89-433: The Walker Mausoleum is located at 53°25′53″N 1°21′56″W / 53.4313°N 1.3655°W / 53.4313; -1.3655 on College Road, Rotherham , South Yorkshire , England . The sandstone mausoleum was built in the 1760s as the burial site for the families of Samuel and Aaron Walker and is now a Grade II listed building . The mausoleum is located in the cemetery of Masbrough Chapel , which
178-484: A cathedral or canonical chapter or a military order. The power of the lord was exercised through various intermediaries, the most important of which was the bailiff . The sovereign can also be a lord; the seigneuries he owns form the royal domain. The title of lord is also granted, especially in modern times, to individuals holding noble fiefdoms which are not for all that seigneuries. These "lords" are sometimes called sieurs, equivalent terms in medieval times. The lord
267-402: A 'fresh start'. The National Crime Agency was called in to investigate whether Rotherham councillors were complicit in hiding the depth and scale of the child abuse due to a "fear of losing their jobs and pensions" following a concern that they might be considered "racist" if they spoke out. According to the new report, the councillors were driven by " political correctness ". Jayne Senior ,
356-607: A Mr Lete and Mr Bayley, were paid for guarding her. The Rotherham area had been used for iron production since the Roman occupation of Britain. Toward the end of the 18th century, coal seams near the town made Rotherham an important settlement in the Industrial Revolution . Coal was exported from the town by river, and this led to infrastructure improvements in the River Don's navigability. The River Don eventually became an artery of
445-511: A branch to the Greasbrough canal and coal-field; it was opened [in] 1838, and the distance is about six miles....The market is on Monday, for corn, cattle, and provisions: on alternate Mondays is a celebrated market for fat-cattle, sheep, and hogs, numerously attended by grazers from distant parts of the country; and fairs take place on Whit-Monday and December 1st, for cattle. A court leet is held annually, at which constables and other officers for
534-414: A designated enterprise zone with benefits and incentives given to attract new industry and development in the area. Within the first year, ten new companies were established within the zone. The former chemical works at Barbot Hall, which had been derelict, was developed into a new industrial estate and named 'Brookside', after Mangham Brook, which runs alongside it. Rotherham was affected by flooding in
623-462: A former youth town worker, was reported to have worked for more than a decade to expose rampant child sexual abuse in Rotherham, but had been met with "indifference and scorn". Senior was awarded an MBE in the 2016 Birthday Honours . All Saints Minster , on a square of the same name, was built using neat-cut pieces made of a unique sandstone, Rotherham Red, with a low-pitched lead roofing. It
712-453: A full election in 2016, declaring that the authority was not currently fit for purpose, and its powers would not revert until the dis-empowered councillors could prove their fitness to carry out all of the council's duties without intervention. One of the commissioners was appointed to specialise in child protection. The Metropolitan Borough of Rotherham covers the constituencies of Rotherham (UK Parliament constituency) which has been held by
801-460: A higher lord (see Feudalism ). The lord held a manorial court , governed by public law and local custom. Not all territorial seigneurs were secular; bishops and abbots also held lands that entailed similar obligations. By extension, the word manor is sometimes used in England as a slang term for any home area or territory in which authority is held, often in a police or criminal context. In
890-473: A local nature reserve. The site is home to the massive sculpture Steel Henge, a Stonehenge replica which is in fact made from iron ingots. Following a 2012 article published in The Times newspaper alleging the cover-up of large-scale sexual abuse of young children by gangs of people of Pakistani origin in Rotherham, Rotherham Council commissioned Professor Alexis Jay , a former chief social work adviser to
979-513: A rural estate, and a population of labourers or serfs who worked the surrounding land to support themselves and the lord. These labourers fulfilled their obligations with labour time or in-kind produce at first, and later by cash payment as commercial activity increased. Manorialism was part of the feudal system . Manorialism originated in the Roman villa system of the Late Roman Empire , and
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#17330848758181068-563: A source of rights and responsibilities issues in places such as Henley-in-Arden , Warwickshire . In examining the origins of the monastic cloister , Walter Horn found that "as a manorial entity the Carolingian monastery ... differed little from the fabric of a feudal estate, save that the corporate community of men for whose sustenance this organisation was maintained consisted of monks who served God in chant and spent much of their time in reading and writing." Tenants owned land on
