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80-578: Design work on this new generation sidearm began in 1994, and the handgun was presented in 1997 with series production commencing that same year. The weapon was first introduced chambered in 9×19mm Parabellum . The pistol is used by the German Police in North Rhine-Westphalia and Rhineland-Palatinate and has been ordered by Bremen , Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein , the Polish Police and

160-414: A suppressor kit with a 117 mm (4.6 in) barrel and protective cap for the muzzle threads and a silencer that reduces the sound signature by 33 dB(A) are offered as factory accessories. Introduced in 2004, this variant comes closest to a traditional Double-Action/Single-Action trigger with a decocker. In Double-Action mode the internal striker is at rest with no pre-load and the trigger travel

240-568: A "uniform career structure" that aims to avoid premature specialization, lets officers think in broad terms, makes career field changes easier and improves promotion opportunities. German citizenship is not required to be a police officer in Germany. Police departments in big cities are especially keen to recruit officers from ethnic minorities to reduce language and cultural barriers. However, minorities still make up less than one percent of officer numbers. The Land police have had women members since

320-556: A 24-hour basis, conduct day-to-day policing and serve as points of contact for local citizens. Below this level, the Polizeiposten are small police offices staffed by one or two officers, normally only during office hours. The State Police wear the state patch on the uniform sleeve and sometimes metal city badges are worn over the right breast pocket, indicating which police department they work for. Police officers can be transferred anywhere within their state. Once skilled, officers of

400-469: A 416 stainless steel slide and 4140 CrMo steel barrel in their Pillager, MN factory in the United States. The MR Eagle series pistols were available in 9×19mm Parabellum (MR9) and .40 S&W (MR40). Landespolizei Landespolizei ( German for 'state police'; German pronunciation: [ˌlandəspoliˈt͡saɪ] ) is a term used to refer to the state police of any of

480-736: A 500 °C (932 °F) nitride bath. The final matte, non-glare finish meets or exceeds stainless steel specifications, is 85% more corrosion resistant than a hard chrome finish, and is 99.9% salt-water corrosion resistant. After the Tenifer process, a black Parkerized finish is applied and the slide is protected even if the finish were to wear off. In 2010, Glock switched to a gaseous ferritic nitrocarburizing process. Besides Glock other pistol and other firearms manufacturers, including Smith & Wesson and HS Produkt , also use ferritic nitrocarburizing for finishing parts like barrels and slides, but they call it Melonite finish. Heckler & Koch use

560-558: A 64 Rockwell C hardness rating and a 99% resistance to salt water corrosion (which meets or exceeds stainless steel specifications), making the P99 particularly suitable for individuals carrying the pistol concealed as the highly chloride-resistant finish allows the pistol to better endure the effects of perspiration. The P99 features four internal safeties, iron sights adjustable for both windage and elevation , tool-less take down, and an ambidextrous magazine release incorporated into

640-469: A black slide, and a desert tan frame with black slide. All three of these finishes incorporate the same black grip inserts that come with every P99. The compact versions of the P99 are only available in all black. Fixed metal 3-dot iron sights, fixed tritium night sights, adjustable sports iron sights, adjustable optic fibre iron sights, laser pointers , tactical lights , magazine flashlight adapters, holsters, magazines, magazine loaders, grip extenders and

720-487: A half years at police school in combined classroom tuition and on-the-job training with police departments and the Bereitschaftspolizei . These people qualify as regular police officers and wear light blue stars on their shoulder straps, denoting rank in the first echelon of the police service. After duty as a patrol officer, someone with an outstanding record or wealth of experience can go on to two or three years at

800-520: A higher police school or college of public administration to qualify for the upper echelon which starts with Polizeikommissar (one silver star) and ascends to Erster Polizeihauptkommissar (five silver stars). Direct entry candidates with the Abitur high school diploma can also take these courses. Some states such as Hessen now train all their police officers for the upper echelon to improve pay and promotion chances. The very few candidates who qualify for

880-479: A minimum magazine capacity of 8 rounds, have a service life of at least 10,000 rounds, weigh no more than 1 kilogram and be within dimensions of 180 mm length×130 mm height×34 mm width, and be fully ambidextrous, safe to carry with a loaded chamber (both holstered and concealed in a pocket) and able to be quickly drawn and instantly ready to fire. Walther developed their tried and true P38/P1 design further into Walther P5 . However, due to its breech-locking design, it

