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107-533: Waitākere Ward is a district of Auckland Council in New Zealand. It consists of the part of the old Waitakere City lying west of a line from Te Atatū Peninsula to Titirangi . The ward elects two councillors, currently Shane Henderson and Ken Turner , who have oversight of its two local boards, Henderson-Massey and Waitākere Ranges . Waitākere ward covers 358.95 km (138.59 sq mi) and had an estimated population of 192,900 as of June 2024, with

214-423: A Royal Commission on Auckland Governance to report on what restructuring should be done. The report was released on 27 March 2009 and the government subsequently announced that a "super city" would be set up to include the full metropolitan area under an Auckland Council with a single mayor and 20–30 local boards, by the time of the local body elections in 2010, though it also changed some key recommendations of

321-456: A 320 acres (130 ha) block to American whaler William Webster, at the northeastern headwaters of Oruamo or Hellyers Creek , near Bayview . Webster on-sold the land to Thomas Hellyer on 13 October 1840, who established the Retreat, a house which included a kauri sawpit, a hut, and a workshop. The Retreat became well known among sailors, who would stop at the Retreat for fresh water and beer from

428-568: A chairperson appointed by the mayor and a subset of the governing body members. The following council took office during October 2022: Auckland Council has substantive CCOs and a number of smaller ones. Eke Panuku Development Auckland resulted from a merging of Auckland Council Property Ltd and Waterfront Auckland on 1 September 2015. Tātaki Auckland Unlimited resulted from a merging of Regional Facilities Auckland (RFA) and Auckland Tourism, Events and Economic Development (ATEED) on 1 December 2020. Auckland Council Investments Limited (ACIL)

535-473: A flax mill at Lucas Creek ( Albany ), where a small settlement developed, and the Callan family settled at Northcote in 1843, where Phillip Callan established industry at Sulphur Beach, establishing a brickyard and soapworks. While Auckland grew throughout the 1850s, North Shore settlements remained sparse. Farming, while possible in the volcanic south-east, was much more difficult on the inner North Shore, due to

642-454: A further dispute emerged. As set out in the third bill establishing the future Auckland Council, major functions (such as transport, water services and Auckland waterfront development) were to be devolved into council-controlled organisations (CCOs) controlled by unelected boards, operating at "arm's length" from Council. This separation, as argued by backers of the move, had become necessary due to "local politicians [having] failed to deliver

749-488: A group of local businessmen, the tram led to Milford and Takapuna rapidly developing, and helped communities further north develop. The tramway soon became unpopular, and closed only 17 years after opening. Fruit growing on the North Shore was no longer as profitable, and began disappearing by the 1930s. During World War II , coastal defenses were established along the coast, between Takapuna and Long Bay . In 1959,

856-461: A large proportion of the kauri gum diggers until the invasion. By the 1880s, Dalmatian immigrants had become a large part of the kauri gum digging workforce, along with British , Fijian and Pasifika people. Devonport had grown into a centre for boatbuilding in New Zealand by the mid-1860s, and rural communities were gradually being established at Northcote and Birkenhead due to ferry services linking these communities to Auckland township. By

963-482: A mostly centre-left council, with Len Brown as mayor. Brown was re-elected in October 2013 , again with a largely supportive council. The 2016 mayoral election was won by Labour MP Phil Goff , who had a landslide victory over his nearest rivals, Victoria Crone and future Green Party MP Chlöe Swarbrick . Goff won re-election in the 2019 mayoral election and chose not to run in the 2022 mayoral election , which

1070-473: A number of ways, and "could not stand". They also noted that saddling the super city with this system would be the most serious handicap, and a recipe for a "frustrated and disappointed citizenry". Several editorialists went even further and accused the ACT party, and especially Rodney Hide, of preparing Auckland's assets for a sell-off, and of setting up the structure to allow it even before Aucklanders got to vote on

1177-799: A population density of 537 people per km. Waitākere ward had a population of 170,514 at the 2018 New Zealand census , an increase of 14,433 people (9.2%) since the 2013 census , and an increase of 26,226 people (18.2%) since the 2006 census . There were 52,704 households, comprising 84,312 males and 86,205 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.98 males per female. The median age was 34.1 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 38,010 people (22.3%) aged under 15 years, 36,177 (21.2%) aged 15 to 29, 78,606 (46.1%) aged 30 to 64, and 17,724 (10.4%) aged 65 or older. Ethnicities were 56.6% European/ Pākehā , 15.8% Māori , 18.1% Pacific peoples , 23.3% Asian , and 3.6% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity. The percentage of people born overseas

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1284-428: A portage between Ngataringa Bay and Narrow Neck Beach, located underneath the reclaimed land at Waitemata Golf Club, which was underwater during king tides . Browns Bay was often a stopping point on journeys, for Māori travelling between the north and Tāmaki Makaurau to the south. For much of Māori history, the North Shore acted as a buffer zone, between Te Tai Tokerau Māori in the north and Tāmaki Māori tribes in

1391-453: A rural surrounding. Eventually, many moved here permanently, commuting to work in Auckland via ferry. The East Coast Bays became popular vacation destinations in the 1910s and 1920s, with visitors primarily arriving by steam ship. In 1910, a private tramway was established, which conveyed passengers between the ferry at Bayswater to Milford . Planned as a way to improve land prices by