1157-417: A third of the arable area, and villein holdings rather more; but some manors consisted solely of demesne, others solely of peasant holdings. The proportion of unfree and free tenures could likewise vary greatly, with more or less reliance on wage labour for agricultural work on the demesne. The proportion of the cultivated area in demesne tended to be greater in smaller manors, while the share of villein land
1246-416: A viable proposition; nor could they be passed to a third party without the lord's permission, and the customary payment. Although not free, villeins were by no means in the same position as slaves: they enjoyed legal rights, subject to local custom, and had recourse to the law subject to court charges, which were an additional source of manorial income. Sub-letting of villein holdings was common, and labour on
1335-581: A warrior, but it could equally well maintain a capitalist landlord. It could be self-sufficient, yield produce for the market, or it could yield a money rent." The last feudal dues in France were abolished at the French Revolution . In parts of eastern Germany, the Rittergut manors of Junkers remained until World War II . The term is most often used with reference to medieval Western Europe. Antecedents of
1424-608: A year. The operation closed down in 1993. The first railway stations, Holmes and Rotherham Westgate both on the Sheffield and Rotherham Railway opened on 31 October 1838. Holmes station was located close to the works of Isaac Dodds and Son , pioneers in the development of railway technology. Later railway stations included Parkgate and Aldwarke railway station on the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway , which opened in July 1873,
1513-462: Is Yorkshire , and Rotherham was once part of the West Riding of Yorkshire . In 1974, this administrative county was abolished during a reorganisation of local government. Subsequently, Rotherham became part of the county of South Yorkshire , where it makes up one of four metropolitan boroughs. Rotherham had a population of 109,691 in the 2011 census . The borough had a 2022 population of 268,354,
1602-608: Is a Grade I listed building . A Belfry was added to the church in 1501 and today the Minster houses 13 bells. A church has stood on the site since before the Norman Conquest and the current building dates from the 15th century and includes parts from earlier Saxon and Norman structures. Clayton and Bell working to George Gilbert Scott 's designs constructed the east window. Stained glass makers and designers A. Gibbs, Camm Brothers, Heaton, Butler and Bayne and James Bell are known makers of
1691-495: Is entrusted to a tenant against payment of a royalty, most often called cens and services such as Corvée . The distribution between reserve and tenure varies depending on the period and region. Manors each consisted of up to three classes of land: Additional sources of income for the lord included charges for use of his mill, bakery or wine-press, or for the right to hunt or to let pigs feed in his woodland, as well as court revenues and single payments on each change of tenant. On
1780-693: Is named after Boston, Massachusetts , the scene of the Boston Tea Party . Built in the 18th century, Clifton House houses Clifton Park Museum . On the outskirts of Rotherham, a brick-built glass making furnace, the Catcliffe Glass Cone , is the oldest surviving structure of its type in Western Europe and one of four remaining in the United Kingdom – the others being the Red House Cone in
1869-409: Is the direct or prominent owner of the land assets of his lordship. The notion of absolute ownership over a common good cannot be applied, because there are also others than the main user who have rights over these goods. We distinguish in the land lordship two sets the reserves which is the set of goods of which the lord reserves the direct exploitation and tenant-in-chief , property whose exploitation
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#17330848758181958-461: Is unusual. Most others abbey ruins of this age are no more than foundations or a single storey, following the dissolution of the monasteries in the 1530s. Rotherham has three Further Education institutions and colleges. These are Thomas Rotherham College , Dearne Valley College and the Rotherham College of Arts and Technology . The Rotherham College of Arts and Technology has a campus in
2047-573: The Codex Theodosianus promulgated under Theodosius II extended these restrictions. The legal status of adscripti , "bound to the soil", contrasted with barbarian foederati , who were permitted to settle within the imperial boundaries, remaining subject to their own traditional law. As the Germanic kingdoms succeeded Roman authority in the west in the fifth century, Roman landlords were often simply replaced by Germanic ones, with little change to