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960-453: A modified Browning cam-lock system adapted from the Hi-Power pistol. The P99 has a glassfiber-reinforced polymer frame and steel slide assembly. It can be broken down into its main parts or field stripped with a take down catch without the help of tools. It uses an internal striker as opposed to an external hammer , with a red-painted striker tip that protrudes from rear of the slide when

1040-502: A patent in 1961. It produced a similar surface finish as the Sulfinuz process, except for the formation of sulfides. The atmosphere consists of ammonia , hydrocarbon gases, and a small amount of other carbon-containing gases. This innovation spurred the development of a more environmentally friendly salt bath process by the German company Degussa after acquiring ICI patents. Their process

1120-489: A salt bath. Other methods of ferritic nitrocarburizing include gaseous processes such as Nitrotec and ion (plasma) ones. The processing temperature ranges from 525 °C (977 °F) to 625 °C (1,157 °F), but usually occurs at 565 °C (1,049 °F). Steel and other ferrous alloys remain in the ferritic phase region at this temperature. This allows for better control of the dimensional stability that would not be present in case hardening processes that occur when

1200-439: A special feature, an own Border Police (Bayerische Grenzpolizei). Two separate and distinct uniforms were worn during this time by the state police (Green) and City Police (Blue). The last city police force was Munich, which was finally merged into the state police in 1975. This organization was also prevalent in the other American Sector states. From 1945 all German police forces wore different coloured uniforms, but beginning in

1280-427: A standard nitriding process, ferritic nitrocarburizing or FNC in a vacuum furnace takes less time to achieve case depth requirements - mainly in part due to the addition of carbon to achieve faster diffusion. Plasma-assisted ferritic nitrocarburizing is also known as ion nitriding, plasma ion nitriding, or glow-discharge nitriding. The process works to achieve the same result as the salt bath and gaseous process, except

1360-738: A trigger reset of 6 mm (0.2 in) and a trigger pull of approximately 32  N (7.2  lb f ). The trigger pull is consistent in length and force from the first shot to the last. The Technical Specifications (TR 2008) of the German Police also demand an accuracy of fire for a 10-shot group with German Police certified 9×19mm Parabellum ammunition at 25 m (27 yd) (R 100 ) of ≤ 16  cm (6.3  in ). This equals an accuracy of fire of ≤ 22 minute of angle (MOA) or ≤ 6.4 mrad . The grip frame has an integrated mounting MIL-STD-1913 (Picatinny) rail for attaching tactical lights and laser sighting devices. The Smith & Wesson SW99

1440-555: Is 14 mm (0.55 in) long at approximately 38  N (8.5  lb f ) trigger pull. When the slide is racked completely to the rear upon (re)loading, the internal striker is manually pre-cocked to Single-Action mode and the trigger remains in the forward position for the first shot and the Anti Stress mode is activated. The trigger travel is 14 mm (0.55 in) long in the Anti Stress mode at approximately 20  N (4.5  lb f ) trigger pull. On all subsequent shots,

1520-412: Is a joint venture between Walther, who produces a modified receiver in Germany, and Smith & Wesson, who fabricates the slides and barrels in the United States. Magazines can be interchanged between the two models, but the pistols are considered to be two separate types, and are easily distinguished from each other by the trigger guard, grip and slide design. The SW99 is also available in .45 ACP , while

1600-462: Is a two-stage high-temperature process. The first stage occurs at 625 °C (1,157 °F), while the second stage occurs at 580 °C (1,076 °F). Gaseous ferritic nitrocarburizing is also known as controlled nitrocarburizing, soft nitriding, and vacuum nitrocarburizing or by the tradenames "UltraOx", "Nitrotec", "Nitemper", "Deganit", "Triniding", "Corr-I-Dur", "Nitroc", "Nitreg-C", "Nitrowear", and "Nitroneg". The process works to achieve

1680-471: Is also known by the trademarked names "Tufftride" and "Tenifer". The simplest form of this process is encompassed by the trademarked "Melonite" process, also known as "Meli 1". It is most commonly used on steels, sintered irons, and cast irons to lower friction and improve wear and corrosion resistance. The process uses a salt bath of alkali cyanate . This is contained in a steel pot that has an aeration system. The cyanate thermally reacts with

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1760-541: Is because of the low processing temperature, which reduces thermal shocks and avoids phase transitions in steel. The first ferritic nitrocarburizing methods were done at low temperatures, around 550 °C (1,022 °F), in a liquid salt bath. The first company to successfully commercialize the process was the Imperial Chemical Industries in Great Britain . ICI called their process "the cassel" due to