1498-478: A salary for a local board member of around $ 37,100 was insufficient for what amounted to a full-time position. Numerous residents of and (to some degree) the councils of the Franklin and Rodney Districts opposed their inclusion in the new supercity, and instead campaigned for retention of their councils, or inclusion with other, more rural-focused councils in the north (such as merging the areas north of Puhoi with

1605-572: A series of articles and editorials in March 2010 criticising the proposed move, which was described as "The lockout of Auckland", arguing that elected councillors would have little control over the day-to-day decisions, and potentially even over massive changes such as Auckland's waterfront development or the city's transport focus. The main Herald editorials noted that the CCO concept introduced "undemocratic elements" in

1712-464: A shield for the City of Auckland against the threat of potential invasion from northern and Hauraki tribes. Patuone's people lived in the area until the 1880s. Patuone named his settlement Waiwharariki , meaning "Waters of Wharariki", a mat made of harakeke flax. Patuone's lands at Waiwharariki included a peach tree orchard and a village of twenty huts. Many Ngāpuhi from the settlement worked on

1819-663: A tourism destination for Aucklanders. The North Shore rapidly suburbanised after the construction of the Auckland Harbour Bridge in 1959, and by 1989 the five local authorities in the area amalgamated to create North Shore City , which existed until 2010. The name North Shore has been used in English as far back as 1843, and has traditionally been defined as the area north of the Waitematā Harbour as far as Lucas Creek and Ōkura River . Other areas referred to as part of

1926-448: Is found in the names of organisations such as Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Te Raki Paewhenua, Te Raki Paewhenua Committee, and the health and social service organisation Te Puna Hauora o te Raki Paewhenua. In the mid-19th century, Māori language texts predominantly use the names Takapuna , or Awataha , to describe the North Shore. Takapuna, a name originally given to a spring at Maungauika / North Head , had gradually grown to refer to

2033-559: Is one of the major geographical regions of Auckland , the largest city in New Zealand . The area is defined as the northern shores of the Waitematā Harbour as far north as the Ōkura River . The North Shore is primarily uplifted Waitemata Group sandstone from the Miocene , and includes the northernmost features of the Auckland volcanic field , such as Lake Pupuke , the oldest known feature of

2140-617: Is the local government council for the Auckland Region in New Zealand. It is a territorial authority that has the responsibilities, duties and powers of a regional council and so is a unitary authority , according to the Local Government (Auckland Council) Act 2009, which established the council. The governing body consists of a mayor and 20 councillors, elected from 13 wards. There are also 149 members of 21 local boards who make decisions on matters local to their communities. It

2247-514: Is the largest council in Oceania , with a $ 3 billion annual budget, $ 29 billion of ratepayer equity, and 9,870 full-time staff as of 30 June 2016. The council began operating on 1 November 2010, combining the functions of the previous regional council and the region's seven city and district councils into one "super council" or "super city". The council was established by a number of Acts of Parliament, and an Auckland Transition Agency, also created by

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2354-637: The Auckland Chamber of Commerce and the Employers & Manufacturers Association. Supporters included the New Zealand Council for Infrastructure Development, a right-wing think tank. The introduction of Auckland Transport , the CCO for transport functions (with more than half the city's future rate spend), was discouraged even by the government's own Treasury and Department of Internal Affairs, as well as other departments. The main proponents of

2461-503: The Auckland Harbour Bridge was constructed, which led to rapid suburbanisation across the North Shore. The population grew from 55,000 in 1959 to over 107,000 by 1971. While there were few opportunities for employment on the North Shore in the 1950s, this changed with the establishment of industrial areas at Wairau Valley and Barrys Point. The mid to late-20th century saw an influx in Urban Māori populations, alongside immigrants from

2568-476: The Kaipara District area) or the south. There was a perception that these rural areas would receive very little benefit in terms of infrastructure for their rates' money, and that they would be swallowed up by an Auckland that has different interests and character than their communities. Politicians such as Rodney Hide answered that inclusion is necessary to allow a regional approach to the wider interests of

2675-687: The Northern Busway as well as significant rail and public transport investments were realised through the Auckland Regional Transport Authority , much of it supported by retaining Ports of Auckland in public hands (after the deregulation of the Auckland Harbour Board ) to fund the improvements with the dividends. Until 2010, the Auckland Region had seven "City/District" authorities, plus one "Regional" authority. In

2782-478: The tōtara cultivar Aurea, also known by the name Albany Gold. Tāmaki Māori settlement of the Auckland Region began around the 13th or 14th centuries. The Devonport area was one of the earliest settled in the region, known to be settled by Tāmaki Māori ancestor Peretū. Toi-te-huatahi and his followers settled and intermarried with these early peoples. Around the year 1350, the Tainui migratory canoe visited

2889-459: The 1840s, including Takarangi (baptised as Rīria), sister of Te Kupenga, a chief of Ngāti Paoa. Her husband Eruera Maihi Patuone was a Ngāpuhi chief, who spent time between different trading posts across the Hauraki Gulf, including Waiheke and Devonport. The settlement at Te Haukapua (Torpedo Bay) was known for gardens of potatoes and cabbages, pig farming, and as a place where shark meat

2996-468: The 1880s, Birkenhead, Northcote, Takapuna and Albany had developed into rural centres, while at the same time Devonport had developed into a commuter suburb for Auckland. By this time, the population of the North Shore had grown to 2,000 people, of whom 65% lived at Devonport. Almost all residents of the North Shore during this period were from the British Isles. Fruit growing became a major industry for

