76-424: The Waldenburg railway ( German : Waldenburgerbahn ; WB) is a narrow-gauge light rail system in the canton of Basel-Landschaft , Switzerland. The 13.1-kilometre (8.1 mi) long single-track line runs from Liestal , the capital of the canton, to Waldenburg , with stops in Bubendorf , Hölstein , Niederdorf , and Oberdorf . It connects to SBB train services in Liestal railway station . The line
152-460: A de facto official language of Namibia after the end of German colonial rule alongside English and Afrikaans , and had de jure co-official status from 1984 until its independence from South Africa in 1990. However, the Namibian government perceived Afrikaans and German as symbols of apartheid and colonialism, and decided English would be the sole official language upon independence, stating that it
228-463: A hook See also [ edit ] [REDACTED] Trains portal List of secondary, industrial and Decauville railways in Argentina List of track gauges References [ edit ] ^ Standard steam locomotives ^ Jane's World Railways . 1969–1970. ^ "Bolivia: Ley de 6 de enero de 1910" . ^ Children's Railways of
304-402: A second language , and 75–100 million as a foreign language . This would imply the existence of approximately 175–220 million German speakers worldwide. German sociolinguist Ulrich Ammon estimated a number of 289 million German foreign language speakers without clarifying the criteria by which he classified a speaker. As of 2012 , about 90 million people, or 16% of
380-587: A "commonly used" language and the Pan South African Language Board is obligated to promote and ensure respect for it. Cameroon was also a colony of the German Empire from the same period (1884 to 1916). However, German was replaced by French and English, the languages of the two successor colonial powers, after its loss in World War I . Nevertheless, since the 21st century, German has become
456-1262: A Chone Estonia Main article: Narrow-gauge railways in Estonia Finland Formerly numerous privately owned railways, Jokioinen Railway France CF Economiques Forestiers des Landes Georgia A children's railway in Mushthaid Park in Tbilisi Greece Diakofto–Kalavryta Railway between Diakopto and Kalavryta in Peloponnese Germany Döllnitzbahn GmbH Lößnitzgrundbahn Narrow-gauge railways in Saxony Weißeritztalbahn Zittauer Schmalspurbahn Indonesia Used by some sugar mills in Java, such as Banjaratma, Madukismo, Ceper Baru, Colomadu, Tasikmadu, Pakis Baru, and Trangkil. Only Tasikmadu dan Madukismo are still operating. Used in
532-1110: A Río Piedras 1880-1900 (defunct) Russia Main article: Narrow-gauge railways in Russia Spain FC de Flassa a Palamos, Gerona y Banolas FC de Onda al Grao de Castellon y Villareal-Puerto de Burriana FC de San Feliu de Guixois a Gerona FC Granada a Sierra Nevada FC Valdepenas a Puertollano Switzerland International Rhine Regulation Railway Marzilibahn funicular Waldenburgerbahn , 1880–2021; converted to metre-gauge 2021–22 Turkey Ilıca–Palamutluk railway Samsun–Çarşamba Railway Line Ukraine Main article: Narrow-gauge railways in Ukraine Uzbekistan A railway in National Park of Uzbekistan in Tashkent Gallery [ edit ] Examples and details of 750 mm gauge railways [REDACTED] Measuring by
608-473: A deadline extension. On 25 November 1879, the Waldenburgerbahn was founded as a separate company and took over the concession for the railway from Liestal to Waldenburg. After only eight months' construction, the railway opened on 30 October 1880. Seats were provided in second- and third-class carriages. In 1881, the railway served eight stations with four journeys in each direction. The fastest journey over
684-556: A greater need for regularity in written conventions. While the major changes of the MHG period were socio-cultural, High German was still undergoing significant linguistic changes in syntax, phonetics, and morphology as well (e.g. diphthongization of certain vowel sounds: hus (OHG & MHG "house") → haus (regionally in later MHG)→ Haus (NHG), and weakening of unstressed short vowels to schwa [ə]: taga (OHG "days")→ tage (MHG)). A great wealth of texts survives from
760-453: A native tongue today, mostly descendants of German colonial settlers . The period of German colonialism in Namibia also led to the evolution of a Standard German-based pidgin language called " Namibian Black German ", which became a second language for parts of the indigenous population. Although it is nearly extinct today, some older Namibians still have some knowledge of it. German remained
836-679: A popular foreign language among pupils and students, with 300,000 people learning or speaking German in Cameroon in 2010 and over 230,000 in 2020. Today Cameroon is one of the African countries outside Namibia with the highest number of people learning German. In the United States, German is the fifth most spoken language in terms of native and second language speakers after English, Spanish , French , and Chinese (with figures for Cantonese and Mandarin combined), with over 1 million total speakers. In