1840-480: Is exclusively manufactured for German and foreign police departments and is not available on the civilian market. The P99Q has a partially pre-loaded internal striker trigger mechanism that conforms to the Technical Specifications (TR) of the German Police. When the trigger is pulled, the striker is fully cocked and released, firing the pistol. Trigger travel is approximately 13  mm (0.5  in ) with

1920-420: Is held for 5 to 20 minutes before the final quenching to room temperature. This is done to minimize distortion and to destroy any lingering cyanates or cyanides left on the workpiece. Other trademarked processes are "Sursulf" and "Tenoplus". Sursulf has a sulfur compound in the salt bath to create surface sulfides creating porosity in the workpiece surface. This porosity is used to contain lubrication. Tenoplus

2000-491: Is indistinguishable from the original P99 pistol. Protective clothing is needed to adequately protect the users from Paint- and Rubberball hits during training. Walther has also created several limited production runs of the P99 including: The P99 RAD variant is made under license by Fabryka Broni Radom in Poland and marketed as a military sidearm proposition. The P99 RAD grip shape and texture has been altered when compared to

2080-439: Is needed (as is the case of gaseous ferritic nitrocarburizing with ammonia). Due to the relatively low-temperature range (420 °C (788 °F) to 580 °C (1,076 °F)) generally applied during plasma-assisted ferritic nitrocarburizing and gentle cooling in the furnace, the distortion of workpieces can be minimized. Stainless steel workpieces can be processed at moderate temperatures (like 420 °C (788 °F)) without

2160-652: Is still part of the Bepo. After qualifying as a police officer, officers have to serve one to two years with the Bepo before moving on to law enforcement duties at a police station. Dedicated to the LKA: The individual Länder and the Federal Police conduct basic police training for their personnel. The length and thoroughness of this training contributes in large degree to the high level of police professionalism in Germany. Teaching all aspects of police work takes time but supports

2240-455: Is the introduction of nitrogen and carbon in the ferritic state of the material. The processes are divided into four main classes: gaseous , salt bath , ion or plasma , or fluidized-bed . The trade name and patented processes may vary slightly from the general description, but they are all a form of ferritic nitrocarburizing. Salt bath ferritic nitrocarburizing is also known as liquid ferritic nitrocarburizing or liquid nitrocarburizing and

2320-467: Is widely known as the Tufftride or Tenifer process. Following this, the ion nitriding process was invented in the early 1980s. This process had faster cycle times, required less cleaning and preparation, formed deeper cases, and allowed for better control of the process. Despite the naming, the process is a modified form of nitriding and not carburizing . The shared attribute of this class of this process

2400-516: The Ordnungspolizei , which existed from 1936 to 1945. After World War II , massive numbers of refugees and displaced persons, hunger and poverty characterised everyday life in Germany. Attacks by armed gangs, robbery, looting and black-marketing were commonplace, and the military police could not cope with this troubling security situation. Thus each of the Western Allies quickly permitted

2480-654: The Volkspolizei , however this was reorganized according to the West German police upon the reunification of Germany in 1990. All state police forces in the Federal Republic of Germany are subordinate to their respective Land (State) Minister of the Interior. The internal structures of these police forces differ somewhat (which makes generalizations subject to local variations), but in most cases, immediately subordinate to

Walther P99 - Misplaced Pages Continue

2560-581: The Estonian Police and Border Guard Board. Walther announced the discontinuation of the P99 in early 2023 The Walther P99 was modified several times throughout its production history, as were the magazines . When the P99 was introduced the magazine capacities were 16 rounds for 9×19mm Parabellum and 12 rounds for .40 S&W. Magazines had witness holes on both sides. Later the magazine capacities were reduced to 15 rounds for 9×19mm Parabellum and 11 rounds for .40 S&W while witness holes were introduced at

2640-733: The Finnish Army 's special forces and military police, where it carries the designation PIST 2003 ( Pistooli 2003 ). The Walther P99Q was also chosen in 2012 to replace older pistols and revolvers of the Finnish Police, Customs and Border Guard. This gun has also been chosen to replace the Walther P5 of the Dutch Police in 2013. In 2014 the Walther P99Q was also chosen to replace the Makarov PM of

