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104-685: General Walter Bedell " Beetle " Smith (5 October 1895 – 9 August 1961) was a senior officer of the United States Army who served as General Dwight D. Eisenhower 's chief of staff at Allied Forces Headquarters (AFHQ) during the Tunisia Campaign and the Allied invasion of Italy in 1943, during World War II . He was Eisenhower's chief of staff at the Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF) in

208-520: A first lieutenant in the Regular Army . Smith was next sent to the newly formed 379th Infantry Regiment as its intelligence officer. The regiment was part of the 95th Infantry Division , based at Camp Sherman, Ohio . The 95th Infantry Division was demobilized following the signing of the Armistice with Germany on 11 November 1918. In February 1919, Smith was assigned to Camp Dodge , Iowa , where he

312-671: A 40,000-square-foot (3,700 m ), four-story addition to the Pharmacy and Health Sciences Building. In 2013, the Howard L. Schrott Center for the Arts opened. The university is organized into the following schools and colleges: Over 60 major academic fields of study, 8 pre-professional programs, and 19 graduate programs are offered across the six academic colleges. Butler ranks first among Midwest Regional Universities in U.S. News & World Report ' s 2024 Best Colleges. The publication also ranked

416-461: A contributing factor in the defeat at Kasserine. Mockler-Ferryman was replaced by Brigadier Kenneth Strong . The debacle at Kasserine Pass strained relations between the Allies, and another crisis developed when II Corps reported that enemy aviation operated at will over its sector because of an absence of Allied air cover. That elicited a scathing response from British Air Marshal Arthur Coningham on

520-788: A female companion, a nurse, Captain Ethel Westerman. After the disastrous Battle of the Kasserine Pass , Eisenhower sent Smith forward to report on the state of affairs at the American II Corps . Smith recommended the relief of its commander, Major General Lloyd Fredendall , as did General Harold Alexander and Major Generals Omar Bradley and Lucian Truscott . On their advice, Eisenhower replaced Fredendall with Major General George S. Patton Jr. Eisenhower also relieved his Assistant Chief of Staff Intelligence (G-2), Brigadier Eric Mockler-Ferryman , pinpointing faulty intelligence at AFHQ as

624-517: A lower position, as was formerly the usual case. Their active rank expires with the expiration of their term of office, which is usually set by statute. Generals are nominated for the appointment by the President from any eligible officers holding the rank of brigadier general or above who meet the requirements for the position, with the advice of the Secretary of Defense , service secretary ( Secretary of

728-399: A major city. A hutted camp was built with 130,000 square feet (12,000 m) of floor space. By the time Operation Overlord began, accommodations had been provided for 750 officers and 6,000 enlisted men and women . Eisenhower and Smith's offices were in a subterranean complex. Smith's office was spartan, dominated by a large portrait of Marshall. An advanced command post codenamed Sharpener

832-696: A mistake. The forward headquarters was remote and inaccessible and lacked the necessary communications equipment. On 6 September, Eisenhower ordered both SHAEF Forward and SHAEF Main to move to Versailles as soon as possible. SHAEF Forward began its move on 15 September and it opened in Versailles on 20 September. SHAEF Main followed, moving from Bushy Park by air. The move was completed by October, and SHAEF remained there until 17 February 1945, when SHAEF Forward moved to Reims . By this time, SHAEF had grown in size to 16,000 officers and enlisted men, of whom 10,000 were American and 6,000 British. By November 1944, Strong

936-579: A number of mandates for retirement. A general must retire after 40 years of service unless they are reappointed to serve longer. Otherwise all general officers must retire the month after their 64th birthday. However, the Secretary of Defense can defer a general's retirement until the officer's 66th birthday and the President can defer it until the officer's 68th birthday. To retire at four-star grade, an officer must accumulate at least three years of satisfactory active duty service in that grade, as certified by

1040-596: A period of many years. We dare not allow ourselves any false sense of security. We must anticipate that the Soviet tactic will be to wear us down, to exasperate us, and to keep probing for weak spots, and we must cultivate firmness and patience to a degree we have never before required. Smith returned to the United States in March 1949. Truman offered him the post of Assistant Secretary of State for European Affairs , but Smith declined

1144-519: A port were resolved by the use of amphibious trucks. In August 1943, Smith and Strong flew to Lisbon via Gibraltar in civilian clothes and met with Generale di Brigata Giuseppe Castellano at the British embassy. Castellano had hoped to arrange terms for Italy to join the United Nations against Nazi Germany , Smith was empowered to draw up an armistice between Italy and Allied armed forces but

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1248-475: A radical change, the sentence which I have marked in the attached circular letter will place the War Department in very grave difficulties. It is inevitable that this statement will get out, and equally inevitable that the result will be that every Negro organization, pressure group and newspaper will take the attitude that, while the War Department segregates colored troops into organizations of their own against

