227-633: Wanrong (Chinese: 婉容 ; 13 November 1906 – 20 June 1946), of the Manchu Plain White Banner Gobulo clan, was the wife and empress consort of Puyi , the last emperor of China . She is sometimes anachronistically called the Xuantong Empress , referring to Puyi's era name . She was the titular empress consort of the former Qing dynasty from their marriage in 1922 until the exile of the imperial family in November 1924. She later became
454-694: A Tungusic East Asian ethnic group native to Manchuria in Northeast Asia . They are an officially recognized ethnic minority in China and the people from whom Manchuria derives its name. The Later Jin (1616–1636) and Qing (1636–1912) dynasties of China were established and ruled by the Manchus, who are descended from the Jurchen people who earlier established the Jin dynasty (1115–1234) in northern China. Manchus form
681-499: A slow roll the moment he realized that Halliburton had not fastened his seat belt. Stephens later became chief test pilot of the Northrop Flying Wing , which evolved into today's B-2 Spirit stealth bomber . The around-the-world trip had cost Halliburton over $ 50,000, plus fuel. In the first year, the book, entitled The Flying Carpet (after his valiant plane) earned him royalties of $ 100,000, in those depression-era days
908-515: A 21-year-old student at Juilliard , Dartmouth "lads" John Rust Potter, Robert Hill Chase, and Gordon Ellicott Torrey. The crew composition would change; engineer's assistant Richard L. Davis would bow out, ship's cook James Sligh, and able-bodied seamen Ralph Granrud and Benjamin Flagg would be added and a last-minute entry, student globetrotter Velman Fitch of the University of Minnesota. A Chinese messboy,
1135-409: A Chinese bosun and two Chinese sailors completed the crew. After he inspected a number of junks along the China coast, finding most either too expensive or wholly unseaworthy, Halliburton decided to have a junk built. Although it took less than six weeks to complete; its construction was marked by cost overruns, delays, engineering errors, and what Halliburton perceived as the primitive work habits of
1362-515: A German-made bicycle to help Wanrong learn how to ride a bike with the eunuchs helping. During this time Puyi would come every day to see her. On one particular day, Sun was asked to have a try, with him quickly falling off, not knowing how to ride causing everyone to laugh and clap. On another occasion he was asked to go on a swing in the veranda of the Palace of Universal Happiness , with the other eunuchs pushing vigorously, scaring him, with Wanrong finding
1589-454: A Han Chinese named Zhao Tinglu, the son of former Han bannerman Zhao Quan, and gave him a new name, Quanheng in order that he be able to benefit from his adopted son receiving a salary as a Banner soldier. Commoner Manchu bannermen who were not nobility were called irgen which meant common, in contrast to the Manchu nobility of the "Eight Great Houses" who held noble titles. Manchu bannermen of
1816-575: A Manchu banner in the reign of the Kangxi emperor . Select groups of Han Chinese bannermen were mass transferred into Manchu Banners by the Qing, changing their ethnicity from Han Chinese to Manchu. Han Chinese bannermen of Tai Nikan (台尼堪, watchpost Chinese) and Fusi Nikan (撫順尼堪, Fushun Chinese) backgrounds into the Manchu banners in 1740 by order of the Qing Qianlong emperor . It was between 1618 and 1629 when
2043-668: A Wenchow-style junk, 75 ft (23 m) in length, modified to Halliburton's specifications and built in the shipyards of Kowloon by shipwright Fat Kau. Its stern was emblazoned with a colorful dragon, its interior hull was equipped with a diesel engine ; the Sea Dragon , a dramatic symbol of East meeting West, was to be an attraction at the Golden Gate International Exposition (GGIE) in San Francisco (at Treasure Island ); there, after its three-month voyage across
2270-538: A bohemian lifestyle. Halliburton's most enduring relationship was with freelance journalist Paul Mooney , with whom he often shared living quarters and who assisted him with his written work. French police reports, dated 1935, noted the famed traveler's homosexual activity when in Paris at about the time of his planned crossing by elephant over the Alps: "Mr Halliburton is a homosexual well known in some specialized establishments. He
2497-553: A career as a lecturer. Leaving college temporarily during 1919, Halliburton became an ordinary seaman and boarded the freighter Octorara that July, bound from New Orleans to England. He toured historic places in London and Paris, but soon returned to Princeton in early 1920 to finish his schooling. His trip inspired in him a lust for even more travel ; seizing the day became his credo. The words of Oscar Wilde , who in works like The Picture of Dorian Gray enjoined experiencing
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#17330855138922724-492: A coup . He forced Puyi and his family out of the Forbidden City on 5 November. Wanrong's tutor, Ingram, spoke of seeing the soldiers outside as she came to enter and said of the time period: "...That day was the end of my beautiful China... In my country (China), a steam train is still a fire-spitting demon, electricity is the eye of the devil, motor cars which are not uncommon, still elicit a dubious and suspicious response from
2951-646: A critical stage of development and were hesitant to allow them to live together. Prince Su's Mansion in Lushun served as Puyi's temporary palace in which Wanrong would spend a few months before settling in Xinjing (Changchun). Li Guoxing, Puyi's servant recalled she acted like a spoiled child on several occasions. After arriving in Xinjing, Wanrong was closely monitored by the Japanese and had to do as they instructed. She began to detest
3178-564: A devout Buddhist in the Manchukuo period, reading many books and sutras on the topic and had developed superstitions to the point where he would not allow his staff to kill a single fly. Puyi wrote Wanrong became so engrossed in these superstitions she would blink and spit unnecessarily, tellingly, as if she was mentally ill. Manchu people The Manchus ( Manchu : ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ , Möllendorff : manju ; Chinese : 滿族 ; pinyin : Mǎnzú ; Wade–Giles : Man -tsu ) are
3405-533: A further hint of career evolution. Publisher James O'Reilly, who reissued The Royal Road to Romance to celebrate the centenary of Halliburton's birth, characterized the author-adventurer thus: "From the Jazz Age through the Great Depression to the eve of World War II, he thrilled an entire generation of readers." He was "clever, resourceful, undaunted, cheerful in the face of dreadful odds, ever-optimistic about
3632-540: A household name associated with romantic travel. Halliburton was acquainted with swashbuckling cinema star Douglas Fairbanks, Sr. , who was also a world traveler. Halliburton himself, though several times approached about film versions of his adventures (notably by Fox Film Corporation in 1933 for The Royal Road to Romance ), only appeared in one movie, the Walter Futter -produced semi-documentary India Speaks (1932; re-released in 1947 as Bride of Buddha or Bride of
3859-462: A memorial staying Xi'an Manchu bannermen still had martial skills although not up to those in the past in a 1737 memorial from Cimbu. By the 1780s, the military skills of Xi'an Manchu bannermen dropped enormously and they had been regarded as the most militarily skilled provincial Manchu banner garrison. Manchu women from the Xi'an garrison often left the walled Manchu garrison and went to hot springs outside
4086-493: A mirror for you to admire yourself in it. Here is a song composed for you to repay your sneer: Good luck to Lady Ailian. Lady Ailian is good at playing the piano. Lady Ailian is good at singing. Lady Ailian has recovered a little from her spoilt illness. Has lady Ailian taken medicine? Lady Ailian can take food well and defecate naturally. Good night to you. A sarcastic poem written by Wanrong again shows Wanrong's feelings about Wenxiu, with it reading: The bright moon has risen over
4313-542: A new Jurchen script (later known as Manchu script ) using the traditional Mongolian alphabet as a reference. When the Jurchens were reorganized by Nurhaci into the Eight Banners, many Manchu clans were artificially created as a group of unrelated people founded a new Manchu clan (mukun) using a geographic origin name such as a toponym for their hala (clan name). The irregularities over Jurchen and Manchu clan origin led to
4540-412: A number of Manchu autonomous counties in China, such as Xinbin , Xiuyan , Qinglong , Fengning , Yitong , Qingyuan , Weichang , Kuancheng , Benxi , Kuandian , Huanren , Fengcheng , Beizhen and over 300 Manchu towns and townships. Manchus are the largest minority group in China without an autonomous region . "Manchu" ( Manchu : ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ , Möllendorff : manju ) was adopted as
4767-469: A popular book in its day and one cited in F. Scott Fitzgerald 's The Great Gatsby . Regarding marriage and matrimonial customs—what he calls "the sex-mysteries," Halliburton could be both matter-of-fact and ingenuously outspoken. In Borneo he notes that for the Dyaks "free love is not only accepted, but encouraged," and, after describing their courtship rituals, remarks that "in this utterly natural society there
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#17330855138924994-556: A proclamation naming himself Genggiyen Khan ( Manchu : ᡤᡝᠩᡤᡳᠶᡝᠨ ᡥᠠᠨ , Möllendorff : genggiyen han , Abkai : genggiyen han , "bright khan") of the Later Jin dynasty ( Manchu : ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠨ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ , Möllendorff : aisin gurun , Abkai : aisin gurun , 後金). Nurhaci then renounced the Ming overlordship with the Seven Grievances and launched his attack on
5221-499: A profound understanding of the texts. My admiration of her was beyond description. If she kept on teaching herself in the palace, I believed that she would be able to refer to the past for the present and then contribute to the wise governance of the emperor." Puyi, Wanrong and Wenxiu along with an entourage would occasionally leave the Forbidden City mostly to visit relatives or on a few occasions to sightsee. On one such occasion, It
5448-523: A puppet state in Manchuria, was created by the Empire of Japan which was nominally ruled by the deposed Last Emperor, Puyi , in 1932. Although the nation's name implied a primarily Manchu affiliation, it was actually a completely new country for all the ethnicities in Manchuria, which had a majority Han population and was opposed by many Manchus as well as people of other ethnicities who fought against Japan in
5675-530: A remarkably large sum. Barbara H. Schultz's Flying Carpets, Flying Wings – The Biography of Moye Stephens (2011), besides recounting the Flying Carpet Expedition from a flier's viewpoint and documenting Stephens' (1906–1995) contributions to aviation history, contains Stephens' extended reports of the adventure. With rare glimpses into the travel writer's art, these give historic balance to Halliburton's often romanticized renditions. Early in 1934
5902-539: A representative of the Feakins Agency heard him deliver a talk, and soon Halliburton was given bookings for lectures. Despite a high-pitched voice and occasional discomfort on the details, Halliburton displayed such enthusiasm and recounted such vivid recreations of his often bizarre foreign encounters that he became popular with audiences. On the strength of his lecturing and increasing celebrity appeal, publisher Bobbs-Merrill , whose editor-in-chief David Laurance Chambers
6129-479: A result of their conquest of Ming China , almost all the Manchus followed the prince regent Dorgon and the Shunzhi Emperor to Beijing and settled there. A few of them were sent to other places such as Inner Mongolia , Xinjiang and Tibet to serve as garrison troops. There were only 1524 Bannermen left in Manchuria at the time of the initial Manchu conquest. After a series of border conflicts with
6356-418: A result, it makes me suffer from panasthenia today. However, I have never spoken it out, nor have I complained about anybody. Every day I had to wear a full smile when meeting others, so no one could detect how much bitterness I was suffering in my heart! On 25 June 1931, she wrote: My darling told me that I could fall in love with others I said: "No! Stop that nonsense. You once said that if we couldn't settle
6583-500: A revered place, such as the Taj Mahal. Acting as sort of an emcee, or performing some often cleverly garish stunt, he recalled that person and invoked a place associated with him; by so doing, he escorted readers to a different time and locale, with some reflective asides added into his narrative for perspective. Accordingly he duplicated Hannibal's crossing of the Alps by elephant – naming