2136-592: The 64th most populous district in England. Evidence of Iron Age and Roman settlements has been found in Rotherham area. This includes a small Roman fort to the south-west in the upper flood meadow of the Don at Templeborough . Rotherham was founded in the early Middle Ages . Its name is from Old English hām 'homestead, estate', meaning 'homestead on the Rother'. The river name is of Brittonic origin for 'main river', ro- 'over, chief' and duβr 'water'. Another river called
2225-579: The Kiveton Park Rural District and Rotherham Rural District . The Labour Party have controlled the authority since the 1974 incorporation of the Metropolitan Borough. Following the 2016 child sexual exploitation scandal, the way in which local councillors are elected in Rotherham changed, replacing annual rolling elections, with whole council elections every four years. This change coincided with notable boundary changes, which changed
2314-464: The Metropolitan Borough of Rotherham . Rotherham has been a market town since the 13th century, when King John granted market charter status in 1207. Before the Industrial Revolution , traditional industries included farming, glass making and flour milling. In the late 18th and 19th centuries, Rotherham became known for its coal mining and, later, steel industries. The town's historic county
2403-639: The Parkgate and Rawmarsh railway station on the North Midland Railway and the Rotherham Masborough railway station also on the North Midland Railway. Rotherham Forge and Rolling Mill occupied an island in the river known as Forge Island. Its managing director was Francis Charles Moss of Wickersley, until his death in 1942. The site was later occupied by a Tesco superstore, and by 2024 was
2492-667: The Rother flows through East Sussex . An Anglo-Saxon settlement, with an ecclesiastical parish , was established near the Roman ford across the River Don. The 1086 Domesday Book records a manor previously held by lord Hakon in 1066 tenanted by William the Conqueror 's half-brother, Robert de Mortain . The 1086 record shows an absentee lord who held the most inhabited manor , Nigel Fossard . The town area today includes eight outlying Domesday estates. Eight adult male householders were counted as villagers, three were smallholders and one
2581-736: The SS Great Eastern . In 1864, the ironworks was taken over by the Parkgate Iron Co. Ltd, becoming the Park Gate Iron and Steel Company in 1888. The company was purchased by Tube Investments Ltd in 1956 and closed in 1974. Steel, Peech and Tozer 's massive Templeborough steelworks (now the Magna Science Adventure Centre ) was, at its peak, over a mile (1.6 km) long, employing 10,000 workers, and housing six electric arc furnaces producing 1.8 million tonnes of steel
2670-501: The Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government , commissioned Louise Casey to conduct a best value investigation of Rotherham Council. She issued a report of her findings in February 2015. Both reports stated that a majority of the known perpetrators were of Pakistani heritage. Casey noted that the severity of the issue had not been addressed, and to a large extent this was
2759-433: The Sheffield and South Yorkshire Navigation system of navigable inland waterways. During the early Industrial Revolution iron, and later steel, became the principal industries in Rotherham, surviving into the 20th century. The Walker family built an iron empire in the 18th century, their foundries producing high quality cannons, including the majority of guns for the ship HMS Victory , and cast iron bridges, one of which
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2848-501: The by-election in 2012 saw Sarah Champion elected. Manorialism Manorialism , also known as seigneurialism , the manor system or manorial system , was the method of land ownership (or " tenure ") in parts of Europe, notably France and later England, during the Middle Ages . Its defining features included a large, sometimes fortified manor house in which the lord of the manor and his dependants lived and administered
2937-684: The pharmaceutical , food and drinks industries. In the 19th century, other successful industries included pottery , brass making and the manufacture of cast iron fireplaces. Precision manufacturing companies in the town include AESSEAL, Nikken Kosakusho Europe, MTL Advanced, MGB Plastics and Macalloy . Rotherham is the location of the Advanced Manufacturing Park (AMP), which is home to a number of world-class companies including Rolls-Royce and McLaren Automotive. The district abounds in mineral wealth; coal and iron ore are found in great profusion, and have been wrought from [long ago]. The town
