59-476: Waioeka is a rural community in the Ōpōtiki District and Bay of Plenty Region of New Zealand's North Island . Its name was officially changed to Waioweka in 2024. The community is on the east bank of the Waioeka River . Oponae statistical area covers 1,255.59 km (484.79 sq mi) and had an estimated population of 350 as of June 2024, with a population density of 0.28 people per km. Oponae had
118-600: A flag of truce, Gilbert Mair , a translator, was shot in the shoulder by a Tūhoe warrior. Nearly all the Tūhoe at the battle were killed. The following year authorities accused the Tūhoe of sheltering Kereopa Te Rau , a Hauhau wanted for killing and beheading Karl Volkner , a missionary of the Church Missionary Society , in what was called the Volkner Incident . Initially, the Tūhoe had cooperated in tracking down
177-447: A great reputation among the neighbouring tribes as a graveyard for invading forces. Tūhoe people have a reputation for their continued strong adherence to Māori identity and for their unbroken use of the Māori language, which 62% of them still speak (2018 figure). Of the Tūhoe people, estimated to number between 33,000 and 46,000, about 30 per cent still live on their tribal lands; most of
236-565: A part of the Northern Districts cricket region and the Midlands hockey region. Ng%C4%81i T%C5%ABhoe Ngāi Tūhoe ( Māori pronunciation: [ˈŋaːi ˈtʉːhɔɛ] ), often known simply as Tūhoe , is a Māori iwi of New Zealand. It takes its name from an ancestral figure, Tūhoe-pōtiki. Tūhoe is a Māori-language word meaning 'steep' or 'high noon'. Tūhoe people also bear the sobriquet Nga Tamariki o te Kohu ('the children of
295-697: A population of 330 at the 2018 New Zealand census , an increase of 36 people (12.2%) since the 2013 census , and an increase of 30 people (10.0%) since the 2006 census . There were 93 households, comprising 165 males and 168 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.98 males per female. The median age was 35.1 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 90 people (27.3%) aged under 15 years, 57 (17.3%) aged 15 to 29, 144 (43.6%) aged 30 to 64, and 39 (11.8%) aged 65 or older. Ethnicities were 49.1% European/ Pākehā , 60.0% Māori , 2.7% Pacific peoples , 0.9% Asian , and 0.9% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity. The percentage of people born overseas
354-425: A teacher wrote that "they have no money apart from what is given by government as Family Allowances and Old Age Pensions". A 1936 report noted that land development at Maungapohatu Mountain (a Ringatu stronghold) "would be a social success if undertaken". The report pointed out that the venture would probably fail if Tūhoe were required to pay back both the interest and the capital. In 1937, after several other studies,
413-467: A vital industry in the 1950s, with radiata pine being planted during the early 20th century. Forestry is commercially planted and managed, mostly using planted foreign tree species, and timber is sent to the Port of Tauranga for export. Geothermal activity is a source of tourism, and geothermal energy is emerging as a major regional source of electricity. Tourism is the other notable industry, accounting for 15% of
472-534: Is a popular domestic tourism destination, and also becoming popular internationally. Whale watching has become a popular attraction as the number of whales such as blue whales and humpback whales migrating into bay waters began to recover. The Bay of Plenty Region has 227 kilometres (141 mi) of rail network and 4,460 kilometres (2,770 mi) of roads. The main rail line is the East Coast Main Trunk Railway , which extends from Hamilton in
531-516: Is being planned and constructed in Tauranga to join with its current network spanning on the western side of the city. The NZ Transport Agency , in conjunction with Environment Bay of Plenty, Tauranga City and the Western Bay of Plenty District Councils, is planning to build an Eastern Motorway bypassing Te Puke, a Western Motorway bypassing Ōmokoroa and a smaller Southern Motorway. The Bay of Plenty
590-736: Is represented in several domestic sporting competitions. The Bay of Plenty Rugby Union oversees the Bay of Plenty Steamers , who play in the Mitre10 Cup . The Steamers are also a feeder club for the Chiefs who play in the Super Rugby competition. The Waikato/Bay of Plenty Magic compete in the ANZ Championship in netball , having previously played in the National Bank Cup . Bay of Plenty also makes up
