Walter Wolf (born 5 October 1939) is a Slovenian-Canadian businessman who owned a Formula One team that won three races and is the name-sake of cigarette, perfume, and clothing brands.
77-542: Wolf was born in Maribor , Slovenia . His mother was a half Slovene , half Austrian from Lower Styria , while his father was a German from Reutlingen . Wolf spent his childhood in his birthtown Maribor , Slovenia, then a republic of Yugoslavia . After his father returned from a Soviet military internment camp in 1954, the family moved to Wuppertal in West Germany . In 1958, they moved to Canada. In Canada, Wolf became
154-658: A plebiscite in the Treaty of Saint-Germain of 10 September 1919 between the victors and German Austria. For his actions in Maribor and later in the Austro-Slovene conflict in Carinthia , Rudolf Maister is today considered a Slovenian national hero. After 1918, most of Maribor's Austrian Germans left the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes for Austria . A policy of cultural assimilation
231-515: A bishop of the Diocese of Lavant , transferred the seat of the diocese to Maribor, and he further encouraged the use of Slovene. With the transfer, Maribor also received its first higher school. Four years later, Maribor was connected with Carinthia with the construction of the railway from Maribor to Prevalje . The first daily Slovenian newspaper, called Slovenski narod , was established in 1868 on today's Slomšek Square ( Slomškov trg ). On 4 April 1883,
308-810: A new bridge was opened over the Drava River, today known as the Old Bridge . In World War I , the 47th Infantry Regiment of the Austro-Hungarian Army was based in the city and also fought on the Isonzo front . During the First World War many Slovenes in Carinthia and Styria were detained on suspicion of being enemies of the Austrian Empire. This led to distrust between Austrian Germans and Slovenes. After
385-589: A new modern business, residential and entertainment district, called the Drava Gate ( Dravska vrata ) and nicknamed the Maribor Manhattan . The project includes many new exclusive residential apartments, offices and conference halls, a green and recreational space, and other structures. It also includes a 111 m (364 ft) tall skyscraper that would be the tallest building in Slovenia. Due to lack of finances,
462-539: A renowned businessman. At first, his funds helped prop up Frank Williams ' fledgling F1 team before Williams left in 1977 to form Williams Grand Prix Engineering . Wolf's team continued as Walter Wolf Racing and before being wound up in 1979 managed to win three F1 Grands Prix. In 1993, Wolf helped finance the unsuccessful American fire apparatus company Firewolf Industries, housed in a former Piper Aircraft factory building near Lakeland , Florida , US. The actor and vintage car collector L. Christian Mixon worked as
539-863: A sales manager for this company briefly in 1993. Walter Wolf was inducted into the Canadian Motorsport Hall of Fame in 1998. In 2008, he was involved in the so-called Patria affair , a corruption scandal involving the Finnish company Patria . The Finnish broadcasting company YLE 's investigative program MOT made claims that he was a mediator in the paying of bribes to Slovenian government officials, including Prime Minister Janez Janša . Both Wolf and Janša rejected all accusations as being untrue. Finnish police issued an arrest warrant against him, but so far he has not been apprehended. The Croatian tobacco company Adris grupa markets one of its cigarette brands as "Walter Wolf". There were also perfumes marketed under
616-463: A territorial expansion eastwards ( Ostsiedlung ), which saw German-speaking settlers colonise land previously under Slavic control. Linguistically, the transition to Early New High German is marked by four vowel changes which together produce the phonemic system of modern German, though not all dialects participated equally in these changes: The centres of culture in the ENHG period are no longer
693-533: Is twinned with: Maribor has signed partnerships with: Middle High German Middle High German ( MHG ; endonym : diutsch or tiutsch ; New High German : Mittelhochdeutsch [ˈmɪtl̩hoːxˌdɔʏtʃ] , shortened as Mhdt. or Mhd. ) is the term for the form of German spoken in the High Middle Ages . It is conventionally dated between 1050 and 1350, developing from Old High German and into Early New High German . High German
