A flue pipe (also referred to as a labial pipe ) is an organ pipe that produces sound through the vibration of air molecules, in the same manner as a recorder or a whistle , in a pipe organ . Air under pressure (called wind ) is driven through a flue and against a sharp lip called a labium , causing the column of air in the pipe to resonate at a frequency determined by the pipe length (see wind instrument ). Thus, there are no moving parts in a flue pipe. This is in contrast to reed pipes , whose sound is driven by beating reeds , as in a clarinet .
44-524: Waldflöte ("wood flute") may refer to: Flue pipe , the widest scale of tubes producing notes on a pipe organ. Project Waldflöte , a 1900-era Gray & Davison organ adapted for MIDI control in Edinburgh Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Waldflöte . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change
88-407: A standing wave forms in the tube. Reed instruments such as the clarinet or oboe have a flexible reed or reeds at the mouthpiece, forming a pressure-controlled valve. An increase in pressure inside the chamber will decrease the pressure differential across the reed; the reed will open more, increasing the flow of air. The increased flow of air will increase the internal pressure further, so
132-417: A fixed geometry. In a transverse flute or a pan flute the slit is formed by the musicians between their lips. Due to acoustic oscillation of the pipe the air in the pipe is alternatively compressed and expanded. This results in an alternating flow of air into and out of the pipe through the pipe mouth. The interaction of this transversal acoustic flow with the planar air jet induces at the flue exit (origin of
176-426: A flue pipe directly affects its tone. When comparing pipes of otherwise identical shape and size, a wide pipe will tend to produce a flute tone, a medium pipe a diapason tone, and a narrow pipe a string tone. These relationships are referred to as the scale of the pipe: i.e., wide-scaled, normal-scaled, or narrow-scaled. As a pipe's scale increases, more fundamental will be present, and fewer partials will be present in
220-409: A generation of acoustic waves, which maintain the pipe oscillation. The acoustic flow in the pipe can for a steady oscillation be described in terms of standing waves . These waves have a pressure node at the mouth opening and another pressure node at the opposite open pipe termination. Standing waves inside such an open-open tube will be multiples of a half- wavelength . To a rough approximation,
264-505: A much smaller degree also a change in humidity, influences the air density and thus the speed of sound, and therefore affects the tuning of wind instruments. The effect of thermal expansion of a wind instrument, even of a brass instrument, is negligible compared to the thermal effect on the air. The bell of a wind instrument is the round, flared opening opposite the mouthpiece. It is found on clarinets, saxophones, oboes, horns, trumpets and many other kinds of instruments. On brass instruments,
308-399: A pulse of high pressure arriving at the mouthpiece will reflect as a higher-pressure pulse back down the tube. Standing waves inside the tube will be odd multiples of a quarter- wavelength , with a pressure anti-node at the mouthpiece, and a pressure node at the open end. The reed vibrates at a rate determined by the resonator . For Lip Reed ( brass ) instruments, the players control
352-661: A range of nine octaves. A stop of diapason type may or may not actually be labelled "Diapason". The "Diapason" label is most commonly used in English and American-style organs, whereas the same type of stop is known as a "Prinzipal" or "Principal" on German-style organs, and in French organs they would typically be called "Montre" (literally on "Display" - i.e. the pipes at the front of the organ case) or "Prestant" ("standing in front" - Latin praestare ). Furthermore, diapasons at pitches higher than 8′ pitch (pronounced "8 foot", referring to
396-422: A small pipe or chimney built into the cap. Diapasons or principals produce the characteristic sound of the pipe organ. They are not intended to imitate any other instrument or sound. They are medium-scaled and often feature prominently in the façades of pipe organs, often painted and decorated. Diapasons appear throughout the entire range of the instrument, from 32′ pitch to 1′ pitch (not including mixtures ),
440-554: A specific kind of flute, such as the modern orchestral instrument, they produce similar sounds. A stopped flute, such as the Gedackt ( German for "covered"), produces a more muffled sound, while an open flute, such as the Waldflöte (German for "forest flute"), produces a rounder, open sound. The Flûte harmonique ( French for "harmonic flute"), whose use the great 19th-century French organ builder Aristide Cavaillé-Coll advocated,