3026-479: The 1480s the Rotherham-born Archbishop of York , Thomas Rotherham , instigated the building of a College of Jesus in Rotherham to rival the colleges of Cambridge and Oxford . It was the first brick building in what is now South Yorkshire and taught theology, religious chant and hymns, grammar and writing. The college and new parish of All Saints Church made Rotherham an enviable and modern town at
3115-509: The 18th century, manor houses were often located a farther distance from the village. For example, when a grand new house was required by the new owner of Harlaxton Manor , Lincolnshire, in the 1830s, the site of the existing manor house at the edge of its village was abandoned for a new one, isolated in its park, with the village out of view. In an agrarian society, the conditions of land tenure underlie all social or economic factors. There were two legal systems of pre-manorial landholding. One,
3204-452: The Bridge"), beside Chantry Bridge (a road bridge opened in the 1930s). It is one of four surviving bridge chapels in the country. The chapel was restored in 1923, having been used as the town jail and a tobacconist 's shop. The town was once home to Jesus College, founded by Thomas Rotherham in the fifteenth century. The remains of the college's buildings are in the town centre, where some of
3293-652: The Ferham Works. G & WG Gummer Ltd exported brass products across the world, supplying fittings for hotels, hospitals, Turkish baths and the RMS Mauretania. Their fittings could also be found on battleships used in the Second World War and HMS Ark Royal . The Parkgate Ironworks was established in 1823 by Sanderson and Watson, and changed ownership several times. In 1854, Samuel Beal & Co produced wrought iron plates for Isambard Kingdom Brunel 's famous steamship
3382-475: The Inspection Report on 4 February 2015. Following its conclusion that the council was not fit for purpose the minister directed that the powers of the council (RMBC) be transferred to his department and the cabinet would need to resign unless RMBC made sufficient representations within 14 days to contradict the report. The Secretary of State empowered a team of five Commissioners to replace councillors before
3471-527: The Labour Party since 1933; Wentworth and Dearne (UK Parliament constituency) , held by Labour since the creation of the seat in 1983; and Rother Valley (UK Parliament constituency) . When Rother Valley was won by the Conservatives in the 2019 General Election, this marked the first time the borough of Rotherham had returned anyone other than Labour MPs to Parliament since 1931. Like most of South Yorkshire,
3560-467: The Rotherham constituencies are considered to be ' safe ', having enjoyed 'substantial' majorities over a 'long' period of time; a typecast which heightens the incumbency factor present in first past the post elections. The constituency of Rotherham has been held by Labour MPs since a by-election in 1933. After the resignation and subsequent jailing of Denis MacShane in November 2012 due to expenses abuse,
3649-706: The Rotherham town centre and a second site in Dinnington , as well as a nearby, smaller campus for construction-based subjects, such as bricklaying. There is one main tier of local government covering Rotherham, at metropolitan borough level: Rotherham Metropolitan Borough Council . The borough council is also a member of the South Yorkshire Mayoral Combined Authority , led by the directly elected Mayor of South Yorkshire . Some outer parts of Rotherham are included in civil parishes , which form an additional tier of local government in these areas, but
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3738-484: The Scottish government, to lead an independent inquiry about the handling of the cases and a suspected child exploitation network. She issued a report on the child sexual exploitation scandal that extended beyond the cases investigated by the police. Her report of August 2014 revealed an unprecedented scale of reported child sexual abuse within an urban area of this size over a 16-year period. Subsequently, Eric Pickles ,
3827-676: The Wordsley centre of the Dudley Glassworks in the West Midlands, Lemington Glass Works west of Newcastle upon Tyne and Alloa in Scotland. Threatened with demolition in the 1960s, it has been preserved as a Scheduled Ancient Monument and stands as a focal point in a sheltered housing complex and close to the path leading up the Rother valley. The ruins of Roche Abbey , south of Maltby and half-way to Worksop , have multi-storey walls, which
3916-411: The abbey collected tithes from the town and gained rights to an extra market day on Monday and to extend the annual fair from two to three days. The townsmen of Rotherham formed the "Greaves of Our Lady's Light," an organisation which worked with the town's three guilds . It was suppressed in 1547 but revived in 1584 as the feoffees of the common lands of Rotherham, and remains in existence. In
4005-399: The central part of the built-up area is an unparished area . Rotherham was an ancient parish . The parish was divided into eight townships : Brinsworth , Catcliffe , Dalton , Greasbrough , Kimberworth , Orgreave , Tinsley , and a Rotherham township covering the central part of the parish including the town. These townships were made civil parishes in 1866. Until 1801 the parish
