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100-636: The Hilton Hanoi Opera Hotel is a hotel located at the corner of Lê Thánh Tông - Tràng Tiền street, central Hanoi , in the historic French Quarter . It opened in 1999. The World Travel Awards deemed it Vietnam’s Leading Hotel for five consecutive years from 2004 to 2008. It features accommodations such as an outdoor swimming pool with view of the Opera House with the square surround it, gym, spa and sauna, Vietnamese cuisine , cabaret , jazz music, ballroom, and function rooms. The hotel closed on December 1, 2022 for major renovations. It will be reopened in 2025 as

200-725: A Special Relic of National significance ( Special National Site ), making it the first site listed under that category. The Central Sector of the Imperial Citadel was listed in UNESCO 's World Heritage Site on July 31, 2010, at its session in Brazil, as "The Central Sector of the Imperial Citadel of Thăng Long – Hanoi". The site has undergone several modifications as part of a larger ongoing plan for restoration. Some of these renovations and their efficacy have become controversial. The Lý dynasty royal palaces and edifices were largely destroyed by

300-679: A construction boom. Skyscrapers, appearing in new urban areas, have dramatically changed the cityscape and have formed a modern skyline outside the old city. In 2015, Hanoi is ranked 39th by Emporis in the list of world cities with most skyscrapers over 100 m; its two tallest buildings are Hanoi Landmark 72 Tower (336 m, second tallest in Vietnam after Ho Chi Minh City's Landmark 81 and third tallest in south-east Asia after Malaysia's Petronas Towers ) and Hanoi Lotte Center (272 m, also, third tallest in Vietnam). Public outcry in opposition to

400-486: A dry winter and large amount of sunshine. Spring, from March until the end of April, Hanoi is usually characterized with large amounts of drizzle and little sunshine due to the strong activity of the southeast monsoon blowing moisture from the sea inland. The city is usually cloudy and foggy in this time, averaging only 1.5 hours of sunshine per day in February and March. The city has times to be influenced by cold waves from

500-433: A major metropolitan area of Northern Vietnam, and also the country's cultural and political centre, putting a lot of pressure on the infrastructure, some of which is antiquated and dates back to the early 20th century. It has over eight million residents within the city proper and an estimated population of 20 million within the metropolitan area . The number of Hanoians who have settled down for more than three generations

600-531: A metropolis in present-day inner Hanoi. By the year 679, the Tang dynasty changed the region's name to Annan ( Chinese : 安南 ; Vietnamese : An Nam ; lit. 'pacified south'), with Songping as its capital. In the latter half of the eighth century, Zhang Boyi, a viceroy from the Tang dynasty , built Luocheng ( Chinese : 羅城 ; Vietnamese : La Thành ) to suppress popular uprisings. Luocheng extended from Thu Le to Quan Ngua in what

700-502: A name still used poetically to this day. Thăng Long remained the capital of Đại Việt until 1397, when it was moved to Thanh Hóa , then known as Tây Đô (西都), the "Western Capital". Thăng Long then became Đông Đô (東都), the "Eastern Capital". In 1408, the Chinese Ming dynasty attacked and occupied Vietnam, changing Đông Đô's name to Dongguan ( Chinese : 東關 ; Vietnamese : Đông Quan ; lit. 'eastern gate'). In 1428,

800-497: A pillar in Hanoi's economy, has striven to reform itself, introducing new high-yield plant varieties and livestock, and applying modern farming techniques. After the economic reforms that initiated economic growth, Hanoi's appearance has also changed significantly, especially in recent years. Infrastructure is constantly being upgraded, with new roads and an improved public transportation system. Hanoi has allowed many fast-food chains into

900-486: A population of 8,587,100. Hanoi had the second-highest gross regional domestic product of all Vietnamese provinces and municipalities at 51.4 billion USD in 2022, behind Ho Chi Minh City . In the third century BCE, the Cổ Loa Capital Citadel of Âu Lạc was constructed in what is now Hanoi. Âu Lạc then fell under Chinese rule for around a thousand years . In 1010, Vietnamese emperor Lý Thái Tổ established

1000-572: A wealthy aristocratic family of Lac ethnicity in Mê Linh district (Hanoi), led the locals to rise up in rebellion against the Han. It began at the Red River Delta , but quickly spread both south and north from Jiaozhi, stirring up all three Lạc Việt regions and most of Lingnan, gaining the support of about 65 towns and settlements. Trưng sisters then established their court upriver in Mê Linh. In 42 AD,

1100-528: Is 23.6 °C (74 °F), with a mean relative humidity of more than 80%. The coldest month has a mean temperature of 16.4 °C (61.5 °F) and the hottest month has a mean temperature of 29.2 °C (84.6 °F). The highest recorded temperature was 42.8 °C (109 °F) in May 1926, while the lowest recorded temperature was 2.7 °C (37 °F) on 12 January 1955. The city have also experienced extremely hot weather on 4 June 2017 due to La Niña , with