484-429: A stopped pipe tends to be gentler and sweeter than that of an open pipe, though this is largely at the discretion of the voicer. In the system of organ flue pipe scaling , "flutes" are generally the widest flue pipes and produce the tone with the most fundamental and the least harmonics among flue pipes. They are so named because they sound like a flute instrument; though most flute stops are not intended to imitate
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#1733085745761528-402: A tin/lead alloy, for example, creates a very different tone than does zinc or copper metals or spotted or frosted alloys. Wind Instrument A wind instrument is a musical instrument that contains some type of resonator (usually a tube) in which a column of air is set into vibration by the player blowing into (or over) a mouthpiece set at or near the end of the resonator. The pitch of
572-400: A tube of about 40 cm. will exhibit resonances near the following points: In practice, however, obtaining a range of musically useful tones from a wind instrument depends to a great extent on careful instrument design and playing technique. The frequency of the vibrational modes depends on the speed of sound in air, which varies with air density . A change in temperature, and only to
616-568: A vibrating reed . On the other hand, the didgeridoo , the wooden cornett (not to be confused with the cornet ), and the serpent are all made of wood (or sometimes plastic), and the olifant is made from ivory , but all of them belong to the family of brass instruments because the vibration is initiated by the player's lips. In the Hornbostel-Sachs scheme of musical instrument classification , wind instruments are classed as aerophones . Sound production in all wind instruments depends on
660-422: A vibration of the wall. Hence the material in which the flute is made is not relevant for the principle of the sound production. There is no essential difference between a golden or a silver flute. The sound production in a flute can be described by a lumped element model in which the pipe acts as an acoustic swing (mass-spring system, resonator ) that preferentially oscillates at a natural frequency determined by
704-460: Is a metal flute pipe of double length with a hole punched in the center, which causes the pipe to speak at its first partial with a very round, intense sound. Cavaillé-Coll used the names Flûte Octaviante and Octavin for the 4-foot and 2-foot harmonic flutes, respectively. The Rohrflöte (German for "pipe flute", or more commonly "chimney flute" in English) is a stopped flute rank with
748-462: Is called "Ottava" and all the others are named after the harmonic they produce. They can go up to the "Quadragesima Terza" (43rd), a pipe of 1 ⁄ 8 ′ pitch. String pipes are the smallest-scaled (narrowest) flue pipes. They produce a bright sound that is low in fundamentals and rich in upper partials. String stops are generally named after bowed string instruments such as the Violoncelle ,
792-410: Is practised by a specialist voicer, who may also be the tuner. The resonator supports the oscillations of air generated at the mouth of the pipe, a horizontal opening at the juncture of the resonator with the foot. The voicing, the length of the resonator, and the resonator's volume all determine the fundamental pitch of the flue pipe. The conical taper of the pipe determines the overblown pitch. If
836-558: Is the toe hole , through which wind enters it. The length of the foot does not affect the pipe's pitch, so organ builders vary the foot lengths of their flue pipes depending on other factors, including the desired shape of the pipes in the façade, the height of the rackboard in which the pipes are seated, and the weight of the completed pipe. Voicing of a pipe organ is the art of achieving the required tonal quality from each pipe, as distinct from tuning (setting its pitch or frequency). The term only applies to flue pipes, not to reeds , and
880-695: The Gamba , the Geigen (from the German Geige , for violin ), and the Viol . One of the most famous organs with a String Division is the Wanamaker Organ . Often, an organ will feature two similarly-voiced stops, one tuned slightly sharp or flat of the other. When these stops are played together, a unique undulating effect results due to alternating constructive and destructive interference ( beat frequency ). Examples include
924-563: The Voix céleste (French for celestial voice ), typically tuned slightly sharp, and the Unda maris ( Latin for sea waves ), typically tuned slightly flat. String stops are most commonly used as undulating stops, though some builders have made undulating flute stops (notably Ernest M. Skinner 's Flute celeste). Rare outside Italy is an undulating diapason, as in the Italian "Voce Umana" (not to be confused with