1352-506: A reversion to the old British "committee system". He drafted a cable to the Combined Chiefs of Staff demanding a unified command structure, but Smith persuaded him to tear it up. Disagreements arose between Allied commanders over the operational plan, which called for a series of dispersed landings based on the desire of the air, naval, and logistical planners concerning the early capture of ports and airfields. General Bernard Montgomery ,

1456-648: A separate Christian Church seminary and "college of applied Christianity" in 1924; it was variously called the School of Religion and the College of Religion. The school became independent in 1958 and is currently known as the Christian Theological Seminary . Enrollment at Butler increased following the end of World War I , prompting the administration to examine the need for a larger campus. The new and current campus, designed in part by architect George Sheridan,

1560-525: Is a popular option at Butler with over 35 percent of undergraduates becoming members of social fraternities or sororities . Fraternities and sororities have long been a part of student life at Butler, with the first fraternity established in 1859, and the first sorority established in 1874. In 1922, Sigma Gamma Rho was founded at Butler University. The sorority had its beginnings on the Irvington campus of Butler University. Butler's athletic teams, known as

1664-525: Is approximately five miles (8.0 km) northwest of downtown Indianapolis . On January 15, 1850, the Indiana General Assembly adopted Ovid Butler 's proposed charter for a new Christian university in Indianapolis. After five years in development, the school opened on November 1, 1855, as North-Western Christian University at 13th Street and College Avenue on Indianapolis's near northside at

1768-589: Is extremely rare. The standard tour for most general/flag officers is a two-year term with the possibility of being renominated for an additional term(s). Note: Chairman of the JCS, Vice Chairman of the JCS and Service chiefs, to include the Chief of the National Guard Bureau are usually renominated for a second two-year term. Appointment of general/flag officers (3-star or above) is a temporary promotion lasting only for

1872-467: Is right that colored and white soldiers should be mixed in the same company. With this belief I do not argue, but the War Department policy is different. Since I am convinced that this circular letter will have the most serious repercussions in the United States, I believe that it is our duty to draw the War Department's attention to the fact that this statement has been made, to give them warning as to what may happen and any facts which they may use to counter

1976-517: Is set at eight Army generals, two Marine generals, nine Air Force generals, two Space Force generals, six Navy admirals, and two Coast Guard admirals. Several of these slots are reserved by statute. For example, the two highest-ranking members of each service (the service chief and deputy service chief) are designated as generals. For the Army the Chief of Staff and the Vice Chief of Staff are generals; for

2080-660: Is the only remaining building, although several buildings that housed faculty remain, including the Benton House . In 1896, Butler joined with two private professional schools, the Medical College of Indiana and the Indiana Law School, to form the University of Indianapolis (U of I), an institution unrelated to the modern university of that name . The Indiana Dental College later joined in 1904. Renamed as Butler College,

2184-926: The Butler Bulldogs , compete in Division I of the NCAA . On July 1, 2012, the Bulldogs left the Horizon League , their conference home since 1979, for the Atlantic 10 Conference . Since the A-10 does not sponsor football , the Butler football team plays in the FCS's Pioneer League . The women's golf team at Butler joined the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference , as the A-10 sponsors

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2288-594: The Eisenhower administration in various posts for several years until he retired shortly before he died in 1961. Walter Bedell Smith was born in Indianapolis, Indiana , on 5 October 1895, the elder of two sons of William Long Smith, a silk buyer for the Pettis Dry Goods Company, and his wife, Ida Francis née Bedell, who worked for the same company. Smith was called Bedell from his boyhood. From an early age he

2392-866: The First Canadian Army in the Netherlands . In May 1945, Smith met representatives of the German High Command in Reims , France, to conduct the surrender of the German Armed Forces , and he signed the German Instrument of Surrender on behalf of Eisenhower. After the war, he served as the U.S. Ambassador to the Soviet Union from 1946 to 1948. In 1950, Smith became the Director of Central Intelligence ,

2496-532: The Netherlands , Arthur Seyss-Inquart , offered to open up Amsterdam to food and coal shipments to ease the suffering of the civilian population. Smith and Strong, representing SHAEF, along with Major General Ivan Susloparov representing the Soviet Union , Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld representing the Dutch government, and Major General Sir Francis de Guingand from 21st Army Group, met with Seyss-Inquart in

2600-708: The U.S. Army Infantry School at Fort Benning, Georgia , in March 1931. Upon graduation in June 1932, he stayed on as an instructor in the Weapons Section in which he was responsible for demonstrating weapons like the M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle . In 1933, he was sent to the Command and General Staff School at Fort Leavenworth , Kansas . He later returned to the Infantry School but was detached again to attend

2704-431: The U.S. Army War College from which he graduated in 1937. He returned to the Infantry School once more and he was promoted to major on 1 January 1939 after nine years as a captain. The slow promotion was common in the Army in the 1920s and the 1930s. Officers like Smith, commissioned between November 1916 and November 1918, made up 55.6% of the Army's officer corps in 1926. Promotions were usually based on seniority, and