3103-528: The Auckland Council consists of the mayor, deputy mayor, and 19 other members. The members of the governing body are elected from thirteen wards across the Council area using the first-past-the-post system every three years at the same time as the mayor. Decision-making for the governing body's areas of oversight is done by committees, a few of which consist of the whole governing body, and most of which consist of

3210-680: The Auckland Region in the mid-1830s, Ngāti Whātua focused resettlement in the Māngere - Onehunga area, while Te Kawerau ā Maki focused settlement at Te Henga / Bethells Beach and Ngāi Tai ki Tāmaki primarily focused resettlement in East Auckland and the Pōhutukawa Coast . Ngāti Pāoa primarily focused live at Wharekawa and Waiheke Island , and were more confident occupying the North Shore, after peace had been forged between Ngāpuhi and Ngāti Pāoa in 1833. Hetaraka Takapuna and his people resettled

3317-772: The Auckland Regional Policy Statement, four regional plans and seven district plans of Auckland's legacy councils following amalgamation. The AUP was prepared through a streamlined plan making process established by the Local Government (Auckland Transitional Provisions) Amendment Act 2013. The AUP was publicly notified in September 2013 and received over 13,000 submissions and further submissions. The submissions were heard by an Independent Hearings Panel, chaired by Environment Court Judge D A Kirkpatrick, which provided its recommendations to Auckland Council in July 2016. The AUP

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3424-543: The CCO responsible for non-transport investment assets, manages Council investments worth $ 2.54 billion, including a 22.4% stake in Auckland Airport worth $ 1.13 billion, as well as a 100% share of Ports of Auckland Limited worth $ 1.08 billion, and Auckland Film Studios, worth $ 8 million (values at May 2014). The council owns and manages 28 regional parks around the region. Most of the parks were inherited from Auckland Regional Council . Auckland Council rates combine

3531-497: The CCO system, Prime Minister John Key , Local Government Minister Rodney Hide and Transport Minister Steven Joyce , remained adamant about the introduction (and the appropriateness) of the system. Others, like the New Zealand Council for Infrastructure Development called the claim that the mayor and council would have no ability to hold the CCOs accountable "farcial nonsense". The New Zealand Herald , Auckland's largest newspaper, ran

3638-585: The Council's money was spent on "Art services and galleries, events, museums, parks, recreation facilities and the zoo", while 22% was spent on "transport management". Further big elements were "Planning and regulation" at 14.5% and "Community services, libraries, emergency management and cemeteries" at 11.5%. As of 2016, 38% of rates were spent on "transport", 27% on "parks, community and lifestyle", 16% on "environmental management and regulation", 8% on "Auckland development", 6% on "Economic and cultural development" and 5% on "governance and support". Some aspects of

3745-650: The New Zealand Government independently. Brown also claimed that exiting the LGNZ would save the Auckland Council NZ$ 64,000 a year, helping to reduce its debt. The Auckland Council's decision to leave LGNZ was criticised as detrimental to Auckland ratepayers and cooperation with other local councils by fellow councillors Richard Hills , Andy Baker , Julie Fairey , and LGNZ President Stuart Crosby . The mayor has significant executive powers, their own staff and

3852-535: The North Shore include Pāremoremo , Lucas Heights , and Dairy Flat , the latter of which is the home of North Shore Aerodrome . Ōkura and Redvale , rural villages located between metropolitan Auckland and the Hibiscus Coast , are considered a part of the North Shore. Major centres on the North Shore include Albany , Birkenhead , Browns Bay , Devonport , Glenfield , Northcote and Takapuna . Te Whenua Roa o Kahu and Te Raki Paewhenua are

3959-459: The North Shore was increasingly difficult to permanently settle due to skirmished between from Te Tai Tokerau Māori and Ngāti Manuhiri to the north, and Te Kawerau ā Maki chiefs encouraged Ngāti Paoa to refortify Maungauika / North Head. Ngāpuhi sieged Maungauika / North Head in the winter of 1793, after which the Ngāti Paoa residents at Maungauika / North Head fled to Waiheke Island. The leader of

4066-536: The North Shore, stopping at the freshwater spring southwest of Maungauika / North Head , and at the Waiake Lagoon (Deep Creek). Boat Rock ( Te Nihokiore , "The Rat's Tooth") in the Waitematā Harbour southwest of Birkenhead was a location of great significance to Tāmaki Māori . The rock was the location where Te Arawa chief Kahumatamomoe placed a mauri stone (a stone of religious significance), naming

4173-431: The North Shore, the 260 metres (850 ft) Rangitoto Island , dominates the horizon for many of the bays along the eastern coast. The island is the youngest feature of the field, having erupted around the year 1,500. The North Shore comprises a large suburban area to the north of downtown Auckland; linked to the rest of the greater Auckland metropolitan area by two harbour bridges – the Auckland Harbour Bridge crosses

4280-597: The North Shore. During the early 1820s, most Māori of the North Shore fled for the Waikato or Northland due to the threat of Ngāpuhi war parties during the Musket Wars . Pā and kāinga along the coastline were attacked, including Maungauika / North Head. Ngāti Whātua left an ahi kā presence at Tauhinu pā in Greenhithe: a small number of warriors posted to maintain claim to land. When people returned in greater numbers to