770-750: Is 40.6 °C, measured at the Maribor–Tabor weather station by the Slovenian Environment Agency (ARSO) on 8 August 2013. Many historical structures stand in Maribor. Of the remains of city walls surrounding the old downtown, the most prominent are the Judgement Tower , the Water Tower , and the Jewish Tower. Maribor Cathedral was built in the Gothic style in the 13th century. Maribor Synagogue
847-404: Is complicated by the tendency of modern editions of MHG texts to use normalised spellings based on this variety (usually called "Classical MHG"), which make the written language appear more consistent than it actually is in the manuscripts. Scholars are uncertain as to whether the literary language reflected a supra-regional spoken language of the courts. An important development in this period
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#1732868912036924-735: Is defined as those varieties of German which were affected by the Second Sound Shift ; the Middle Low German and Middle Dutch languages spoken to the North and North West, which did not participate in this sound change , are not part of MHG. While there is no standard MHG, the prestige of the Hohenstaufen court gave rise in the late 12th century to a supra-regional literary language ( mittelhochdeutsche Dichtersprache ) based on Swabian , an Alemannic dialect. This historical interpretation
1001-399: Is generally dated from 1050 to 1350. An older view puts the boundary with (Early) New High German around 1500. There are several phonological criteria which separate MHG from the preceding Old High German period: Culturally, the two periods are distinguished by the transition from a predominantly clerical written culture, in which the dominant language was Latin , to one centred on
1078-416: Is suggested that at that time there was already a Jewish quarter in the city. The Jewish ghetto was located in the southeastern part of the city and it comprised, at its peak, several main streets in the city centre including part of the main city square. The ghetto had a synagogue , a Jewish cemetery and also a Talmud school. The Jewish community of Maribor was numerically at its apex around 1410. After 1450
1155-554: Is the commercial radio station Radio City . Other radio stations broadcasting from Maribor include Radio NET FM, Radio Maribor, Rock Maribor, Radio Brezje, and Maribor Študent Radio (MARŠ). The alternative scene of Maribor is situated in the Pekarna Cultural Centre, located in a former military bakery area in the Magdalena District . Maribor is the hometown of the association football club NK Maribor , playing in
1232-495: The Ostsiedlung and arise towards the end of the period. Middle High German texts are written in the Latin alphabet . There was no standardised spelling, but modern editions generally standardise according to a set of conventions established by Karl Lachmann in the 19th century. There are several important features in this standardised orthography which are not characteristics of
1309-526: The Drava statistical region . Maribor is also the economic, administrative, educational, and cultural centre of eastern Slovenia . Maribor was first mentioned as a castle in 1164, as a settlement in 1209, and as a city in 1254. Like most Slovene ethnic territory , Maribor was under Habsburg rule until 1918, when Rudolf Maister and his men secured the city for the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs , which then joined
1386-636: The Independent State of Croatia , Serbia , and later to the concentration and work camps in Germany. The Nazi goal was to Germanize the population of Lower Styria after the war. Slovene patriots were taken hostage and many were later shot in the prisons of Maribor and Graz. This led to organised resistance by Slovene partisans . The first act of resistance in Maribor and occupied Slovenia occurred only three days after Hitler's visit, when Slovene communists and SKOJ members burned two German cars. Maribor
1463-639: The Kingdom of Serbia to form the Kingdom of Yugoslavia . In 1991 Maribor became part of independent Slovenia. Maribor, along with the Portuguese city of Guimarães , was selected as the European Capital of Culture for 2012. Maribor was attested in historical sources as Marpurch c. 1145 (and later as Marchburch , Marburc , and Marchpurch ), and is a compound of Middle High German march ' march (borderland) ' + burc 'fortress'. In modern times,