2808-693: The campaign in Western Europe from 1944 to 1945. Smith enlisted as a private in the Indiana Army National Guard in 1911. During World War I , he served with the American Expeditionary Forces and was commissioned to second lieutenant in 1917. He was wounded in the Aisne-Marne Offensive in 1918. After the war, he was a staff officer and instructor at the U.S. Army Infantry School . In 1941, he became secretary of

2912-608: The liberation of Paris , the Allied High Command put pressure on the Free French Forces leading the march to be all white, which was made difficult as the vast majority of units were over two-thirds African. Smith wrote a confidential memo that stated that it was "more desirable that the division mentioned above consist of white personnel" to match US segregated platoons. On 15 April 1945, the Nazi governor ( Reichskommissar ) of

3016-626: The 108th General Hospital in Clichy , France. In August, Eisenhower nominated Smith as his successor as commander of U.S. Forces, European Theater, as ETOUSA was redesignated on 1 July 1945. Smith was passed over in favor of General Joseph McNarney . When Eisenhower took over as Chief of Staff of the U.S. Army in November 1945, he summoned Smith to become his assistant chief of staff for operations and planning. However, soon after his arrival back in Washington he

3120-476: The 4th Division entered the front lines in June 1918 and joined the Aisne-Marne Offensive on 18 July 1918. Smith was wounded by shell fragments during an attack two days later. Because of his wounds, Smith was returned to the United States. He served with the U.S. Department of War 's General Staff and was assigned to the Military Intelligence Division. In September 1918, he was commissioned as

3224-508: The Air Force . The Marine Corps and Space Force do not have an established grade above general. The pay grade of general is O-10. It is equivalent to the rank of admiral in the other United States uniformed services which use naval ranks . It is abbreviated as GEN in the Army and Gen in the Marine Corps, Air Force, and Space Force. Since the ranks of General of the Army and General of

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3328-454: The Air Force are reserved for wartime use only, the rank of general is the highest general officer rank in peacetime. Formally, the term "General" is always used when referring to a four-star general. However, a number of different terms may refer to them informally, since lower-ranking generals may also be referred to as simply "General". The United States Code explicitly limits the total number of general officers (termed flag officers in

3432-508: The Ardennes be transferred from Bradley to Montgomery. Smith's immediate reaction was to dismiss the suggestion out of hand. He told Strong and Whiteley that they were fired and should pack their bags and return to the United Kingdom. On the next morning, Smith apologized, had had second thoughts, and informed them that he would present their recommendation to Eisenhower as his own. He realized

3536-588: The Army , Secretary of the Navy , or Secretary of the Air Force ), and if applicable the Joint Chiefs of Staff . For some positions, statute allows the President to waive those requirements for a nominee deemed to serve national interests. The nominee must be confirmed by the United States Senate before the appointee can take office and assume the rank. General ranks may also be given by act of Congress but this

3640-489: The Bulldogs advanced to the championship game but finished as runners-up again, this time losing to Connecticut . Butler has the best winning percentage and most wins of all Division I men's basketball programs in the state of Indiana over the last decade (21.6 wins per year through 2006). Until the 2015 Round of 32 loss in overtime to the Irish, Butler had won the previous six meetings with in-state rival Notre Dame and two of

3744-712: The Butler Institute for Research and Scholarship (BIRS), bolstered by a $ 1 million grant from Lilly Endowment . The university also provides student research opportunities, such as the Butler Summer Institute, a 10-week program in which Butler students are granted funding to perform independent research with a faculty member. Students at Butler University participate in more than 150 student organizations and dozens of club and intramural sports , and many multi-cultural programs and services. More than 94 percent of students are involved in campus activities. Greek life

3848-570: The Combined Chiefs of Staff and of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Since Dykes was senior in service time to Smith, and Marshall wanted Smith to be in charge, Smith was promoted to brigadier general on 2 February 1942. He assumed the new post a week later, with Dykes as his deputy. The two men worked in partnership to create and organize the secretariat and to build the organization of the Combined Chiefs-of-Staff into one which could co-ordinate

3952-646: The Deputy Theater commander and the commanding general of the Communications Zone . The relationship between Smith and Hughes, an old friend of Eisenhower, was tense. Smith later accused Hughes of "empire building," and the two clashed over trivial issues. In Algiers, Smith and Eisenhower seldom socialized together. Smith conducted formal dinners at his villa , an estate surrounded by gardens and terraces, with two large drawing rooms decorated with mosaics , oriental rugs, and art treasures. Like Eisenhower, Smith had

4056-522: The Dutch village of Achterveld on 30 April. After threatening Seyss-Inquart with prosecution for war crimes, Smith successfully negotiated for the provision of food to the suffering Dutch civilian population in the cities in the west of the country and opened discussions for the peaceful and complete German capitulation in the Netherlands to the First Canadian Army , which occurred on 5 May. Smith had to conduct another set of surrender negotiations, that of