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#1733085745761968-655: The Vox Humana , which is a soft reed stop with a short resonator). Some flue pipes are designed to produce the sounds of reed pipes or to imitate the sounds of orchestral instruments which are approximated by reed pipes. The sound is generally more mellow and sweet than that of a true reed pipe. Examples include the Saxophone, the Muted horn, the Clarinet flute, and the Echo oboe. The diameter of
1012-502: The Principal, Flute, and String classes, and some stops from the Hybrid class. Flue pipes may be metallic or wooden. Metal pipes are usually circular in cross section; wooden pipes are usually square or rectangular, though triangular and round wooden pipes do exist. A flue pipe has two major parts, a foot and a resonator. The foot is the bottom portion of the pipe, usually conical. At its base
1056-409: The acoustical coupling from the bore to the outside air occurs at the bell for all notes, and the shape of the bell optimizes this coupling. It also plays a major role in transforming the resonances of the instrument. On woodwinds, most notes vent at the uppermost open tone holes; only the lowest notes of each register vent fully or partly at the bell, and the bell's function in this case is to improve
1100-473: The consistency in tone between these notes and the others. Playing some wind instruments, in particular those involving high breath pressure resistance, produce increases in intraocular pressure , which has been linked to glaucoma as a potential health risk. One 2011 study focused on brass and woodwind instruments observed "temporary and sometimes dramatic elevations and fluctuations in IOP". Another study found that
1144-419: The edgetone can be predicted from a measurement of the unsteady force induced by the jet flow on the sharp edge (labium). The sound production by the reaction of the wall to an unsteady force of the flow around an object is also producing the aeolian sound of a cylinder placed normal to an air-flow (singing wire phenomenon). In all these cases (flute, edgetone, aeolian tone...) the sound production does not involve
1188-438: The entry of air into a flow-control valve attached to a resonant chamber ( resonator ). The resonator is typically a long cylindrical or conical tube, open at the far end. A pulse of high pressure from the valve will travel down the tube at the speed of sound . It will be reflected from the open end as a return pulse of low pressure. Under suitable conditions, the valve will reflect the pulse back, with increased energy, until
1232-424: The hand holding the cigarette results into an oscillation of the plume increasing with distance upwards and eventually a chaotic motion (turbulence). The same jet oscillation can be triggered by gentle air flow in the room, which can be verified by waving with the other hand. The oscillation of the jet around the labium results into a fluctuating force of the airflow on the labium. Following the third law of Newton
1276-427: The jet) a localised perturbation of the velocity profile of the jet. This perturbation is strongly amplified by the intrinsic instability of the jet as the fluid travels towards the labium. This results into a global transversal motion of the jet at the labium. The amplification of perturbations of a jet by its intrinsic instability can be observed when looking at a plume of cigarette smoke. Any small amplitude motion of
1320-409: The labium exerts an opposite reaction force on the flow. One can demonstrate that this reaction force is the source of sound that drives the acoustic oscillation of the pipe. A quantitative demonstration of the nature of this type of sound source has been provided by Alan Powell when studying a planar jet interacting with a sharp edge in the absence of pipe (so called edgetone). The sound radiated from
1364-475: The last method, often in combination with one of the others, to extend their register. Wind instruments are typically grouped into two families: Woodwind instruments were originally made of wood, just as brass instruments were made of brass, but instruments are categorized based on how the sound is produced, not by the material used to construct them. For example, saxophones are typically made of brass, but are woodwind instruments because they produce sound with
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1408-399: The length of the resonator part of the longest pipe of the stop) are often labelled with other names. For example, on English-style organs, the stops called Principal and Fifteenth sound one octave and two octave pitches respectively above the 8′ Diapason; on German-style organs, the name Octav is used to indicate the stop an octave above the 8′ Prinzipal, and similarly for French instruments,