4094-473: The college's dissolution Rotherham was described by a wealthy visitor as falling from a fashionable college town to a place of gambling and vice. The history of Thomas Rotherham and education in the town are remembered in the name of Thomas Rotherham College . Mary, Queen of Scots stayed in Rotherham for two nights at the end of January 1569. It has been suggested that she stayed in the College building. Two men,
4183-478: The criminals responsible for the atrocious crimes committed against them." The former Chief Constable, Meredydd Hughes , who served from 2004 to 2011 and who had unsuccessfully stood for the Labour Party nomination in the Police Crime Commissioner elections, was told by Labour MP Keith Vaz that he had 'failed' abuse victims. The inspector, Louise Casey, aided by seven assistant inspectors produced
4272-431: The demesne might be commuted into an additional money payment, as happened increasingly from the 13th century. Land which was neither let to tenants nor formed part of demesne lands was known as "manorial waste"; typically, this included hedges , verges , etc. Common land where all members of the community had right of passage was known as "lord's waste". Part of the demesne land of the manor which being uncultivated
4361-458: The earliest examples of a brick-built structure remain although not accessible to the public. The gate to the College of Jesus can be found in nearby Boston Park. Boston Castle, in the grounds of Boston Park, was built as a hunting lodge by Thomas Howard, 3rd Earl of Effingham between 1773 and 1774 to mark his opposition to British attempts to crush the Americans in their war for independence . It
4450-452: The generic plan of a medieval manor from Shepherd's Historical Atlas , the strips of individually worked land in the open field system are immediately apparent. In this plan, the manor house is set slightly apart from the village, but equally often the village grew up around the forecourt of the manor, formerly walled, while the manor lands stretched away outside, as still may be seen at Petworth House . As concerns for privacy increased in
4539-580: The group has also agreed access rights with the current owner. As of November 2017 it appears that part of the site is up for sale Rotherham Rotherham ( / ˈ r ɒ ð ər ə m / RODH -ər-əm ) is a Minster town in South Yorkshire , England. It lies at the confluence of the River Rother , from which the town gets its name, and the River Don . It is the largest settlement of
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#17330848758184628-548: The internal regulation of the town are appointed Milling grain into flour was a traditional industry in Rotherham, formerly in the Millmoor area, hence Rotherham United F.C. 's nickname "The Millers". Flour milling continued at the Rank Hovis town mill site on Canklow Road until September 2008. The site of the mill is now a warehousing and distribution facility for local logistics company 4S Distribution. In 1983 Rotherham became
4717-486: The king, and a greater proportion (rather more than a quarter) were held by bishoprics and monasteries . Ecclesiastical manors tended to be larger, with a significantly greater villein area than neighbouring lay manors. The effect of circumstances on manorial economy is complex and at times contradictory: upland conditions tended to preserve peasant freedoms (livestock husbandry in particular being less labour-intensive and therefore less demanding of villein services); on
4806-403: The land were on their way to becoming serfs. Several factors conspired to merge the status of former slaves and former free farmers into a dependent class of such coloni : it was possible to be described as servus et colonus , "both slave and colonus ". The Laws of Constantine I around 325 both reinforced the semi-servile status of the coloni and limited their rights to sue in the courts;
4895-430: The latter containing also parts of at least one other manor. This situation sometimes led to replacement by cash payments or their equivalents in kind of the demesne labour obligations of those peasants living furthest from the lord's estate. As with peasant plots, the demesne was not a single territorial unit, but consisted rather of a central house with neighbouring land and estate buildings, plus strips dispersed through
4984-449: The location of a new leisure development with an 8-screen cinema, food and drink outlets and a hotel. Completion was initially scheduled for October 2021, but the project was delayed, with most facilities are opening during 2024. Joseph Foljambe established a factory to produce his Rotherham plough, the first commercially successful iron plough . A glass works was set up in Rotherham in 1751, and became Beatson Clark & Co, one of