6810-478: A ride at the last minute. The first few weeks of the voyage, if uneventful, went according to plan. Calamity struck on March 23, three weeks out to sea, when the ship headed into a typhoon approximately 1,200 miles (1,900 km) west of Midway, where it was due to call on April 3. The closest friendly ship to the junk was the liner President Coolidge, 400 miles (640 km) away, and 1,180 miles (1,900 km) west of Midway Island , itself battling huge seas. It
7037-612: A ride in the airplane; in neighbouring Iraq, they gave the young Crown Prince Ghazi a ride, flying him over his school yard. In India, Halliburton visited the Taj Mahal , which he had first visited in 1922. In Nepal, as The Flying Carpet flew past Mount Everest , Halliburton stood up in the open cockpit of the plane and took the first aerial photograph of the mountain, and to the delight of an amazed Maharajah of Nepal , Stephens and Beinhorn performed daring aerobatics. In Borneo, Halliburton and Stephens were feted by Sylvia Brett , wife of
Wanrong - Misplaced Pages Continue
7264-483: A rival. The Empress wrote at least one letter and a poem teasing and making fun of Wenxiu, who lived just 70 metres away in the Palace of Eternal Spring . The Empress would sometimes also playfully tease Puyi, calling him, in one letter, ''Henry dear little wife '' and referring to herself as ''loving husband, Elizabeth'' (In English.) One letter to Wenxiu read: To Lady Ailian (Wenxiu): I haven't seen you for days. Are you still feeling sorry for yourself? I do want to buy
7491-415: A spacious living room and dining room and three bedrooms: one for Halliburton, which featured a wall-sized map of the world, one for Mooney and one for Levy. Because of its position, perched 400 feet (120m) above a sheer canyon, it was called "Hangover House" by Mooney, and this title was cast into a retaining wall on the site. Writer Ayn Rand , who visited the house in 1937 while still an unknown writer,
7718-529: A temporary palace while a new structure was being built. Apart from Puyi's coronation in 1934, Wanrong only made one other public appearance as Empress of Manchukuo, in June 1934, when Prince Chichibu visited Manchukuo on behalf of the Shōwa Emperor to mark close ties between Japan and Manchukuo. While these were the only big state ceremonies she participated in, she is noted to have made smaller public appearances; in
7945-692: A violinist, and was a fair golfer and tennis player. In 1915 he developed a rapid heartbeat and spent some four months in bed before its symptoms were relieved. This included some time at the Battle Creek Sanitarium in Michigan, run by the eccentric and innovative John Harvey Kellogg , whose philosophy of care featured regular exercise, sound nutrition, and frequent enemas . In 1917, following an apparent bout of rheumatic fever , Wesley Jr., thought strong and in fine health, suddenly died. At 5'7" (170 cm) and about 140 pounds (64 kg), Halliburton
8172-673: A week for 26 weeks, "to speak on a beer program". The Memphis Commercial Appeal , and newspapers in Milwaukee, Kansas City, Columbus, and Toronto published his syndicated stories. At the end of the year, Halliburton returned to Europe to fulfill his dream of emulating Hannibal by crossing the Alps on an elephant - one chosen for the task from a Paris zoo named "Miss Dalrymple", going from Martigny (Switzerland) to Aosta (Italy). The following year Bobbs-Merrill published Halliburton's Seven League Boots , filled with his latest adventures and arguably
8399-488: Is a compound word. Man was from the word mangga ( ᠮᠠᠩᡤᠠ ) which means "strong," and ju ( ᠵᡠ ) means "arrow." So Manju actually means "intrepid arrow". There are other hypotheses, such as Fu Sinian 's "etymology of Jianzhou"; Zhang Binglin 's "etymology of Manshi"; Ichimura Sanjiro 's "etymology of Wuji and Mohe"; Sun Wenliang's "etymology of Manzhe"; "etymology of mangu(n) river" and so on. An extensive etymological study from 2022 lends additional support to
8626-515: Is also suggested by his skilled interview with the executioner of the Romanovs , the last ruling dynasty of Russia. Distinguished by their readerliness, the essays on historic persons which appeared in both his books and newspaper articles, specifically of Spanish–American War hero Captain Richard Hobson and of Haitian leader Henri Christophe , show the skills of a natural biographer, and offer
8853-566: Is believed to have based the "Heller House" in The Fountainhead (1943) upon Halliburton's house. On September 23, 1938, Halliburton boarded the SS ; President Coolidge , bound for Hong Kong. From Hong Kong he intended to sail a Chinese junk across the Pacific Ocean to San Francisco. The junk, named the Sea Dragon ( Chinese : 海龍 ; pinyin : Hǎi Lóng ), was an essentially
9080-572: Is in the habit of soliciting on Saint-Lazare Street " (near the station of the same name ). Halliburton admired English poet Rupert Brooke (1887–1915), whose beauty and patriotic verse captivated a generation. Halliburton intended to write his biography and kept ample notes for the task, interviewing in person or corresponding with prominent British literary and salon figures who had known Brooke, including Lady Violet Asquith Bonham-Carter , Walter de la Mare , Cathleen Nesbitt , Noel Olivier, Alec Waugh , and Virginia Woolf . Halliburton never began
9307-476: Is no such thing as prostitution or repression." Halliburton's love of the world's natural wonders, and such monuments of mankind that seemed best to compliment those wonders, derives in part from the Romanticism of poets William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge . His admiration may have been piqued by his exposure at Princeton to English Professor Henry Van Dyke , a popular essayist and poet of his time who
Wanrong - Misplaced Pages Continue
9534-699: Is of paternal Mongol origin. Many Jurchen families descended from the original Jin Jurchen migrants in Han areas like those using the surnames Wang and Nian 粘 have openly reclaimed their ethnicity and registered as Manchus. Wanyan (完顏) clan members who had changed their surnames to Wang (王) after the Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty applied successfully to the PRC government for their ethnic group to be marked as Manchu despite never having been part of
9761-608: Is the same. It is the same with us Manchus (Jušen) and Mongols. Our languages are different, but our clothing and way of life is the same." Later Nurhaci indicated that the bond with the Mongols was not based in any real shared culture. It was for pragmatic reasons of "mutual opportunism," since Nurhaci said to the Mongols: "You Mongols raise livestock, eat meat, and wear pelts. My people till the fields and live on grain. We two are not one country and we have different languages." A century after
9988-583: The 1931 Yellow River floods broke out, Wanrong donated one of her pearl necklaces to be sold for relief funds. Wanrong kept a diary while in Tianjin and wrote numerous entries about Wenxiu, her illnesses, and her neglect at the hands of Puyi. On 2 May 1931, she wrote: Oh, my beloved! What shall I do? If I suffer for myself, though I have to stay in bed due to illness, I would still feel comfortable. If others suffer for me, I would not know what to do. Oh, my beloved! I have no idea what's in your mind. While I recall
10215-640: The Bell Syndicate Newspapers contracted with newspapers throughout the United States, beginning with the Boston Globe , to publish weekly feature stories prepared by Halliburton. About one thousand words each with pictures, ultimately fifty stories resulted. Among these were stories about the Seri Indians of Southern California , Fort Jefferson , where Dr. Samuel Mudd , convicted of conspiracy in
10442-673: The Chinese junk Sea Dragon across the Pacific Ocean from Hong Kong to the Golden Gate International Exposition in San Francisco, California. Richard Halliburton was born in Brownsville, Tennessee , to Wesley Halliburton, a civil engineer and real estate speculator , and Nelle Nance Halliburton. A brother, Wesley Jr., was born in 1903. The family moved to Memphis , where the brothers, who were not close, spent their childhood. Richard attended Memphis University School , where his favorite subjects were geography and history; he also showed promise as
10669-652: The Eight Banners after they were moved there in 1644, since Han Chinese were expelled and not allowed to re-enter the inner part of the city. Only after the " Hundred Days Reform ", during the reign of emperor Guangxu , were Han were allowed to re-enter inner Beijing. Many Manchu Bannermen in Beijing supported the Boxers in the Boxer Rebellion and shared their anti-foreign sentiment. The Manchu Bannermen were devastated by
10896-654: The French Foreign Legion , and continuing via Cairo and Damascus , with a side trip to Petra . In Persia (now Iran) they met German aviator Elly Beinhorn , who was grounded by mechanical problems. They assisted her and then worked out shared itineraries. Later, Halliburton wrote a foreword to her book Flying Girl about the adventures she had in the air. In spite of being exhausted, and their plane becoming less safe, Stephens and Halliburton continued their eastward journey. In Persia, they took Crown Princess Mahin Banu for
11123-713: The Japanese concession in Tianjin on 24 February 1925. Wanrong and Wenxiu later followed him and arrived on 27 February. Puyi and Wanrong settled in the Zhang garden in Tianjin later moving in 1929 to the Quiet Garden Villa (Jing garden) within the Japanese concession in Tianjin . In the villa, they lived in relative peace and enjoyed an active public and social life. Wangrong began smoking opium recreationally, but quickly became addicted. Her perceived temper problems may have been one of
11350-775: The Last Emperor of China , to King Feisal al Husain of Iraq and his son the Crown Prince. Over time Halliburton's social and political views shifted. An early letter (1923) expressed his "virulent antipathy for democracy as practiced in America" and a hatred "for the laboring class", but these views contrast with the plight he shared with the abused prisoners at Devil's Island , and is evident in some early maritime adventures of working alongside rough-hewn seamen. In "Straight Talk From Russia," in Seven League Boots (1935), he contrasted
11577-555: The Mongol siege upon Zhongdu (Beijing) in the Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty . The Yuan grouped people into different groups based on how recently their state surrendered to the Yuan. Subjects of southern Song were grouped as southerners (nan ren) and also called manzi. Subjects of the Jin dynasty, Western Xia and kingdom of Dali in Yunnan in southern China were classified as northerners, also using
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#173308551389211804-546: The Mongols and the Khitans on the steppes. Most Jurchens raised pigs and stock animals and were farmers. In 1019, Jurchen pirates raided Japan for slaves. Fujiwara Notada, the Japanese governor was killed. In total, 1,280 Japanese were taken prisoner, 374 Japanese were killed and 380 Japanese-owned livestock were killed for food. Only 259 or 270 were returned by Koreans from the 8 ships. The woman Uchikura no Ishime's report
12031-483: The Palace of Earthly Tranquility for the night where Wanrong first showed her face. The ritual before entering the bridal chamber included eating cake, drinking wine served in two cups tied together with a red silk thread, and eating "longevity noodles." Puyi left and did not consummate the marriage. After the marriage Wanrong began living in the Palace of Gathering Elegance, the old residence of Empress Dowager Cixi, whereas
12258-848: The Panama Canal , his retracing the track of Hernán Cortés ' conquest of Mexico, and his enactment in full goat-skin costume, of the role of Robinson Crusoe in Alexander Selkirk's , "cast away" on the island of Tobago . Animals figure prominently in this and many other of Halliburton's adventures. Halliburton's friends during this time included movie stars, writers, musicians, painters, and politicians, including writers Gertrude Atherton and Kathleen Norris , Senator James Phelan , philanthropist Noël Sullivan , and actors Ramón Novarro and Rod La Rocque . Casual acquaintances were many, as lectures, personal appearances (notably to promote India Speaks ), syndicated columns, and radio broadcasts made him
12485-467: The Qing dynasty . Wanrong disliked the Japanese and was firmly against Puyi's plans to go to Manchuria, and for a moment Puyi hesitated, leading Doihara to send for Puyi's cousin, the very pro-Japanese Yoshiko Kawashima , to visit him to change his mind. After Puyi had snuck into Manchuria, Li Guoxiong (a servant) claims Wanrong had told him: "As you see, His Majesty had left and His Highness could not come here. I