2720-498: The Land chief of uniformed police (gold wreath with one to three stars) or Federal Police chief (gold wreath with four stars). The DHPol that the states and Federal Interior Ministry administer jointly also provides specialized vocational courses for senior police personnel. All Landespolizei officers carry handguns while on duty. Each German state's Landespolizei differ from other states in what sidearm they carry; this list includes some of

2800-564: The Landespolizei . Another police is the Polizei beim Deutschen Bundestag (Police at the Bundestag). Crime: Tenifer Ferritic nitrocarburizing or FNC , also known by the proprietary names "Tenifer", "Tufftride", Melonite, and "Arcor", is a range of proprietary case hardening processes that diffuse nitrogen and carbon into ferrous metals at sub- critical temperatures during

2880-407: The states of Germany . The Landespolizei of today can trace its origins to the late 19th century, when Germany united into a single country in 1871, under Otto von Bismarck . Various towns and cities also maintained police forces, as the increasing number of new laws and regulations made controlling urban life more complicated. In Nazi Germany , all state and city forces were absorbed into

2960-416: The steel grade . This also inversely affects the depth of the case; i.e., a high carbon steel will form a hard, but shallow case. A similar process is the trademarked "Nu-Tride" process, also known incorrectly as the "Kolene" process (which is the company's name), includes a preheat and an intermediate quench cycle. The intermediate quench is an oxidizing salt bath at 400 °C (752 °F). This quench

3040-407: The trigger guard . The lower forward edge of the frame also known as the dust cover has a mounting-bracket or rail interface system for attaching accessories, such as a tactical light or laser sight . The P99 feeds from staggered-column or double-stack magazines of varying capacity. Walther also offers staggered-column magazines with a +2 baseplate that add 2 rounds to the magazine capacity at

3120-507: The German Proof House at Ulm. The mark indicates the pistol was test-fired with a Proof Load; the "N" stands for nitrocellulose. The Magnum Research MR Eagle was another joint American/German venture, with Walther producing a black polymer frame with integral steel rails similar to the P99 series, only differing in grip texture and with the short magazine release paddles from the first gen P99. For its part, Magnum Research Inc. produced

3200-589: The P99 RAD can also be fitted with self-luminous tritium night sights . The P99 RAD pistol is available with the DAO trigger mechanism with a trigger pull of approximately 39  N (8.8  lb f ) and the QA trigger mechanism with a trigger pull of approximately 32  N (7.2  lb f ). The grip frame has an integrated mounting MIL-STD-1913 (Picatinny) rail for attaching tactical lights and laser sighting devices. Many of

3280-504: The P99 is not. The P99 was developed and introduced prior to the SW99. Walther introduced a color-coding system to denote the difference between early generation SW99 and P99 magazines, with the latest generation being bright blue. All 9mm P99s have always been completely German made. Some P99 .40 components are manufactured under license by S&W. The barrel, slide and frame of all 100% German-manufactured P99s bear an "Eagle over N" proof mark of

Walther P99 - Misplaced Pages Continue

3360-425: The P99 variants and an extended ambidextrous slide release and extended ambidextrous magazine release levers are fitted as a standard feature. Besides that the slide shape, dimensions and serrations have been altered. The standard sights are high-contrast 3 dot sights with contrast enhancements that have been painted with afterglow paint that can aid target acquisition under unfavourable lighting conditions. As an option

3440-494: The P99AS is automatically pre-cocked and the trigger travel is reduced to 8 mm (0.31 in) at the same 20  N (4.5  lb f ) trigger pull. For manually deactivating the Anti Stress mode and setting the pistol to Double-Action mode the P99AS features a decocking button recessed into the top of the slide, rather than a conventional lever usually found on the side. The Anti Stress mode can also be manually activated by moving

3520-626: The Swiss Army's new standard handgun, SIG Sauer P220 down to required dimensions, making a new model P225, which as P6 was adopted by most state police forces. Following the reunification, Thuringia State Police initially kept using the old Volkspolizei Makarovs due to lack of funds, Saxony State Police adopted the P7, Saxony-Anhalt and Mecklenburg-Vorpommern adopted the P6 and Brandenburg adopted SIG Sauer's P228. New sidearms post-reunification: From 1945 till 1976,

3600-404: The alloy is transitioned into the austenitic phase. There are four main classes of ferritic nitrocarburizing: gaseous , salt bath , ion or plasma , and fluidized-bed . The process improves three main surface integrity aspects: scuffing resistance, fatigue properties, and corrosion resistance . It has the advantage of inducing little shape distortion during the hardening process. This