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1200-460: Is 4,091,353 people, accounting for 50.8%. Hanoi is the second most populous city in the country, after Ho Chi Minh City (8,993,082 people). The average annual population growth rate from 2009 to 2019 of Hanoi is 2.22%/year, higher than the national growth rate (1.14%/year) and is the second highest in the Red River Delta, only after Bắc Ninh Province (2.90% / year). Nowadays, the city is both

1300-537: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Hanoi Hanoi ( Vietnamese : Hà Nội ) is the capital and second-most populous city of Vietnam . The name "Hanoi" translates to "inside the river," – Hanoi is bordered by the Red and Black Rivers . As a municipality , Hanoi consists of 12 urban districts , 17 rural districts , and one district-level town . The city encompasses an area of 3,359.84 km (1,297.24 sq mi) and as of 2023,

1400-426: Is characterized by hot and humid weather with abundant rainfall, and few dry days. Hot, dry conditions caused by westerly winds during summer are rare. From October to November comprise the fall season, characterized by a decrease in temperature and precipitation, this time in the year mostly are warm and mild. Winters, from December to February, are characterized as being cool by the northeast monsoon, giving Hanoi

1500-465: Is constructed, known to history as Cổ Loa , the first political center of the Vietnamese civilization pre-Sinitic era, with an outer embankment covering 600 hectares . In 179 BC, the Âu Lạc Kingdom was annexed by Nanyue , which ushered in more than a thousand years of Chinese domination. Zhao Tuo subsequently incorporated the regions into his Nanyue domain, but left the indigenous chiefs in control of

1600-455: Is demoted to a district-level town. They are further subdivided into 22 commune-level towns (or townlets), 399 communes, and 145 wards. – formerly an administrative subdivision unit of the defunct Hà Tây Province. During the French colonial period, as the capital of French Indochina , Hanoi attracted a considerable number of French, Chinese and Vietnamese from the surrounding areas. In the 1940s

1700-461: Is likely to be very small when compared to the overall population of the city. Even in the Old Quarter , where commerce started hundreds of years ago and consisted mostly of family businesses, many of the street-front stores nowadays are owned by merchants and retailers from other provinces. The original owner family may have either rented out the store and moved into the adjoining house or moved out of

1800-500: Is now Ba Đình district . Over time, in the first half of the ninth century, this fortification was expanded and renamed as Jincheng ( Vietnamese : Kim Thành ). In 863, the kingdom of Nanzhao , as well as local rebels, laid siege of Jincheng and defeated the Chinese armies of 150,000. In 866, Chinese jiedushi Gao Pian recaptured the city and drove out the Nanzhao and rebels. He renamed

1900-601: Is planned to be built to expand public transport and link the Hanoi to surrounding areas. Projects such as airport upgrading, a golf course, and cultural villages have been approved for development by the government. In the late 1980s, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the Vietnamese government had designed a project to develop rural infrastructure. The project focused on improving roads, water supply and sanitation, and educational, health and social facilities because economic development in

2000-678: Is the primary defensive fortification of the citadel (called La thành or Kinh thành ), the middle sector is the Imperial City ( Vietnamese : Hoàng thành ), between these two layers is a residential area, the innermost sector is the Forbidden City (or "Purple Forbidden City", from the Vietnamese Tử cấm thành ; a term identical to the Forbidden City in Beijing ). In 1029, Lý Thái Tông rebuilt

2100-681: The Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) when Ho Chi Minh proclaimed the independence of Vietnam on 2 September 1945. However, the French returned and reoccupied the city in February 1947. On 8 March 1949, Hanoi became under the control of the State of Vietnam (created by the Élysée Accords ), an associated state within the French Union . This state gained independence with the Matignon Accords on 4 June 1954. After nine years of fighting between

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2200-607: The Lam Sơn uprising , under the leadership of Lê Lợi , overthrew the Chinese rule. Lê Lợi founded the Lê dynasty and renamed Đông Quan to Đông Kinh (東京) or Tonkin . During 17th century, the population of Đông Kinh was estimated by Western diplomats as about 100,000. Right after the end of the Tây Sơn dynasty , it was named Bắc Thành (北城). When the Nguyễn dynasty was established in 1802, Gia Long moved

2300-541: The Nguyễn dynasty during reconstruction in the early 19th century. Many Nguyễn dynasty structures were later destroyed in the late 19th century during periods of French and Japanese control. The few remaining structures within the royal compound are the Main Gate ( Đoan Môn ), marking the southern entrance to the royal palace; the Hanoi Flag Tower ( Cột cờ Hà Nội ); the steps of Kinh Thiên Palace ( Điện Kính Thiên ); and

2400-461: The Nguyễn dynasty renovations. The gate and the courtyard behind it have served important ceremonial roles as a location for rituals, festivals, and other events. The five gates served as entrances for different classes in periods where the Imperial Citadel housed the royal family: the centermost gate was reserved for the emperor, and the two nearer gates were used by members of the royal family or high-ranking officials. The second-floor terrace over

2500-570: The Soviet Union and Vietnam led to the creation of the first comprehensive plan for Hanoi with the assistance of Soviet planners between 1981 and 1984. It was never realized because it appeared to be incompatible with Hanoi's existing layout. In recent years, two master plans have been created to guide Hanoi's development. The first was the Hanoi Master Plan 1990–2010, approved in April 1992. It