1540-624: The Slovenian top division . NK Maribor has won the domestic title a record 16 times and has participated in the UEFA Champions League group stage on three occasions, in 1999, 2014, and 2017. The club's home ground is Ljudski vrt , located in the Koroška Vrata district. The Maribor Pohorje Ski Resort , situated on the outskirts of the city on the slopes of the Pohorje mountain range, hosted
1617-551: The Austrian Germans attacked the Slovenian soldiers guarding the town hall, one even discharging a revolver and hitting one Slovenian soldier in the bayonet. The German-language media called the incident Marburg's Bloody Sunday . As Maribor was now firmly in the hands of the Slovenian forces and surrounded completely by Slovenian territory; the city had been recognised as part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes without
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#17328689120361694-595: The Drava River. It was designed by architect Boris Podrecca and was completed in 2013. There are plans to renovate the Maribor Public Library and Town Hall Square ( Rotovški trg ). In addition, the renovation of Maribor Island ( Mariborski otok ) in the Drava River has been planned. The main park of the city is Maribor City Park, with the City Aquarium and Terrarium, and a wide promenade leading to
1771-457: The Drava banks, the construction of a new art gallery, and for a new footbridge. Its jury received about 400 proposals for the three different projects. The footbridge and the river embankments will be built in the near future, but the art gallery was replaced with a cultural center MAKS , which is currently under construction. The construction of a new modern Faculty of Medicine started in 2011 near
1848-462: The Frankish Empire from Hungarian raids, a castle was built on Pyramid Hill . The castle was mentioned for the first time on 20 October 1164 as Castrum Marchburch . A settlement soon began to grow below the castle. Maribor was first mentioned as a market near the castle in 1204, and it received town privileges in 1254. It is likely that the castle stood before 1164 because Bernard of Trixien ,
1925-639: The Green Guard early on the morning of 23 November. Thereafter, the city remained in Slovenian hands. On 27 January 1919, Austrian Germans gathered to await the United States peace delegation at the city's marketplace were fired upon by Slovenian troops. Nine citizens were killed and eighteen were seriously wounded; who had actually ordered the shooting has never been unequivocally established. German sources accused Maister's troops of shooting without cause. In turn Slovene witnesses such as Maks Pohar claimed that
2002-507: The Magnificent attacked the town, which was defended only by the local garrison and its citizens. Despite all the odds, Maribor was defended and the legend of the Maribor shoemaker who raised the sluice gates and flooded the Ottoman army is still popular today. In the 17th century, numerous fires razed the town. The biggest ones occurred in 1601, 1645, 1648, and 1700. As a consequence, the town
2079-519: The Maribor area date back to the 5th millennium BC, at the time of the Chalcolithic . With the construction of Maribor's western bypass, larger settlements were discovered dating from the 44th to 42nd century BC. Another settlement from around the same period was also discovered in Spodnje Hoče , a town right next to Maribor and another below Melje Hill near Malečnik . Another settlement below Melje Hill
2156-697: The Three Ponds ( Trije ribniki ), containing over 100 local and foreign species of deciduous and coniferous trees. Maribor, previously in the Catholic Diocese of Graz-Seckau , became part of the Diocese of Lavant on 1 June 1859, and the seat of its Prince-Bishop . The name of the diocese (after a river in Carinthia ) was later changed to the Diocese of Maribor on 5 March 1962. It was elevated to an archdiocese by Pope Benedict XVI on 7 April 2006. Jewish people living in Maribor were first mentioned in 1277. It
2233-574: The Walter Wolf name. Maribor Maribor ( UK : / ˈ m ær ɪ b ɔːr / MARR -ib-or , US : / ˈ m ɑːr -/ MAR - , Slovene: [ˈmáːɾibɔɾ] ; also known by other historical names ) is the second-largest city in Slovenia and the largest city of the traditional region of Lower Styria . It is the seat of the Urban Municipality of Maribor and
2310-435: The approximate values of /ei/ , /iə/ , /ou/ , /øy/ , /eu/ , /yə/ , /uə/ , respectively. Middle High German pronouns of the first person refer to the speaker; those of the second person refer to an addressed person; and those of the third person refer to a person or thing of which one speaks. The pronouns of the third person may be used to replace nominal phrases . These have the same genders , numbers and cases as