649-421: Is the conurbation of the city of Tauranga and its neighbour Mount Maunganui in the west. The town of Whakatāne is located in the centre of the coast. Other towns of note include Waihi Beach , Katikati , Maketu , Pukehina Beach and Ōpōtiki . Most of the population along the coast is concentrated in the western and central parts of the shore; the eastern part is sparsely populated hill country. The region has
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#1733085493311708-468: Is the site of a geothermal power plant that will reportedly meet up to one third of residential and industrial electricity demand in the Eastern Bay of Plenty. Whakaari/White Island, the site of a former sulfur-mining operation, is an active volcanic island popular with tourists. The eruption of Mount Tarawera in 1886 and the 1987 Edgecumbe earthquake were two disasters related to geological activity in
767-874: The 2023 New Zealand census , an increase of 25,641 people (8.3%) since the 2018 census , and an increase of 66,399 people (24.8%) since the 2013 census . There were 163,203 males, 170,004 females and 939 people of other genders in 120,057 dwellings. 2.3% of people identified as LGBTIQ+ . The median age was 39.7 years (compared with 38.1 years nationally). There were 66,453 people (19.9%) aged under 15 years, 57,576 (17.2%) aged 15 to 29, 145,197 (43.5%) aged 30 to 64, and 64,911 (19.4%) aged 65 or older. People could identify as more than one ethnicity. The results were 71.9% European ( Pākehā ); 30.6% Māori ; 4.3% Pasifika ; 8.8% Asian ; 1.2% Middle Eastern, Latin American and African New Zealanders (MELAA); and 2.1% other, which includes people giving their ethnicity as "New Zealander". English
826-537: The Bay of Plenty ( BOP ), it is situated around the marine bight of that same name . The bay was named by James Cook after he noticed the abundant food supplies at several Māori villages there, in stark contrast to the earlier observations he had made in Poverty Bay . The Bay of Plenty had an estimated resident population of 354,100 as of June 2024, and is the fifth-most populous region in New Zealand. It also has
885-614: The Lakes of Rotorua . Much of the central part of the region lies within the Taupo Volcanic Zone , which extends from the centre of the North Island northwards to Whakaari/White Island. Volcanic mountains and lakes, geothermal areas and geological fault lines all dot the landscape. The geothermal region around Rotorua is a major tourist site, while many hot springs in the region are used as swimming areas. The geothermal field near Kawerau
944-516: The North Island kōkako . Many Tūhoe return to their homelands every two years for the Te Hui Ahurei ā Tūhoe (Tūhoe Festival), which features kapa haka , debates, sports competitions, and fashion shows. The event provides an important opportunity to maintain ties with friends and relatives. Tūhoe had little direct contact with the early European settlers . The first major contact occurred when
1003-743: The Police Commissioner Howard Broad later publicly apologised for the actions of his officers during the raid, acknowledging they had set back relations between police and Tūhoe people: "We regret the hurt and stress caused to the community of Ruatoki and we will seek an appropriate way to repair the damage done to police-Maori relations. History tells us that episodes such as this can and do take decades to heal." A 2013 IPCA review found "...police searches, vehicle stops, roadblocks and photographs taken in Tuhoe country on October 15, 2007, unlawful, unjustified and unreasonable." A final settlement
1062-803: The Waikato region to Kawerau via Tauranga, with the Murupara Branch Railway extending the Kawerau terminus to Murupara, and the Mount Maunganui Branch connecting the Mount Maunganui terminus with the East Coast Main Trunk. The rail network is used exclusively for freight. The hub of regional economic activity is the Port of Tauranga, with well-established rail and road connections to other parts of
1121-519: The iwi fought against the settler government in the battle of Ōrākau in 1864. Rewi Maniapoto , who had some tribal links to Tūhoe, visited the Urewera in 1862 and persuaded them to take part in the rebellion against the government; he went against the wishes of some of the elders. Initially reluctant, the Tūhoe gave Rewi ammunition to back the rebellion. During a cease-fire in the Battle of Orakau, under
1180-631: The territorial authority areas of Western Bay of Plenty District , Tauranga City , Whakatāne District , Kawerau District , and Ōpōtiki District , and parts of Rotorua Lakes District and the town of Rangitaiki in Taupō District . Public health in New Zealand is broken into regions. The Bay of Plenty and Lakes district health boards have public health provided by Toi Te Ora – Public Health. The Bay of Plenty Region covers 12,200 km (4,700 sq mi) of land and 9,500 km (3,700 sq mi) of coastal marine area. It extends along