12712-593: The Qiqihar ( Manchu : ᠴᡳᠴᡳᡤᠠᡵ , Möllendorff : cicigar , Abkai : qiqigar ) District of Heilongjiang Province. Until 1924, the Chinese government continued to pay stipends to Manchu bannermen, but many cut their links with their banners and took on Han-style names to avoid persecution. The official total of Manchus fell by more than half during this period, as they refused to admit their ethnicity when asked by government officials or other outsiders. On
12939-466: The SS President Coolidge , along with others noted that the masts and sails were far too heavy, and that the poop deck , meant to house a radio cabin and galley, was 10 feet (3.0 m) higher than befit a junk of its size. The first attempted voyage in February was forced to turn back on the 14th after a week at sea, due to an illness among the crew. For medical reasons, Potter stayed behind after
13166-563: The Second Sino-Japanese War . The Japanese Ueda Kyōsuke labeled all 30 million people in Manchuria "Manchus", including Han Chinese, even though most of them were not ethnic Manchu, and the Japanese-written "Great Manchukuo" built upon Ueda's argument to claim that all 30 million "Manchus" in Manchukuo had the right to independence to justify splitting Manchukuo from China. In 1942, the Japanese-written "Ten Year History of
13393-402: The White Rajah of Sarawak . They gave her a ride, making Ranee Sylvia the first woman to fly in that country. At the Rajang River , they took the chief of the Dyak head hunters for a flight; he gave them 60 kilos of shrunken heads , which they dared not refuse but dumped as soon as possible. They were the first Americans to fly to the Philippines; after arriving in Manila on April 27,
13620-572: The "New Manchu" Warka foragers in Ningguta and attempted to turn them into normal agricultural farmers but then the Warka just reverted to hunter gathering and requested money to buy cattle for beef broth. The Qing wanted the Warka to become soldier-farmers and imposed this on them but the Warka simply left their garrison at Ningguta and went back to the Sungari river to their homes to herd, fish and hunt. The Qing accused them of desertion. 建州毛憐則渤海大氏遺孽，樂住種，善緝紡，飲食服用，皆如華人，自長白山迤南，可拊而治也。 "The (people of) Chien-chou and Mao-lin [YLSL always reads Mao-lien] are
13847-519: The "Richard Halliburton of the occult," William Seabrook (1884-1945) ( Jungle Ways ) commanded nearly as wide a readership. For contemporaries Thomas Wolfe , F. Scott Fitzgerald , Corey Ford and Ernest Hemingway , Halliburton held some literary (and for humorist Ford, some satiric) appeal. Writers Paul Theroux , Jim Harrison and Susan Sontag , among others, acknowledged debts of gratitude for his influence on their work. Television news celebrity and author Walter Cronkite , who heard him lecture in
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#173308551389214074-409: The 'Gate of Propitious Destiny,' one of the entrances to the palace, and halted before it. Torches flared. There was subdued confusion and whispers. mandarins and court officials hurried back and forth. Slowly, darkly, the great gates swung open,—I could look inside the courtyard and see the blazing avenue of lamps down which the procession would move up to the throne room where the emperor waited. Into
14301-407: The 'Gate of Propitious Destiny,' one of the entrances to the palace, and halted before it. Torches flared. There was subdued confusion and whispers. Mandarins and court officials hurried back and forth. Slowly, darkly, the great gates swung open,—I could look inside the courtyard and see the blazing avenue of lamps down which the procession would move up to the throne room where the emperor waited. Into
14528-420: The 10th century AD, the term Jurchen first appeared in documents of the late Tang dynasty in reference to the state of Balhae in present-day northeastern China. The Jurchens were sedentary, settled farmers with advanced agriculture. They farmed grain and millet as their cereal crops, grew flax, and raised oxen, pigs, sheep and horses. Their farming way of life was very different from the pastoral nomadism of
14755-400: The 1120s. It was mainly derived from the Khitan script . In 1206, the Mongols , vassals to the Jurchens, rose in Mongolia. Their leader, Genghis Khan , led Mongol troops against the Jurchens, who were finally defeated by Ögedei Khan in 1234. The Jurchen Jin emperor Wanyan Yongji 's daughter, Jurchen Princess Qiguo was married to Mongol leader Genghis Khan in exchange for relieving
14982-400: The 1690s and 18th century. In the 1720s Jingzhou, Hangzhou and Nanjing Manchu banner garrisons fought in Tibet. For the over 200 years they lived next to each other, Han civilians and Manchu bannermen in Xi'an did not intermarry with each other at all. In a book published in 1911 American sociologist Edward Alsworth Ross wrote of his visit to Xi'an just before the Xinhai revolution:"In Sianfu
15209-400: The 1850s, large numbers of Manchu bannermen were sent to central China to fight the Taiping rebels . (For example, just the Heilongjiang province – which at the time included only the northern part of today's Heilongjiang – contributed 67,730 bannermen to the campaign, of whom only 10–20% survived). Those few who returned were demoralized and often disposed to opium addiction. In 1860, in
15436-420: The 1980s, thirteen Manchu autonomous counties have been created in Liaoning, Jilin, Hebei, and Heilongjiang. Richard Halliburton Richard Halliburton (January 9, 1900 – presumed dead after March 24, 1939) was an American travel writer and adventurer who swam the length of the Panama Canal and paid the lowest toll in its history—36 cents in 1928. He disappeared at sea while attempting to sail
15663-403: The Chinese carpenters, issues prompting him to write, "If any one of my readers wishes to be driven rapidly and violently insane, and doesn't know how to go about it, let me make a suggestion: Try building a Chinese junk in a Chinese shipyard during a war with Japan." From the start, funding for the project was a main problem. The corporate sponsors whom Halliburton approached thought the risks of
15890-401: The Chinese. The Qing dynasty carefully hid the two original editions of the books of " Qing Taizu Wu Huangdi Shilu " and the " Manzhou Shilu Tu " (Taizu Shilu Tu) in the Qing palace, forbidden from public view because they showed that the Manchu Aisin-Gioro family had been ruled by the Ming dynasty. In the Ming period, the Koreans of Joseon referred to the Jurchen inhabited lands north of
16117-409: The Coast Guard to send a search vessel. A Yugoslavian freighter, SS Recina , was the first to arrive at the last reported position of Sea Dragon , on April 16. Later in May, an extensive US Navy search with several ships and scout planes, including USS Astoria , scouring 152,000 square miles (390,000 km ) over the course of many days, found no trace of the junk or the crew, and
16344-549: The Construction of Manchukuo" attempted to emphasize the right of ethnic Japanese to the land of Manchukuo while attempting to delegitimize the Manchus' claim to Manchukuo as their native land, noting that most Manchus moved out during the Qing dynasty and only returned later. In 1952, after the failure of both Manchukuo and the Nationalist Government ( KMT ), the newborn People's Republic of China officially recognized
16571-450: The Democrat", noted Huan Tung ( Xuantong Emperor ), and Wanrong had adopted Western names, with Wanrong's being Elizabeth. The Empress also wrote poetry, composed at least one song, practiced painting and wrote letters, some of which included a few English words. Despite being Empress and having a higher position than Puyi's wedded concubine, Wenxiu, Wanrong perceived her as something of
16798-568: The East ). In 1930 Halliburton hired pioneer aviator Moye Stephens on the strength of a handshake for no pay, but unlimited expenses —to fly him around the world in an open cockpit biplane . The modified Stearman C-3B was named the Flying Carpet after the magic carpet of fairy tales, subsequently the title of his 1932 best-seller. They embarked on "one of the most fantastic, extended air journeys ever recorded" taking 18 months to circumnavigate
17025-1233: The Eight Banner system at all during the Qing dynasty. The surname Nianhan (粘罕), shortened to Nian ( 粘 ) is a Jurchen origin surname, also originating from one of the members of the royal Wanyan clan. It is an extremely rare surname in China, and 1,100 members of the Nian clan live in Nan'an, Quanzhou, they live in Licheng district of Quanzhou, 900 in Jinjiang, Quanzhou, 40 in Shishi city of Quanzhou, and 500 in Quanzhou city itself in Fujian, and just over 100 people in Xiamen, Jin'an district of Fuzhou, Zhangpu and Sanming, as well as 1000 in Laiyang, Shandong, and 1,000 in Kongqiao and Wujiazhuang in Xingtai, Hebei. Some of
17252-491: The Eight Banners, initially capped to 4 then growing to 8 with three different types of ethnic banners as Han, Mongol and Jurchen were recruited into Nurhaci's forces. Jurchens like Nurhaci spoke both their native Tungusic language and Chinese, adopting the Mongol script for their own language unlike the Jin Jurchen's Khitan derived script. They adopted Confucian values and practiced their shamanist traditions. The Qing stationed
17479-501: The Emperor continued living in the Hall of Mental Cultivation . As empress consort of China, Wanrong had every whim and desire dealt with by a retinue of eunuchs and maids. The Empress had her own separate kitchen as well as a special tailor who would make new dresses for her almost every day. When bathing, her elderly maids would undress and clean her. Afterwards she would often sit on the side of
17706-432: The Emperor sent messengers to the bride's home to inform them of the wedding date; and the title-conferring ceremony, in which The Book of Empress Title-conferring was presented to Wanrong at her home. In accordance with Manchu tradition, she stepped over a large fire, a saddle, and an apple on her wedding day. The American travel writer Richard Halliburton , who was present at the event, described it as follows: "At four in
17933-632: The Halliburton family gravesite. His ghost is reputed to haunt his final residence, Hangover House , completed in 1938 by architect William Alexander Levy in Laguna Beach . Halliburton never married. In his teens he dated several young women and, as revealed in letters to them, was infatuated with at least two of them. As an adult, his companions were chiefly male. Among those romantically linked to him were film star Ramón Novarro and philanthropist Noël Sullivan , both of whom enjoyed, as Halliburton did,
18160-695: The Han Chinese from Liaodong who later became the Fushun Nikan and Tai Nikan defected to the Jurchens (Manchus). These Han Chinese origin Manchu clans continue to use their original Han surnames and are marked as of Han origin on Qing lists of Manchu clans . The Fushun Nikan became Manchufied and the originally Han banner families of Wang Shixuan, Cai Yurong, Zu Dashou, Li Yongfang, Shi Tingzhu and Shang Kexi intermarried extensively with Manchu families. A Manchu Bannerman in Guangzhou called Hequan illegally adopted
18387-554: The History of Ming because of this. In 1644, the Ming capital, Beijing , was sacked by a peasant revolt led by Li Zicheng , a former minor Ming official who became the leader of the peasant revolt, who then proclaimed the establishment of the Shun dynasty . The last Ming ruler, the Chongzhen Emperor , died by suicide by hanging himself when the city fell. When Li Zicheng moved against
18614-669: The Imperial Household Department until Wanrong was expelled. Wanrong's biological mother, Aisin-Gioro Hengxin ( 恒馨 ) died when Wanrong was two. Wanrong was raised by her stepmother, Aisin-Gioro Hengxiang (恆香). Wanrong had a brother, Runliang ( 潤良 ) as well as a half-brother, Runqi ( 潤麒 ). The family lived in Mao Er hutong ("hat maker lane") near Di'anmen in Beijing's Dongcheng District . Unlike many of his contemporaries, Rongyuan believed in gender equality in regards to education, so he arranged for Wanrong to be educated in
18841-485: The Japanese and secretly planned to escape on two occasions. Wellington Koo , a diplomat, recalled in his memoirs when he was in Dalian, he once met a man who said he was sent by Wanrong to seek his help in escaping from Xinjing. Koo could not help her because of his status as a consultant then. Koo later wrote in his memoir "...My attendant said that he knew this man in Beijing and that he could meet him. He told me that this man
19068-493: The Japanese military did not allow Puyi and Wanrong to stay together, with Wanrong's requests to visit Puyi being declined. Kudo Tetsuaburo, who worked as a guard for Puyi, stated there was a rumor the emperor had been killed and another rumor he had been put under house arrest. Wanrong was eventually allowed to visit Puyi in Lushun . It is possible the Japanese military initially feared Puyi could be influenced by those around him at such