4160-693: The General Staff, and in 1942 he became the secretary to the Combined Chiefs of Staff . His duties involved taking part in discussions of war plans at the highest level, and Smith often briefed President Franklin D. Roosevelt on strategic matters. Smith became chief of staff to Eisenhower at AFHQ in September 1942 and acquired a reputation as Eisenhower's " hatchet man " for his brusque and demanding manner. However, he also successfully represented Eisenhower in sensitive missions requiring diplomatic skill. Smith

4264-623: The German armed forces, in May 1945. Smith met with the representatives of the German High Command (the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht ), Colonel General Alfred Jodl and General-Admiral Hans-Georg von Friedeburg . Once again, Strong acted as an interpreter. Smith took a hard line by threatening that unless terms were accepted, the Allies would seal the front, which would force the remaining Germans into

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4368-440: The James J. McCafferty trophy, awarded annually by the Horizon League for all-sports excellence based on conference championship points, seven times, including three-straight from 1996–97 to 1998–99 and back-to-back years in 2001–02 and 2002–03, 2006–07, and 2009–10. The Butler program was one of the most successful " mid-major " basketball programs from 2000 to 2011, having won at least 20 games and reached postseason play eight of

4472-495: The Marine Corps, the Commandant and the Assistant Commandant are both generals; for the Air Force, the Chief of Staff and Vice Chief of Staff are generals; and for the Space Force, the Chief of Space Operations , and the Vice Chief of Space Operations are generals. In addition, for the National Guard, the Chief of the National Guard Bureau is a general under active duty in the Army or Air Force. There are several exceptions to these limits allowing more than allotted within

4576-415: The Navy and Coast Guard) that may be on active duty at any given time. The total number of active duty general officers is capped at 231 for the Army, 62 for the Marine Corps, 198 for the Air Force, and 162 for the Navy. No more than about 25% of a service's active duty general or flag officers may have more than two stars, and statute sets the total number of four-star officers allowed in each service. This

4680-499: The Secretary of Defense. Butler University Butler University is a private university in Indianapolis , Indiana , United States. Founded in 1855 and named after founder Ovid Butler , the university has over 60 major academic fields of study within six colleges in the arts , business , communication , education , liberal arts and the sciences , and health sciences . It enrolls approximately 5,700 undergraduate and graduate students. Its 295-acre (119 ha) campus

4784-427: The Soviets short of acquiescence to their expansionism, and that their intransigence and delaying tactics precluded the reconstruction and economic recovery of Europe. He saw the Soviet Union as a secretive, totalitarian, and antagonistic state. In My Three Years in Moscow (1950), Smith's account of his time as ambassador, he wrote: ...we are forced into a continuing struggle for a free way of life that may extend over

4888-450: The Supreme Allied Commander (COSSAC) was already active, and he had been planning Operation Overlord since April 1943. This staff was absorbed into SHAEF, with COSSAC, with Major General Frederick Morgan , becoming Smith's deputy chief of staff at SHAEF. Gale also held the title of deputy chief of staff, as well as being chief administrative officer, and there was also a deputy chief of staff (Air), Air Vice Marshal James Robb . The heads of

4992-429: The U-shaped complex of academic buildings. In 1990, the Residential College, designed by James and Associates, was completed, becoming the university's last major construction project of the 20th century . In 2001, the Fairbanks Center for Communication and Technology was opened. In early 2004, the Eidson-Duckwall Recital Hall, seating 140, was added onto Robertson Hall. On May 8, 2008, Butler broke ground on

5096-448: The age of 16, Smith enlisted as a private in Company D of the 2nd Indiana Infantry of the Indiana National Guard . The Indiana National Guard was called out twice in 1913 for the Ohio River flood and during the Indianapolis streetcar strike . Smith was promoted to corporal and then sergeant . During the Pancho Villa Expedition he served on the staff of the Indiana National Guard. In 1913, Smith met Mary Eleanor (Nory) Cline, who

5200-600: The appointment and preferred to return to military duty. He was appointed as the commander of the First Army at Fort Jay in New York, his first command since 1918. Throughout the war, Smith had been troubled by a recurring stomach ulcer . The problem became severe in 1949. He was no longer able eat a normal diet, and he suffered from malnutrition . Smith was admitted to the Walter Reed Army Hospital , whose surgeons decided to remove most of his stomach. That did cure his ulcer, but Smith remained malnourished and thin. Truman selected Smith as Director of Central Intelligence (DCI),

5304-553: The chief of each section was paired with a deputy of the other nationality. Its structure was generally American but with some British aspects. For example, Gale as CAO controlled both personnel and supply functions, which under the American system would have reported directly to Smith. Initially, AFHQ was located in London , but it moved to Algiers in November and December 1942, with Smith arriving on 11 December. Although AFHQ had an authorized strength of only 700, Smith aggressively expanded it. By January 1943 its American component alone