2387-505: The area around Radvanje , Betnava , Bohova , and Hoče. The best-known of them was in today's Borova Vas neighborhood of Maribor. An important trade route was also established in the area, connecting Celeia and Flavia Solva in one direction with Poetovio and central Noricum on the other. After the fall of the Roman Empire, the Maribor area was settled by the Slavs . A Slavic cemetery
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2464-475: The area of 20.000 m (215.28 sq ft) and the length of 2 km (1 mi), keeps 5,5 millions litres of wine. The house of the oldest grapevine in the world ( Hiša stare trte ) at Lent grows the world's oldest grapevine, which was in 2004 recorded in Guinness World Records . The grapevine of Žametovka is over 400 years old. The most listened radio station transmitting from Maribor
2541-431: The circumstances changed dramatically: increasing competition that coincided with an economic crisis dealt a severe blow to the economic activities that were crucial to their economic success. According to a decree issued by Emperor Maximilian I in 1496, Jews were forced to leave the city of Maribor. Restrictions on settlement and business for Jews remained in place until 1861. From late spring 1941, after Lower Styria
2618-472: The city. All Austrian officers and soldiers were disarmed and demobilised to the new state of German Austria. The German city council then held a secret meeting, where it was decided to do whatever possible to regain Maribor for German Austria. They organised a military unit called the Green Guard ( Schutzwehr ), and approximately 400 well-armed soldiers of this unit opposed the pro-Slovenian and pro- Yugoslav Major Maister. Slovenian troops surprised and disarmed
2695-660: The city. Maribor soon after became the industrial centre of Slovenia and the whole of Yugoslavia, hosting many known companies such as the Maribor Automobile Factory among others. The first clash between the Yugoslav People's Army and the Slovenian Territorial Defence in Slovenia's war of independence happened in nearby Pekre and on the streets of Maribor resulting in the conflicts first casualty. After Slovenia seceded from Yugoslavia in 1991,
2772-583: The collapse of the Austrian-Hungarian Empire in 1918, Maribor was claimed by both the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs and German Austria . On 1 November 1918, a meeting was held by Colonel Anton Holik in the Melje barracks, where it was decided that the city would be part of German Austria. Ethnic Slovene Major Rudolf Maister , who was present at the meeting, denounced the decision and organised Slovenian military units that were able to seize control of
2849-536: The count of the region, already used the title Bernhard von Marchpurg 'Bernard of Maribor' in 1124. The town began to grow rapidly after the victory of Rudolf I of the Habsburg dynasty over King Otakar II of Bohemia in 1278. The town built fortifications, and trade, viticulture, and crafts started to grow. The town had a monopoly over the entire region and also controlled the viticulture trade with Carinthia . The first churches were built, and also around this time
2926-533: The courts but the towns. The dialect map of Germany by the end of the Middle High German period was much the same as that at the start of the 20th century, though the boundary with Low German was further south than it now is: Central German ( Mitteldeutsch ) Upper German ( Oberdeutsch ) With the exception of Thuringian, the East Central German dialects are new dialects resulting from
3003-611: The courts of the great nobles, with German gradually expanding its range of use. The rise of the Hohenstaufen dynasty in Swabia makes the South West the dominant region in both political and cultural terms. Demographically, the MHG period is characterised by a massive rise in population, terminated by the demographic catastrophe of the Black Death (1348). Along with the rise in population comes
3080-400: The districts of Center, Koroška Vrata, and Ivan Cankar to the north from other districts south of it. The various city districts are connected by four road bridges, a rail bridge, and a pedestrian bridge . Maribor has a humid continental climate ( Köppen climate classification : Dfb), bordering on oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb). Average temperatures hover around zero degrees Celsius during