19295-512: The Jianzhou Jurchens' culture. Although Manchus practiced equestrianism and archery on horseback, their immediate progenitors practiced sedentary agriculture. The Manchus also partook in hunting but were sedentary. Their primary mode of production was farming while they lived in villages, forts, and walled towns. Their Jurchen Jin predecessors also practiced farming. Only the Mongols and the northern "wild" Jurchen were semi-nomadic, unlike
19522-401: The Jurchen script was officially abandoned. More Jurchens adopted Mongolian as their writing language and fewer used Chinese. The final recorded Jurchen writing dates to 1526. The Manchus are sometimes mistakenly identified as nomadic people. The Manchu way of life (economy) was agricultural, farming crops and raising animals on farms. Manchus practiced slash-and-burn agriculture in
19749-590: The Jurchens became vassals of the Khitan -led Liao dynasty . The Jurchens in the Yalu River region were tributaries of Goryeo since the reign of Wang Geon , who called upon them during the wars of the Later Three Kingdoms period, but the Jurchens switched allegiance between Liao and Goryeo multiple times, taking advantage of the tension between the two nations; posing a potential threat to Goryeo's border security,
19976-508: The Jurchens offered tribute to the Goryeo court, expecting lavish gifts in return. Before the Jurchens overthrew the Khitan, married Jurchen women and Jurchen girls were raped by Liao Khitan envoys as a custom which caused resentment. The Jurchens and their Manchu descendants had Khitan linguistic and grammatical elements in their personal names like suffixes. Many Khitan names had a "ju" suffix. In
20203-554: The Korean Sin Chung-il when it was very cold. These Jurchens who lived in the north-east's harsh cold climate sometimes half sunk their houses in the ground which they constructed of brick or timber and surrounded their fortified villages with stone foundations on which they built wattle and mud walls to defend against attack. Village clusters were ruled by beile, hereditary leaders. They fought each other's and dispensed weapons, wives, slaves and lands to their followers in them. This
20430-552: The Korean peninsula, above the rivers Yalu and Tumen to be part of Ming China, as the "superior country" (sangguk) which they called Ming China. The Qing deliberately excluded references and information that showed the Jurchens (Manchus) as subservient to the Ming dynasty, from the History of Ming to hide their former subservient relationship to the Ming. The Ming Veritable Records were not used to source content on Jurchens during Ming rule in
20657-501: The Manchu as one of the ethnic minorities as Mao Zedong had criticized the Han chauvinism that dominated the KMT. In the 1953 census, 2.5 million people identified themselves as Manchu. The Communist government also attempted to improve the treatment of Manchu people; some Manchu people who had hidden their ancestry during the period of KMT rule became willing to reveal their ancestry, such as
20884-582: The Manchu banners which claimed to be descended from a Han Chinese with the surname of Tao who had moved north from Zhejiang to Liaodong and joined the Jurchens before the Qing in the Ming Wanli emperor's era. The Han Chinese Banner Tong 佟 clan of Fushun in Liaoning falsely claimed to be related to the Jurchen Manchu Tunggiya 佟佳 clan of Jilin , using this false claim to get themselves transferred to
21111-431: The Manchu ruling elite at the Qing imperial court in Beijing and posts of authority throughout China increasingly adopted Han culture, the Qing imperial government viewed the Manchu communities (as well as those of various tribal people) in Manchuria as a place where traditional Manchu virtues could be preserved, and as a vital reservoir of military manpower fully dedicated to the regime. The Qing emperors tried to protect
21338-599: The Memorial Tower at Rhodes College in Memphis, Tennessee. Architecture historian and writer Ted Wells considers Hangover House, which Halliburton commissioned, to be one of the "best modern houses in the United States". Nearly a quarter century after Halliburton's disappearance, his father donated $ 400,000 to build an imposing bell tower . It was dedicated in 1962 as the Richard Halliburton Memorial Tower;
21565-475: The Ming dynasty and moved the capital to Mukden after his conquest of Liaodong. In 1635, his son and successor Hong Taiji changed the name of the Jurchen ethnic group ( Manchu : ᠵᡠᡧᡝᠨ , Möllendorff : jušen , Abkai : juxen ) to the Manchu. A year later, Hong Taiji proclaimed himself the emperor of the Qing dynasty ( Manchu : ᡩᠠᡳᠴᡳᠩ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ , Möllendorff : daicing gurun , Abkai : daiqing gurun ). Factors for
21792-465: The Ming dynasty, and passed this tradition on to the Manchus. It was prohibited in Jurchen culture to use dog skin, and forbidden for Jurchens to harm, kill, or eat dogs. For political reasons, the Jurchen leader Nurhaci chose variously to emphasize either differences or similarities in lifestyles with other peoples like the Mongols. Nurhaci said to the Mongols that "the languages of the Chinese and Koreans are different, but their clothing and way of life
22019-519: The Ming general Wu Sangui , the latter made an alliance with the Manchus and opened the Shanhai Pass to the Manchu army. After the Manchus defeated Li Zicheng , they moved the capital of their new Qing Empire to Beijing ( Manchu : ᠪᡝᡤᡳᠩ , Möllendorff : beging , Abkai : beging ) in the same year. The Qing government differentiated between Han Bannermen and ordinary Han civilians. Han Bannermen were Han Chinese who defected to
22246-549: The Ming government. They had to present tribute as secretariats ( 中書舍人 ) with less reward from the Ming court than in the time when they were heads of guards – an unpopular development. Subsequently, more and more Jurchens recognised the Ming Empire's declining power due to Esen's invasion. The Zhengtong Emperor's capture directly caused Jurchen guards to go out of control. Tribal leaders, such as Cungšan and Wang Gao , brazenly plundered Ming territory. At about this time,
22473-439: The Ming overtures, but was unsuccessful, and Möngke Temür submitted to the Ming Empire. Since then, more and more Jurchen tribes presented tribute to the Ming Empire in succession. The Ming divided them into 384 guards, and the Jurchen became vassals to the Ming Empire. During the Ming dynasty, the name for the Jurchen land was Nurgan . The Jurchens became part of the Ming dynasty's Nurgan Regional Military Commission under
22700-564: The Mongol commander Naghachu 's resisting forces who settled in the Haixi area and began to summon the Jurchen tribes to pay tribute. At the time, some Jurchen clans were vassals to the Joseon dynasty of Korea such as Odoli and Huligai . Their elites served in the Korean royal bodyguard. The Joseon Koreans tried to deal with the military threat posed by the Jurchen by using both forceful means and incentives, and by launching military attacks. At
22927-688: The Nian from Quanzhou immigrated to Taiwan, Singapore and Malaysia. In Taiwan they are concentrated in Lukang township and Changhua city of Changhua county as well as in Dingnien village, Xianne village Fuxing township of Changhua county. There are less than 30,000 members of the Nian clan worldwide, with 9,916 of them in Taiwan, and 3,040 of those in Fuxing township of Changhua county and its most common in Dingnian village. During
23154-514: The Oakland and Golden Gate bridges as well as the cultures of the Pacific rim. Despite having an interest in sailing craft since childhood, Halliburton had little practical navigation experience. Seeking capable leadership, he hired veteran mariner John Wenlock Welch as his captain and Henry von Fehren as his engineer. Besides Halliburton's secretary Paul Mooney, the initial crew included George Barstow III,
23381-556: The Odoli clan of the Jianzhou Jurchens , defected from paying tribute to Korea, becoming a tributary state to China instead. Yi Seong-gye , the Taejo of Joseon , asked the Ming Empire to send Möngke Temür back but was refused. The Yongle Emperor was determined to wrest the Jurchens out of Korean influence and have China dominate them instead. Korea tried to persuade Möngke Temür to reject
23608-498: The Pacific, it would dock and, for a small admission fee, take fair-goers on excursions around San Francisco Bay. According to Halliburton's first cousin, whom he visited in 1938, the trip was meant, in part, to renew interest in Halliburton whose fame at the time was in decline. Biographers credit the idea for the voyage to Walter Gaines Swanson , who, as the Exposition's public relations manager, promoted its goal of celebrating both
23835-617: The Panama Canal, climbed the Matterhorn and Mount Fuji (achieving its first documented winter ascent), and twice he descended into the Mayan Well of Death, the Sacred Cenote of Chichen Itza . The occasional trouble that he received from authorities only contributed to the excitement of his adventures. Such run-ins occurred when he breached security to take photos of the guns at Gibraltar and
24062-509: The Qing Empire up to 1644 and joined the Eight Banners, giving them social and legal privileges in addition to being acculturated to Manchu culture. So many Han defected to the Qing Empire and swelled up the ranks of the Eight Banners that ethnic Manchus became a minority within the Banners, making up only 16% in 1648, with Han Bannermen dominating at 75% and Mongol Bannermen making up the rest. It
24289-500: The Qing dynasty's official historical record, the Researches on Manchu Origins , the ethnic name came from Mañjuśrī . The Qianlong Emperor also supported the point of view and even wrote several poems on the subject. Meng Sen, a scholar of the Qing dynasty, agreed. On the other hand, he thought the name Manchu might stem from Li Manzhu ( 李滿住 ), the chieftain of the Jianzhou Jurchens . Another scholar, Chang Shan, thinks Manju
24516-629: The Qing trying to document and systematize the creation of histories for Manchu clans, including manufacturing an entire legend around the origin of the Aisin-Gioro clan by taking mythology from the northeast. In 1603, Nurhaci gained recognition as the Sure Kundulen Khan ( Manchu : ᠰᡠᡵᡝ ᡴᡠᠨᡩᡠᠯᡝᠨ ᡥᠠᠨ , Möllendorff : sure kundulen han , Abkai : sure kundulen han , "wise and respected khan") from his Khalkha Mongol allies; then, in 1616, he publicly enthroned himself and issued
24743-515: The Richard Halliburton Collection at Paul Barret, Jr. Library at Rhodes College. Beginning with Gerry Max's Horizon Chasers: The Lives and Adventures of Richard Halliburton and Paul Mooney , published in 2007, a succession of books about Halliburton has appeared. John Hamilton's Journalism's Roving Eye: A History of American Newsgathering Abroad , published in 2009, devotes considerable space to Halliburton and his contemporaries in
24970-454: The Russians , the Qing emperors started to realize the strategic importance of Manchuria and gradually sent Manchus back where they originally came from. But throughout the Qing dynasty, Beijing was the focal point of the ruling Manchus in the political, economic and cultural spheres. The Yongzheng Emperor noted: "Garrisons are the places of stationed works, Beijing is their homeland." While
25197-612: The Tartar quarter is a dismal picture of crumbling walls, decay, indolence and squalor. On the big drill grounds you see the runways along which the horseman gallops and shoots arrows at a target while the Tartar military mandarins look on. These lazy bannermen were tried in the new army but proved flabby and good-for-nothing; they would break down on an ordinary twenty-mile march. Battening on their hereditary pensions they have given themselves up to sloth and vice, and their poor chest development, small weak muscles, and diminishing families foreshadow
25424-590: The Xi'an dialect of Mandarin. Many Bannermen got jobs as teachers, writing textbooks for learning Mandarin and instructing people in Mandarin. In Guangdong, the Manchu Mandarin teacher Sun Yizun advised that the Yinyun Chanwei and Kangxi Zidian , dictionaries issued by the Qing government, were the correct guides to Mandarin pronunciation, rather than the pronunciation of the Beijing and Nanjing dialects. In
25651-761: The Yongle Emperor, with Ming forces erecting the Yongning Temple Stele in 1413, at the headquarters of Nurgan. The stele was inscribed in Chinese, Jurchen, Mongolian, and Tibetan. In 1449, Mongol taishi Esen attacked the Ming Empire and captured the Zhengtong Emperor in Tumu . Some Jurchen guards in Jianzhou and Haixi cooperated with Esen's action, but more were attacked in the Mongol invasion. Many Jurchen chieftains lost their hereditary certificates granted by