4387-617: The Northcote area in the 1830s, living on the shores of Tank Farm into the 1890s. His people were members of the te Kawerau ā Maki hapū of Ngāti Kahu and Ngāti Poataniwha, who had close associations to Ngāti Taimanawaiti (Ngāi Tai ki Tāmaki) and Ngāti Paoa. Most early European settlers of the 1830s were not attracted to the North Shore, due to few Māori inhabitants in the area, and the shore's resources being difficult to extract. The earliest private land sales took place on 17 April 1837, when Ngāti Whātua rangatira Nanihi and Tuire sold Te Pukapuka,

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4494-572: The Onewa Domain is a remnant native forest dominated by kahikatea and taraire trees. Fernhill Escarpment in Albany is a remnant forest which had tōtara trees estimated to be 800 years old. In 1974, Graeme Platt established the first commercial native plant nursery in New Zealand. Many of his plants were local to the Albany area, meaning many native plants across New Zealand planted in the 1970s and 1980s originate from North Shore forests. This includes

4601-658: The Pacific Islands, the Netherlands and Britain, many drawn by industrial jobs and by the seaside atmosphere of the eastern bays, or to the semi-rural lifestyle blocks around Albany. In 1963, the Second National Government of New Zealand requisitioned 1,500 acres (610 ha) of Albany under the Public Works Act, in order to construct a state housing project. Work was rapidly halted in 1969, and plans for

4708-630: The Queen and give up their weapons. Most people refused due to strong links to Tainui, leaving for the south, before the Government instigated the Invasion of the Waikato . On the North Shore, a curfew was placed on all Māori vessels, and most Māori residents of the North Shore quickly left, including the kāinga at Te Haukapua (Torpedo Bay), which European residents reported was evacuated overnight. Māori made up

4815-602: The Retreat's brewhouse. On 22 December 1841, Hellyer's body was discovered at the Retreat, and while an investigation took place, no person was convicted of his murder. When Auckland was declared the capital of New Zealand in 1840, settlers and land speculators began to take more interest in the North Shore. The North Shore was included in the Mahurangi Block, an area purchased by the Crown on 13 April 1841. The Crown negotiated this sale with some iwi with customary interests in

4922-474: The Royal Commission. Some recommendations of the Royal Commission, which have not been adopted or implemented: The council was set up by three pieces of legislation, the Local Government (Tamaki Makaurau Reorganisation) Act 2009, the Local Government (Auckland Council) Act 2009 and the Local Government (Auckland Transitional Provisions) Act 2010. The initial Council elections in October 2010 returned

5029-613: The Waitematā ("The Waters of the Stone") after the stone. Over time, many of the early Tāmaki Māori people of the North Shore identified as Ngā Oho . While the poor soils of the central North Shore acted as a barrier to agriculture and settlement, people settled the coastal margins, most notably the volcanic south-east, Long Bay ( Te Oneroa ō Kahu ), Kauri Point in Chatswood , and Tauhinu at Greenhithe . Stonefield gardens were constructed on

5136-598: The Waterfront and Queen Street , turning Nelson and Hobson Street from wide one-way roads into two-way roads with more trees and urban amenity, and a waterfront walk- and cycleway. The Council owns approximately $ 34 billion of assets (2010), including over 100,000 hectares of open space, parks and reserves, as well as the large transport assets administered by the Auckland Transport CCO (see that article for more detail). Auckland Council Investments Limited (ACIL),

5243-600: The ability to appoint the chairpersons of the council's committees. Some columnists stated in 2010 that the post was the second most powerful public position in New Zealand, after the prime minister . However, when the Minister for the Rugby World Cup, Murray McCully , took control of the Rugby World Cup fan area on the Auckland waterfront in 2011 without first notifying mayor Len Brown , columnist John Armstrong declared

5350-500: The area are greywacke and argillite, and a number of the headlands are formed from harder Parnell grit rocks, produced by lahars during the Miocene. The North Shore and wider Rodney area feature small areas of Albany Conglomerate rock. The North Shore is home to the northernmost features of the Auckland volcanic field . Lake Pupuke , a volcanic maar located in Takapuna , is one of

5457-497: The area, such as Ngāti Paoa, other Marutūāhu iwi and Ngāi Tai ki Tāmaki, but not others, such as Te Kawerau ā Maki or Ngāti Rango; spending until 1873 rectifying this sale. In 1840, the first European building was constructed at Devonport, a powder magazine built at what is now Windsor Reserve. Devonport was of immediate importance to the Royal Navy , due to its proximity to Auckland, and because large vessels could be anchored at

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5564-496: The area. d'Urville was the first person to record the name Takapuna for the lower North Shore, when he labelled the area Taka Pouni on an 1833 map. Early contact with Europeans in the late 18th century caused many Tāmaki Māori to die of rewharewha , respiratory diseases. By the first half of the 19th century, the Upper Waitematā Harbour area near modern-day Greenhithe area was one of the most densely settled areas of

5671-422: The arrival of military personnel, and by 1885 a reliable ferry service had been established between Devonport and Auckland. By the late 1880s, Takapuna had developed into a destination for tourists, with Lake Pupuke being the main attraction until the late 1900s, when Takapuna Beach rose in prominence. Takapuna and Milford quickly became popular spots for wealthy businessmen building summer homes to entertain in