3157-688: The example of Good King Arthur who with knightly spirit knew how to strive for praise. In his day He lived so well That he wore the crown of honour And his name still does so. The truth of this is known To his countrymen: They affirm that he still lives today: He won such fame that Although his body died His name lives on. Of sinful shame He will forever be free Who follows his example. Commentary: This text shows many typical features of Middle High German poetic language. Most Middle High German words survive into modern German in some form or other: this passage contains only one word ( jehen 'say' 14) which has since disappeared from
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3234-463: The first Jews arrived. The Jews built their own ghetto in the southeastern part of town, where they also built the Maribor Synagogue . Most Slovenians lived in the northwestern part of town on what is now Slovenian Street ( Slovenska ulica ). In 1478, a second castle was built on the northeastern side of the town, today known as Maribor Castle . In 1480 and in 1481, Matthias Corvinus besieged
3311-533: The first electric light in Slovene ethnic territory was installed on Castle Square ( Grajski trg ). The renowned electrical engineer Nikola Tesla lived in Maribor from 1878 to 1879, where he received his first job. Maribor National Hall was built in 1899, and it became a political, cultural, and economic centre for all Styrian Slovenes. In 1900, the city itself had a population that was 82.3% Austrian German (19,298 people) and 17.3% Slovene (4,062 people; based on
3388-456: The following consonant spellings: The charts show the vowel and consonant systems of classical MHG. The spellings indicated are the standard spellings used in modern editions; there is much more variation in the manuscripts. Notes: MHG diphthongs are indicated by the spellings ⟨ei⟩ , ⟨ie⟩ , ⟨ou⟩ , ⟨öu⟩ and ⟨eu⟩ , ⟨üe⟩ , ⟨uo⟩ , and they have
3465-458: The following vowel spellings: Grammars (as opposed to textual editions) often distinguish between ⟨ë⟩ and ⟨e⟩ , the former indicating the mid-open /ɛ/ which derived from Germanic /e/ , the latter (often with a dot beneath it) indicating the mid-close /e/ which results from primary umlaut of short /a/ . No such orthographic distinction is made in MHG manuscripts. The standardised orthography of MHG editions uses
3542-754: The guest of honour. It was presumed that Maribor would also host the 2013 Winter Universiade , but the Government of Slovenia refused any financial support for the project. As a result, in March 2012, the International University Sports Federation decided that it would organise the Universiade elsewhere. In the same year, Maribor also withdrew as one of the host cities of the EuroBasket 2013 due to lack of finances. Maribor's Ljudski vrt stadium
3619-1113: The impetus for this set of social changes came largely from France, many of the new words were either loans from French or influenced by French terms. The French loans mainly cover the areas of chivalry, warfare and equipment, entertainment, and luxury goods: Two highly productive suffixes were borrowed from French in this period: The text is the opening of Hartmann von Aue 's Iwein ( c. 1200 ) Swer an rehte güete wendet sîn gemüete, dem volget sælde und êre. des gît gewisse lêre künec Artûs der guote, der mit rîters muote nâch lobe kunde strîten. er hât bî sînen zîten gelebet alsô schône daz er der êren krône dô truoc und noch sîn name treit. des habent die wârheit sîne lantliute: sî jehent er lebe noch hiute: er hât den lop erworben, ist im der lîp erstorben, sô lebet doch iemer sîn name. er ist lasterlîcher schame iemer vil gar erwert, der noch nâch sînem site vert. [1] [5] [10] [15] [20] Whoever to true goodness Turns his mind He will meet with fortune and honour. We are taught this by
3696-606: The language spoken at home); most of the city's capital and public life was in Austrian German hands. However, the county excluding the city had only 10,199 Austrian Germans and 78,888 Slovene inhabitants, meaning the city was completely surrounded by majority-Slovene ethnic territory. Some former independent settlements that later became part of the city had more ethnic Slovenes than Austrian Germans (e.g., Krčevina, Radvanje, Tezno), whereas others had more Austrian Germans than ethnic Slovenes (e.g., Pobrežje and Studenci). In 1913,