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#1732869099504912-475: A result, the surviving texts are written in highly disparate regional dialects and exhibit significant Latin influence, particularly in vocabulary. At this point monasteries, where most written works were produced, were dominated by Latin, and German saw only occasional use in official and ecclesiastical writing. While there is no complete agreement over the dates of the Middle High German (MHG) period, it
988-580: Is a recognized minority language in the following countries: In France, the High German varieties of Alsatian and Moselle Franconian are identified as " regional languages ", but the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages of 1998 has not yet been ratified by the government. Namibia also was a colony of the German Empire, from 1884 to 1915. About 30,000 people still speak German as
1064-596: Is also notable for its broad spectrum of dialects , with many varieties existing in Europe and other parts of the world. Some of these non-standard varieties have become recognized and protected by regional or national governments. Since 2004, heads of state of the German-speaking countries have met every year, and the Council for German Orthography has been the main international body regulating German orthography . German
1140-546: Is an Indo-European language that belongs to the West Germanic group of the Germanic languages . The Germanic languages are traditionally subdivided into three branches: North Germanic , East Germanic , and West Germanic . The first of these branches survives in modern Danish , Swedish , Norwegian , Faroese , and Icelandic , all of which are descended from Old Norse . The East Germanic languages are now extinct, and Gothic
1216-472: Is called the "German Sprachraum ". German is the official language of the following countries: German is a co-official language of the following countries: Although expulsions and (forced) assimilation after the two World wars greatly diminished them, minority communities of mostly bilingual German native speakers exist in areas both adjacent to and detached from the Sprachraum. Within Europe, German
1292-430: Is complicated by the existence of several varieties whose status as separate "languages" or "dialects" is disputed for political and linguistic reasons, including quantitatively strong varieties like certain forms of Alemannic and Low German . With the inclusion or exclusion of certain varieties, it is estimated that approximately 90–95 million people speak German as a first language , 10–25 million speak it as
1368-520: Is generally seen as ending when the 1346–53 Black Death decimated Europe's population. Modern High German begins with the Early New High German (ENHG) period, which Wilhelm Scherer dates 1350–1650, terminating with the end of the Thirty Years' War . This period saw the further displacement of Latin by German as the primary language of courtly proceedings and, increasingly, of literature in
1444-595: Is generally seen as lasting from 1050 to 1350. This was a period of significant expansion of the geographical territory occupied by Germanic tribes, and consequently of the number of German speakers. Whereas during the Old High German period the Germanic tribes extended only as far east as the Elbe and Saale rivers, the MHG period saw a number of these tribes expanding beyond this eastern boundary into Slavic territory (known as
1520-559: Is less closely related to languages based on Low Franconian dialects (e.g., Dutch and Afrikaans), Low German or Low Saxon dialects (spoken in northern Germany and southern Denmark ), neither of which underwent the High German consonant shift. As has been noted, the former of these dialect types is Istvaeonic and the latter Ingvaeonic, whereas the High German dialects are all Irminonic; the differences between these languages and standard German are therefore considerable. Also related to German are
1596-435: Is one of the major languages of the world . German is the second-most widely spoken Germanic language , after English, both as a first and as a second language . German is also widely taught as a foreign language , especially in continental Europe (where it is the third most taught foreign language after English and French), and in the United States. Overall, German is the fourth most commonly learned second language, and