5778-559: The case of Auckland Transport, that with most of the expertise, staff and planning ability being held in the "semi-autonomous" CCO, the council would not have the central planning and policy role as claimed by the proponents of the system, but would instead have to share (or compete for) this role with Auckland Transport. It also argued that the Royal Commission suggested a strong council and subservient CCOs, not vice versa. North Shore, New Zealand The North Shore ( Māori : Te Whenua Roa ō Kahu or Māori : Te Raki Paewhenua )

5885-603: The central North Shore from the 1860s, most notably for growing varieties of strawberries that flourished in clay soils. Birkenhead grew as a community after 1884 when the Colonial Sugar Refining Company established the Chelsea Sugar Refinery . By the 1890s, Albany had become the leading fruit growing area in Auckland. 30,000 to 50,000 cases of apples and pears were being produced each year, with many being exported to Australia. Fears of invasion by

5992-669: The central government. Both the means by which the council was established, and its structure came under repeated criticism from a broad spectrum during the establishment period. The Auckland Council took over the functions of the Auckland Regional Council and the region's seven city and district councils: Auckland City Council , Manukau City Council , Waitakere City Council , North Shore City Council , Papakura District Council , Rodney District Council and most of Franklin District Council . The Auckland Regional Council

6099-413: The clay soil. The inner North Shore was covered in a mix of mānuka and bracken fern scrubland, and dense forests, which over time developed into sheep and cattle farms. In 1852, the Crown granted 110 acres (45 ha) of land south of Lake Pupuke to Barry's Point / Awataha to Eruera Maihi Patuone. Patuone seen as trusted presence by the colonial government, and he was gifted land in order to create

6206-613: The deep water harbour. In 1841 a signal station was constructed on the peak, to better facilitate traffic to the Port of Auckland , Captain Robert Snow was employed as the first signal master, and he and his family became the first permanent residents of Devonport. The area was administered by the crown, and grew to be a settlement known as Flagstaff. Snow's family were joined by others from 1842 onwards, who were predominantly naval personnel. Members of Ngāti Paoa continued to live at Devonport in

6313-457: The draft Auckland Plan envisaged a more contained growth (combatting sprawl by having 75% of population growth occur in existing settlement areas), while National is more favourable of relaxing constraints on new greenfields development. Auckland Council later changed the plan to allow 30–40% of growth in greenfield areas and satellite towns. Auckland Unitary Plan (Operative in part) The Auckland Unitary Plan (Operative in part ) (AUP) guides

6420-546: The early 18th century, the Marutūāhu iwi Ngāti Paoa had expanded their influence to include the islands of the Hauraki Gulf and the North Shore. The ancestor Kapetaua was marooned at Te Toka-o-Kapetaua ( Bean Rock ) as a child by his brother-in-law Taramokomoko, Waiohua chief of Kohimarama Pā , as punishment for stealing from kūmara pits. Taramokomoko was rescued by his sister Taurua, and fled to Waiheke Island , where he spent

6527-693: The early 20th century as Clay Hill. The hill is the location of the Pupuke Road Reservoir and Pump Station. Prior to human settlement, the inland North Shore area was primarily a northern broadleaf podocarp forest, dominated by kauri , tōtara , mataī , miro , kauri and kahikatea trees. Pōhutukawa trees were a major feature of the coastline. By the 19th century, much of the North Shore primarily scrubland, vegetated by plants such as mānuka , tutu , harakeke flax and ferns. Some kauri remnant forest remains in areas around Birkenhead, including Kauri Park and Le Roys Bush , while Smiths Bush in

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6634-461: The eastern coastline of Northcote : Tank Farm , also known as Tuff Crater or Te Kōpua ō Matakamokamo , joined to the south by Onepoto (also known as Te Kōpua ō Matakerepo ). Onepoto and Tank Farm erupted an estimated 187,600 and 181,000 years ago respectively. Three volcanic features can be found at Devonport : Takarunga / Mount Victoria , the highest volcano on the North Shore at 81 metres (266 ft), and Maungauika / North Head ,

6741-567: The expanding Russian Empire were common among New Zealanders in the 1870s, especially due to the founding of Russia's Pacific port at Vladivostok . An 1884 report by Sir William Jervois , the Governor of New Zealand , included recommendations for military forts to be constructed at the country's four main ports at Auckland , leading to the establishment of three military forts: North Head, Fort Takapuna, and Fort Victoria at Takarunga / Mount Victoria. The defense works led to growth at Devonport due to

6848-413: The fact that a previous integration of the many much smaller Borough Councils did not bring the promised advantages either, and reduced local participation in politics, with editorialists pointing out that the (supposedly mainly Wellingtonian ) proponents of the 'super city' have carefully not made any promises of savings in light of past rises in rates and utilities bills. In 2007, the government set up

6955-562: The farms at Lake Pupuke, establishing a network of fences for the properties. By the early 1860s, as many Māori lived on the North Shore as Europeans. The colonial government of Auckland had become increasingly concerned about potential invasions by Māori by the early 1860s. On 9 July 1863, due to fears of the Māori King Movement , Governor Grey proclaimed that all Māori living in the South Auckland area needed to swear loyalty to

7062-404: The field. Settled by Tāmaki Māori in the 13th or 14th centuries, the Waitematā Harbour headlands became important places for harvesting seasonal resources and for controlling transportation across the region. European settlers arrived in the North Shore in the 1840s, and by the turn of the 20th century, the inland area has become a hub for fruit growing, while the eastern coast had developed into