3773-401: The language. But many words have changed their meaning substantially. Muot (6) means 'state of mind' (cognates with mood ), where modern German Mut means courage. Êre (3) can be translated with 'honour', but is quite a different concept of honour from modern German Ehre ; the medieval term focuses on reputation and the respect accorded to status in society. The text
3850-579: The loss of the Yugoslav market severely strained the city's economy, which was based on heavy industry. The city saw a record unemployment rate of nearly 25%. The economic situation of Maribor after the mid-1990s crisis worsened again with the onset of global economic crisis combined with the European sovereign-debt crisis , which was one of the causes for the beginning of 2012–13 Maribor protests which spread into 2012–2013 Slovenian protests . In 2012, Maribor
3927-726: The neuter singular, is used only with prepositions : von diu , ze diu , etc. In all the other genders and in the plural it is substituted with the dative: von dëm , von dër , von dën . Middle High German nouns were declined according to four cases ( nominative , genitive , dative , accusative ), two numbers (singular and plural ) and three genders (masculine, feminine and neuter), much like Modern High German, though there are several important differences. Verbs were conjugated according to three moods ( indicative , subjunctive (conjunctive) and imperative ), three persons, two numbers (singular and plural ) and two tenses ( present tense and preterite ) There
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#17328689120364004-470: The northern border of the city. Ruins of the first Maribor castle from the 11th century and a chapel from the 19th century also stand there. The hill offers an easily accessible scenic overlook of Maribor and the countryside to the south over the Drava River. The city of Maribor is divided into 11 districts ( Slovene : mestne četrti ) of the City Municipality of Maribor . The Drava River separates
4081-485: The original manuscripts : A particular problem is that many manuscripts are of much later date than the works they contain; as a result, they bear the signs of later scribes having modified the spellings, with greater or lesser consistency, in accord with conventions of their time. In addition, there is considerable regional variation in the spellings that appear in the original texts, which modern editions largely conceal. The standardised orthography of MHG editions uses
4158-435: The original nominal phrase. The possessive pronouns mîn, dîn, sîn, ir, unser, iuwer are used like adjectives and hence take on adjective endings following the normal rules. The inflected forms of the article depend on the number, the case and the gender of the corresponding noun. The definite article has the same plural forms for all three genders. Definite article (strong) The instrumental case , only existing in
4235-402: The predominantly Slovene part of Styria, was annexed by Nazi Germany. German troops marched into the town at 9 pm on 8 April 1941. On 26 April Adolf Hitler , who encouraged his followers to "make this land German again", visited Maribor and a grand reception was organised in the city castle by the local Germans. Immediately after the occupation, Nazi Germany began mass expulsions of Slovenes to
4312-563: The project has been postponed. In 2008, the Studenci Footbridge ( Studenška brv ) was renovated according to the design of the Ponting company. The design was awarded that year at the 3rd International Footbridge Conference in Porto . In 2010, Maribor organised an international architectural competition ECC Maribor 2012 – Drava 2012 to gather proposals for the design and reconstruction of
4389-698: The resistance during the war, was summarily expelled at the end of the war in May 1945. At the same time Croatian Home Guard members and their relatives who tried to escape from Yugoslavia were executed by the Yugoslav Army . The existence of nine mass graves in and near Maribor was revealed after Slovenia's independence. After the Second World War, Maribor became part of SR Slovenia , within SFR Yugoslavia . A major process of renewal and reconstruction began in
4466-566: The town but failed to conquer it on both occasions. In 1496, Maximilian I issued a decree to expel all Jews from Maribor and Styria . In 1515, the Maribor Town Hall was built and a few years later, in 1532, Maribor again came under siege, this time by the Ottoman Empire . In the battle that became known as the Siege of Maribor , a 100,000-strong Ottoman army under the leadership of Suleiman