2600-595: The Tang dynasty due to the ransacking of Guangzhou by the Huang Chao rebellion. By early tenth century AD, modern-day Hanoi was known to the Muslim traders as Luqin . In 1010, Lý Thái Tổ , the first ruler of the Lý dynasty , moved the capital of Đại Việt to the site of the Đại La Citadel. Claiming to have seen a dragon ascending the Red River, he renamed the site Thăng Long (昇龍) –

2700-554: The Thanh Trì District . The result of the land-use pattern was meant to resemble a five cornered star by 2010. In 1998, a revised version of the Hanoi Master plan was approved to be completed in 2020. It addressed the significant increase of population projections within Hanoi. Population densities and high rise buildings in the inner city were planned to be limited to protect the old parts of inner Hanoi. A rail transport system

2800-598: The Vietnam War , the Imperial Citadel was used as an administrative capital and headquarters for the North Vietnamese Ministry of Defense and Army. During and after the revolution, several French structures were destroyed or re-appropriated, including what is now the Vietnam Military History Museum (formerly a French military headquarters). Between 1998 and 2000, minor renovations were made to

2900-518: The Waldorf Astoria Hanoi . The nearby Hỏa Lò Prison was a Vietnamese prisoner of war camp morbidly called the "Hanoi Hilton" by Americans captured during the Vietnam War . The camp held American soldiers from 1964 until 1973. 21°01′24″N 105°51′27″E  /  21.0232°N 105.8576°E  / 21.0232; 105.8576 This article about a hotel or resort in Vietnam

3000-490: The communes and rural areas surrounding Hanoi is dependent on the infrastructural links between the rural and urban areas, especially for the sale of rural products. The project aimed to use locally available resources and knowledge such as compressed earth construction techniques for building. It was jointly funded by the UNDP , the Vietnamese government, and resources raised by the local communities and governments. In four communes,

3100-552: The Đại Việt monarchy. During Song dynasty , the Đại La Citadel served as an important military site for its use in defenses against Northern invasions and internal conflicts, though it would not be re-established as the center of power in An Nam until the Lý dynasty's rise to power in the early 11th century. The Vietnamese royal enclosure was first built in 1010, during the Lý dynasty , and subsequently expanded by subsequent dynasties. It remained

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3200-719: The Chinese coast through the Strait of Malacca towards the southern tip of India to Mombasa , from there through the Red Sea via the Suez Canal to the Mediterranean , there to the Upper Adriatic region to the northern Italian hub of Trieste with its rail connections to Central Europe and the North Sea . On Vietnam's Provincial Competitiveness Index 2023, a key tool for evaluating

3300-469: The East (including a buffer zone of 108 hectares for a protected area of about 126 hectares, out of a total of 140 hectares containing the entire Imperial Citadel). The Ancient Citadel is constructed on a slightly offset north–south axis and organized according to traditional geomantic principles ( phong thuy; feng shui ) which give the site a historic and spiritual significance. This site consists of relics from

3400-694: The Enterprise Law (as of 3/2007). Trade is another strong sector of the city. In 2003, Hanoi had 2,000 businesses engaged in foreign trade, having established ties with 161 countries and territories. The city's export value grew by an average 11.6 percent each year from 1996 to 2000 and 9.1 percent during 2001–2003. The economic structure also underwent important shifts, with tourism, finance, and banking now playing an increasingly important role. Hanoi's traditional business districts are Hoàn Kiếm , Hai Bà Trưng and Đống Đa ; and newly developing Cầu Giấy , Nam Từ Liêm , Bắc Từ Liêm , Thanh Xuân and Hà Đông in

3500-619: The French and DRV forces, Hanoi became the capital of North Vietnam when this territory became a sovereign country on 21 July 1954. The army of the French Union withdrew that year and the People's Army of Vietnam of the DRV and International Control Commission occupied the city on 10 October the same year under the terms of the 1954 Geneva Conference . During the Vietnam War between North and South (1955-1975), Hanoi and North Vietnam were attacked by

3600-517: The French the Vauban style. In 1831, during his administrative reform Minh Mang changed the name of Thăng Long to Hanoi province. This name existed until 1888 when the Nguyễn dynasty officially ceded Hanoi to the French, after which it would become the administrative capital of French Indochina Federation. When it was controlled by the French as the capital of Indochina (1885–1954), the Citadel of Hanoi

3700-453: The Han emperor commissioned general Ma Yuan to suppress the uprising with 32,000 men, including 20,000 regulars and 12,000 regional auxiliaries. The rebellion was defeated in the next year as Ma Yuan captured and decapitated Trưng Trắc and Trưng Nhị, then sent their heads to the Han court in Luoyang . By the middle of the fifth century, in the center of ancient Hanoi, a fortified settlement