7169-610: The future Council per person) and regarding the small number of Councillors for all of Auckland (with fewer Councillors per head than Aucklanders have MPs representing them in Parliament), and the institution of two-member wards (meaning that contenders would have to field much larger and more costly election campaigns). Editorialist Brian Rudman accused the Local Government Commission of attempted gerrymandering in its draft proposal for one particular ward. In early 2010

7276-506: The head of the Ōrewa River . Maraeariki's daughter Kahu succeeded him, and she is the namesake of the North Shore, Te Whenua Roa o Kahu ("The Greater Lands of Kahu"). Many of the iwi of the North Shore, including Ngāti Manuhiri , Ngāti Maraeariki, Ngāti Kahu, Ngāti Poataniwha, Ngāi Tai ki Tāmaki and Ngāti Whātua , can trace their lineage to Kahu. Ngāi Tai ki Tāmaki settlements during this period included Te Onewa Pā in Northcote ,

7383-555: The inner Waitematā Harbour to the Auckland isthmus and Auckland City Centre , while the Upper Harbour Bridge on State Highway 18 provides a connection to West Auckland , across the Upper Waitematā Harbour . Three major estuaries of the Waitematā Harbour flow through the North Shore. Oruamo or Hellyers Creek flows through the central west North Shore, separating Glenfield and Beach Haven from Greenhithe in

7490-400: The late 2000s, New Zealand's central government and parts of Auckland's society felt that this large number of Councils, and the lack of strong regional government (with the Auckland Regional Council only having limited powers) were hindering Auckland's progress, and that a form of stronger regional government, or an amalgamation under one local council , would be beneficial. Others pointed to

7597-549: The liquor industry was marked by failure to object to anti-union behaviour and strong advertising of alcohol to the youth market. McCarten argued McKay was to be paid three times the salary of the Prime Minister, had no local government or non-profit experience and was selected by an unelected transition authority. Mayoral candidates John Banks and Len Brown were positive about McKay's appointment. Brown, who went on to become mayor, said McKay's business and restructuring experience

7704-500: The major tasks of its first years, will prepare a "spatial plan" to guide Auckland's growth. This plan will cover matters such as the limits of residential development and the zoning and densities of the suburbs and areas, and will assess how elements like transport and land use are to be linked. It is intended to be one of the main documents out of which a unified District Plan will eventually grow. Some critics have noted that this spatial plan will need years to develop and CCOs would fill

7811-500: The matter – all under the guise of a "manufactured crisis". Others, while criticising the lack of democratic oversight, dismissed concerns about asset sales, noting that amalgamation was likely to result in surplus real estate. The Sunday Star-Times noted in an editorial that "we'll merely end up trading in political dysfunction for a quasi-commercial dysfunction forced on us by the National-led government." It also criticised, in

7918-410: The myth finished. The mayor is directly elected by voters living in the Auckland Council area every three years by postal ballot using the first-past-the-post voting system. Len Brown was elected mayor in October 2010, and re-elected for a second term in 2013. Phil Goff won the 2016 election and was re-elected as mayor in 2019. In 2022, Wayne Brown was elected mayor. The governing body of

8025-472: The north-west. Further to the north is Lucas Creek , which separates Greenhithe from Pāremoremo . Shoal Bay is found to the south, which separates Northcote from Takapuna and Devonport in the east. To the east of Shoal Bay is the Devonport peninsula. The southern Devonport peninsula was formerly a [[presque-isle ]], only joined to the mainland at Narrow Neck by a small spit, until much of Ngataringa Bay

8132-493: The northern alliance, Te Hōtete (father of Hongi Hika ) settled at Takapuna for a period, returning to the north after peace with Ngāti Paoa had been made. The earliest known European to visit the North Shore was French explorer Jules Dumont d'Urville , who anchored the Astrolabe at Torpedo Bay in 1827. Lottin, the ship's surveyor, climbed Takarunga / Mount Victoria, and noted the pā fortifications, huts and stonefield gardens in

8239-532: The oldest known features of the Auckland volcanic field , erupting an estimated 193,200 years ago. During the eruption of Lake Pupuke, two lava flows travelled eastwards through the area, burning vegetation and encasing the lower 1-2 metres of the tree trunks in lava. The lava solidified into basalt rock, creating the Takapuna Fossil Forest , which was exposed an estimated 7,000 years ago due to coastal erosion. There are two volcanic maars found on

8346-430: The opinion of The New Zealand Herald , ignored concerns about the "powerlessness" of the local boards. Hide argued that "local boards will engage like never before" and "represent their local communities and make decisions on local issues, activities and facilities". A further concern was that candidates for local boards would have to campaign without knowing the scope of the local board's financial resources, and that

8453-474: The planning work in the first year of the council is planning for the Auckland CBD (now called 'City Centre') and the Auckland waterfront . Including the under construction City Rail Link , these two transformations are costed at approximately $ 5.5 billion over 20 years. Projects proposed in the draft plans include partial or full pedestrianisation of a number of city centre streets, light rail possibilities for

8560-450: The policy vacuum in the meantime. Apart from conflicting with Council's plans, this might also pit CCOs against each other. After the first round of plan development and public consultation, the draft plan was launched mid-2011. Commentators noted that one of the strongest discrepancies between Auckland Council's vision for Auckland and that of the John Key -led Wellington government was that