5073-473: The manor alongside free and villein ones: in addition, the lord might lease free tenements belonging to neighbouring manors, as well as holding other manors some distance away to provide a greater range of produce. Nor were manors held necessarily by lay lords rendering military service (or again, cash in lieu) to their superior: a substantial share (estimated by value at 17% in England in 1086 ) belonged directly to
5162-564: The manor under one of several legal agreements: freehold , copyhold , customary freehold and leasehold . Like feudalism which, together with manorialism, formed the legal and organisational framework of feudal society, manorial structures were not uniform or coordinated. In the later Middle Ages, areas of incomplete or non-existent manorialisation persisted while the manorial economy underwent substantial development with changing economic conditions. Not all manors contained all three classes of land. Typically, demesne accounted for roughly
5251-459: The most appropriate person to hold this office at this current time." He resigned from the Labour Party on 27 August 2014, after an ultimatum by the party to either resign or face suspension. Wright stood down as PCC on 16 September, saying that the prominence given to his role distracted from "the important issue, which should be everybody's focus – the 1,400 victims outlined in the report – and in providing support to victims and bringing to justice
5340-590: The most common, was the system of holding land " allodially " in full outright ownership. The other was a use of precaria or benefices , in which land was held conditionally (the root of the English word "precarious"). To these two systems, the Carolingian monarchs added a third, the aprisio , which linked manorialism with feudalism . The aprisio made its first appearance in Charlemagne 's province of Septimania in
5429-439: The original proprietors, and let out to small capitalists. The spinning of flax affords employment to about 200 persons; there are manufactories for rope and for starch, a large malting establishment, two large ale and porter breweries, several oil and chemical works, and a glass-[making] house. Some other manufactories and works are noticed in the article on Masbrough . The Don, which is navigable to Sheffield, communicates with
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#17330848758185518-491: The other hand, some upland areas of Europe showed some of the most oppressive manorial conditions, while lowland eastern England is credited with an exceptionally large free peasantry, in part a legacy of Scandinavian settlement. Similarly, the spread of money economy stimulated the replacement of labour services by money payments, but the growth of the money supply and resulting inflation after 1170 initially led nobles to take back leased estates and to re-impose labour dues as
5607-487: The other side of the account, manorial administration involved significant expenses, perhaps a reason why smaller manors tended to rely less on villein tenure . Dependent holdings were held nominally by arrangement of lord and tenant, but tenure became in practice almost universally hereditary, with a payment made to the lord on each succession of another member of the family. Villein land could not be abandoned, at least until demographic and economic circumstances made flight
5696-471: The other windows. Gargoyles flank its clock on each face. It has a "recessed octagonal spire with crocketed arrises and pinnacled shafts rising from corner faces and a gilded weathervane." Architectural critics Nikolaus Pevsner and Simon Jenkins considered it "the best perpendicular [style] church in the country" and "the best work in the county", respectively. Close to the town centre is the 15th-century Chapel of Our Lady of Rotherham Bridge (or "Chapel on
5785-633: The political landscape of the borough. Rotherham's shadow cabinet local opposition is currently the Conservative Party with 18 seats. Independents hold one seat. In the May 2021 election, Labour retained control of the council, while the Conservatives went from zero to 20 seats. In 2013, Professor Alexis Jay published a report about the Rotherham child sexual exploitation scandal (1997–2013). Following
5874-556: The priest, three ploughlands were tilled by one lord's plough team and two and a half men's plough teams were active. The manor also had a church, roughly four acres of meadow and seven woodland acres. Rotherham had a mill valued at half a pound sterling. Fossard's successors, the De Vesci family, rarely visited the town, but maintained a Friday market and a fair. In the mid 13th century, John de Vesci and Ralph de Tili gave all their possessions in Rotherham to Rufford Abbey . The monks from
5963-458: The report's publication, the council leader, Roger Stone of the Labour Party , resigned – an act of contrition the report said should have been made years earlier – saying he would take full responsibility for "the historic failings described so clearly in the report." Labour Councillors Gwendoline Russell, Shaukat Ali and former council leader Roger Stone were suspended from the Labour Party, as