3800-537: The Northeast originating from the Siberian High . Hanoi is the only capital of Southeast Asia with a subtropical climate . The region has a positive water balance (i.e. the precipitation exceeds the potential evapotranspiration ). Hanoi averages 1,612 millimetres (63.5 in) of rainfall per year, the majority falling from May to October. There are an average of 114 days with rain. The average annual temperature

3900-534: The Rear Palace ( Hậu Lâu ). Architectural and foundational remains of the Imperial City were discovered on the site of the former Ba Đình Hall at 18 Hoàng Diệu Street when the structure was torn down in 2008 to make way for a new parliament building. Various archaeological remains unearthed were brought to the National Museum to be exhibited. Thus far only a small fraction of Thăng Long has been excavated. Since

4000-599: The United States and South Vietnamese Air Forces. Following the end of the war with the fall of Saigon , Hanoi became the capital of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam when North and South Vietnam were reunited on 2 July 1976. On 21 December 1978, the National Assembly of Vietnam approved a law to expand Hanoi's borders, absorbing the districts of Ba Vì , Thạch Thất , Phúc Thọ , Đan Phượng , Hoài Đức , and

4100-488: The Vietnamese in construction. Although it is not possible to confirm the size and function of all the works the foundations indicate, it is clear by the size of the area that these ruins show a rich architectural complex. Along with important discoveries of architectural vestiges, a large number of ceramics, which were used in daily life in the Royal Palace through many periods, were also found. These discoveries have aided in

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4200-453: The absence of Neolithic sites across most of the Bac Bo region. Consequently, from about 10,000 to approximately 4,000 years ago, Hanoi in general was completely underwater. It is believed that the region has been continuously inhabited for the last 4,000 years. In around third century BC, An Dương Vương established the capital of Âu Lạc north of present-day Hanoi, where a fortified citadel

4300-523: The business environment in Vietnam’s provinces, Hanoi received a score of 67.15. This was an improvement from 2022 in which the province received a score of 66.74. In 2023, the province received its highest scores on the 'Labor Policy' and 'Time Costs' criterion and lowest on 'Access To Land' and 'Proactivity'. A development master plan for Hanoi was designed by Ernest Hebrard in 1924, but was only partially implemented. The previous close relationship between

4400-494: The capital of French Indochina from 1902 to 1945. After the August Revolution , the Democratic Republic of Vietnam designated Hanoi as the capital of the newly independent country. In 2008, Hà Tây Province and two other rural districts were annexed into Hanoi, almost tripling Hanoi's area. Hanoi is the cultural, economic and education center of Northern Vietnam . As the country's capital, it hosts 78 foreign embassies ,

4500-419: The capital of the imperial Vietnamese nation Đại Việt in modern-day central Hanoi, naming the city Thăng Long ( lit.   ' ascending dragon ' ). In 1428, king Lê Lợi renamed the city to Đông Kinh ( 東京 , lit.   ' eastern capital ' ), and remained being so until 1789. The Nguyễn dynasty in 1802 moved the national capital to Huế and the city was renamed Hanoi in 1831. It served as

4600-504: The capital to Huế . Thăng Long was no longer the capital, and its chữ Hán was changed from 昇龍 ( lit.   ' ascending dragon ' ) to the homophone 昇隆 ( lit.   ' ascent and prosperity ' ), in order to reduce any loyalist sentiment towards the old Lê dynasty. Emperors of Vietnam usually used dragon (龍 long ) as a symbol of their imperial strength and power. In 1831, the Nguyễn emperor Minh Mạng renamed it Hà Nội (河內). Hanoi

4700-485: The center of the Forbidden City thus bearing the most geomantically important location therein. The vestiges of Kinh Thiên Palace are only the old foundations and the steps up onto them, since the palace was demolished by the French to construct and artillery headquarters (a neoclassical building called the "Dragon House"). The front, south entrance of Kinh Thiên Palace platform features a large staircase consisting of 10 steps divided into three equal parts (used similarly to

4800-523: The citadel was seized by armies from the Revival Lê dynasty and re-established as the dynasty's capital city, undergoing more repairs in 1599 and serving as a symbolic seat of power and administrative heartland for the Trịnh lords . When the Nguyễn dynasty took control in 1802, after a period of war and Qing dynasty influence, the capital of Đại Việt was moved to Huế . A new Imperial Citadel, which followed

4900-439: The city has experienced a rapid boom since the 1990s, with average annual growth of 19.1 percent from 1991 to 1995, 15.9 percent from 1996 to 2000, and 20.9 percent during 2001–2003. In addition to eight existing industrial parks, Hanoi is building five new large-scale industrial parks and 16 small- and medium-sized industrial clusters. The non-state economic sector is expanding fast, with more than 48,000 businesses operating under

5000-404: The city to Daluocheng ( Chinese : 大羅城 ; Vietnamese : Đại La Thành ). He built a wall around the city measuring 6,344 meters, with some sections reaching over eight meters in height. Đại La at the time had approximately 25,000 residents, including small foreign communities of Persians, Arabs, Indian, Cham, Javanese, and Nestorian Christians . It became an important trading center of