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#17328690995041672-587: Is one of the three biggest newspapers in Namibia and the only German-language daily in Africa. An estimated 12,000 people speak German or a German variety as a first language in South Africa, mostly originating from different waves of immigration during the 19th and 20th centuries. One of the largest communities consists of the speakers of "Nataler Deutsch", a variety of Low German concentrated in and around Wartburg . The South African constitution identifies German as
1748-401: Is partly derived from Latin and Greek , along with fewer words borrowed from French and Modern English . English, however, is the main source of more recent loanwords . German is a pluricentric language ; the three standardized variants are German , Austrian , and Swiss Standard German . Standard German is sometimes called High German , which refers to its regional origin. German
1824-510: Is the Sachsenspiegel , the first book of laws written in Middle Low German ( c. 1220 ). The abundance and especially the secular character of the literature of the MHG period demonstrate the beginnings of a standardized written form of German, as well as the desire of poets and authors to be understood by individuals on supra-dialectal terms. The Middle High German period
1900-566: Is the only language in this branch which survives in written texts. The West Germanic languages, however, have undergone extensive dialectal subdivision and are now represented in modern languages such as English, German, Dutch , Yiddish , Afrikaans , and others. Within the West Germanic language dialect continuum, the Benrath and Uerdingen lines (running through Düsseldorf - Benrath and Krefeld - Uerdingen , respectively) serve to distinguish
1976-481: Is understood in all areas where German is spoken. Approximate distribution of native German speakers (assuming a rounded total of 95 million) worldwide: As a result of the German diaspora , as well as the popularity of German taught as a foreign language , the geographical distribution of German speakers (or "Germanophones") spans all inhabited continents. However, an exact, global number of native German speakers
2052-673: The Ostsiedlung ). With the increasing wealth and geographic spread of the Germanic groups came greater use of German in the courts of nobles as the standard language of official proceedings and literature. A clear example of this is the mittelhochdeutsche Dichtersprache employed in the Hohenstaufen court in Swabia as a standardized supra-dialectal written language. While these efforts were still regionally bound, German began to be used in place of Latin for certain official purposes, leading to
2128-627: The Alamanni , Bavarian, and Thuringian groups, all belonging to the Elbe Germanic group ( Irminones ), which had settled in what is now southern-central Germany and Austria between the second and sixth centuries, during the great migration. In general, the surviving texts of Old High German (OHG) show a wide range of dialectal diversity with very little written uniformity. The early written tradition of OHG survived mostly through monasteries and scriptoria as local translations of Latin originals; as
2204-522: The Early Middle Ages . German is an inflected language , with four cases for nouns, pronouns, and adjectives (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative); three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter) and two numbers (singular, plural). It has strong and weak verbs . The majority of its vocabulary derives from the ancient Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family, while a smaller share
2280-473: The European Union 's population, spoke German as their mother tongue, making it the second most widely spoken language on the continent after Russian and the second biggest language in terms of overall speakers (after English), as well as the most spoken native language. The area in central Europe where the majority of the population speaks German as a first language and has German as a (co-)official language
2356-514: The German states . While these states were still part of the Holy Roman Empire , and far from any form of unification, the desire for a cohesive written language that would be understandable across the many German-speaking principalities and kingdoms was stronger than ever. As a spoken language German remained highly fractured throughout this period, with a vast number of often mutually incomprehensible regional dialects being spoken throughout
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2432-724: The Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I , and the other being Meißner Deutsch , used in the Electorate of Saxony in the Duchy of Saxe-Wittenberg . Alongside these courtly written standards, the invention of the printing press led to the development of a number of printers' languages ( Druckersprachen ) aimed at making printed material readable and understandable across as many diverse dialects of German as possible. The greater ease of production and increased availability of written texts brought about increased standardisation in