1239-515: The 1896 "Urewera District Native Reserve Act" (UDNR). It provided for Tūhoe self-government through a General Committee and local committees, with the Native Land Court excluded and titles determined instead by a commission comprising two Pākehā and five Tūhoe commissioners. In practice however, the Crown through a mixture of ineptitude and bad-faith "...totally failed to give effect to its promises in
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#17330854933111298-507: The Depression period, 57 people died in a community of 30 families. From the late 1990s, some Tūhoe started identifying as the "Tūhoe nation", and emphasising widespread Tūhoe rejection of what they call Pākehā rule. It has been argued that because no Tūhoe or Tūhoe representative ever signed the Treaty of Waitangi , they never gave up their sovereignty. Tūhoe and other local iwi brought
1357-519: The Hauhau leader and had taken him prisoner. The Tūhoe tried to use him as a bargaining chip but the government demanded Te Rau be handed over for trial. After the Tūhoe released him, Te Rau hid in the Ureweras. As punishment, in 1866 the government confiscated 5700ha or about 7% of Tūhoe land on its northern coastal border. The confiscated Tūhoe land adjoined the land confiscated from Bay of Plenty rebels after
1416-660: The UDNR Act; failed to act fairly, reasonably, and honourably...and failed to protect the Treaty rights of all the peoples of Te Urewera..." Historian James Belich describes the Urewera as one of the last zones of Māori autonomy, and the scene of the last case of armed Māori resistance: the 1916 New Zealand Police raid to arrest the Tūhoe prophet Rua Kenana . On 2 April 1916 a 70-strong, and heavily armed, police party arrived at Maungapohatu to arrest him for sedition . Because Rua's village
1475-533: The Urewera claim to the Waitangi Tribunal in 2002, with submissions accepted up until 2005. There was a major armed-police raid in the Ureweras on 15 October 2007 amid claims that some Tūhoe had run terrorist training-camps there. Roadblocks were set up between Ruatoki and Taneatua by armed police, who searched and questioned everyone who passed through, including a school bus, and locals said they felt intimidated. No terrorism charges were laid, and
1534-428: The area with a large group of escaped convicts, fully armed with modern weapons he had stolen from the ship he had hijacked. It is doubtful that the Tūhoe could have resisted his demands for sanctuary. Some Tūhoe joined his armed Ringatū band, but other Tūhoe told government forces of Te Kooti's whereabouts. Some joined the armed forces to hunt him down. Government forces punished those Tūhoe who supported Te Kooti during
1593-478: The battle of Gate Pā . The Crown took the Tūhoe's only substantial flat, fertile land, which also provided their only access to the coast for kai moana ( sea food ). The Tūhoe people retained only interior, more difficult land, setting the scene for later famines . In 1868, Tūhoe sheltered the Māori leader Te Kooti , a fugitive who had escaped from imprisonment on the Chatham Islands . Te Kooti arrived in
1652-425: The census question. Of those at least 15 years old, 42,465 (15.9%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, 145,284 (54.3%) had a post-high school certificate or diploma, and 66,879 (25.0%) people exclusively held high school qualifications. The median income was $ 39,000, compared with $ 41,500 nationally. 26,280 people (9.8%) earned over $ 100,000 compared to 12.1% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15
1711-399: The construction, but building arterial roads in the Ureweras had a low government priority. In the early 1900s traces of gold were found in the Ureweras and Rua Te Kanana tried to sell illegal mining rights to raise money. At the same time Rua wished to sell very large areas of land to the government to raise funds for his new Jerusalem, but despite having a petition signed by every Tūhoe adult,
1770-616: The eastern coast of the North Island, from the base of the Coromandel Peninsula in the west to Cape Runaway in the east. The region extends 12 nautical miles from the mainland coastline, and also extends from the coastlines of several islands in the bay, notably Mayor Island/Tuhua , Mōtītī Island , Whale Island and the active volcano of Whakaari/White Island . It extends inland to the sparsely populated forest lands around Rotorua and Murupara . The region has more than 200 square kilometres (77 sq mi) of lakes, known as