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5408-420: The collection of statistics, but he also performed a great deal of analysis, liaison, and administration. One of Smith's duties was liaison with Major General Edwin "Pa" Watson , the senior military aide to President Franklin D. Roosevelt . Smith was promoted to lieutenant colonel on 4 May 1941, and then to colonel on 30 August 1941. On 1 September, the Secretary of the General Staff, Colonel Orlando Ward ,

5512-568: The commander of the British Eighth Army , objected to that aspect of the plan since it exposed the Allied forces to defeat in detail . Montgomery put forward an alternate plan that involved American and British forces landing side by side. He convinced Smith that his alternate plan was sound, and the two men persuaded most of the other Allied commanders. Montgomery's plan provided for the early seizure of airfields, which satisfied Tedder and Cunningham. The fears of logisticians like Major General Thomas B. Larkin that supply would not be practical without

5616-411: The commander of the 12th Infantry Brigade at Fort Sheridan. From 1925 to 1929 Smith worked as an assistant in the Bureau of the Budget . He then served a two-year tour of duty overseas on the staff of the 45th Infantry at Fort William McKinley in the Philippines . After nine years as a first lieutenant, he was promoted to captain in September 1929. Returning to the United States, Smith reported to

5720-420: The competence of American troops. Eisenhower drafted a letter to Marshall suggesting that Coningham should be relieved of his command since he could not control the acrimony between senior Allied commanders, but Smith persuaded him not to send it. Instead, Air Chief Marshal Arthur Tedder , Major General Carl Spaatz , and Brigadier General Laurence S. Kuter paid Patton a visit at his headquarters. Their meeting

5824-411: The creation of the Combined Chiefs of Staff , which consisted of the (American) Joint Chiefs of Staff and the (British) Chiefs of Staff Committee meeting as a single body. Brigadier Vivian Dykes of the British Joint Staff Mission provided the secretarial arrangements for the new organization at first, but Marshall thought that an American secretariat was required. He appointed Smith as the secretary of

5928-409: The desires and pleas of all the Negro race, the Army is perfectly willing to put them in the front lines mixed in units with white soldiers, and have them do battle when an emergency arises. Two years ago I would have considered the marked statement the most dangerous thing that I had ever seen in regard to Negro relations. I have talked with Lee about it, and he can't see this at all. He believes that it

6032-547: The duration of the job assignment. Upon retirement general/flag officers revert to their permanent two-star rank of Major General or Rear Admiral unless they are nominated by the President to retire at a higher rank (which has become the normal practice in recent years.) Extensions of the standard tour length can be approved, within statutory limits but these are rare, as they block other officers from being promoted. Some statutory limits can be waived in times of national emergency or war. Other than voluntary retirement, statute sets

6136-489: The east side of Indianapolis in 1875, and changed its name to Butler University in 1877. The university was renamed for Ovid Butler "in recognition of Ovid Butler's inspirational vision, determined leadership, and financial support". The campus consisted of several buildings, including an observatory, most of which were demolished in 1939. The Bona Thompson Library at the intersection of Downey and University avenues, designed by architects Henry H. Dupont and Jesse T. Johnson,

6240-466: The eastern edge of the present-day Old Northside Historic District . Attorney and university founder Ovid Butler provided the property. The university was founded by members of the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) , although it was never controlled by that church. The university's charter called for "a non-sectarian institution free from the taint of slavery, offering instruction in every branch of liberal and professional education". The university

6344-453: The hands of the Red Army , but he made some concessions on a ceasefire before the surrender came into effect. On 7 May, Smith cosigned the surrender document along with Soviet General Susloparov, both of whom represented the Allies, and Jodl, who represented Germany. The French representative, Major General François Sevez , signed as a witness. Smith briefly returned to the United States in late June 1945, after spending several days resting at

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6448-441: The head of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the other intelligence agencies in the United States. Smith reorganized the CIA, redefined its structure and its mission, and gave it a new sense of purpose. He made the CIA the arm of government that is primarily responsible for covert operations. He left the CIA in 1953 to become Under Secretary of State . After retiring from the State Department in 1954, Smith continued to serve

6552-400: The head of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Since the post had been established in 1946, there had been three directors, none of whom had wanted the position. Smith became the director on 7 October 1950. General (United States) The rank of general ranks above a three-star lieutenant general and below the special wartime five-star ranks of General of the Army or General of

6656-510: The last four against Indiana . Butler defeated both Notre Dame and Indiana during 2006–07 regular season, while also defeating in-state rival Purdue to move to 2–0 against the Boilermakers this decade. Butler has also been the defending champion of the Hoosier Classic men's basketball tournament since the 2001–02 season, and has advanced to postseason play nine of the last eleven years (7 NCAAs, 2 NITs). Butler has been to 15 NCAA Tournaments and three NITs since 1997. The Hoosier Helmet Trophy