1452-411: The length of the tube. The instability of the jet acts as an amplifier transferring energy from the steady jet flow at the flue exit to the oscillating flow around the labium. The pipe forms with the jet a feedback loop. These two elements are coupled at the flue exit and at the labium. At the flue exit the transversal acoustic flow of the pipe perturbs the jet. At the labium the jet oscillation results in
1496-439: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waldflöte&oldid=327307560 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Articles containing German-language text Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Flue pipe Flue pipes include all stops of
1540-409: The mouth to strike just above the edge of the upper lip. This creates a Bernoulli effect , or "siphon effect", causing a low pressure area to be created just below the mouth. When this low pressure area reaches a critical stage, it pulls the airstream past the edge of the mouth, filling the vacuum. This alternately pressurizes the inside and outside of the opening, pressurizing and rarefying the air in
1584-401: The mouth. This allows air to flow as a sheet of wind directed towards the pipe's mouth. Flat pieces of metal or wood called ears may be attached to the sides of the mouth for tuning purposes, and a horizontal dowel called a roller or beard may be affixed at the pipe to ensure prompt pipe speech. When wind is driven into the foot of the pipe, a sheet of wind is focused by the windway across
1628-426: The mouthpiece, and a pressure node at the open end. For Air Reed ( flute and fipple -flute) instruments, the thin grazing air sheet (planar jet) flowing across an opening (mouth) in the pipe interacts with a sharp edge (labium) to generate sound. The jet is generated by the player, when blowing through a thin slit (flue). For recorders and flue organ pipes this slit is manufactured by the instrument maker and has
1672-503: The names Octave and Doublette for 4′ and 2′ pitches respectively are commonly used. In Italian organs, the 8′ and sometime the 16′ pitches are called "Principale" and form the foundation of the entire organ. One characteristic of the classic Italian organ (from the 16th century on) is the separated "Ripieno". The "Ripieno" includes many Diapason stops, all separate, in contrast to the German and French style "Fourniture" and "Mixtur". The 4′ pitch
1716-431: The particular organ and the repertory being played. The end of the pipe opposite the mouth may be either open or closed (also known as Gedackt or stopped ). A closed pipe sounds an octave lower than an open pipe of the same length. Also, an open pipe produces a tone in which both the even-numbered and the odd-numbered partials are present, while a stopped pipe produces a tone with odd-numbered partials. The tone of
1760-409: The pipe is metal, a tuning sleeve or tuning collar may be fixed at the top of the resonator and raised or lowered to vary its length, thereby adjusting the pitch produced. Between the foot and the resonator, the side of the pipe containing the mouth is flat. A plate of metal or wood called a languid , fixed horizontally here, blocks the airway, except for a small slot called the windway alongside
1804-469: The pipe's resonator. The column of air in the resonator thus vibrates at a frequency determined by the pipe's dimensions. See Wind Instrument . Flue pipes generally belong to one of three tonal families: flutes , diapasons (or principals ), and strings . The basic "foundation" (from the French term fonds ) sound of an organ is composed of varying combinations of these three tonal groups, depending upon
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1848-407: The tension in their lips so that they vibrate under the influence of the air flowing through them. They adjust the vibration so that the lips are most closed, and the air flow is lowest, when a low-pressure pulse arrives at the mouthpiece, to reflect a low-pressure pulse back down the tube. Standing waves inside the tube will be odd multiples of a quarter- wavelength , with a pressure anti-node at
1892-401: The tone. Thus, the tone becomes richer and fuller as the pipe's diameter widens from string scale to principal scale to flute scale. The material out of which the pipe is constructed also has much to do with the pipe's final sound. While recent scientific studies have shown that the nature of the metal used in making the pipe has little or no effect on the final sound , organ builders agree that
1936-421: The vibration is determined by the length of the tube and by manual modifications of the effective length of the vibrating column of air. In the case of some wind instruments, sound is produced by blowing through a reed; others require buzzing into a metal mouthpiece, while yet others require the player to blow into a hole at an edge, which splits the air column and creates the sound. Almost all wind instruments use
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