1829-517: The government decided that it was uneconomic to invest in roads or settlements. By this time, the isolated Maungapohatu settlement had collapsed anyway. The Tūhoe population was always small and living conditions were poor. School records from the 1920s and 1930s show very high death rates, especially of children. 75% of those who died were people under 25. The main causes of death were infectious diseases , such as influenza , gastroenteritis , typhoid fever and whooping cough . Between 1924 and 1936,
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1888-460: The government insisted that he stick to the law. In the 1920s Gordon Coates , Minister of Public Works, went to the area to check its suitability for a railway and to discuss roads. The land was very steep with the Poverty Bay Herald describing the gradient as "one in nothing". Coates knew that by this time, Tūhoe refused to make any contribution to the road at all. The mountainous terrain
1947-491: The hands of the government’s Māori forces, Tūhoe submitted to the Crown. Te Kooti himself escaped to the King Country , and after the events surrounding the hunt for him, Tūhoe isolated themselves, closing off access to their lands by refusing to sell, lease or survey them, and blocking the building of roads. Twenty years later, Te Urewera leaders, Premier Seddon , and Native Affairs Minister Timi (James) Carroll negotiated
2006-794: The inland parts of the region. The Kaingaroa Forest is the world's largest planted forest, comprising radiata pine mainly used for timber. The Bay of Plenty Region has warm, humid summers and mild winters. It is one of the warmest regions in New Zealand, particularly along the coastline, and most areas experience at least 2,200 hours of sunshine per annum. Average daily maximum temperatures range from 10 to 16 °C (50 to 61 °F) in winter and 22 to 26 °C (72 to 79 °F) in summer. Typical minima vary from 0 to 9 °C (32 to 48 °F) in winter and 11 to 17 °C (52 to 63 °F) during summer. Rainfall occurs more frequently in winter than in summer, but tropical storms in summer and autumn can produce heavy rain with high winds. Central parts of
2065-443: The largest wharenui ever built. The structure, which was built by Te Kooti for his followers, was completed in the late 1860s. Te Kura Kaupapa Māori o Waioweka is a co-educational Māori language immersion state primary school for Year 1 to 8 students, with a roll of 56 as of August 2024. Bay of Plenty Region The Bay of Plenty Region is a local government region in the North Island of New Zealand. Also called just
2124-614: The least economically developed in the country. The subnational gross domestic product (GDP) of Bay of Plenty was estimated at NZ$ 17.24 billion in the year to March 2019, 5.7% of New Zealand's national GDP. The subnational GDP per capita was estimated at $ 53,700 in the same period. In the year to March 2018, primary industries contributed $ 1.89 billion (11.6%) to the regional GDP, goods-producing industries contributed $ 3.24 billion (20.0%), service industries contributed $ 9.72 billion (59.8%), and taxes and duties contributed $ 1.39 billion (8.6%). Agriculture , natural resources and tourism are
2183-478: The major industries. Most (96 per cent) of the region is defined as 'rural', with 22% of land usage representing farm land and 38% representing nature reserve land. The most common agricultural land uses are horticulture , dairy , grazing and sheep farming. The region has over 11,500 hectares of horticultural land, predominantly producing kiwifruit and avocadoes . The region also has an abundance of coastal, forestry and geothermal resources. Forestry emerged as
2242-577: The manhunt. Te Ara , the Online Encyclopedia of New Zealand, notes: Old enemies of Tūhoe fought on the side of the government; they carried out most of the raids into Te Urewera during a prolonged and destructive search between 1869 and 1872. In a policy aimed at turning the tribe away from Te Kooti, a scorched earth campaign was unleashed against Tūhoe; people were imprisoned and killed, their cultivations and homes destroyed, and stock killed or runoff. Through starvation, deprivation and atrocities at
2301-457: The mist'). Tūhoe traditional land is at Te Urewera (the former Te Urewera National Park ) in the eastern North Island , a steep, heavily forested area which includes Lake Waikaremoana . Tūhoe traditionally relied on the forest for their needs. The tribe had its main centres of population in the small mountain valleys of Ahikereru and Ruatāhuna , with Maungapohatu , the inner sanctum of the Urewera, as their sacred mountain. The Tūhoe country had