5100-483: The city's image to attract foreigners. Many foreigners believe that the vendors add a traditional and nostalgic aura to the city, although street vending was much less common prior to the 1986 Đổi Mới policies. The vendors have not able to form effective resistance tactics to the ban and remain embedded in the dominant capitalist framework of modern Hanoi. Hanoi is part of the Maritime Silk Road that runs from

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5200-548: The city, such as McDonald's , Lotteria , Pizza Hut , KFC , and others. Locals in Hanoi perceive the ability to purchase " fast-food " as an indication of luxury and permanent fixtures. Similarly, city officials are motivated by food safety concerns and their aspirations for a "modern" city to replace the 67 traditional food markets with 1,000 supermarkets by 2025. This is likely to increase consumption of less nutritious foods, as traditional markets are key for consumption of fresh rather than processed foods. Over three-quarters of

5300-409: The end of the 19th century. Excavations beginning in 1998 revealed Lý , Trần , and Lê dynasty foundations as well as remains of fine pottery. The North Gate is the last standing gate of five built for the Nguyễn dynasty reconstruction of the citadel. The structure is mainly built of embellished brick and stone, and Lê dynasty foundations were found near the structure in 1998. The north face of

5400-496: The entire Forbidden City after it was destroyed by the Three Kings Rebellion . Later Lý rulers and rulers from dynasties would make additions and renovations to the complex. The material remains of the original structure are limited to the foundations of the complex (mostly made from terracotta ), an extensive drainage system, and various royal architectural decorations. The drainage and foundation systems are indicative of

5500-489: The entrance has a palatial-style pavilion added during the Nguyễn dynasty . The masonry and ornamentation employed are indicative of the period's construction techniques. In 2002, Vietnamese archaeologists, who were allowed to dig in the area, found the "ancient carriageway" of the Trần dynasty , using many Lý bricks, the study of which is still ongoing. Kinh Thiên Palace is the primary relic of Hanoi's Ancient Citadel, located in

5600-484: The famed Long Biên Bridge , built during French colonial times, and more recently to a new district to the east of the Red River . Several older names of Hanoi feature long ( 龍 , transl.  dragon ), linked to the curved formation of the Red River around the city, which was symbolized as a dragon. In 866, it was turned into a citadel and named Đại La ( 大羅 , lit.   ' big net ' ). This gave it

5700-453: The fastest-growing cities in the world in terms of GDP growth from 2008 to 2025. In the year 2013, Hanoi contributed 12.6% to GDP, exported 7.5% of total exports, contributed 17% to the national budget and attracted 22% investment capital of Vietnam. The city's nominal GDP at current prices reached 451,213 billion VND (US$ 21.48 billion) in 2013, which made per capita GDP stand at 63.3 million VND (US$ 3,000). Industrial production in

5800-476: The flag, 60 m including the base), it is a culturally significant landmark and frequently used as a symbol of the city. Built in 1812 during the Nguyễn dynasty during the Vauban reconstruction of the citadel, the tower, unlike many other structures in Hanoi, was spared during the French colonial rule as it was used as a military post (and as such is included as part of the Vietnam Military History Museum ). It stands on

5900-406: The foundation of the outer gate of the Forbidden City during the Lê dynasty . Đoan Môn is the archway leading to Kinh Thiên Palace and the primary (southernmost) entrance to the Forbidden City. Đoan Môn consists of five gates built of stone. A similar gate was constructed during the Lý dynasty , but the standing structure is dated to the Lê dynasty , with additions and reconstructions made during

6000-430: The gates of the Đoan Môn, with the central staircase reserved for the emperor and the others reserved for the royal family and officials) by two large dragon statues, constituting what are called the "Dragon Steps". These two stone dragons were carved in 1467 century during the Lê dynasty . Kinh Thiên Palace's stone dragon sculptures are considered a masterpiece of Vietnamese architectural and artistic heritage, representing

6100-458: The headquarters of People's Army of Vietnam , its own Vietnam National University system , and many other governmental organizations. Hanoi is also a major tourist destination, with 18.7 million domestic and international visitors in 2022. The city hosts the Imperial Citadel of Thăng Long , Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum , Hoàn Kiếm Lake , West Lake , and Ba Vì National Park near the outskirts of

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6200-544: The initial excavation, many restoration and heritage preservation projects have occurred at the site, including several National projects and a successful push for UNESCO recognition. The recognized world heritage site is about 18 hectares comprising two primary areas the Hanoi Ancient Citadel itself, where most of the standing Nguyễn dynasty remain, and the Archaeological Site 18 Hoàng Diệu Street directly to

6300-565: The international investment community being skeptical of the security of their investments in Vietnam. Rapid urban development and rising costs displaced many residential areas in central Hanoi. Following a short period of economic stagnation after the 1997 Asian financial crisis , Hanoi resumed its rapid economic growth. On 29 May 2008, it was decided that Hà Tây Province , Vĩnh Phúc Province 's Mê Linh District and four communes in Lương Sơn District , Hòa Bình Province be merged into