6052-424: The responsibility of Councillors. Casey's report concluded that at the time of her inspection the council was not fit for the purpose , and identified necessary measures for preventing further repetition. On 4 February 2015, after receiving Casey's report, Pickles announced that commissioners would be appointed to run the council pending new elections, and the council leader and cabinet resigned en masse to allow for
6141-556: The river Aire on the north-east, with the Stainforth and Keadby canal on the east, with the Dearne and Dove canal and the Barnsley canal on the north-west, and consequently with the river Calder; by which means Rotherham enjoys [goods trade] with all the principal towns in the great manufacturing districts of Yorkshire and Lancashire. In 1836 an act was passed for making a railway to Sheffield, with
6230-486: The south of France , when Charlemagne had to settle the Visigothic refugees who had fled with his retreating forces after the failure of his Zaragoza expedition of 778. He solved this problem by allotting "desert" tracts of uncultivated land belonging to the royal fisc under direct control of the emperor. These holdings aprisio entailed specific conditions. The earliest specific aprisio grant that has been identified
6319-509: The suburbs of Treeton , Brinsworth and Canklow as threatening the Junction 33 electrical sub-station. Thousands of homes were evacuated in response. Rother FM evacuated its studios, passing its frequency temporarily to neighbouring station Trax FM . A stretch of the M1 motorway was closed for three days due to the flood risk. Fire service and police officers used multiple high-powered pumps to lower
6408-523: The summer of 2007 . This caused the closure of central roads, schools and transport services and damaged residential and commercial property, including the Parkgate Shopping complex and the Meadowhall Centre , which suffered considerable internal water damage. Ulley Reservoir became a focus of major concern when its dam showed signs of structural damage, threatening to break and release water into
6497-442: The system can be traced to the rural economy of the later Roman Empire ( Dominate ). Labour was the key factor of production . Successive administrations tried to stabilise the imperial economy by freezing the social structure into place: sons were to succeed their fathers in their trade, councillors were forbidden to resign, and coloni , the cultivators of land, were not to move from the land they were attached to. The workers of
6586-412: The town's largest manufacturers, exporting glass medicine bottles worldwide. Beatson Clark & Co was a family business until 1961, when it became a public company . The glass works operated on the same site, although the family connection ceased and the company is owned by Newship Ltd, a holding company linked to the industrialist John Watson Newman. It continues to the manufacture glass containers for
6675-523: The turn of the 16th century. The college was dissolved in 1547 during the reign of Edward VI , and its assets were stripped by the crown. Very little remains of the original building in College Street. Walls of part of the College of Jesus are encased within number 23 and Nos 2, 2A, 4 (later for a time Old College Inn , a beerhouse), 6 and 8 Effingham Street. A doorway was rescued from demolition and relocated to nearby Boston Park in 1879. Sixty years after
6764-537: The underlying situation or displacement of populations. The process of rural self-sufficiency was given an abrupt boost in the eighth century, when normal trade in the Mediterranean Sea was disrupted. The word derives from traditional inherited divisions of the countryside, reassigned as local jurisdictions known as manors or seigneuries ; each manor being subject to a lord (French seigneur ), usually holding his position in return for undertakings offered to
6853-520: The value of fixed cash payments declined in real terms. The last feudal dues in France were abolished at the French Revolution . The last patroonship was abolished in New York in the 1840s as a result of the Anti-Rent War . In parts of eastern Germany, the Rittergut manors of Junkers remained until World War II . In Quebec, the last feudal rents were paid in 1970 under the modified provisions of
6942-466: The water level in the reservoir and reduce pressure on the dam wall, which was damaged but held. By summer 2008, the reservoir and surrounding country park reopened. A new wetland and flood storage area, Centenary Riverside park, has since been built by Rotherham Council and the Environment Agency to prevent flooding in the future. The Wildlife Trust for Sheffield and Rotherham manages the site as