2360-409: The region can receive up to 2,000 millimetres (79 in) of rainfall annually, while the eastern and western areas can receive up to 4,000 millimetres (160 in). Bay of Plenty Region covers 12,071.55 km (4,660.85 sq mi) and had an estimated population of 355,200 as of June 2024, with a population density of 29 people per km . Bay of Plenty Region had a population of 334,140 in
2419-590: The region's GDP from March 2000 to 2004. Overall economic growth in the Bay of Plenty averaged 2.1% between March 2000 and 2004, compared with the national rate of 3.5%, although per capita real GDP growth in the five years to March 2003 matched the national growth rate at an averaged 2.3%. In the 2013 Census, the median annual income was $ 26,200, below the national median of $ 28,500. Further, 39.3% of people aged 15 years or older earned an annual income of less than $ 20,000, compared with 38.2% of people nationally. Unemployment
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2478-538: The region. However, the Bay of Plenty is the third-most economically deprived region in New Zealand, with the eastern districts being among the least economically developed in the country. The Bay of Plenty Region as a local government area was formed in the nationwide 1989 local government reforms . The new region incorporated the former counties of Tauranga, Rotorua, Whakātane and Ōpōtiki. Bay of Plenty Regional Council oversees regional land use, environmental management and civil defence. The region wholly includes
2537-549: The region. The three commercial airports are Tauranga Airport , Rotorua Airport and Whakatane Airport . Car travel remains the dominant form of transport in the region. In 2002, the number of vehicles owned in the region was 189,000, with an average of 1.51 vehicles per household. There are public transport bus services in Tauranga and Rotorua only. Significant growth in the Western Bay of Plenty District has seen increased strain on road infrastructure, particularly with increasing traffic congestion in Tauranga. A new highway network
2596-528: The rest live in towns on the fringes of Te Urewera and in the larger North Island cities. At least 5,000 live in Australia. Subtribes of Tūhoe include Ngāti Koura , Ngāti Rongo, Ngāti Tāwhaki, Tamakaimoana, Ngāti Whare, Te Whānau Pani, Ngāti Hinekura and Patuheuheu. The Tūhoe continue to maintain camps in Te Urewera and help run conservation programmes for endangered birds, such as the North Island brown kiwi and
2655-473: The second-largest Māori population in New Zealand, with over 30% of its population being of Māori descent, and the second-highest number of Māori speakers in the country. The Bay of Plenty also has the largest number of iwi of any region. There are 35 local iwi, 260 hapū and 224 marae, with the most significant iwi being Te Arawa , Ngāi Tūhoe , Ngāti Awa and Te Whakatōhea . Significant horticultural, forestry and tourism industries are well established in
2714-403: The third-highest regional population density in New Zealand, with only the 11th-largest land area. The major population centres are Tauranga , Rotorua and Whakatāne . Significant horticultural , forestry and tourism industries are well established in the region. However, the Bay of Plenty is the third-most economically deprived region in New Zealand, with the eastern districts being among
2773-471: The third-highest regional population density in New Zealand, with only the 11th-largest land area. The major population centres are Tauranga , Rotorua and Whakatāne . The Bay of Plenty is one of the fastest growing regions in New Zealand: the regional population increased by 7.5% between 2001 and 2006, with significant growth along the coastal and western parts, and grew by 8.3% between 2018 and 2023. It has
2832-525: The volcanic plateau. Prominent volcanic cones in the region include Mount Maunganui , Mount Tarawera and Mount Edgecumbe/Putauaki . These features also have cultural significance to local Māori. The Kaimai and Mamaku mountain ranges lie at the western border of the region. Swamp land was formerly concentrated around a number of rivers, but much of this was dredged in the early part of the 20th century to increase land for settlement and other uses. Large native and foreign (planted) forest areas are found in
2891-536: Was 7.3, compared with 27.1% nationally. Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 34.5% had no religion, 28.2% were Christian , and 28.2% had Māori religious beliefs . Of those at least 15 years old, 30 (12.5%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 69 (28.8%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $ 19,900, compared with $ 31,800 nationally. 12 people (5.0%) earned over $ 70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15