6400-526: The jobs in Hanoi are state-owned. Nine percent of jobs are provided by collectively owned organizations and 13.3% of jobs are in the private sector. The structure of employment has been changing rapidly as state-owned institutions downsize and private enterprises grow. Hanoi has in-migration controls which allow the city to accept only people who add skills Hanoi's economy. A 2006 census found that 5,600 rural produce vendors exist in Hanoi, with 90% of them coming from surrounding rural areas. These numbers indicate

6500-516: The late Palaeolithic and early Mesolithic ages can be found in Hanoi. Between 1971 and 1972, archaeologists in Ba Vì and Đông Anh discovered pebbles with traces of carving and processing by human hands that are relics of Sơn Vi Culture , dating from 10,000 to 20,000 years ago. In 1998–1999, the Museum of Vietnamese History (now National Museum of Vietnamese History ) carried out the archaeological studies in

6600-570: The local communities contributed 37% of the total budget. Local labor, community support, and joint funding were decided as necessary for the long-term sustainability of the project. Imperial Citadel of Th%C4%83ng Long During the early and middle Tang dynasty , modern Vietnam was administered as the Annan protectorate ( Vietnamese : An Nam đô hộ phủ) , with the seat of power located in Tong Binh (the area of modern Hanoi). In 866, after recapturing

6700-525: The main religions of Hanoi for many years. Most people consider themselves Buddhist, though not all of them regularly follow religion. There are more than 50 ethnic groups in Hanoi, of which the Viet (Kinh) is the largest; according to official Vietnamese figures (2019 census), accounting for 98.66% of the population, followed by Mường at 0.77% and Tày at 0.24%. According to a recent ranking by PricewaterhouseCoopers , Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City will be amongst

6800-522: The metropolitan area of Hanoi from 1 August 2008. Hanoi's total area then increased to 334,470 hectares in 29 subdivisions with the new population being 6,232,940, effectively tripling its size. The Hanoi Capital Region ( Vùng Thủ đô Hà Nội ), a metropolitan area covering Hanoi and six surrounding provinces under its administration, will have an area of 13,436 square kilometres (5,188 sq mi) with 15 million people by 2020. Hanoi has experienced rapid expansion in its modern period, accompanied by

6900-477: The most recent expansion in August 2008, Hanoi has a population of 6.233 million and is among the 17 capitals with the largest area in the world. According to the 2009 census, Hanoi's population is 6,451,909 people. As of 1 April 2019, Hanoi had a population of 8,053,663, including 3,991,919 males and 4,061,744 females. The population living in urban areas is 3,962,310 people, accounting for 49.2% and in rural areas

7000-427: The much greater earning potential in urban rather than in rural spaces. The uneducated, rural, and mostly female street vendors are depicted as participants of " microbusiness " and local grassroots economic development by business reports. In July 2008, Hanoi's city government devised a policy to partially ban street vendors and side-walk based commerce on 62 streets due to concerns about public health and "modernizing"

7100-575: The municipality. Hanoi's urban area has a wide range of architectural styles , including French colonial architecture , brutalist apartments typical of socialist nations and disorganized alleys – tube houses stemming from the city's rapid growth in the 20th century. Hanoi has had various names throughout history. It was known first as Long Biên ( 龍編 , lit.   ' dragons interweaving ' ), then Tống Bình ( 宋平 , lit.   ' Song pacification ' ) and Long Đỗ ( 龍肚 , lit.   ' dragon belly ' ). Long Biên later gave its name to

7200-918: The name to Tonkin and Gulf of Tonkin . A square adjacent to the Hoàn Kiếm lake was named Đông Kinh Nghĩa Thục after the reformist Tonkin Free School under French colonization. After the end of the Tây Sơn had expanded further south, the city was named Bắc Thành ( 北城 , lit.   ' northern citadel ' ). Minh Mạng renamed the city Hà Nội ( 河內 ) in 1831. This has remained its official name until modern times. Several unofficial names of Hanoi include: Kẻ Chợ (仉𢄂, lit.   ' marketplace ' ), Tràng An ( lit.   ' long peace ' ), Long Thành (short for Kinh thành Thăng Long , "citadel of Thăng Long"), Kinh Thành (capital city), Hà Thành (short for Thành phố Hà Nội , "city of Hanoi"), and Thủ Đô (capital). Many vestiges of human habitation from

7300-612: The neighborhood altogether. The pace of change has especially escalated after the abandonment of central-planning economic policies and relaxing of the district-based household registrar system. Hanoi's telephone numbers have been increased to 8 digits to cope with demand (October 2008). Subscribers' telephone numbers have been changed in a haphazard way; however, mobile phones and SIM cards are readily available in Vietnam, with pre-paid mobile phone credit available in all areas of Hanoi. The three teachings ( Vietnamese : tam giáo ) of Buddhism , Taoism , and Confucianism have been

7400-530: The new name of Đông Kinh. The rule of Đông Kinh under the Lê dynasty was very similar to the rule of Thăng Long under the Lý dynasty , with the change of name being largely symbolic. Lê Thái Tổ ordered repairs to the citadel after the damage caused left by the war with the Ming army . Rulers during the Mạc dynasty , controlled Đông Kinh from 1527 until 1592. In 1585 a period of construction began under Mạc Mậu Hợp . In 1592,