6760-444: The last ten seasons, including six NCAA tournament appearances. Butler also holds two national championships in men's basketball from the pre-tournament era: one from 1924 (earned via the AAU national tournament), and one from 1929 (selected by the Veteran Athletes of Philadelphia). In 2010 and 2011, Butler qualified for consecutive national championship games. The 2010 Butler team , led by star player Gordon Hayward , advanced to

6864-400: The long run, and Strong assumed the post on 25 May 1944, with Brigadier General Thomas J. Betts as his deputy. Smith was promoted to lieutenant general and made a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in January 1944. On 18 January, he set out for London with two-and-a-half tons of personal baggage loaded onto a pair of Boeing B-17 Flying Fortresses . The staff of the chief-of-staff to

6968-419: The military and political implications and knew that such a recommendation had to come from an American officer. On 20 December, he recommended it to Eisenhower, who telephoned both Bradley and Montgomery, and Eisenhower ordered it. This decision was greatly resented by many Americans, particularly in 12th Army Group, who felt that the action discredited the U.S. Army 's command structure. Heavy casualties since

7072-420: The modest objective of promoting officers to major after 17 years of service could not be met because of a shortage of posts for them to fill. When General George C. Marshall became the Army's Chief of Staff in September 1939, he brought Smith to Washington, D.C. , to be the assistant to the secretary of the General Staff. The Secretary of the General Staff was primarily concerned with records, paperwork, and

7176-407: The move of the Arthur Jordan Conservatory of Music to the campus. Clowes Hall, which opened in 1963, was co-designed by Indianapolis architect Evans Woollen III and John M. Johansen (of New Canaan, Connecticut ). Ten years following the construction of Clowes Hall and Irwin Library, the science complex of Gallahue Hall and the Holcomb Research Institute (now Holcomb Building) were built, completing

7280-406: The national championship game at their hometown Lucas Oil Stadium, where they lost a close game to Duke , while creating an enduring reputation of its athletes prioritizing education by attending classes the day of the game. With a total enrollment of only 4,500 students, Butler is the smallest school to play for a national championship since the tournament expanded to 64 teams in 1985. In 2011 ,

7384-430: The other staff divisions were Major General Ray W. Barker (G-1), Major General Harold R. Bull (G-3), Major General Robert W. Crawford (G-4) and Major General Sir Roger Lumley (G-5). Morgan had located his COSSAC headquarters in Norfolk House at 31 St. James's Square , London, but Smith moved it to Bushy Park , in the outskirts of London in accord with Eisenhower's expressed desire not to have his headquarters in

7488-412: The post. Reluctantly, Marshall acceded to the request, and Smith took over as the chief of staff at Allied Forces Headquarters (AFHQ) on 15 September 1942. Reporting to him were two deputy chiefs of staff, Brigadier General Alfred Gruenther and Brigadier John Whiteley , and also the chief administrative officer (CAO), Major General Humfrey Gale . AFHQ was a balanced binational organization in which

7592-459: The pressure which will undoubtedly be placed on them. The policy was revised, with colored soldiers serving in provisional platoons . In the 12th Army Group these were attached to regiments, while in the 6th Army Group the platoons were grouped into whole companies attached to the division. The former arrangement were generally better rated by the units they were attached to, because the colored platoons had no company-level unit training. During

7696-529: The school constituted the undergraduate and liberal arts organ of the new university. Butler left U of I in 1906 after the Medical College of Indiana joined with Purdue University 's medical school in 1905 (itself later merging with the Indiana University School of Medicine in 1908). In 1930, Butler merged with the Teachers College of Indianapolis , founded by Eliza Cooper Blaker , creating

7800-584: The sport only for men. Butler left the Atlantic 10 Conference and became a founding member of the reconfigured Big East Conference on July 1, 2013. In the past decade, Butler teams have captured 26 conference championships (in four different leagues). The Bulldogs have made appearances in NCAA National Championship Tournaments in men's and women's basketball, men's soccer, volleyball, men's cross country, lacrosse, and baseball. Butler won

7904-523: The start of Operation Overlord had resulted in a critical shortage of infantry replacements even before the crisis situation created by the Ardennes Offensive. Steps were taken to divert men from Communications Zone units. The commander of the Communication Zone, Lieutenant General John C. H. Lee , persuaded Eisenhower to allow soldiers to volunteer for service "without regard to color or race to

8008-476: The statute: Finally, all statutory limits may be waived at the President's discretion during time of war or national emergency. Four-star grades go hand-in-hand with the positions of office to which they are linked, so the rank is temporary; the active rank of general can only be held for so long- though upon retirement, if satisfactory service requirements are met, the general or admiral is normally allowed to hold that rank in retirement, rather than reverting to

8112-562: The student center, Atherton Union (designed by McGuire and Shook). McGuire and Shook also designed the dormitories called Ross Hall and Schwitzer Hall. Art Lindbergh, with help from Daggett, designed the Holcomb Observatory and Planetarium , which was dedicated in 1955. In 1963, Irwin Library , designed by acclaimed architect Minoru Yamasaki , opened. Also in the early 1960s, Lilly Hall and Clowes Memorial Hall were constructed following