3680-568: The alterations found in the P99 RAD variant were applied in the Walther PPQ pistol introduced in 2011. Many of the alterations found in the Fabryka Broni Radom P99 RAD variant were also applied in the Walther P99Q pistol. The P99Q is a designated police pistol, which has been certified according to the Technical Specifications (TR) of the German Police (Technische Richtlinie Pistolen im Kaliber 9mm x 19, Revision January 2008). The P99Q

3760-604: The design and sourcing of the police uniforms. Cap badges, patches and rank remain the same as before, just in blue. Vehicle liveries also changed to a silver/blue or white/blue design. The Bundeskriminalamt (BKA - the German Federal Criminal Police Office) and the Bundespolizei (BPOL - Federal Police, formerly known as the Bundesgrenzschutz/BGS) are federal institutions that are not part of

3840-399: The expense of extending the grip and the pistol height by approximately 18 mm (0.7 in). The .40 S&W caliber models incorporate a slightly larger slide in order to preserve the same recoil spring assembly used in its 9mm counterpart. The P99 is available in 4 colorations; a black frame with a black slide, a black frame with a titanium-coated slide, a military olive-drab frame with

3920-445: The firearm is in a constant partially cocked state. Ergonomics were a key focus in the design of the firearm, and as a result, three interchangeable grip backstraps are included (small, medium and large) to accommodate various hand shapes and sizes; this feature permits most shooters a comfortable and efficient grip on the firearm. This adaptable grip was innovative at the time the P99 was introduced. The slide and other metal parts of

4000-453: The first shot to the last. The P99QA was announced in 2000 and discontinued in 2011. Compact versions of the P99 available in the 3 preceding action types marketed as the: The P99RAM is a training and simulation pistol, equipped with a CO 2 blow-back system. It fires low-cost Paint- and Rubberball ammunition in caliber .43 in (11 mm). In its design, controls, and handling, the P99RAM

4080-412: The forces were reconstituted after World War II. Initially, female officers were only assigned to cases involving juveniles and women but in the mid-1970s they were allowed to become patrol officers. The proportion of women on patrol duty is set to rise as 40-50 percent of police school inductees are currently female. Most police recruits are taken on directly after leaving school and spend about two and

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4160-422: The formation of chromium nitride precipitates and hence maintaining their corrosion resistance properties. An additional step can be added to the nitrocarburizing process called post-oxidation. When properly performed, post-oxidation creates a layer of black oxide (Fe 3 O 4 ), that greatly increases the corrosion resistance of the treated substrate while leaving an aesthetically attractive black color. Since

4240-694: The formation of civilian police forces, including small numbers of heavily armed and military like organised police forces in Western Germany, under terms that reflected their own police structures and traditions. In all three Western zones, the emphasis was to decentralise, demilitarise and democratise the police. Some restrictions were lifted as Cold War tensions grew. In addition, the botched hostage rescue attempt at Munich Olympic Massacre , as well as rise in organized crime and terrorism (Red Army Faction, Revolutionary Cells) proved that certain police functions necessitated central rather than local direction, thus

4320-468: The frame while second generation guns may have optional ambidextrous slide stop release levers. Walther also took the opportunity to redesign the slide so the user could grip it more easily, and notably, change the proprietary accessory rail to a Weaver type. Some models built in 2005 and all later models received one more design change, an elongated magazine release. The Walther P99 is a short recoil -operated locked breech semi-automatic pistol that uses

4400-516: The full length of the .55 inch pull. After firing the first shot in Double-Action, the pistol will be fired in Single-Action for all subsequent shots. The striker protrudes visibly and palpably from the back of the slide when the firearm is in a constant partially cocked state. However, the striker of the second generation P99QA variant does not protrude from the back of the slide, unless fired, as

4480-468: The gun is cocked, as well as a loaded chamber indicator on the right side of the slide. The original, first-generation P99 had a traditional Double-Action/Single-Action trigger with a decocker . When the slide is racked completely to the rear upon loading, the trigger remains in the forward position for the first shot and the Anti-Stress mode is activated, where the striker is cocked but the trigger has

4560-464: The initial applications of the hardening process for mass-produced automobile engines was by Kaiser-Jeep for the crankshaft in the 1962 Jeep Tornado engine . This was one of many innovations in the OHC six-cylinder engine. The crankshaft was strengthened by Tufftriding in a unique salt bath for two hours at 1,025 °F (552 °C) that, according to Kaiser-Jeep, increased engine life by 50% and also made