2508-644: The Old High German language in several Elder Futhark inscriptions from as early as the sixth century AD (such as the Pforzen buckle ), the Old High German period is generally seen as beginning with the Abrogans (written c. 765–775 ), a Latin-German glossary supplying over 3,000 Old High German words with their Latin equivalents. After the Abrogans , the first coherent works written in Old High German appear in
2584-640: The Sprachraum in Europe. German is used in a wide variety of spheres throughout the country, especially in business, tourism, and public signage, as well as in education, churches (most notably the German-speaking Evangelical Lutheran Church in Namibia (GELK) ), other cultural spheres such as music, and media (such as German language radio programs by the Namibian Broadcasting Corporation ). The Allgemeine Zeitung
2660-536: The Standard German language in its written form, and the Duden Handbook was declared its standard definition. Punctuation and compound spelling (joined or isolated compounds) were not standardized in the process. The Deutsche Bühnensprache ( lit. ' German stage language ' ) by Theodor Siebs had established conventions for German pronunciation in theatres , three years earlier; however, this
2736-503: The Upper German dialects spoken in the southern German-speaking countries , such as Swiss German ( Alemannic dialects ) and the various Germanic dialects spoken in the French region of Grand Est , such as Alsatian (mainly Alemannic, but also Central–and Upper Franconian dialects) and Lorraine Franconian (Central Franconian). After these High German dialects, standard German
2812-973: The Weisseritz Valley Railway in Germany [REDACTED] TU8 diesel locomotive in Arkhangelsk Oblast , Russia 750 mm ( 2 ft 5 + 1 ⁄ 2 in ) narrow-gauge railways are very similar to 760 mm ( 2 ft 5 + 15 ⁄ 16 in ) and 2 ft 6 in ( 762 mm ) gauge. 750 mm gauge rolling stock is almost compatible with 760 and 762 mm railways. Railways [ edit ] Country/territory Railway Algeria Societe Anonyme des Mines du Zaccar Argentina Central Chubut Railway Ferrocarril General Manuel Belgrano ; stretch of 48 mi (77.2 km) now probably 1,000 mm ( 3 ft 3 + 3 ⁄ 8 in ), like
2888-462: The pagan Germanic tradition. Of particular interest to scholars, however, has been the Hildebrandslied , a secular epic poem telling the tale of an estranged father and son unknowingly meeting each other in battle. Linguistically, this text is highly interesting due to the mixed use of Old Saxon and Old High German dialects in its composition. The written works of this period stem mainly from
2964-667: The Čierny Hron Railway in Slovakia. German language German (German: Deutsch , pronounced [dɔʏtʃ] ) is a West Germanic language in the Indo-European language family , mainly spoken in Western and Central Europe . It is the most spoken native language within the European Union . It is the most widely spoken and official (or co-official) language in Germany , Austria , Switzerland , Liechtenstein , and
3040-714: The Empire. Its use indicated that the speaker was a merchant or someone from an urban area, regardless of nationality. Prague (German: Prag ) and Budapest ( Buda , German: Ofen ), to name two examples, were gradually Germanized in the years after their incorporation into the Habsburg domain; others, like Pressburg ( Pozsony , now Bratislava), were originally settled during the Habsburg period and were primarily German at that time. Prague, Budapest, Bratislava, and cities like Zagreb (German: Agram ) or Ljubljana (German: Laibach ), contained significant German minorities. In
3116-718: The Frisian languages— North Frisian (spoken in Nordfriesland ), Saterland Frisian (spoken in Saterland ), and West Frisian (spoken in Friesland )—as well as the Anglic languages of English and Scots. These Anglo-Frisian dialects did not take part in the High German consonant shift, and the Anglic languages also adopted much vocabulary from both Old Norse and the Norman language . The history of
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3192-524: The German language begins with the High German consonant shift during the Migration Period , which separated Old High German dialects from Old Saxon . This sound shift involved a drastic change in the pronunciation of both voiced and voiceless stop consonants ( b , d , g , and p , t , k , respectively). The primary effects of the shift were the following below. While there is written evidence of