7500-462: The nickname La Thành ( 羅城 , lit.   ' La citadel ' ). Both Đại La and La Thành are names of major streets in modern Hanoi. When Lý Thái Tổ established the capital in the area in 1010, it was named Thăng Long ( 昇龍 ). Thăng Long later became the name of a major bridge on the highway linking the city center to Nội Bài Airport , and the Thăng Long Boulevard expressway in

7600-519: The north of Đồng Mô Lake  [ vi ] ( Sơn Tây , Hanoi), finding various relics and objects belonging to the Sơn Vi Culture dating back to the Paleolithic Age around 20,000 years ago. During the mid-Holocene transgression, the sea level rose and immersed low-lying areas; geological data clearly show the coastline was inundated and was located near present-day Hanoi, as is apparent from

7700-571: The northern and western parts of the city. The highest peak is at Ba Vi with 1281 m, located west of the city proper. When using the Köppen climate classification , Hanoi is categorized as having a monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate ( Köppen Cwa ) with plentiful precipitation like other places in Northern Vietnam. The city experiences the typical climate of Northern Vietnam, with four distinct seasons. Summer, from May to September,

7800-462: The population of the city was 132,145. After the First Indochina War , many French and Chinese people left the city to either move south or repatriate. Hanoi's population only started to increase rapidly in the second half 20th century. In 1954, the city had 53 thousand inhabitants, covering an area of 152 km . By 1961, the area of the city had expanded to 584 km , and the population

7900-441: The population. For the first time, the region formed part of a polity headed by a Chinese ruler. In 111 BC, the Han dynasty conquered Nanyue and ruled it for the next several hundred years. Han dynasty organized Nanyue into seven commanderies of the south (Lingnan) and now included three in Vietnam alone: Giao Chỉ and Cửu Chân, and a newly established Nhật Nam. In March of 40 AD, Trưng Trắc and Trưng Nhị, daughters of

8000-547: The protectorate from Nanzhao forces, Tang dynasty general Gao Pian re-established the protectorate as the Jinghaijun ordered the construction of the Đại La Citadel, which would later become the Imperial Citadel of Thăng Long. The fall of the Tang dynasty brought about a period of turbulent independence in Vietnam called the Anarchy of the 12 Warlords , which ended after the creation of

8100-503: The rapidly expanding city. Hanoi is a landlocked municipality in the northern region of Vietnam, situated in Vietnam's Red River delta, nearly 90 km (56 mi) from the coast. Hanoi contains three basic kinds of terrain, which are the delta area, the midland area and the mountainous zone. In general, the terrain becomes gradually lower from north to south and from west to east, with the average height ranging from 5 to 20 meters above sea level. Hills and mountainous zones are located in

8200-427: The redevelopment of culturally significant areas in Hanoi persuaded the national government to implement a low-rise policy surrounding Hoàn Kiếm Lake . The Ba Đình District is also protected from commercial redevelopment. On 12 September 2023, at least 56 people died in a huge fire in an apartment block in Hanoi. The fire highlighted the lack of adequate fire safety measures in many newly constructed apartments in

8300-411: The same three-sector plan as the Imperial Citadel at Thăng Long, was constructed there. Much of what was left of the Imperial Citadel of Thăng Long after the destructive war at the end of the 18th century was taken to serve the construction of the new citadel. In 1805, Gia Long enacted an extensive reconstruction of the old Imperial Citadel which truncated the complex and reconstructed the outer wall in

8400-565: The sculpture art of the early Lê dynasty . Another set of similar dragon statues—smaller, but similarly detailed and symbolic—were added to the rear of the palace at the turn of the 17th century. Also known as the Northern Palace ( Vietnamese : Tĩnh Bắc lâu) or the Princess' Palace, the standing structure was built during the Nguyễn dynasty to house concubines when the emperor was in Hanoi and significantly reconstructed after severe damage at

8500-466: The seat of the Vietnamese court until 1810, when the Nguyễn dynasty chose to move the capital to Huế . The ruins of the older citadel structures roughly coincide with the present-day Hanoi Citadel area in the Ba Đình District of the city. When the large complex was first built, Thang Long Citadel was built according to a plan of three sectors arranged in rings, similar to the modern layout. The outermost sector

8600-562: The site so that it would be more accessible and safe for visitors. Major archeological discoveries were made as part of a construction project in 2002–2004. In 2004, the Ministry of Defense moved from the Central Sector of the site so that the relics could be more completely conserved by the Hanoi People's Committee Department of Culture and Information. In 2009, the Citadel was inscribed as

8700-458: The site's large-scale urban design. Associated with the common view of the Lý dynasty as a Vietnamese "golden age" the archeological remains have deep significance to the national history of Vietnam. Following a successful revolution against the Ming dynasty occupation, Lê Lợi took the reign name Lê Thái Tổ and established the Lê dynasty in 1428, with the capital still in Thăng Long under