4640-629: The interior ministries are the regional police headquarters ( Präsidium ). These headquarters direct operations over a wide area or in a big city, and have administrative and supervisory functions. The Präsidium often has direct control of the force's specialist units, such as highway patrols , mounted police detachments and canine units. Under the regional headquarters, there are several district police headquarters ( Direktionen ) serving communities of from 200,000 to 600,000 citizens. Subordinate to each Direktion , there are several local stations ( Inspektion ) or precincts ( Revier ) that are staffed on

4720-615: The introduction of the Glock pistol in 1982, this type of nitrocarburizing with post-oxidation finish has become popular as a factory finish for military-style handguns. This combination of nitrocarburizing and oxidizing is sometimes called "nitrox", but this word also has another meaning . These processes are most commonly used on low-carbon, low-alloy steels. However, they are also used on medium and high-carbon steels. Typical applications include spindles , cams , gears , dies , hydraulic piston rods , and powdered metal components. One of

4800-428: The journal surfaces hard enough to be compatible with heavy-duty tri-metal engine bearings. Glock Ges.m.b.H. , an Austrian firearms manufacturer, utilized the Tenifer process until 2010, to protect the barrels and slides of the pistols they manufacture. The finish on a Glock pistol is the third and final hardening process. It is 0.05 mm (0.0020 in) thick and produces a 64 Rockwell C hardness rating via

4880-537: The legend "Polizei" in bold lettering. All German State Police Forces (German: Landespolizei) and the Federal Police (German: Bundespolizei) shifted after 2005 to blue uniforms to conform with the common blue look of most police forces in Europe. In line with the uniforms, police vehicles and various items of equipment also changed their main color to blue. Although there are 16 states, currently only six types of state police uniforms are in use, because many states co-operate in

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4960-467: The length of pull of the double-action mode. The trigger travel is 14 mm (0.55 in) long in the Anti-Stress mode, but most of the length is slack and is similar in feel to a two-stage rifle trigger. At the end of the anti-stress travel, the pressure noticeably increases to 4.5 pounds and the user experiences a crisp trigger break and an extremely short trigger reset of about .1 inches. All subsequent shots are fired in standard single action mode, where

5040-506: The mid-seventies the police of all West German Länder and West Berlin wore the same uniform that Heinz Oestergaard designed most parts of in the early seventies. The standard uniform consisted of a tunic, parka, pullover without shroud, coat, visor cap and necktie in moss-green, trouser, pullover, and cardigan in brown-beige, and shirt (long and short sleeve) in bamboo-yellow. Shoes, boots, holsters, leather jackets, and other leather gear were black. Leather gloves were olive drab. Exceptions were

5120-428: The pistol are Tenifer treated (a nitriding process also used on Glock pistols). The Tenifer finish is between 0.04 and 0.05 mm (0.002 and 0.002 in) in thickness, and is characterized by extreme resistance to wear and corrosion; it penetrates the metal, and treated parts have similar properties even below the surface to a certain depth. The Tenifer process produces a matte gray-colored, non-glare surface with

5200-437: The plant where it was developed or "Sulfinuz" treatment because it had sulfur in the salt bath. While the process was very successful with high-speed spindles and cutting tools , there were issues with cleaning the solution off because it was not very water- soluble . Because of the cleaning issues, Lucas Industries began experimenting with gaseous forms of ferritic nitrocarburizing in the late 1950s. The company applied for

5280-607: The police service's executive ranks study for one year at a state police academy and then for another at the German Police University ( Deutsche Hochschule der Polizei – DHPol) in Münster-Hiltrup where graduates earn a master's degree in police administration. Direct-entry candidates with a university degree only study for six months at the DHPol. The executive echelon begins with Polizeirat (one gold star) and culminates with

5360-439: The reactivity of the media is not due to the temperature but to the gas ionized state. In this technique intense electric fields are used to generate ionized molecules of the gas around the surface to diffuse the nitrogen and carbon into the workpiece. Such highly active gas with ionized molecules is called plasma , naming the technique. The gas used for plasma nitriding is usually pure nitrogen since no spontaneous decomposition

5440-410: The rear of the magazine to view the loading condition. Walther presented a redesigned second generation P99 in 2004, incorporating a modified trigger guard that eliminated the "ski hump", which is clearly visible in the accompanying first generation images. This was done to address user comfort concerns regarding the previous style. The first generation P99 pistols had a slide release at the left side of