3268-447: The German states; the invention of the printing press c. 1440 and the publication of Luther's vernacular translation of the Bible in 1534, however, had an immense effect on standardizing German as a supra-dialectal written language. The ENHG period saw the rise of several important cross-regional forms of chancery German, one being gemeine tiutsch , used in the court of
3344-675: The Germanic dialects that were affected by the High German consonant shift (south of Benrath) from those that were not (north of Uerdingen). The various regional dialects spoken south of these lines are grouped as High German dialects, while those spoken to the north comprise the Low German and Low Franconian dialects. As members of the West Germanic language family, High German, Low German, and Low Franconian have been proposed to be further distinguished historically as Irminonic , Ingvaeonic , and Istvaeonic , respectively. This classification indicates their historical descent from dialects spoken by
3420-646: The Irminones (also known as the Elbe group), Ingvaeones (or North Sea Germanic group), and Istvaeones (or Weser–Rhine group). Standard German is based on a combination of Thuringian - Upper Saxon and Upper Franconian dialects, which are Central German and Upper German dialects belonging to the High German dialect group. German is therefore closely related to the other languages based on High German dialects, such as Luxembourgish (based on Central Franconian dialects ) and Yiddish . Also closely related to Standard German are
3496-1008: The Italian autonomous province of South Tyrol . It is also an official language of Luxembourg , Belgium and the Italian autonomous region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia , as well as a recognized national language in Namibia . There are also notable German-speaking communities in France ( Alsace ), the Czech Republic ( North Bohemia ), Poland ( Upper Silesia ), Slovakia ( Košice Region , Spiš , and Hauerland ), Denmark ( North Schleswig ), Romania and Hungary ( Sopron ). Overseas, sizeable communities of German-speakers are found in Brazil ( Blumenau and Pomerode ), South Africa ( Kroondal ), Namibia , among others, some communities have decidedly Austrian German or Swiss German characters (e.g. Pozuzo , Peru). German
3572-507: The MHG period. Significantly, these texts include a number of impressive secular works, such as the Nibelungenlied , an epic poem telling the story of the dragon -slayer Siegfried ( c. thirteenth century ), and the Iwein , an Arthurian verse poem by Hartmann von Aue ( c. 1203 ), lyric poems , and courtly romances such as Parzival and Tristan . Also noteworthy
3648-1017: The construction of Atjeh Tram . Kazakhstan Main article: Narrow-gauge railways in Kazakhstan Latvia Main article: Narrow-gauge railways in Latvia Lithuania Main article: Narrow-gauge railways in Lithuania Morocco Industrial and mine railways in former Spanish Morocco (all defunct) Netherlands Various tram systems (all defunct) Norway Nesttun–Os Line ; 1894–1935 Sulitjelma Line ; 1892–1915, converted to 1,067 mm ( 3 ft 6 in ), dismantled 1972 Urskog–Høland Line ; heritage Poland Main article: Narrow-gauge railways in Poland Puerto Rico Tranvía de la Capital
3724-430: The development of non-local forms of language and exposed all speakers to forms of German from outside their own area. With Luther's rendering of the Bible in the vernacular, German asserted itself against the dominance of Latin as a legitimate language for courtly, literary, and now ecclesiastical subject-matter. His Bible was ubiquitous in the German states: nearly every household possessed a copy. Nevertheless, even with
3800-404: The dialect so as to make the work as natural and accessible to German speakers as possible. Copies of Luther's Bible featured a long list of glosses for each region, translating words which were unknown in the region into the regional dialect. Luther said the following concerning his translation method: One who would talk German does not ask the Latin how he shall do it; he must ask the mother in
3876-435: The eastern provinces of Banat , Bukovina , and Transylvania (German: Banat, Buchenland, Siebenbürgen ), German was the predominant language not only in the larger towns—like Temeschburg ( Timișoara ), Hermannstadt ( Sibiu ), and Kronstadt ( Brașov )—but also in many smaller localities in the surrounding areas. In 1901, the Second Orthographic Conference ended with a (nearly) complete standardization of