25878-505: The Yuan directive to treat Jurchens the same as Mongols referred to Jurchens and Khitans in the northwest (not the Jurchen homeland in the northeast), presumably in the lands of Qara Khitai, where many Khitan live but it is a mystery as to how Jurchens were living there. Many Jurchens adopted Mongolian customs, names, and the Mongolian language. As time went on, fewer and fewer Jurchens could recognize their own script. The Jurchen Yehe Nara clan
26105-499: The abdicated Last Emperor, was allowed to hold an imperial-style wedding in the Forbidden City . Puyi, 16 years old at the time, was shown a selection of photographs of young females for him to choose his spouse from. Puyi later claimed the faces were too small to distinguish between. He selected Wenxiu , a 12-year-old girl, but the decision was opposed by the former concubine dowager Consort Jin based on her status and appearance. The dowager consorts suggested Puyi choose Wanrong, who
26332-413: The aftermath of the loss of Outer Manchuria , and with the imperial and provincial governments in deep financial trouble, parts of Manchuria became officially open to Chinese settlement ; within a few decades, the Manchus became a minority in most of Manchuria's districts. The majority of the hundreds of thousands of people living in inner Beijing during the Qing were Manchus and Mongol bannermen from
26559-415: The areas north of Shenyang . The Haixi Jurchens were "semi-agricultural, the Jianzhou Jurchens and Maolian ( 毛憐 ) Jurchens were sedentary, while hunting and fishing was the way of life of the "Wild Jurchens". Han Chinese society resembled that of the sedentary Jianzhou and Maolian, who were farmers. Hunting, archery on horseback, horsemanship, livestock raising, and sedentary agriculture were all part of
26786-628: The assassination of President Abraham Lincoln , was imprisoned; Admiral Richmond Pearson Hobson , who deliberately sank his own ship during the Spanish–American War , the Battle of Santiago de Cuba a month later; Henri Christophe and the Citadelle Laferrière in Haiti; Christopher Columbus , Lord Byron , and "The Girl from Martinique Who Wrecked Napoleon ". Paid well, to fulfill his end of
27013-546: The ball, nor did she buy any sweepstakes, she did not ride a horse or play balls. They had previously visited the International Jockey Club and the ballroom of West Lake Restaurant. Though, she mostly just enjoyed observing out of curiosity. Whenever Puyi bought something for one of them, the other would insist Puyi also buy it for her too. Puyi also showed a preference for Wanrong and spent more time with her, which eventually led to Wenxiu divorcing him in 1931. When
27240-453: The basin and admire her body. Sun Yaoting , her personal eunuch servant, said despite her volatile character and occasional bursts of temper, Wanrong was generally kind to servants and would offer him food as she often dined without Puyi. Her brother, Runqi , recalled Wanrong admonished him for being disrespectful to a servant on one occasion. The Empress, however, was not afraid to dismiss those who upset her, expelling an unfortunate eunuch who
27467-595: The book, but his notes were used by Arthur Springer to write Red Wine of Youth—A Biography of Rupert Brooke (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1952). A vigorous correspondent, Halliburton wrote numerous letters to fans, friends, editors, sponsors, and literary acquaintances. To his parents alone, he wrote well over a thousand letters; a large selection of these, edited in part by his father Wesley, was published in 1940 by Bobbs-Merrill as Richard Halliburton: His Story of His Life's Adventure As Told to His Mother and Father . In his colorful and simply-told travel adventures Halliburton
27694-547: The capital garrison in Beijing were said to be the worst militarily, unable to draw bows, unable to ride horses and fight properly and losing their Manchu culture. Manchu bannermen from the Xi'an banner garrison were praised for maintaining Manchu culture by Kangxi in 1703. Xi'an garrison Manchus were said to retain Manchu culture far better than all other Manchus at martial skills in the provincial garrisons and they were able to draw their bows properly and perform cavalry archery unlike Beijing Manchus. The Qianlong emperor received
27921-429: The change of name of these people from Jurchen to Manchu include the fact that the term "Jurchen" had negative connotations since the Jurchens had been in a servile position to the Ming dynasty for several hundred years, and it also referred to people of the "dependent class". The change of the name from Jurchen to Manchu was made to hide the fact that the ancestors of the Manchus, the Jianzhou Jurchens, had been ruled by
28148-524: The chaos started in the Jurchen lands, Nurhaci , a chieftain of the Jianzhou Left Guard who officially considered himself a local representative of imperial power of the Ming dynasty , made efforts to unify the Jurchen tribes and established a military system called the " Eight Banners ", which organized Jurchen soldiers into groups of "Bannermen", and ordered his scholar Erdeni and minister Gagai to create
28375-508: The city and gained bad reputations for their sexual lives. A Manchu from Beijing, Sumurji, was shocked and disgusted by this after being appointed Lieutenant general of the Manchu garrison of Xi'an and informed the Yongzheng emperor what they were doing. Han civilians and Manchu bannermen in Xi'an had bad relations, with the bannermen trying to steal at the markets. Manchu Lieutenant general Cimbru reported this to Yongzheng emperor in 1729 after he
28602-414: The courtyard into nine o'clock in the evening. The Empress was reluctant to see visitors go, making them play games until everyone was thoroughly tired. Sometimes a eunuch would be summoned and be on duty for no other reason than to keep her company or play with her. Wanrong had few visitors, except for her servants, and was often lonely. Wanrong's personal eunuch, Sun Yaoting , said Puyi would rarely spend
28829-491: The dark. Well-behaved and keep on being a virgin girl. Bear in mind manners and shames. Keep my virginity. No matter how hard the Eastern wind was blowing the tender bamboo with "jies," but it can do nothing with its "jie" even if its life comes to and end! (note: a pun, "jie" here means a "node" of the bamboo tree on the surface. But it means Wanrong's loyalty to Puyi in fact.) In Wanrong's journal entry of 30 April 1931, she said she
29056-451: The deal, Halliburton traveled extensively to Cuba , Haiti, Martinique, Miami, Washington, D. C. (to do research at the Library of Congress ), to New York, Europe, and finally to Russia. At the height of his popularity, he appeared on radio, attended celebrity parties (including one at the home of novelist Kathleen Norris who also wrote stories that appeared regularly in the newspapers). After
29283-452: The descendants of the family Ta of Po-hai . They love to be sedentary and sew, and they are skilled in spinning and weaving. As for food, clothing and utensils, they are the same as (those used by) the Chinese. Those living south of the Ch'ang-pai mountain are apt to be soothed and governed." Although their Mohe ancestors did not respect dogs, the Jurchens began to respect dogs around the time of
29510-439: The dry deck of the craft indicated its buoyancy and, implicitly, its seaworthiness. To improve its stability, however, ten tons of concrete ballast were supposedly poured into its hull. There were other concerns. Many observers thought the heavy diesel engine, which released endangering fumes, was out of place aboard a vessel that traditionally sailed sufficiently without mechanical assistance. Moreover, Chief Officer Dale Collins of
29737-476: The dynasty. At the beginning of the Qing dynasty, the Qing allowed Han civilians to marry Manchu women. Then the Qing banned civilians from marrying women from the Eight banners later. In 1865, the Qing allowed Han civilian men to marry Manchu bannerwomen in all garrisons except the capital garrison of Beijing. There was no formal law on marriage between people in the different banners like the Manchu and Han banners but it
29964-464: The early dying out of the stock. Where is there a better illustration of the truth that parasitism leads to degeneration!" Ross spoke highly of the Han and Hui population of Xi'an, Shaanxi and Gansu in general, saying: "After a fortnight of mule litter we sight ancient yellow Sianfu, "the Western capital," with its third of a million souls. Within the fortified triple gate the facial mold abruptly changes and
30191-462: The east wall; The Consort Shu was sitting alone in the empty room. The delicate swallow often dances in a lonely way; The fair lady is absolutely unrivalled in the world. Wanrong's problems with Wenxiu may have arisen from a suspicion Puyi had a preference for Wenxiu, with Wanrong later writing in a diary entry she suspected Puyi had a preference for her. Puyi would later describe his partners as "furniture" and "tools". Wanrong's marriage to Puyi
30418-463: The effort was ended. By June, Halliburton's mother abandoned hope that he would be found alive. As with Amelia Earhart , many rumors and reports of Halliburton's fate continued to arise over the years, with fans hoping he might yet turn up alive. The ocean liner SS President Pierce , captained by Charles Jokstad, passed flotsam in the middle of the Pacific, covered with an estimated one year's growth of barnacles in 1940, believed to be from
30645-492: The elder man died the following year at age 95. In his Second Book of Marvels , Halliburton stated, "Astronomers say that the Great Wall is the only man-made thing on our planet visible to the human eye from the moon." Although untrue, this statement was a possible source for the urban legend that the Great Wall of China could be seen from space . The Richard Halliburton Papers are held at Princeton University Library and
30872-454: The emperor. She rebelled. She was fed up with the lessons and unhappy about marrying someone she had never met before." However, she eventually conceded to the marriage. Wanrong's wedding included three traditional ceremonies, both before and after the grand nuptials: The ceremony of betrothal gifts, in which a large procession presented gifts from Puyi at her home; the Daizheng ceremony, in which
31099-399: The empress Wanrong drawing and music, but I remembered the empress Wanrong taught us to sing a song. It was the national anthem of the Qing Dynasty. The lyrics were dismal.." On 21 November 1934, The New York Times wrote an article stating that: "due to nervous illness, Empress Yueh Hua [pen name used by Wanrong] will soon leave the capital to spend the Winter at Dairen." Puyi became
31326-460: The empress consort of the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo in northeastern China from 1934 until the abolition of the monarchy in August 1945, at the conclusion of the Second World War . She was posthumously honored with the title Empress Xiaokemin . During the Soviet invasion of Manchuria at the end of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1945, Wanrong was captured by Chinese Communist guerrillas and transferred to various locations before she
31553-545: The enterprise greater than its rewards. Chinese venture capitalists in Chinatown thought it far too dangerous while China was torn by war and Buick refused to be associated with something called a "junk". While the Sea Dragon Expedition was partly funded through: paid subscriptions for a projected series of progress reports that Halliburton intended to send from China, sales of commemorative tokens and other keepsakes, and expected tourist excursions. Major and immediate funding came from Halliburton's wealthy relatives, including
31780-594: The fateful expedition of Hernando Cortez to the heart of the Aztec Empire , like his hero Lord Byron, he swam the Hellespont , metaphorically bridging Europe and Asia, and he lived among the French Foreign Legion in North Africa. Halliburton was an early proponent of what Susan Sontag in her essay "Notes on 'Camp'" tagged "the theatricalization of experience." He did not just view legendary places and landscapes, but dramatized them, often by performing, in relationship to them, some athletic feat ultimately intended to thrill armchair travelers as well as to educate them: he swam
32007-547: The fifth, he promised, would be sent from Midway Island. Sea Dragon , March 23rd. Collins, President Coolidge . Southerly gales. Squalls. Lee rail under water. Hardtack. Bully beef. Wet bunks. Having wonderful time. Wish you were here instead of me. Hastily repaired and recaulked, the Sea Dragon left port once again on March 4, 1939. Recruits added to replace Potter and Torrey included able-bodied seamen Ben Flagg and Ralph Granrud, both in their early twenties. Globe-trotter Velman Fitch, whose seaman skills were uncertain, hitched
