Santos and the late Rico Yan graced the very first episode of Wansapanataym . From September 5, 2004 to February 27, 2005,
10200-482: Was re-labelled as Pilipino in 1959, and Filipino in 1987. With the successful establishment of American-style public education with English as a consequential medium, more than 20% of the Philippine population was reported to be able to understand and speak English just before the turn of the mid-20th century. This meteoric growth was sustained post-World War II, much further through Philippine mass media (e.g., newsprint, radio, television), where English also became
10302-521: Was replaced by Hiwaga ng Kambat . The series was also aired on ABS-CBN's Yes Weekend! primetime block with new episodes and remakes of past episodes. However, because of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines , Wansapanataym returned on air every weekend from March 29 to May 3, 2020, replacing 24/7 and Home Sweetie Home and was replaced by Paano Kita Mapasasalamatan? and Iba 'Yan on Kapamilya Channel's weekend evening slot. The series follows
10404-457: Was replaced by Kapamilya Blockbusters . Wansapanataym Classics (also known as Wansapanataym Klasiks ) is a re-run of past episodes from the first 1997–2005 iteration. It airs every Saturday at 8:00 pm to 9:00 pm on the Jeepney TV channel, and weekends at 4:00 pm to 9:00 pm on the Yey! channel. The first theme song was sung by Michelle Ayalde in the television series and Roselle Nava in
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