8667-559: The rates of the various amalgamated local councils and the Auckland Regional Council rates. For the 2011–2012 year, ratepayers are being charged the same rate as before the amalgamation, plus a 3.94% increase, with Council noting that they had achieved a much lower rates increase than originally foreseen. Rates made up 53% of the Council's income in 2011, with the remainder being "grants, subsidies, development and financial contributions, user charges and fees". As of 2011, 24% of

8774-476: The region, and that tangible benefits would ensue for all of Auckland's communities. Also, that changing the boundaries in 2010 would have a domino effect on the restructuring of the ward system for the future Auckland councillors. In turn, the opponents of inclusion argued that big-city developers preferred the inclusion of the rural areas in the Auckland Council boundaries to make development and new subdivision of rural land easier. Several editorialists criticised

8881-616: The reorganisation were contentious, such as whether all of the Auckland Region should be integrated into the super city, and whether the new structure allowed sufficient local democracy. Critics argued that there was little space for "local" democracy in the new "local government" setup for Auckland, with the proposed "local boards" having little power, such as having no funding or staff of their own, and being forbidden from undertaking numerous government roles, especially where those roles might clash with regional functions such as transport or utilities. Local Government Minister Rodney Hide , in

8988-597: The rest of his childhood training to become a skilled warrior. Around the year 1700, Kapetaua formed a taua and pursued Taramokomoko, leading to the sacking of pā around the North Shore, including Te Rahopara o Peretū ( Castor Bay ), Onewa (Northcote), and Tauhinu (Greenhithe). After periods of conflict, peace had been reached by the 1790s. Ngāti Paoa settled in areas such as Te Haukapua (Torpedo Bay), Kiritai ( Narrow Neck ), and Te Onewa Pā at Northcote. Ngāti Whātua periodically occupied Te Onewa Pā and Maungauika / North Head. The Hauraki Gulf coast of

9095-453: The results expected of them." The Government's plan to outsource the majority of the council's functions was decried by numerous people (including the main mayoral contenders, Len Brown, and to a lesser degree, John Banks) and groups across the political and societal spectrum – from the Auckland Regional Council and many community boards, to Local Government New Zealand , and organisations considered to be National Party -friendly such as

9202-476: The size and composition of wards for the election of Auckland Council councillors. The criticism ranged from the wards being too big (and thus throwing together communities with few common interests), to some ward boundary lines being drawn against the local understanding of what constituted their community. More serious criticism was centred around the fact that urban wards contained significantly more people than some rural wards (and thus received less influence in

9309-466: The south-east headland of the North Shore located at the mouth of the Waitematā Harbour . The third feature, Takararo / Mount Cambria , was quarried in tis entirety by the 1970s. Of these three features, Maungauika / North Head is significantly older, dated to approximately 87,000 years ago. Takararo / Mount Cambria is estimated to have erupted 43,000 years ago, while Takarunga / Mount Victoria erupted approximately 35,000 years ago. While not located on

9416-556: The south. Likely in the 17th century, the warrior Maki migrated from the Kāwhia Harbour to his ancestral home in the Auckland Region . Maki conquered and unified many of the Tāmaki Māori tribes as Te Kawerau ā Maki , including those of the North Shore. After Maki's death, his sons settled different areas of his lands, creating new hapū . His younger son Maraeariki settled the North Shore and Hibiscus Coast , who based himself at

9523-421: The state housing area were abandoned. In 1977, Centrepoint was established as a commune at Albany. It became one of the most influential communes in New Zealand, at its peak had over 200 residents. In the 1990s, commune leaders including founder Bert Potter were charged on child sexual abuse and drug charges, and the commune was shut down in 2000. The Upper Harbour Bridge was opened in 1975, connecting

9630-402: The two most commonly used Māori language names for the North Shore. Te Whenua Roa o Kahu ("The Greater Lands of Kahu") name refers to Kahu, the granddaughter of Maki, the namesake ancestor of the iwi Te Kawerau ā Maki . Kahu was among the members of Te Kawerau ā Maki who was based on the North Shore. Te Raki Paewhenua is a name that has been in use since at least the 1980s, and

9737-656: The use of Auckland's natural and physical resources under the Resource Management Act 1991 . The AUP is a combined resource management plan which includes a regional policy statement, regional coastal plan, regional plan and district plan. The AUP's district plan provisions apply throughout Auckland, except for the Hauraki Gulf Islands which is instead subject to the Auckland Council District Plan - Hauraki Gulf Islands Section. The AUP replaced

9844-407: The volcanic hills of Takarunga / Mount Victoria and Maungauika / North Head, and Ōmangaia Pā at Browns Bay . The focal point of Te Kawerau ā Maki on the North Shore was Te Mātārae ō Mana ("The Brow of Mana"), a headland pā at Kauri Point in modern-day Chatswood likely constructed in the 17th century, and Rongohau ("Wind Shelter"), the kāinga below the cliffs at Kendall Bay. The pā

9951-584: The volcanic hills to the south-east, where crops such as uwhi yam , Taro and kūmara . An ara (traditional path) connected Lucas Creek and the Ōkura River. This was used as a portage , where waka could be hauled overland between the two bodies of water. Numerous archaeological sites are found on the banks of the Lucas Creek and the Ōteha valley, because of its importance as a transportation node. Similar portages linked Shoal Bay ( Oneoneroa ) at St Leonards Bay, and Kukuwaka ("Scratched Waka"),