32234-419: The fighting during the First Sino-Japanese War and the Boxer Rebellion, sustaining massive casualties during the wars and subsequently being driven into extreme suffering and hardship. Much of the fighting in the Boxer Rebellion against the foreigners in defense of Beijing and Manchuria was done by Manchu Banner armies, which were destroyed while resisting the invasion. The German Minister Clemens von Ketteler
32461-510: The first air meet held in that country). They crossed the Atlas Mountains and set out across the Sahara to Timbuktu , using the fuel caches of the Shell Oil Company . While in Timbuktu, they were guests of Pere Yakouba , a French Augustinian friar who had fled years before from the distractions of modern society and become a patriarch and a noted scholar of the community. They flew to their destination without mishap, then continued northward and eastward, spending several weeks in Algeria with
32688-400: The garb of a particular region by "going native," and in general his welcoming regard for the nuances of differing cultural identities and mores. As a sort of cultural ambassador , he met high-end government officials and heads of state from Peruvian dictator Augusto Leguia , to British Ambassador to Italy (during World War I) James Rennell Rodd , to Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia, to
32915-432: The glitter and glamour of this 'Great Within' the trembling little girl, hidden in her flowered box, was carried. Then as I watched, the gates boomed shut and the princess became an empress. While Halliburton was attending Princeton, Field and Stream magazine paid him $ 150 for an article (equivalent to $ 2,280 in 2023). This initial success encouraged him to choose travel writing as a career. His fortunes changed when
33142-407: The glitter and glamour of this 'Great Within' the trembling little girl, hidden in her flowered box, was carried. Then as I watched, the gates boomed shut and the princess became an empress." Puyi sat upon his Dragon Throne as people kowtowed to him. Later, in Wanrong's new living quarters, she kowtowed to him six times as the decree of their marriage was read in celebration. Wanrong wore a veil, as
33369-472: The globe, covering 33,660 miles (54,100 km) and visiting 34 countries. The pair started on Christmas Day 1930, making stops along the way, from Los Angeles to New York City, where they crated the airplane and boarded it on the oceanliner RMS Majestic . They sailed to England, where their extended mission began. They flew to France, then Spain, the British possession of Gibraltar , and on to Africa at Fez, Morocco (where Stephens performed aerobatics for
33596-457: The inland Chinese. It has all come so suddenly. The Chinese are being Europeanized with one majestic blow. And that blow has killed the beautiful spiritual quality of the country. It is, at present, a chaotic and uncertain land." Puyi, Wanrong and Wenxiu stayed at the house of Puyi's father after being exiled, the Prince Chun Mansion in Beijing. Puyi then secretly took refuge in the Japanese Legation in Beijing . Puyi later moved out of Beijing to
33823-446: The interracial mingling that their physical appearances suggested to him: "When Chinese blood and foreign blood are mixed, especially if the foreign blood is Russian, Portuguese or French, the devastating result is something to write home about." Halliburton's ideas on miscegenation are traceable partly to racist notions prevalent in his day. One source was Lothrop Stoddard's The Rising Tide of Color Against White World-Supremacy (1920),
34050-430: The joy, pain and thrills—any emotion that any human ever had—and I'll be especially happy if I am spared a stupid, common death in bed. In 1922 Halliburton witnessed the last ceremonial marriage of a Chinese Emperor, the wedding of Emperor Puyi to Empress Wanrong in Beijing . The Royal Family would be permanently expelled less than 2 years later. Halliburton wrote of the event in his memoir as follows: At four in
34277-410: The junk's unsuccessful first voyage and later offered an account of his experiences, as did Torrey. Besides poor performance by the junk in rough seas, the February attempt was aborted due to an injury sustained by Potter when struck by the mainsail boom while handling the 18 foot (5.5m) tiller . Sea Dragon Expedition researcher Gerry Max has noted that Potter, as well as Torrey, who did not make
34504-427: The largest branch of the Tungusic peoples and are distributed throughout China, forming the fourth largest ethnic group in the country. They are found in 31 Chinese provincial regions. Among them, Liaoning has the largest population and Hebei , Heilongjiang , Jilin , Inner Mongolia and Beijing have over 100,000 Manchu residents. About half of the population live in Liaoning and one-fifth in Hebei . There are
34731-481: The last of the great travel works of the classic period. In 1937 William Alexander Levy designed a house for Halliburton in Laguna Beach, California , which is now known as "a landmark of modern architecture". Alexander was a novice architect, a recent graduate of the New York University School of Architecture and close friend of Paul Mooney. Mooney managed the construction of the house. The house, built of concrete and steel, fortress-like in appearance, contains
34958-402: The late 19th century and early 1900s, intermarriage between Manchus and Han bannermen in the northeast increased as Manchu families were more willing to marry their daughters to sons from well off Han families to trade their ethnic status for higher financial status. Most intermarriage consisted of Han Bannermen marrying Manchus in areas like Aihun. Han Chinese Bannermen wedded Manchus and there
35185-419: The local dialect instead of Standard Chinese. By the early years of the Republic of China , very few areas of China still had traditional Manchu populations. Among the few regions where such comparatively traditional communities could be found, and where the Manchu language was still widely spoken, were the Aigun ( Manchu : ᠠᡳᡥᡡᠨ , Möllendorff : aihūn , Abkai : aihvn ) District and
35412-427: The mainstream Jiahnzhou Jurchens descended from the Jin dynasty who were farmers that foraged, hunted, herded and harvested crops in the Liao and Yalu river basins. They gathered ginseng root, pine nuts, hunted for came pels in the uplands and forests, raised horses in their stables, and farmed millet and wheat in their fallow fields. They engaged in dances, wrestling and drinking strong liquor as noted during midwinter by
35639-471: The mid-1930s, credited Halliburton with steering him to a career in journalism. As the writer of a succession of bestsellers, and as a popular lecturer, Halliburton figured prominently in educating several generations of young Americans in the rudiments of geography, history and culture, especially through his two Books of Marvels , re-issued in one volume after his death. Two structures commemorate Halliburton: Hangover House in Laguna Beach, California , and
35866-478: The moment before it vanished, inspired Halliburton to reject marriage, family, a regular job, and conventional respectability as the obvious steps after graduation. He liked bachelorhood, youthful adventure, and the thrill of the unknown. To earn a living he intended to write about his adventures. He dedicated his first book to his Princeton roommates, "...whose sanity, consistency and respectability ... drove [him] to this book". Halliburton's father advised him to get
36093-437: The morning this gorgeous spectacle moved through the moonlit streets of Peking en-route to the prison-palace. The entire city was awake and the people thronged the line of march. A forest of pennants blazed and fluttered past ...gold dragons on black silk, blue dragons on gold silk; and swaying lanterns, and gilded kiosques containing the bride’s ceremonial robes, and princes on horseback surrounded by their colorful retinues. There
36320-437: The morning this gorgeous spectacle moved through the moonlit streets of Peking en-route to the prison-palace. The entire city was awake and the people thronged the line of march. A forest of pennants blazed and fluttered past ...gold dragons on black silk, blue dragons on gold silk; and swaying lanterns, and gilded kiosques containing the bride’s ceremonial robes, and princes on horseback surrounded by their colorful retinues. There
36547-592: The night with Wanrong in the Palace of Gathered Elegance. Sun said Wanrong never closed the door at night (perhaps due to loneliness), but only drew the door curtain. On rare occasions when Puyi did come the door would be closed and the maid on night watch sent away. Puyi would invariably be in a bad mood afterward. Reginald Johnston attempted to improve the relationship between Puyi and Wanrong as well as to get Wanrong's entourage to mix with Puyi's, ultimately Johnston did not get very far. Johnston thought Puyi had been married too young. Sun reminisced Puyi once appeared with
36774-517: The non-fiction book Wild Swans , she was noted to have participated in the official visit of the Emperor to Jinzhou in September 1939, where the mother of the author was selected to present flowers to the Empress on her arrival to the city. According to the 1934 "Imperial Palace" archives, Wanrong made 27 pieces of cheongsam in one year. She was also taught drawing and music, such as the piano as well as playing chess and tennis recreationally. Cui Huimei who taught Wanrong recalled: "We sisters taught
37001-416: The official name of the people by Emperor Hong Taiji in 1635, replacing the earlier name " Jurchen ". It appears that manju was an old term for the Jianzhou Jurchens , although the etymology is not well understood. The Jiu Manzhou Dang , archives of early 17th century documents, contains the earliest use of Manchu. However, the actual etymology of the ethnic name "Manju" is debatable. According to
37228-425: The other hand, in warlord Zhang Zuolin 's reign in Manchuria, much better treatment was reported. There was no particular persecution of Manchus. Even the mausoleums of Qing emperors were still allowed to be managed by Manchu guardsmen, as in the past. Many Manchus joined the Fengtian clique , such as Xi Qia , a member of the Qing dynasty's imperial clan. As a follow-up to the Mukden Incident , Manchukuo ,
37455-432: The pachyderm he had gotten from a Paris zoo Miss Elysabethe Dalrymple; he emulated Ulysses' myriad adventures in the Mediterranean dressed often as a beach-comber or playboy; he re-enacted Robinson Crusoe's island solitude, adopting a menagerie of domestic pets with names such as Listerine, Kitty and Susie. Examples of this cultural self-enlistment filled his work and helped define his public image. Of further note, he retraced
37682-424: The palace (there were no Chinese attendants there), and her every move was watched and denounced. She knew that the emperor could not escape, and if she could, she could have helped him to escape." In another incident, around August or September 1933, when the wife of Zhao Xinbo (趙欣伯), a Manchukuo official, was preparing to leave for Japan, Wanrong approached her and asked her for help. However, Wanrong's plan to escape
37909-406: The past days, it makes me suffer from a kind of hatred. They should not have married me to a man with a wife. During those years in the Zhang Garden, I suspected that my darling loved the Consort Shu more than me and my heart was broken by that. Deep in sorrow, I wept day and night all the time, which caused me to suffer from algomenorrhea (period pains) and diarrhoea in no less than a hundred days. As
38136-468: The plane was again loaded onto a ship ( SS President McKinley ) to cross the ocean. They flew the final leg from San Francisco to Los Angeles. A fictionalized account of his travels in India and Asia was depicted in the 1933 film India Speaks . Moye Stephens was a skilled pilot. Halliburton, in a reassuring letter to his parents (January 23, 1932), recited his many flight skills. Stephens, for instance, during one aerobatic display, astutely aborted
38363-399: The point that they almost never spoke to each other. Late in 1931, Yoshiko Kawashima , acting under instruction from the Japanese Kwantung Army , fetched Wanrong from Tianjin to Dalian and then to Port Arthur (now Lüshun ) to meet Puyi who had accepted an offer from the Empire of Japan to head the puppet state of Manchukuo in Manchuria (northeastern China) in the hope of restoring
38590-404: The problem at present, it would be settled on some day in the later years. Tell me how sorry I would be to hear that at that time! I do not want to fall in love with any others" And then I added: "you had a dream that day... you were so sad. Once you were here, you asked me to fall in love with others, but for this you always looked sad. What's the reason for that?" Oh, my god! My dear! Is he also in