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#17328690995043952-4660: The former USSR – Past and Present v t e Track gauge ( list ) Minimum-gauge Minimum-gauge railways 15 in ( 381 mm ) 400 mm ( 15 + 3 ⁄ 4 in ) 16 in ( 406 mm ) 18 in ( 457 mm ) 19 in ( 483 mm ) 500 mm ( 19 + 3 ⁄ 4 in ) 20 in ( 508 mm ) 21 in ( 533 mm ) 1 ft 10 in ( 559 mm ) Narrow gauge 2 foot and 600 mm 2 ft 3 in ( 686 mm ) 750 mm ( 2 ft 5 + 1 ⁄ 2 in ) 760 mm ( 2 ft 5 + 15 ⁄ 16 in ) 2 ft 6 in ( 762 mm ) 800 mm ( 2 ft 7 + 1 ⁄ 2 in ) 891 mm ( 2 ft 11 + 3 ⁄ 32 in ) Swedish three foot 900 mm ( 2 ft 11 + 7 ⁄ 16 in ) 3 ft ( 914 mm ) 950 mm ( 3 ft 1 + 3 ⁄ 8 in ) Italian metre gauge 1,000 mm ( 3 ft 3 + 3 ⁄ 8 in ) metre gauge 1,050 mm ( 3 ft 5 + 11 ⁄ 32 in ), 1,055 mm ( 3 ft 5 + 1 ⁄ 2 in ), 3 ft 6 in ( 1,067 mm ) 1,093 mm ( 3 ft 7 in ), 1,100 mm ( 3 ft 7 + 5 ⁄ 16 in ), 1,200 mm ( 3 ft 11 + 1 ⁄ 4 in ) 4 ft ( 1,219 mm ) 4 ft 1 in ( 1,245 mm ), Middleton Railway 4 ft 6 in ( 1,372 mm ), Scotch gauge 4 ft 6 + 1 ⁄ 2 in ( 1,384 mm ), Scotch gauge 4 ft 7 + 3 ⁄ 4 in ( 1,416 mm ) 4 ft 8 in ( 1,422 mm ), almost standard gauge 4 ft 8 + 1 ⁄ 4 in ( 1,429 mm ) 1,432 mm ( 4 ft 8 + 3 ⁄ 8 in ) Standard gauge 4 ft 8 + 1 ⁄ 2 in / 1,435 mm , Stephenson gauge Broad gauge 1,440 mm ( 4 ft 8 + 11 ⁄ 16 in ) 1,445 mm ( 4 ft 8 + 7 ⁄ 8 in ) 1,450 mm ( 4 ft 9 + 3 ⁄ 32 in ) 4 ft 9 + 3 ⁄ 8 in ( 1,457 mm ) 1,458 mm ( 4 ft 9 + 13 ⁄ 32 in ) 4 ft 10 + 7 ⁄ 8 in ( 1,495 mm ), Toronto gauge 5 ft / 1,524 mm and 1,520 mm ( 4 ft 11 + 27 ⁄ 32 in ), Russian gauge. 5 ft 2 + 1 ⁄ 4 in / 1,581 mm and 5 ft 2 + 1 ⁄ 2 in / 1,588 mm , Pennsylvania gauge 5 ft 3 in ( 1,600 mm ), Irish gauge 5 ft 4 + 1 ⁄ 2 in ( 1,638 mm ), Baltimore gauge 1,668 mm ( 5 ft 5 + 21 ⁄ 32 in ), Iberian gauge 5 ft 6 in ( 1,676 mm ), Indian gauge 1,945 mm ( 6 ft 4 + 9 ⁄ 16 in ), De Arend 7 ft 1 ⁄ 4 in ( 2,140 mm ), Brunel gauge 3,000 mm ( 9 ft 10 + 1 ⁄ 8 in ), Breitspurbahn 8,200 mm ( 26 ft 10 + 27 ⁄ 32 in ), Lärchwandschrägaufzug 9,000 mm ( 29 ft 6 + 5 ⁄ 16 in ), Krasnoyarsk ship lift List of track gauge articles List of track gauges List of tram track gauges Miniature railways Minimum-gauge railways Large amusement railways Gauge differences Bogie exchange Break of gauge Dual gauge Gauge conversion list Variable gauge Transport mode Tram and light rail Rapid transit Miniature Scale model Categories by country by imperial units by metric units by name lists of track gauges Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=750_mm_gauge_railways&oldid=1240866560 " Category : 750 mm gauge railways Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description
4028-435: The home, the children on the streets, the common man in the market-place and note carefully how they talk, then translate accordingly. They will then understand what is said to them because it is German. When Christ says ' ex abundantia cordis os loquitur ,' I would translate, if I followed the papists, aus dem Überflusz des Herzens redet der Mund . But tell me is this talking German? What German understands such stuff? No,
4104-417: The influence of Luther's Bible as an unofficial written standard, a widely accepted standard for written German did not appear until the middle of the eighteenth century. German was the language of commerce and government in the Habsburg Empire , which encompassed a large area of Central and Eastern Europe . Until the mid-nineteenth century, it was essentially the language of townspeople throughout most of
4180-3029: The largest concentrations of German speakers are in the states of Rio Grande do Sul (where Riograndenser Hunsrückisch developed), Santa Catarina , and Espírito Santo . 750 mm gauge railways Railway track gauge Track gauge By transport mode Rapid transit Tram Miniature Scale model By size ( list ) [REDACTED] Minimum Fifteen inch 381 mm (15 in) Narrow 600 mm 600 mm (1 ft 11 + 5 ⁄ 8 in) Two foot 610 mm (2 ft) Two foot three inch 686 mm (2 ft 3 in) 750 mm 750 mm (2 ft 5 + 1 ⁄ 2 in) Bosnian gauge 760 mm (2 ft 5 + 15 ⁄ 16 in) Two foot six inch 762 mm (2 ft 6 in) Swedish three foot 891 mm (2 ft 11 + 3 ⁄ 32 in) 900 mm 900 mm (2 ft 11 + 7 ⁄ 16 in) Three foot 914 mm (3 ft) Italian metre 950 mm (3 ft 1 + 13 ⁄ 32 in) Metre 1,000 mm (3 ft 3 + 3 ⁄ 8 in) Three foot six inch 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) Four foot 1,219 mm (4 ft) Four foot six inch 1,372 mm (4 ft 6 in) 1432 mm 1,432 mm (4 ft 8 + 3 ⁄ 8 in) Standard 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 + 1 ⁄ 2 in) Broad Italian broad gauge 1,445 mm (4 ft 8 + 7 ⁄ 8 in) Dresden gauge 1,450 mm (4 ft 9 + 3 ⁄ 32 in) Leipzig gauge 1,458 mm (4 ft 9 + 13 ⁄ 32 in) Toronto gauge 1,495 mm (4 ft 10 + 7 ⁄ 8 in) 1520 mm 1,520 mm (4 ft 11 + 27 ⁄ 32 in) Five foot 1,524 mm (5 ft) Pennsylvania gauge 1,581 mm (5 ft 2 + 1 ⁄ 4 in) Pennsylvania gauge 1,588 mm (5 ft 2 + 1 ⁄ 2 in) Five foot three inch 1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in) Baltimore gauge 1,638 mm (5 ft 4 + 1 ⁄ 2 in) Iberian gauge 1,668 mm (5 ft 5 + 21 ⁄ 32 in) Five foot six inch 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) Six foot 1,829 mm (6 ft) Brunel 2,140 mm (7 ft 1 ⁄ 4 in) Breitspurbahn 3,000 mm (9 ft 10 1 ⁄ 8 in) Change of gauge Bogie exchange Break of gauge Dual gauge Conversion list Variable gauge By location North America South America Europe Australia [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Locomotive 99 1746 of