5520-444: The same result as the salt bath process, except gaseous mixtures are used to diffuse the nitrogen and carbon into the workpiece. The parts are first cleaned, usually with a vapor degreasing process, and then nitrocarburized around 570 °C (1,058 °F), with a processing time that ranges from one to four hours. The actual gas mixtures are proprietary, but they usually contain ammonia and an endothermic gas. In comparison to

5600-404: The slack on the trigger is much shorter, but the point of release feels the same. In order to deactivate Single-Action or Anti-Stress mode, the user can manipulate the decocker button on the top of the slide, just in front of the rear sights. When decocked from Single-Action mode, the trigger will reset to the full length of its pull. The pistol is now in Double-Action mode with a pull 7.9 pounds for

5680-409: The slide approximately 10 mm (0.39 in) back. The P99DAO is similar to the previously produced P990 Double Action Only variant. The internal striker is at rest with no pre-load. The trigger travel is approximately 14 mm (0.55 in) with a trigger pull of approximately 38  N (8.5  lb f ). The trigger pull is consistent in length and force from the first shot to the last and

5760-414: The state police can be moved theoretically nationwide. In practice, such requests are made by the officers themselves. They usually swap workplaces with an exchange partner from another federal state ('Stellentausch', job rotation). Such an exchange is thus possible nationwide and is not dependent on the state. State police forces are divided into the following branches: In some states the police academy

5840-425: The striker returns to its de-cocked position after each shot. This variant has a Glock style trigger system with a pre-loaded internal striker. When the trigger is pulled, the striker is fully cocked and released, firing the pistol. The trigger travel is approximately 8 mm (0.31 in) with a trigger pull of approximately 38  N (8.5  lb f ). The trigger pull is consistent in length and force from

5920-448: The surface of the workpiece to form an alkali carbonate . The bath is then treated to convert the carbonate back to a cyanate. The surface formed from the reaction has a compound layer and a diffusion layer. The compound layer consists of iron, nitrogen, and oxygen is abrasion resistant and is stable at elevated temperatures. The diffusion layer contains nitrides and carbides . The surface hardness ranges from 800 to 1500 HV depending on

6000-554: The various Länder had a wide array of insignia and rank. Additionally, uniforms colours varied from green to blue, and various shades thereof. For example, the City State of Hamburg police NCOs wore blue uniforms with inverted British style chevrons and the Schleswig Holstein police wore green uniforms with Third Reich style rank. Bavaria maintained a State Police (Landespolizei) as well as City Police (Gemeinde / Stadt) forces and, as

6080-466: The visor caps with a white top worn by the Verkehrspolizei, or traffic police. The Verkehrspolizei wore white gloves, tunics, and coats during traffic duties and ceremonial duties (like white holsters and leather gear). In some Länder all officers wore visor caps with white tops in general. The Wasserschutzpolizei wore uniforms of a slightly different design. They had dark or navy-blue jackets, the shirt

6160-399: The weapons utilized by various Landespolizei, as well as weapons that have been phased out: Originally, post-WWII Landespolizei officers carried Walther's P38/P1 and PP(K) handguns. However, during the 1970s police reforms, the forces also agreed to standardize on handguns. New requirements included: that the guns fire 9×19mm Parabellum cartridge at a minimum muzzle energy of 500 J, have

6240-505: The western state police forces underwent significant reforms in the 1970s. Most notably, the municipal police forces become part of the Landespolizei , such as the Munich city police, which became Polizeipräsidium München as part of Bavarian State Police in 1975. The Landespolizei became the police force for the federal states in the West. East Germany created a unified national force in the form of

6320-423: Was difficult to manufacture, thus driving up the price, and ended up being adopted only by Baden-Württemberg and Rhineland-Palatinate forces. Heckler & Koch presented the new P7 design, which was adopted by Bavarian State Police and Lower Saxony State Police. Saarland Police had adopted Heckler & Koch's other design, P9S before the standardization agreements and kept it. SIG Sauer chopped

6400-480: Was white, and the visor cap had a white top. The BGS wore a forest green uniform with a bamboo-yellow shirt. After German reunification, the Volkspolizei was broken up into Landespolizei and switched to the standard uniform. During the period of transition they still wore their old uniforms, but with western-style sleeves and cap emblems. Vehicle markings were also redesigned to conform to a white and green livery with

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