4543-458: The town's German name was Marburg an der Drau ( pronounced [ˈmaʁbʊʁk ʔan deːɐ̯ ˈdʁaʊ̯] ; literally, 'Marburg on the Drava '). The Slovene name Maribor is an artificial Slovenized creation, coined by Stanko Vraz in 1836. Vraz created the name in the spirit of Illyrianism by analogy with the name Brandenburg (cf. Lower Sorbian Bramborska ). Locally, the town was known in Slovene as Marprk or Marprog . The name Maribor
4620-407: The vowels in brackets were dropped in rapid speech. The preterite conjugation went as follows: The present tense conjugation went as follows: The vowels in brackets were dropped in rapid speech. The preterite conjugation went as follows: In the Middle High German period, the rise of a courtly culture and the changing nature of knighthood was reflected in changes to the vocabulary. Since
4697-608: The waterfront district called Lent) is held, with hundreds of musical, theatrical and other events. Every year the festival attracts theatre, opera, ballet performers, classical, modern, and jazz musicians and dancers from all over the world. Maribor is known for wine and culinary specialities of international and Slovene cuisine (mushroom soup with buckwheat mush, tripe, sour soup, sausages with Sauerkraut, cheese dumplings, apple strudel, special cheese cake called gibanica ). There are also many popular restaurants with Serbian cuisine . The Vinag Wine Cellar ( Vinagova vinska klet ), with
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#17328689120364774-446: The winter. Summers are generally warm. Average temperatures during the city's warmest month (July) exceed 20 degrees Celsius, which is one of the main reasons for the Maribor wine tradition. The city sees on average roughly 900 mm (35.4 in) of precipitation annually and it's one of the sunniest Slovene cities, with an average of 266 sunny days throughout the course of the year. The most recent temperature heatwave record for August
4851-427: The women's slalom and giant slalom races for the Alpine Skiing World Cup . The competition, known as the Golden Fox ( Slovene : Zlata lisica ), was held for the first time in 1964, and was last held in Maribor in 2019. Since then, due to the lack of snow in the city, the event has been relocated to Kranjska Gora . In November 2012, Maribor hosted the World Youth Chess Championship with Garry Kasparov as
4928-427: Was a present participle, a past participle and a verbal noun that somewhat resembles the Latin gerund , but that only existed in the genitive and dative cases. An important distinction is made between strong verbs (that exhibited ablaut ) and weak verbs (that didn't). Furthermore, there were also some irregular verbs. The present tense conjugation went as follows: The bold vowels demonstrate umlaut ;
5005-864: Was accepted among Slovenes in 1861, when Lovro Toman published a song named Mar i bor , giving the name a Slovene compound Mar ('to care') + i ('and') + bor ('to fight for'). In addition to its Slovene and German names, the city is also known as Marburgum in Latin and Marburgo in Italian. [REDACTED] Archbishop of Salzburg (1164–1555) [REDACTED] Habsburg Monarchy (1555–1804) [REDACTED] Austrian Empire (1804–1867) [REDACTED] Austria-Hungary (1867–1918) [REDACTED] State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs (1918) [REDACTED] Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1918–1941) [REDACTED] Nazi Germany (1941–1945; annexed ) [REDACTED] SFR Yugoslavia (1945–1991) [REDACTED] Slovenia 1991–Present The oldest known remnants of settlement in
5082-443: Was also found dating to the 4th millennium BC. A more intense period of settlement of the Maribor area occurred in the 3rd millennium BC with the advent of the Bronze Age . In the 13th to 12th century BC, in the age of the Urnfield culture , new settlements were found in Pekel . Around 1000 BC, new settlers moved to the Maribor area. An urnfield cemetery was found from that period in today's Mladinska ulica and another necropolis
5159-508: Was also found in Pobrežje . With the Iron Age and the Hallstatt Culture , new settlements began to appear on hills. One of them was Poštela in the Pohorje Mountains. Poštela was an old town that was abandoned in the 6th century BC and inhabited again in the 2nd century BC. During Roman times , the area where Maribor later developed was part of the province of Noricum , right on the border with Pannonia . During that period, Roman agricultural estates known as villae rusticae filled