4256-453: The line was reopened as a metre gauge railway. The journey over the whole line takes around 24 minutes. The line forms part of the Tarifverbund Nordwestschweiz (TNW) common fare network, and is numbered 19 in that network's publicity, but this number is not displayed on the vehicles. The line runs a half-hourly service throughout the day, with additional trains during peak hours. Tourist services were formerly operated from spring to autumn by
4332-402: The mother in the home and the plain man would say, Wesz das Herz voll ist, des gehet der Mund über . Luther's translation of the Bible into High German was also decisive for the German language and its evolution from Early New High German to modern Standard German. The publication of Luther's Bible was a decisive moment in the spread of literacy in early modern Germany , and promoted
4408-423: The ninth century, chief among them being the Muspilli , Merseburg charms , and Hildebrandslied , and other religious texts (the Georgslied , Ludwigslied , Evangelienbuch , and translated hymns and prayers). The Muspilli is a Christian poem written in a Bavarian dialect offering an account of the soul after the Last Judgment , and the Merseburg charms are transcriptions of spells and charms from
4484-520: The only operating steam locomotive on the line, 1902-built Number 5 Gédéon Thommen . With the forthcoming conversion of the line to metre gauge, the "Thommen" was retired in September 2018 and is now in a new static display at Talhaus station Ten metre-gauge seven-section articulated Tramlink vehicles were built specially for the line by Stadler Rail . They are painted in the standard yellow Baselland Transport (BLT) livery. The rolling stock built between 1985 and 1993 has been sold for further service on
4560-462: The pronunciation of the ending -ig as [ɪk] instead of [ɪç]. In Northern Germany, High German was a foreign language to most inhabitants, whose native dialects were subsets of Low German. It was usually encountered only in writing or formal speech; in fact, most of High German was a written language, not identical to any spoken dialect, throughout the German-speaking area until well into the 19th century. However, wider standardization of pronunciation
4636-477: The railway began, using 1500 V DC . New rolling stock was acquired for this. The pre-2021 rolling stock, consisting of seven railcars and 10 control cars was acquired between 1986 and 1993, replacing the 1953 stock. In late 2015, the government of Basel-Landschaft canton approved a plan to convert the line from 750 mm gauge to meter gauge in 2023. This will involve new passing loops and extensive reconstruction at Liestal and Waldenburg. The first step
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#17328690995044712-824: The rest of the network La Trochita ; 174 mi (280.0 km) Ramal Ferro Industrial Río Turbio [ es ] Austria International Rhine Regulation Railway Armenia Yerevan Children's railway Azerbaijan Baku Children's railway Belarus Children's Railroad (Minsk) ; Rudensk peat railway, field railway from Dukštas, ( Lithuania ) to Druja Bolivia FC Vinto - Cochabamba - Arani; 42 mi (68 km) 1914-1948 Chile Ferrocarril Yungay–Barrancas [ es ] Czech Republic Frýdlant–Heřmanice Railway Egypt Egyptian Delta Light Railways , Fayoum Light Railway Ecuador FC El Oro, Southern line FC de Bahia
4788-418: The standard yellow Baselland Transport (BLT) livery. A concession was granted by the canton of Basel-Landschaft on 18 June 1871 for the construction of a narrow gauge railway from Liestal to Waldenburg and eventually further to Langenbruck. In 1873, the concession was altered to give the Swiss Central Railway the commission to build the railway. For financial reasons in 1876 the Swiss Central Railway requested
4864-492: The states of North Dakota and South Dakota , German is the most common language spoken at home after English. As a legacy of significant German immigration to the country , German geographical names can be found throughout the Midwest region , such as New Ulm and Bismarck (North Dakota's state capital), plus many other regions. A number of German varieties have developed in the country and are still spoken today, such as Pennsylvania Dutch and Texas German . In Brazil,
4940-682: The tape measure [REDACTED] A rail [REDACTED] 750 mm gauge railways of Zaplyusye's peat company [REDACTED] Map of 750 mm ( 2 ft 5 + 1 ⁄ 2 in ) gauge tramways in the Achterhoek of Gelderland [REDACTED] Standard gauge freight cars on Rollbock , 750 mm ( 2 ft 5 + 1 ⁄ 2 in ) gauge [REDACTED] Rollbock track 750 mm ( 2 ft 5 + 1 ⁄ 2 in ) gauge [REDACTED] Narrow gauge flat wagons, 750 mm ( 2 ft 5 + 1 ⁄ 2 in ) & Note single buffer , and two chains each with