38817-411: The purchasing a used Ford roadster, he explored the heartland of California and the beauties of the Lake Tahoe area. Other commissions followed: United Artists was producing a movie about Benvenuto Cellini ; they asked him to do a story on the Renaissance artist 's love life . Halliburton also gave frequent lectures and even turned down offers; a radio company offered him the considerable sum of $ 500
39044-404: The reasons for remaining passive to the problem, however, smoking opium at this time was not unusual . Li Guoxing, who had served under Puyi for over 30 years, said while Wanrong was ''shrewish'' (translated from: 泼辣 ) she was kind-hearted and friendly to servants. Wanrong found various avenues for entertainment in Tianjin: theatre, dancing, skating, horse-riding, sports, shopping, and more. She
39271-439: The refined intellectual type appears. Here and there faces of a Hellenic purity of feature are seen and beautiful children are not uncommon. These Chinese cities make one realize how the cream of the population gathers in the urban centers. Everywhere town opportunities have been a magnet for the élite of the open country." The Qing dynasty altered its law on intermarriage between Han civilians and Manchu bannermen several times in
39498-416: The region's products, which resulted in a continuous trickle of Han convicts, workers, and merchants to the northeast. Han Chinese transfrontiersmen and other non-Jurchen origin people who joined the Later Jin very early were put into the Manchu Banners and were known as "Baisin" in Manchu, and not put into the Han Banners to which later Han Chinese were placed in. An example was the Tokoro Manchu clan in
39725-420: The same manner as her brothers. Wanrong attended an American missionary school in Tianjin . The Qing dynasty was overthrown in 1912 and replaced by the Republic of China , marking the end of thousands of years of imperial rule in China. The former imperial family were granted special privileges by the Republican government, which allowed them to retain their imperial titles and be treated with respect. Puyi ,
39952-405: The same situation as me? Is he also trying to keep his sorrow at the bottom of his heart and not wanting to speak it out? I really can do nothing about that! By Rong Yuehua (note: a temporary name for Wanrong). At Mao Period (one of the 12 two-hour periods of a day; it indicates the period from 5 am. to 7 a m.) of lunar May 10. In an undated entry, she wrote: No expecting. No longing. No teasing in
40179-431: The same time they tried to appease them with titles and degrees, traded with them, and sought to acculturate them by having Jurchens integrate into Korean culture. Their relationship was eventually stopped by the Ming dynasty government who wanted the Jurchens to protect the border. In 1403, Ahacu, chieftain of Huligai, paid tribute to the Yongle Emperor of the Ming dynasty. Soon after that, Möngke Temür , chieftain of
40406-407: The situation to be humorous. The Empress on the other hand was brave enough to stand up while the swing was moving. Wanrong would send subordinates on occasion to donate money to the poor outside the Forbidden City. In December 1923 she received praise when she donated 600 yuan to a charity. Smoking became a habit for the Empress; she began with cigarettes and eventually opium, although initially it
40633-463: The suspension of freedoms in the Communist nation to the freedoms people enjoyed in democratic America, exuberantly praising the latter. Halliburton's last works (done in collaboration with journalist Paul Mooney), notably The Letters from the Sea Dragon and The Log of the Sea Dragon , both of which offer asides of Japan's hostile presence in China, suggest the war-reportorial course his writing might have taken had he lived. A news correspondent's role
40860-414: The term Han. However the use of the word Han as the name of a class category used by the Yuan dynasty was a different concept from Han ethnicity. The grouping of Jurchens in northern China grouped with northern Han into the northerner class did not mean they were regarded the same as ethnic Han people, who themselves were in two different classes in the Yuan, Han ren and Nan Ren as said by Stephen G. Haw. Also
41087-488: The time not unique to him, when revisited today, are unsettling. At times ethnocentric, he thought it "extraordinary" that "such a primitive race" as the Seri Indians residing in Lower California "should live so close to (presumably civilized) Hollywood." Of the blending of races and cultures he encountered, Halliburton attempted to be descriptive rather than judgmental. Still, intrigued by the "slim Sonias" working in Blood Alley in Shanghai, he seemed both amused and dismayed by
41314-429: The traditional way of life of the Manchus (as well as various other tribal peoples) in central and northern Manchuria by a variety of means. In particular, they restricted the migration of Han settlers to the region. This had to be balanced with practical needs, such as maintaining the defense of northern China against the Russians and the Mongols, supplying government farms with a skilled work force, and conducting trade in
41541-422: The transition between the Ming and Qing Zhang Sunzhen, a civilian official in Nanjing himself remarked that he had a portrait of his ancestors wearing Manchu clothes because his family were Tartars so it was appropriate that he was going to shave his head into the Manchu hairstyle when the queue order was given. The Mongol-led Yuan dynasty was replaced by the Ming dynasty in 1368. In 1387, Ming forces defeated
41768-439: The travel writing field. The Forgotten Adventures of Richard Halliburton: A High Flying Life from Tennessee to Timbuktu by R. Scott Williams appeared in 2014, American Daredevil: The Extraordinary Life of Richard Halliburton, the World's First Celebrity Travel Writer by Cathryn J. Prince in 2016, and Richard Halliburton and the Voyage of the Sea Dragon by Gerry Max in 2020. Of interest is Garrett Drake's fictional The Secret of
41995-518: The trip, and a couple of other crew members may have contracted gonorrhea during their time in Hong Kong at the start of the voyage. Dysentery also afflicted several crew members including Captain Welch. Halliburton himself suffered from a skin rash, the result perhaps of high anxiety, and nervous exhaustion. Days before the first crossing attempt, Mooney broke an ankle after falling down a ladder. Halliburton sent four letters to subscribers from Hong Kong between November 20, 1938, and February 16, 1939;
42222-465: The two ethnic groups. Also to promote ethnic harmony, a 1648 decree from the Shunzhi Emperor allowed Han Chinese civilian men to marry Manchu women from the Banners with the permission of the Board of Revenue if they were registered daughters of officials or commoners or the permission of their banner company captain if they were unregistered commoners. It was only later in the dynasty that these policies allowing intermarriage were done away with. As
42449-412: The unification of Manchu tribes as a threat to Japan. The Japanese mistakenly thought that Hokkaido (Ezochi) had a land bridge to Tartary (Orankai) where Manchus lived and thought the Manchus could invade Japan. The Tokugawa Shogunate bakufu sent a message to Korea via Tsushima offering help to Korea against the 1627 Manchu invasion of Korea . Korea declined the help. Following the fall of Balhae,
42676-549: The upper classes from the days of Henry VIII through to the Belle Epoque, and he championed the study abroad programs featured in the curricula of many colleges and universities. Halliburton wanted to be remembered as the most-traveled man who ever lived, but he was surpassed by the contemporary globetrotters and influences, Burton Holmes and Harry Franck . In his day he had few rivals, though Carveth Wells ( Adventure! ), Eugene Wright ( The Great Horn Spoon ) and Martin and Osa Johnson ( Safari ) could equally captivate. Called
42903-602: The view that manju is cognate with words referring to the lower Amur river in other Tungusic languages and can be reconstructed to Proto-Tungusic *mamgo 'lower Amur, large river'. The Manchus are descended from the Jurchen people who earlier established the Jin dynasty (1115–1234) in China. The name Mohe might refer to an ancestral population of the Manchus. The Mohe practiced pig farming extensively and were mainly sedentary, and also used both pig and dog skins for coats. They were predominantly farmers and grew soybeans, wheat, millet and rice, in addition to hunting. In
43130-532: The wanderlust out of his system, return to Memphis and adjust his life to "an even tenor": "I hate that expression", Richard responded, expressing the view that distinguished his life-style, "and as far as I am able I intend to avoid that condition. When impulse and spontaneity fail to make my way uneven then I shall sit up nights inventing means of making my life as conglomerate and vivid as possible.... And when my time comes to die, I'll be able to die happy, for I will have done and seen and heard and experienced all
43357-514: The wife of his cousin Erle Halliburton . $ 14,000 of the $ 26,500 raised ($ 300,000 to $ 400,000 in today's money) came from the three crew members from Dartmouth: Robert Chase, John "Brue" Potter, and Gordon Torrey, who had extensive amateur sailing experience. A trial run in January 1939 revealed the vessel's flaws; the completed Sea Dragon, distinctly top heavy, rode precariously low, rolling and heeling in moderately active waters. Nevertheless, on January 27, Halliburton assured his subscribers that
43584-439: The world and the people around him, always scheming about his next adventure." He wrote that Halliburton's "manhood spanned the brief interval between the two World Wars" and acclaims him as a "spokesman for the youth of a generation". Halliburton insisted throughout his career on the importance of travel abroad as a means of self-improvement and discovery. He was an advocate by example of the 'grand tour' championed by monarchs and
43811-407: The wreck of the Sea Dragon , perhaps the ship's rudder. Later, in 1945 a 30-foot skeleton of a 150-foot boat of oriental design, mistaken by some as that of the 75-foot Sea Dragon , washed ashore in San Diego , California. Missing at sea since March 1939, Halliburton was declared dead on October 5, 1939, by the Memphis Chancery Court. His empty grave is at Forest Hill Cemetery in Memphis at
44038-401: The writer Lao She , who began to include Manchu characters in his fictional works in the 1950s. Between 1982 and 1990, the official count of Manchu people more than doubled from 4,299,159 to 9,821,180, making them China's fastest-growing ethnic minority, but this growth was only on paper, as this was due to people formerly registered as Han applying for official recognition as Manchu. Since
44265-400: The year 1114, Wanyan Aguda united the Jurchen tribes and established the Jin dynasty (1115–1234) . His brother and successor, Wanyan Wuqimai defeated the Liao dynasty. After the fall of the Liao dynasty, the Jurchens went to war with the Northern Song dynasty , and captured most of northern China in the Jin–Song wars . During the Jin dynasty, the first Jurchen script came into use in
44492-432: Was Imperial Chinese tradition for the night-time wedding ceremony, and Puyi, who was inexperienced with women, later stated: "I hardly thought about marriage and family. It was only when the Empress came into my field of vision with a crimson satin cloth embroidered with a dragon and a phoenix over her head that I felt at all curious about what she looked like." Afterwards Puyi, Wanrong, and his other consort Wenxiu stayed in
44719-609: Was presumed to be on its way to rendezvous with the beleaguered craft. Among the radio messages the liner received from the junk's Captain Welch was an ironically cheerful one: "Having a wonderful time. Wish you were here instead of me." As noted by the Coolidge, waves during those dire moments were estimated at 40 feet (12 m) high. The next message was different: "Southerly gale. Heavy Rain Squalls. High sea. Barometer 29.46. True course 100. Speed 5.5 knots. Position 1200 GCT 31.10 north 155.00 east. All well. When closer may we avail ourselves of your direction finder. Regards Welch." That
44946-414: Was "in his element" speaking English. Pujie (Puyi's brother) said there were always several two-person palanquins waiting to carry the tutors in at the Gate of Divine Valor every afternoon when they came to teach. At the age of eighteen or nineteen ( Chinese age ) she still behaved like a child in many ways and enjoyed playing games with her maids and eunuchs. She once played " drop the handkerchief " in