10058-479: The wider southern North Shore area before the early colonial era. The North Shore is primarily uplifted Waitemata Group sandstone, that was deposited on the sea floor during the Early Miocene , between 22 and 16 million years ago, and uplifted due to tectonic forces. The sedimentary layers of Waitemata sandstone can be clearly seen in the eroding cliff faces of the bays along the Hauraki Gulf. Basement rocks in

10165-514: Was $ 33,600, compared with $ 31,800 nationally. 22,464 people (17.0%) earned over $ 70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 70,071 (52.9%) people were employed full-time, 17,391 (13.1%) were part-time, and 6,114 (4.6%) were unemployed. Election Results for the Waitākere Ward: Auckland Council Auckland Council ( Māori : Te Kaunihera o Tāmaki Makaurau )

10272-473: Was 35.2, compared with 27.1% nationally. Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 44.9% had no religion, 37.6% were Christian , 1.0% had Māori religious beliefs , 4.3% were Hindu , 2.4% were Muslim , 1.6% were Buddhist and 2.2% had other religions. Of those at least 15 years old, 31,212 (23.6%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 21,096 (15.9%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income

10379-544: Was a "good fit", and would help improve economic performance as well as build links with businesses. McKay's contract ended in December 2013. Stephen Town became chief executive on 15 January 2014. In early February 2020, Town announced he would not see out his term until December 2020, moving to the New Zealand Institute of Skills & Technology in early July. It is intended that the Auckland Council, as one of

10486-413: Was arrested, and later their neighbour Joseph Burns was found guilty of the murders. Burns became the first European to be executed in New Zealand. Outside of Devonport, European settlements across the North Shore briefly focused on kauri logging. The supply was exhausted by the early 1840s, after which itinerant kauri gum diggers roamed the North Shore. In the early 1840s, Daniel Clucas established

10593-481: Was disestablished in 2019 as part of the 10-year budget 2018–2028. Michael Redman , formerly mayor, then chief executive of Hamilton City Council, was chief executive of Auckland Tourism, Events and Economic Development from November 2010 to October 2011. In March 2010, Doug McKay was announced as the inaugural chief executive officer of the council by the Auckland Transition Agency. The 54-year-old

10700-539: Was formed in 1989, replacing the Auckland Regional Authority. One of the mainstays of its work was expanding the parks network, and it brought into the Auckland Council 26 regional parks with more than 40,000 hectares, including many restored natural habitats and sanctuaries developed in co-operation with the Department of Conservation and volunteers. A variety of often public transport-focused projects like

10807-538: Was made operative in part in November 2016 with some outstanding appeals. As of July 2024, over 100 plan changes to the AUP have been publicly notified. The first Long Term Council Community Plan (LTCCP), the longer-term financial budget of the city, will not be produced until July 2012. Until that time, longer-term finances will be decided by the council, guided by the existing LTCCPs of the subsumed bodies. Another big focus of

10914-427: Was of strategic importance due to its commanding view of the Waitematā Harbour, and its proximity to a renowned tauranga mango , a shark fishery which brought seasonal visitors from across Tāmaki Makurau and the Hauraki Gulf in the summer, including important rangatira such as Kiwi Tāmaki of Waiohua , and later Tarahawaiki of Ngāti Whātua . Te Mātārae ō Mana was named after the ancestor Manaoterangi, who

11021-525: Was reclaimed for the Waitemata Golf Course in the 1870s. Traditional histories tell that during king tides , the tombolo was completely submerged. The highest point on the North Shore is a 143 metres (469 ft) hill (A9L5) in the Albany hills, which is the origin point of the Ōkura River . The highest point in metropolitan North Shore is an 88 metres (289 ft) hill (A5X2) to on Pupuke Road in Northcote, referred informally by residents in

11128-409: Was selected ahead of 27 other candidates, including several existing council chief executives. He had no experience in local government, but was described as having strong Auckland ties, and 30 years' corporate experience. He was to receive a salary of $ 675,000 and an incentive bonus of $ 67,500. Left-wing political organiser Matt McCarten criticised his appointment, arguing McKay's previous tenure in

11235-449: Was suspended to dry. In 1847, flames were seen rising from the Snow family residence, and the family had found to be murdered. Many feared that Māori had done this, and that Snow's death was a sign of an imminent invasion. To ease tensions, Eruera Maihi Patuone investigated who could have undertaken the murder. Police suspected Thomas Duder, who had followed Snow as the signalman in 1843. Duder

11342-465: Was the rangatira of the pā in the mid-18th century. The pā was spared from the conflicts of the early 18th century between Ngāti Whātua and Waiohua, as Manaoterangi was a close relative of Tuperiri of the Ngāti Whātua, and was married to Waikahuia, the sister of Kiwi Tāmaki. At the end of his life, Manaoterangi entrusted his people to Tuperiri and the iwi that grew to become Ngāti Whātua Ōrākei . By

11449-435: Was won by Wayne Brown . On 23 March 2023, the Auckland Council voted by a margin of ten to ten to leave Local Government New Zealand (LGNZ), the national representative body for local councils in New Zealand. Mayor Brown used his casting vote to break the deadlock during the Council's vote. Brown claimed that members of the body got drunk regularly during conference meetings and that the Auckland Council could negotiate with

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