8800-472: The southwest of the city center. In modern times, the city is usually referred to as Thăng Long – Hà Nội , when its long history is discussed. During the Hồ dynasty , it was called Đông Đô ( 東都 , lit.   ' eastern metropolis ' ). During the Ming occupation , it was called Đông Quan ( 東關 , lit.   ' eastern gate ' ). During the Lê dynasty , Hanoi was known as Đông Kinh ( 東京 ), which gave

8900-503: The structure has cannon marks from the 1882 Battle for the Hanoi Citadel . From 1954 to 1975, the People's Army of Vietnam , had its headquarters within the Citadel. Building D67 was constructed (as the name suggests) in 1967. It was built the contemporary architectural style (to look like a house and hide its military significance) with many defensive features, including a 60-centimeter thick soundproofing wall, reinforced entrances, and

9000-421: The study of Thang Long pottery over several phases of history. Several exhibitions have displayed relics recovered from the Imperial Citadel since the excavations began. Since 2002, there have been several calls for an on-site museum to preserve archeological artefacts. Among the structures related to the Imperial City is the Hanoi Flag Tower ( Cột cờ Hà Nội ). Rising to a height of 33.4 m (41 m with

9100-447: The temperature reached up to 42.5 °C (108.5 °F) in a week. Hanoi can sometimes experience snow in winter. The most recent snow happened on Ba Vì mountain range , and the temperature fell to 0 °C (32 °F) on 24 January 2016. Hà Nội is divided into 12 urban districts, 1 district-leveled town and 17 rural districts. When Hà Tây was merged into Hanoi in 2008, Hà Đông was transformed into an urban district while Sơn Tây

9200-647: The town of Sơn Tây from Hà Sơn Bình Province , and the districts of Mê Linh and Sóc Sơn from Vĩnh Phú Province  [ vi ] . The five districts annexed from Hà Sơn Bình would be given to Hà Tây and Mê Linh to Vĩnh Phúc in 1991; they would be re-annexed into Hanoi in 2008. After the Đổi Mới economic policies were approved in 1986, the Communist Party and national and municipal governments hoped to attract international investments for urban development projects in Hanoi. High-rise commercial buildings did not begin to appear until ten years later due to

9300-622: The west. Similar to Ho Chi Minh City , Hanoi enjoys a rapidly developing real estate market. The most notable new urban areas are central Trung Hòa Nhân Chính, Mỹ Đình , the luxurious zones of The Manor, Ciputra, Royal City in the Nguyễn Trãi Street (Thanh Xuân District) and Times City in the Hai Bà Trưng District. With an estimated nominal GDP of US$ 42.04 billion as of 2019, it is the second most productive economic area of Vietnam (after Ho Chi Minh City ) Agriculture , previously

9400-415: The Đại La citadel under Gao Pian during the Tang dynasty , foundational and decorative remains from the Lý and Trần dynasties , remnants of Lê and Đông palaces, and structures indicating that the area was the center of the 19th century Hanoi citadel under the Nguyễn dynasty . The structural remains have recently led to new stylistic and structural insights about ancient Vietnamese architecture , which

9500-618: Was conquered and briefly occupied by the French military in late 1873 and passed to them ten years later . As Hanoi, it was located in the protectorate of Tonkin and became the capital of French Indochina in 1902. The city was occupied by the Imperial Japanese Army in 1940, Japan overthrew French rule in Hanoi in March 1945. After the fall of the Empire of Vietnam , it became the capital of

9600-416: Was 91,000 people. In 1978, National Assembly (Vietnam) decided to expand Hanoi for the second time to 2,136 km , with a population of 2.5 million people. By 1991, the area of Hanoi continued to change, decreasing to 924 km (357 sq mi), but the population was still over 2 million people. During the 1990s, Hanoi's population increased steadily, reaching 2,672,122 people in 1999. After

9700-523: Was created out of collaboration between planners from Hanoi and the National Institute of Urban and Rural Planning in the Ministry of Construction . The plan's three main objectives were to create housing and a new commercial center in an area known as Nghĩa Đô, expand residential and industrial areas in the Gia Lâm District , and develop the three southern corridors linking Hanoi to Hà Đông and

9800-532: Was founded by the Chinese Liu Song dynasty as the seat of a new district called Tống Bình (Songping) within Giao Chỉ commandery . The name refers to its pacification by the dynasty. It was elevated to its own commandery at some point between AD 454 and 464. The commandery included the districts of Yihuai (義懷) and Suining (綏寧) in the south of the Red River (now Từ Liêm and Hoài Đức districts) with

9900-682: Was largely demolished to make the land for offices and barracks. Except for the North Gate and the Flag Tower, what remains of Hanoi citadel to this day is only an archaeological site and restored. Systematic restoration and excavation began in the 21st century. In mid-1945 the Citadel was used by the Imperial Japanese Army to imprison over 4000 French colonial soldiers captured during the Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina in March 1945. During

10000-410: Was one of the primary points of historical value for the site's nomination. The current archeological results (cultural strata, artifacts) and geological survey results in the area are indicative of an ancient geomantic flow (in the north–south direction). Because natural ground has a poor load-bearing capacity, the architectural scale and complexity is considered a significant technical advancement of

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