45173-419: Was a heavy shopper – shopping was a technique she used to compete with Wenxiu for Puyi's affection and attention. Puyi would frequently take Wanrong to the Xinming Theater to enjoy operas. Wanrong's friend Shuh Yun was invited on one occasion to play mahjong tiles at the Zhang Garden . Shuh Yun recalled she would go on sightseeing trips with her. She apparently did not participate in activities like dancing in
45400-488: Was about the same age and had a similar family background as he did. Because he had already chosen Wenxiu, they decided he would marry both Wanrong and Wenxiu as his primary and secondary spouses in accordance with Manchu tradition. After Wanrong was selected, she moved back to Beijing to prepare for the marriage. A group of palace eunuchs were sent to her home to prepare her for an imperial wedding. Runqi , Wanrong's brother said that: "They taught her how to bow and behave with
45627-435: Was again unsuccessful. In frustration, the Empress was noted to have been heard saying on one occasion: '' Why can everyone else be free, but I can't be free?" On 1 March 1934, the Japanese government proclaimed Puyi as the emperor of Manchukuo and Wanrong as his empress. The couple lived in the Russian-built Weihuang Palace (now the Museum of the Imperial Palace of the Manchu State ), a tax office that had been converted into
45854-487: Was also a Princeton graduate, accepted Halliburton's first book, The Royal Road to Romance (1925), which became a bestseller. Two years later he published The Glorious Adventure , which retraced Ulysses ' adventures throughout the Classical Greek world as recounted in Homer 's Odyssey , and included his visiting the grave of English poet Rupert Brooke on the island of Skyros . In 1929, Halliburton published New Worlds To Conquer , which recounted his famous swim of
46081-402: Was also a teacher of Halliburton's editor, David Laurance Chambers. Like them, Halliburton took a dim view of technology, and he gently urged that one see the world's marvels before "modern Progress" obliterated them. Halliburton was a cultural relativist . Believing that "culture was king," he adhered to the credibility of multiple perspectives. The attitude may explain in part his adopting
46308-480: Was apparently hard-of-hearing for incompetence. Wanrong enjoyed reading, jazz, Western cuisine, playing the piano, writing in English and photography. Described as old-fashioned by her brother, Wanrong was nevertheless somewhat more Westernized than Puyi, having grown up in the French Concession in Tianjin , and she was noted for teaching Puyi how to eat Western food with a knife and fork. An article in Time magazine dated Monday, 12 May 1924, titled "China: Henry
46535-464: Was arrested; again, when he attempted to enter Mecca , which is forbidden to non-Muslims; and yet again when he snuck past the gatekeepers at the Taj Mahal where, beneath a moonlit sky, he indulged in a swim in the sacred pool that faced the worshiped tomb. Halliburton's books were meant for the general reading public. Into households across America, they brought the world's many divergent peoples and cultures. Racist comments their author made, though for
46762-642: Was assassinated by a Manchu. Thousands of Manchus fled south from Aigun during the fighting in the Boxer Rebellion in 1900, their cattle and horses then stolen by Russian Cossacks who razed their villages and homes. The clan system of the Manchus in Aigun was obliterated by the despoliation of the area at the hands of the Russian invaders. By the 19th century, most Manchus in the city garrison spoke only Mandarin Chinese, not Manchu, which still distinguished them from their Han neighbors in southern China, who spoke non-Mandarin dialects. That they spoke Beijing dialect made recognizing Manchus folks relatively easy. It
46989-411: Was assigned there. Governor Yue Rui of Shandong was then ordered by the Yongzheng to report any bannerman misbehaving and warned him not to cover it up in 1730 after Manchu bannermen were put in a quarter in Qingzhou. Manchu bannermen from the garrisons in Xi'an and Jingzhou fought in Xinjiang in the 1770s and Manchus from Xi'an garrison fought in other campaigns against the Dzungars and Uyghurs throughout
47216-408: Was born into the Gobulo ( 郭布羅 ) clan on 13 November 1906, which translates to the 32nd year of the second month of the fourth day of the Guangxu Emperor's reign, under the Plain White Banner of the Eight Banners and of Daur ancestry. Her father Rongyuan ( 榮源 ) had held office under the Qing dynasty until the 1911 Revolution . When Wanrong became empress in 1922, her father took employment in
47443-401: Was copied down . Traumatic memories of the Jurchen raids on Japan in the 1019 Toi invasion , the Mongol invasions of Japan in addition to Japan viewing the Jurchens as "Tatar" "barbarians" after copying China's barbarian-civilized distinction, may have played a role in Japan's antagonistic views against Manchus and hostility towards them in later centuries such as when Tokugawa Ieyasu viewed
47670-433: Was deserted here and who would take care of me?" Yoshiko Kawashima, a strong-willed, flamboyant, openly bisexual woman noted for her habit of wearing male clothing and uniforms, had some influence on Wanrong and she eventually secretly relocated to Manchukuo. However, a member of Wanrong's entourage later said Yoshiko Kawashima had only played a minor role. Wanrong and her group landed at Dalian on 28 November 1931. Initially
47897-412: Was disguised as an antique dealer to avoid the attention of the Japanese (perhaps he had been an antique dealer). I went out to the porch and we stopped at the corner. The man told me that he was sent by the Empress. He said she asked me to help her escape from Changchun because she knew I was going to Manchuria; he said she felt miserable about her life because she was surrounded by Japanese attendants in
48124-411: Was for severe stomach ache as well as headaches. According to Wang Qingxiang, author of the book The Last Emperor and His Five Wives , her headaches were actually a ''mind'' problem. Wanrong may have suffered from a form of hereditary psychosis. Wanrong's father, Rongyuan, is said to have had schizophrenia and treated it with opium. In October 1924, the warlord Feng Yuxiang seized control of Beijing in
48351-509: Was how the Jurchens who founded the Qing lived and how their ancestors lived before the Jin. Alongside Mongols and Jurchen clans there were migrants from Liaodong provinces of Ming China and Korea living among these Jurchens in a cosmopolitan manner. Nurhaci who was hosting Sin Chung-il was uniting all of them into his own army, having them adopt the Jurchen hairstyle of a long queue and a shaved fore=crown and wearing leather tunics. His armies had black, blue, red, white and yellow flags. These became
48578-401: Was informally regulated by social status and custom. In northeastern China such as Heilongjiang and Liaoning it was more common for Manchu women to marry Han men since they were not subjected to the same laws and institutional oversight as Manchus and Han in Beijing and elsewhere. The policy of artificially isolating the Manchus of the northeast from the rest of China could not last forever. In
48805-411: Was more than enough music. Last of all came the bride’s sedan hung with yellow brocade, roofed with a great gold dragon, and borne along by sixteen noblemen. I followed close behind the shrouded chair, and wondered about the state of mind of the little girl inside. Headed straight for prison, she was on the point of surrendering forever the freedom she had hitherto enjoyed... The procession wound its way to
49032-411: Was more than enough music. Last of all came the bride’s sedan hung with yellow brocade, roofed with a great gold dragon, and borne along by sixteen noblemen. I followed close behind the shrouded chair, and wondered about the state of mind of the little girl inside. Headed straight for prison, she was on the point of surrendering forever the freedom she had hitherto enjoyed... The procession wound its way to
49259-408: Was never robust but would seldom complain of sickness or poor stamina. He graduated from the Lawrenceville School in 1917, where he was chief editor of The Lawrence . In 1921 he graduated from Princeton University , where he was on the editorial board of The Daily Princetonian and chief editor of The Princetonian Pictorial Magazine . He also attended courses in public speaking and considered
49486-511: Was no law against this. As the end of the Qing dynasty approached, Manchus were portrayed as outside colonizers by Chinese nationalists such as Sun Yat-sen , even though the Republican revolution he brought about was supported by many reform-minded Manchu officials and military officers. This portrayal dissipated somewhat after the 1911 revolution as the new Republic of China now sought to include Manchus within its national identity . In order to blend in, some Manchus switched to speaking
49713-400: Was northern Standard Chinese which the Manchu Bannermen spoke instead of the local dialect the Han people around the garrison spoke, so that Manchus in the garrisons at Jingzhou and Guangzhou both spoke Beijing Mandarin even though Cantonese was spoken at Guangzhou, and the Beijing dialect of Mandarin distinguished the Manchu bannermen at the Xi'an garrison from the local Han people who spoke
49940-412: Was placed in a prison camp in Yanji , Jilin. She died in prison in June 1946 and her remains were never found. On 23 October 2006, Wanrong's younger brother, Runqi , conducted a ritual burial for her in the Western Qing tombs . Her courtesy name was Muhong ( 慕鴻 ) and her art name was Zhilian. She also adopted a Western name, Elizabeth, which was inspired by Queen Elizabeth I of England . Wanrong
50167-412: Was reported they stopped in a garden during a visit to see his sick grandmother. The local press during 1923 reported on these outings and they appeared in newspapers. On one trip they visited the Summer Palace in April 1924. On another outing they left to have tea with Puyi's English tutor, Reginald Fleming Johnston . Time magazine said Elizabeth (Wanrong) was accompanied by Miss Isabel Ingram and Puyi
50394-476: Was seriously ill three times during her seven years in Tianjin. According to her journals, she still had several chronic diseases such as "panasthenia" ( neurasthenia ) and irregular menstruation. Despite Puyi's insistence in a discussion about illness and the effects of opium on pregnancy, as noted in Wanrong's diary entry of 30 September 1931, she continued to smoke opium. On 1 October 1931, she wrote, referencing Wenxiu's asking for divorce with Puyi as treason, "It
50621-406: Was the "innocent abroad", receptive to new ideas which he in turn expressed with a quiet erudition. Throughout his creative life he displayed a romantic readiness that shone through his best prose, prose at once picturesque, gently informative, extroverted, and personally confiding. He often described his attaching himself to a famous historic person (or key event for which that person was known) or to
50848-406: Was the last message heard from the junk. Until then, Halliburton had kept regular, if sporadic, contact with radio stations and trans-Pacific Ocean liners. At first the Coast Guard at Hawaii delayed searching for the missing ship, possibly thinking Halliburton staged his disappearance as a publicity stunt. After the Sea Dragon was a week overdue to call at Midway, on April 10, friends petitioned
51075-605: Was the lunar 20 August. The Emperor talked about the treasonous act with me. I asked: 'is what was said in the press true?' The Emperor said: 'it's nothing but rumors.'" Wanrong further wrote in another entry on the same day, recounting what she had told Puyi: "...I said: If you live alone I would know that. If you always find some excuse for going out alone, I would know that you have allowed her to live alone. If you go to see her, I would also know about it." Puyi noted in his memoir he began to feel "great resentment" for Wanrong after she drove Wenxiu away and consequently neglected her, to
51302-408: Was this multi-ethnic, majority Han force in which Manchus were a minority, which conquered China for the Qing Empire. A mass marriage of Han Chinese officers and officials to Manchu women was organized to balance the massive number of Han women who entered the Manchu court as courtesans, concubines, and wives. These couples were arranged by Prince Yoto and Hong Taiji in 1632 to promote harmony between
51529-423: Was unhappy but she found promise in her studies. Her tutor, Isabel Ingram , who began teaching her English in 1922, observed Wanrong could focus for hours on tasks like studying and playing the organ. Hu Siyuan, who later taught Wanrong classical literature in Tianjin commented "she was wise and eager to learn, quick-witted and inquisitive; she always made a thorough inquiry of the ups and downs of ancient events, had
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