5236-434: Was annexed by the Third Reich, the Jews of Maribor were deported to concentration camps. The city is the location of the University of Maribor , established in 1975, Alma Mater Europaea , and several other higher education institutions. High schools include Maribor High School No. 1 ( Prva gimnazija Maribor ) and Maribor High School No. 2 ( II. gimnazija Maribor ). Every June, the two-week Lent Festival (named after
5313-422: Was built in the 14th century, and is the second oldest synagogue of Europe. Today it serves as a centre for cultural activities. Other prominent Medieval buildings are Maribor Castle , Betnava Castle , and the ruins of Upper Maribor Castle on Pyramid Hill. Town Hall was constructed in the Renaissance style , and the Plague Column in the Baroque style . At the start of the 21st century, plans were made for
5390-411: Was found in Radvanje dating to the 10th century AD. The area of what later became Maribor was first part of Samo's Empire and later the area stood on the border between Carantania and Lower Pannonia . In 843 the area was absorbed into the Frankish Empire . In the Frankish Empire, the area again stood on the border, this time between the Frankish Empire and the Principality of Hungary . To protect
5467-406: Was one of the two European Capitals of Culture , and the following year, Maribor was the European Youth Capital . On the Drava River lies Maribor Island ( Mariborski otok ). The oldest public bath, still an important and often visited place in Maribor, is located on the island. There are two hills in Maribor: Calvary Hill and Pyramid Hill, both surrounded by vineyards. The latter dominates
5544-714: Was one of the venues for the 2012 UEFA European Under-17 Championship and the 2021 UEFA European Under-21 Championship . In July 2023, Maribor hosted the 17th edition of the European Youth Olympic Festival . Maribor's sports parks include the Pohorje Adrenaline Park ( Adrenalinski park Pohorje ), the Pohorje Bike Park, and the Betnava Adventure Park ( Pustolovski park Betnava ) with ropes courses , zip-lines , and poles. Maribor
5621-647: Was pursued in Yugoslavia against the Austrian German minority similar to the Germanization policy followed by Austria against its Slovene minority in Carinthia . From 1922 to 1929, Maribor was the seat of the Maribor Oblast , a subdivision within Yugoslavia and was later part of the Drava Banovina . Up until World War II , Maribor was considered the fastest-developing city in the country. In 1941 Lower Styria ,
5698-610: Was rebuilt numerous times. In addition to fires, the plague decimated the town's population. The largest plague epidemics occurred in 1646, 1664, and 1680. Due to the plague, the town lost 35 percent of its population. In gratitude for the end of the plague, a plague column was built in 1681, with the original being replaced in 1743. In 1846, the Southern Railway was built through the town, which resulted in great economic growth and territorial expansion. In 1859, Anton Martin Slomšek ,
5775-474: Was systematically bombed by the Allies in the closing years of World War II . A total of 29 bombing raids devastated some 47% of the city area, killing 483 civilians and leaving over 4,200 people homeless. Over 2,600 people died in Maribor during the war. By the end of the war, Maribor was the most war-damaged major town of Yugoslavia. The remaining German-speaking population, except those who had actively supported
5852-717: Was the Ostsiedlung , the eastward expansion of German settlement beyond the Elbe - Saale line which marked the limit of Old High German . This process started in the 11th century, and all the East Central German dialects are a result of this expansion. "Judeo-German", the precursor of the Yiddish language, is attested in the 12th–13th centuries, as a variety of Middle High German written in Hebrew characters. The Middle High German period
5929-547: Was the site of a German prisoner-of-war camp from 1941 to 1945 for many British, Australian, and New Zealand troops who had been captured in Crete in 1941 . In 1944, the largest mass rescue of POWs of the war in Europe took place when 105 Allied prisoners from the camp were freed by Slovene partisans in the Raid at Ožbalt . The city, a major industrial centre with an extensive armament industry,
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