8216-679: The tone for subsequent buildings erected on the campus over the next three decades. The same year, the Butler Fieldhouse (later renamed Hinkle Fieldhouse ) was completed after having been designed by architect Fermor Spencer Cannon. The building remained the largest indoor sports facility in the state until the mid-1960s. In 1942, the Religion Building and Sweeney Chapel were both completed. These structures, designed by Burns and James, were remodeled and combined into Robertson Hall in 1966. Following World War II , construction began on

8320-501: The transfer of key British staff members from AFHQ to Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF). Brooke released Gale only after a strong appeal from Smith but refused to transfer Strong. A heated exchange resulted, and Brooke later complained to Eisenhower about Smith's behavior. That was the only time that a senior British officer ever complained openly about Smith. Whiteley became Chief of Intelligence (G-2) at SHAEF instead of Strong, but Eisenhower and Smith had their way in

8424-412: The units where assistance is most needed, and give you the opportunity of fighting shoulder to shoulder to bring about victory." Smith immediately grasped the political implications and put his position to Eisenhower in writing: Although I am now somewhat out of touch with the War Department's Negro policy, I did, as you know, handle this during the time I was with General Marshall. Unless there has been

8528-485: The university first in the Midwest for both innovation and undergraduate teaching. Nationally, the publication ranked Butler 16th for first-year experiences and 28th for study abroad opportunities. The university emphasizes the practicality of knowledge and offers individual attention to its students with its small class size and no teaching assistants. Butler University increased its focus on faculty and student research with

8632-597: The university's second college. The third college, the College of Business Administration, was established in 1937, and the College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences was established in 1945, following a merger that absorbed the Indianapolis College of Pharmacy. The Jordan College of Fine Arts, the university's fifth college, was established in 1951, following a merger with the Arthur Jordan Conservatory of Music. The university's department of religion became

8736-488: The war efforts of both allies, along with the Canadians, Australians, French and others. Smith's duties involved taking part in discussions of strategy at the highest level, and he often briefed Roosevelt on strategic matters. However Smith became frustrated as he watched other officers receive operational commands that he desired. He later remarked: "That year I spent working as secretary of the general staff for George Marshall

8840-479: Was directly commissioned as a second lieutenant . He was then assigned to the newly formed Company A, 1st Battalion, 39th Infantry , part of the 4th Infantry Division at Camp Greene , North Carolina . The 4th Infantry Division embarked for Europe, which was embroiled in World War I , from Hoboken, New Jersey , on 9 May 1918, and reached Brest, France , on 23 May. After training with the British and French Armies,

8944-512: Was 1,406 and its strength eventually topped 4,000 men and women. As the chief-of-staff, Smith zealously guarded access to Eisenhower, acquired a reputation as a tough and brusque manager, and was often referred to as Eisenhower's " hatchet man ." Pending the organization of the North African Theater of Operations , U.S. Army (NATOUSA), Smith also acted as its chief of staff until 15 February, when Brigadier General Everett S. Hughes became

9048-594: Was appointed Supreme Allied Commander for Operation Overlord , the invasion of Normandy . Eisenhower wished to take Smith and other key members of his AFHQ staff with him to his new assignment, but British Prime Minister Winston Churchill wanted to retain Smith at AFHQ as Deputy Supreme Commander in the Mediterranean. Churchill reluctantly gave way at Eisenhower's insistence. On New Year's Eve, Smith met with General (one day later Field Marshal) Sir Alan Brooke to discuss

9152-600: Was asked by President Harry S. Truman and U.S. Secretary of State James F. Byrnes to become the United States Ambassador to the Soviet Union . In putting Smith's nomination for the post before the United States Senate, Truman asked for and received special legislation permitting Smith to retain his permanent military rank of major general. Smith's service as the American ambassador was eventful. Although it

9256-676: Was born in 1893 and died in 1963, and they were married in a traditional Roman Catholic wedding ceremony on 1 July 1917. Their marriage was of long duration but was childless. Smith's work during the Ohio River flood of 1913 led to his nomination for officer training in 1917, and he was sent to the Officer Candidate Training Camp at Fort Benjamin Harrison in Indiana for officer indoctrination. Upon his graduation on 27 November 1917, he

9360-409: Was established as the trophy helmet for the rivalry football game played between Butler and Valparaiso University . The Hoosier Helmet was created prior to the 2006 season to commemorate the football rivalry that has existed since 1921. The helmet trophy was created to further intensify the rivalry between these two teams. A group of Butler players, along with their head coach, Jeff Voris , came up with

9464-616: Was established near Portsmouth , where Montgomery's 21st Army Group and Admiral Sir Bertram Ramsay 's Allied Naval Expeditionary Force headquarters were located. Ground operations in Normandy were controlled by Montgomery at first, but the SHAEF Forward headquarters moved to Jullouville in August, and on 1 September Eisenhower assumed control of Bradley's 12th Army Group and Montgomery's 21st Army Group . Smith soon realized that he had made