5016-449: The third most commonly learned second language in the United States in K-12 education. The language has been influential in the fields of philosophy, theology, science, and technology. It is the second most commonly used language in science and the third most widely used language on websites . The German-speaking countries are ranked fifth in terms of annual publication of new books, with one-tenth of all books (including e-books) in
5092-515: The whole 13 km line took 56 minutes. In 1909, a committee made an application for the construction of and operation of an electric narrow-gauge railway from Waldenburg through Langenbruck to Balsthal, with a connection from St.Wolfgang to Mümliswil. The outbreak of World War I stopped plans for the extension of the line, and a 1912 proposal to electrify the line and regauge it to 1,000 mm ( 3 ft 3 + 3 ⁄ 8 in ) gauge. On 26 October 1953, electric operation of
5168-438: The world being published in German. German is most closely related to other West Germanic languages, namely Afrikaans , Dutch , English , the Frisian languages , and Scots . It also contains close similarities in vocabulary to some languages in the North Germanic group , such as Danish , Norwegian , and Swedish . Modern German gradually developed from Old High German , which in turn developed from Proto-Germanic during
5244-415: The written form of German. One of the central events in the development of ENHG was the publication of Luther's translation of the Bible into High German (the New Testament was published in 1522; the Old Testament was published in parts and completed in 1534). Luther based his translation primarily on the Meißner Deutsch of Saxony , spending much time among the population of Saxony researching
5320-429: Was a "neutral" language as there were virtually no English native speakers in Namibia at that time. German, Afrikaans, and several indigenous languages thus became "national languages" by law, identifying them as elements of the cultural heritage of the nation and ensuring that the state acknowledged and supported their presence in the country. Today, Namibia is considered to be the only German-speaking country outside of
5396-407: Was an artificial standard that did not correspond to any traditional spoken dialect. Rather, it was based on the pronunciation of German in Northern Germany, although it was subsequently regarded often as a general prescriptive norm, despite differing pronunciation traditions especially in the Upper-German-speaking regions that still characterise the dialect of the area today – especially
5472-485: Was established on the basis of public speaking in theatres and the media during the 20th century and documented in pronouncing dictionaries. Official revisions of some of the rules from 1901 were not issued until the controversial German orthography reform of 1996 was made the official standard by governments of all German-speaking countries. Media and written works are now almost all produced in Standard German which
5548-556: Was operated by steam-hauled trains until 1953, when electric operation began. New rolling stock was introduced from 1985. On 5 April 2021, the line closed for rebuilding to 1,000 mm ( 3 ft 3 + 3 ⁄ 8 in ), and reopened on 11 December 2022. The 750 mm gauge rolling stock was sold for further service on the Čierny Hron Railway in Slovakia . Since 2022 the line has used used ten metre-gauge seven-car Tramlink vehicles built by Stadler Rail . They are painted in
5624-436: Was sold to Čierny Hron Railway in Slovakia . In addition to regauging the line, the following improvements were made: The line was originally built to 750 mm ( 2 ft 5 + 1 ⁄ 2 in ) gauge, and is electrified at 1500 V DC . For most of its route, the line takes the form of a single-track roadside electric tramway. There are 11 intermediate stops, and six passing loops. In December 2022,
5700-458: Was temporarily closed between April 2021 and December 2022 for modernisation and conversion to metre gauge. Since 2016, the line has been operated by Baselland Transport (BLT), and was, with the exception of a few industrial and funicular lines, the only line in Switzerland with a track gauge of 750 mm ( 2 ft 5 + 1 ⁄ 2 in ). It was opened on 1 November 1880 and
5776-460: Was the remodelling of Talhaus station (finished in 2018). Fully automatic operation is also being contemplated. Waldenburgerbahn AG merged into Baselland Transport in 2016. In 2019 BLT ordered ten new light rail vehicles for use on the line after the conversion to metre gauge. The line closed for conversion to 1,000 mm ( 3 ft 3 + 3 ⁄ 8 in ) on 6 April 2021, and reopened on 11 December 2022. The 1980s era rolling stock
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