2950-465: Was at 9.0% of people 15 years or older, compared with 7.1% nationally. The Bay of Plenty Region is a popular holiday destination due to the warm and sunny summer climate and public beaches. The region received over 645,000 tourists in 2003, equivalent to one in three visitors to New Zealand coming to the region. Rotorua is a popular destination for international visitors, in particular the surrounding geothermal areas and Māori cultural centres. Tauranga
3009-472: Was built by the government from Rotorua to Ruatāhuna in 1901 to end the isolation of Tūhoe by opening up the first motor road. Tūhoe did eventually realise, especially in the Great Depression , that to develop their local economy they needed good roads to the outside world. They donated some land for road rights of way. As early as 1906, Tūhoe had given land for roads and offered free labour to assist in
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#17330854933113068-470: Was daunting for farming. Tūhoe could not accumulate any capital to develop land they had cleared from 1907. Instead they sold all their sheep and cattle to pay for legal costs. These debts were not paid until 1931. In the early 1930s the government helped develop Tūhoe land at both Ruatoki and Ruatāhuna. It understood that, like many New Zealanders in the Great Depression, Tūhoe had hard times. In 1934
3127-401: Was held, at first, on a nine months sentence imposed for the 1915 charges and now increased by his default of fines. After a trial on sedition which lasted 47 days, New Zealand's longest until 1977, he was found not guilty; but sentenced to one year's imprisonment for resisting the police. Significant European penetration did not occur in the Urewera district until the 20th century. A road
3186-445: Was no violent resistance from Rua personally, but his supporters fought a brisk half-hour gun battle with the police in which two Māori, including Rua's son Toko, were killed and two wounded. Four constables were also wounded. Rua was arrested and transported to Rotorua , his hair and beard removed. From Rotorua, with six other Māori prisoners including Whatu, Rua was transferred to Auckland and sent directly to Mount Eden prison . Rua
3245-453: Was signed in June 2013, after being ratified by all Tūhoe members. Under the deal, Tūhoe received financial, commercial and cultural redress valued at approximately $ 170 million; an historical account and Crown apology; and the co-governance of a new legal entity, Te Urewera . It was put into law by the passing of the "Tūhoe Claims Settlement Act 2014". Ngāti Koura is a hapu (subtribe) in
3304-498: Was so remote, the police had to take a lot of equipment and camped on the way. They moved like a small army with wagons and pack-horses, and included New Zealand Herald photographer Arthur Breckon . So as not to alert the Maungapohatu village of their intention to spring an attack they did not wear their police uniforms till just before the raid. They were convinced that when they reached Maungapohatu there would be an ambush. There
3363-556: Was spoken by 96.2%, Māori language by 9.0%, Samoan by 0.4% and other languages by 10.3%. No language could be spoken by 2.1% (e.g. too young to talk). New Zealand Sign Language was known by 0.4%. The percentage of people born overseas was 20.6, compared with 28.8% nationally. Religious affiliations were 30.4% Christian , 1.3% Hindu , 0.3% Islam , 3.7% Māori religious beliefs , 0.6% Buddhist , 0.4% New Age , 0.1% Jewish , and 2.7% other religions. People who answered that they had no religion were 53.4%, and 7.4% of people did not answer
3422-400: Was that 129,156 (48.2%) people were employed full-time, 37,209 (13.9%) were part-time, and 9,216 (3.4%) were unemployed. The region has smaller populations of Pasifika and Asians than other regions. The Bay of Plenty is the fifth-most populous region in New Zealand, accounting for 6.7% of the national population. The coast is dotted with several sizeable settlements, the largest of which
3481-452: Was that 90 (37.5%) people were employed full-time, 42 (17.5%) were part-time, and 24 (10.0%) were unemployed. The local marae is known variously as Ōpeke Marae, Opekerau Marae or Waioeka Marae. It is the traditional tribal meeting place of the Whakatōhea hapū Ngāti Irapuaia / Ngāti Ira . The meeting house is called Irapuaia. Waioeka was the location of Tanewhirinaki, at the time one of
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