9568-490: Was formed on the site of Fairview Park, a former amusement park on the city's northwest side. Classes began on the campus in 1928. In 1928, the first building completed on the Fairview campus was Arthur Jordan Memorial Hall , designed by Robert Frost Daggett and Thomas Hibben. The structure's Collegiate Gothic style of architecture, also used in the original William Tinsley -designed 13th Street and College Avenue building, set

9672-460: Was given command of the 1st Armored Division , and Smith became secretary of the General Staff. The Arcadia Conference , which was held in Washington, D.C., December 1941 and January 1942, mandated the creation of the Joint Chiefs of Staff as a counterpart to the British Chiefs of Staff Committee , and Smith was named as its secretary on 23 January 1942. The same conference also brought about

9776-496: Was interrupted by a German air raid, which convinced the airmen that Patton had a point. Coningham withdrew his written criticisms and apologized. For the Allied invasion of Sicily , the Combined Chiefs of Staff designated Eisenhower as the overall commander but ordered the three component commanders, Alexander, Tedder, and Admiral Sir Andrew Cunningham of the Royal Navy , to "cooperate". To Eisenhower, that command arrangement meant

9880-427: Was involved in negotiating the armistice between Italy and the Allies , which he signed on behalf of Eisenhower. In 1944, he became the chief of staff of SHAEF, again under Eisenhower. In that position, Smith also negotiated successfully for food and fuel aid to be sent through German lines for the cold and starving Dutch civilian population, and he opened discussions for the peaceful and complete German capitulation to

9984-399: Was involved with the disposal of surplus equipment and supplies. In March 1919, he was transferred to the 2nd Infantry Regiment , a regular unit based at Camp Dodge, remaining there until November 1919, when it moved to Camp Sherman. In 1921, the staff of the 2nd Infantry moved to Fort Sheridan, Illinois . In 1922, Smith became aide de camp to Brigadier General George Van Horn Moseley ,

10088-408: Was joined, Eisenhower acted decisively by committing the two armored divisions in the 12th Army Group's reserve over Bradley's objection, along with his own meager reserves, two airborne divisions. Whiteley and Betts visited the U.S. First Army headquarters and were unimpressed with how its commanders were handling the situation. Strong, Whiteley, and Betts recommended that command of the armies north of

10192-581: Was nicknamed "Beetle" or occasionally "Beedle" or "Boodle." He was educated at St. Peter and Paul School, Public Schools #10 and #29, Oliver Perry Morton School, and Emmerich Manual High School , where he studied to be a machinist. There, he took a job at the National Motor Vehicle Company and eventually left high school without graduating. Smith enrolled at Butler University , but his father developed serious health problems, and Smith left to return to his job and support his family. In 1911, at

10296-456: Was not Smith's fault, the relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union during his tenure deteriorated rapidly as the Cold War set in. Smith's tenacity of purpose was in line with the policy of containment that replaced about 1947 the conciliant stance that had for some years tried to find common ground with Moscow. He became convinced that no understanding was possible in dealings with

10400-470: Was one of the most rewarding of my entire career, and the unhappiest year of my life." When Major General Dwight D. Eisenhower was appointed as the commander of the European Theater of Operations in June 1942, he requested that Smith be sent from Washington as his chief of staff. Smith's record as a staff officer and his proven ability to work harmoniously with the British made him a natural choice for

10504-586: Was reporting that there was a possibility of a German counteroffensive in the Ardennes or the Vosges . Smith sent Strong to personally warn Bradley, who was preparing an offensive of his own. The magnitude and ferocity of the German Ardennes Offensive came as a shock, and Smith had to defend Strong against criticism for failing to sound the alarm. He felt that Bradley had been given ample warning. Once battle

10608-469: Was the first endowed position at an American university designated for a female professor. Catharine Merrill , was the first to occupy the chair in 1869. Merrill was just the second female university professor in the country. Today the Demia Butler Chair of English Literature is occupied by Susan Neville . The university moved to a new 25-acre (10 ha) campus in the community of Irvington on

10712-540: Was the second in Indiana and the third in the United States to admit both men and women. The university established the first professorship in English literature and the first Department of English in the state of Indiana. In 1869, Ovid Butler endowed the Demia Butler Chair of English Literature in honor of his daughter, who was the first woman to graduate from the Classical course at the university and had died in 1867. The chair

10816-438: Was unable to negotiate political matters. On 3 September, Smith and Castellano signed the agreed-upon text on behalf of Eisenhower and Pietro Badoglio , respectively, in a simple ceremony beneath an olive tree at Cassibile, Sicily. In October, Smith traveled to Washington for two weeks to represent Eisenhower in a series of meetings, including one with Roosevelt at Hyde Park, New York , on 10 October. In December 1943, Eisenhower

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