7031-727: Was appointed as Children's Social Care Commissioner in October 2014, and subsequently Ian Thomas was appointed as interim director of children's services. Shaun Wright , the Police and Crime Commissioner (PCC) for South Yorkshire from 2012, was the Labour councillor in charge of child safety at the council from 2005 to 2010. He initially refused demands to resign as PCC from the Home Secretary , Theresa May , as well as members of his own party and local Labour MP Sarah Champion , saying: "I believe I am
7120-487: Was at Fontjoncouse , near Narbonne (see Lewis, links). In former Roman settlements, a system of villas , dating from Late Antiquity, was inherited by the medieval world. The possessor of a seigneurie bears the title of " Lord ". He can be an individual, in the vast majority of cases a national of the nobility or of the Bourgeoisie , but also a judicial person most often an ecclesiastical institution such as an abbey ,
7209-644: Was commissioned by Thomas Paine . Rotherham's cast iron industry expanded rapidly in the early 19th century, with the Effingham Ironworks, later Yates, Haywood & Co, opening in 1820. Other major iron founders included William Corbitt and Co; George Wright and Co of Burton Weir; Owen and Co of Wheathill Foundry; Morgan Macauley and Waide of the Baths Foundry; the Masbro' Stove Grate Co belonging to Messrs. Perrot, W. H. Micklethwait and John and Richard Corker of
7298-545: Was former Deputy Council Leader Jahangir Akhtar, who had lost his council seat in 2014. Chief Executive, Martin Kimber, said no council officers would face disciplinary action. Kimber announced on 8 September that he intended to step down in December 2014, and offered his "sincere apology to those who were let down". The council's director of children's services, Joyce Thacker, also left the authority by mutual agreement. Malcolm Newsam
7387-417: Was formerly celebrated for its manufacture of edge tools; and in 1160, there were mines of ironstone , smelting-furnaces, and forges in the neighbourhood. But the most extraordinary establishments of this kind, of late years, were the iron-foundries belonging to Messrs. Walker, in which immense quantities of cannon of the largest calibre were wrought for government during the war, till the works were given up by
7476-739: Was founded by the Walker family, when they split from the Rotherham Methodist meeting in 1762. The cemetery also holds the graves of other local industrial families including the Oxleys, Beatsons, Clarks, and Habershons. In 2002, local citizens formed the Friends of Walker Mausoleum to help restore the structure, as well as fight for better access. In 2004, the group obtained funding from the Single Regeneration Budget towards restoration. In 2007,
7565-543: Was governed by its vestry and manorial courts , in the same way as most rural areas. More urban forms of local government began in 1801 when a body of improvement commissioners was established for Rotherham township, with responsibilities for paving, lighting, and repairing the streets. The commissioners were superseded in 1852 by an elected local board , whose district covered both the Rotherham and Kimberworth townships and had more extensive responsibilities, particularly relating to water supply and sewers. The local board
7654-409: Was greater in large manors, providing the lord of the latter with a larger supply of obligatory labour for demesne work. The proportion of free tenements was generally less variable, but tended to be somewhat greater on the smaller manors. Manors varied similarly in their geographical arrangement: most did not coincide with a single village, but rather consisted of parts of two or more villages, most of
7743-439: Was replaced in 1871 when Rotherham was incorporated as a municipal borough . In 1902 it was elevated to become a county borough , taking over county-level functions from West Riding County Council . The county borough was abolished in 1974 and replaced by the larger Metropolitan Borough of Rotherham , which also took in the areas of the abolished urban districts of Maltby , Rawmarsh , Swinton , and Wath upon Dearne , plus
7832-547: Was termed the Lord's Waste and served for public roads and for common pasture to the lord and his tenants. In many settlements during the early modern period, illegal building was carried out on lord's waste land by squatters who would then plead their case to remain with local support. An example of a lord's waste settlement, where the main centres grew up in this way, is the village of Bredfield in Suffolk . Lord's waste continues to be
7921-542: Was widely practised in medieval western Europe and parts of central Europe. An essential element of feudal society, manorialism was slowly replaced by the advent of a money-based market economy and new forms of agrarian contract. Manorialism faded away slowly and piecemeal, along with its most vivid feature in the landscape, the open field system . It outlasted serfdom in the sense that it continued with freehold labourers. As an economic system, it outlasted feudalism, according to Andrew Jones, because "it could maintain
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