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81-576: WXIX-TV (channel 19) is a television station licensed to Newport, Kentucky , United States, serving the Cincinnati metro as the market's Fox affiliate. It is owned by Gray Television alongside low-power Telemundo affiliate WBQC-LD (channel 25) and 24/7 weather channel WZCD-LD (channel 30). The three stations share studios at 19 Broadcast Plaza on Seventh Street in the Queensgate neighborhood just west of downtown Cincinnati ; WXIX-TV's transmitter

162-532: A barter in some cases. Roman numeral Roman numerals are a numeral system that originated in ancient Rome and remained the usual way of writing numbers throughout Europe well into the Late Middle Ages . Numbers are written with combinations of letters from the Latin alphabet , each with a fixed integer value. The modern style uses only these seven: The use of Roman numerals continued long after

243-400: A duodecimal rather than a decimal system for fractions , as the divisibility of twelve (12 = 2 × 3) makes it easier to handle the common fractions of 1 ⁄ 3 and 1 ⁄ 4 than does a system based on ten (10 = 2 × 5) . Notation for fractions other than 1 ⁄ 2 is mainly found on surviving Roman coins , many of which had values that were duodecimal fractions of

324-456: A box or circle. Thus, 500 was like a Ɔ superimposed on a ⋌ or ⊢ , making it look like Þ . It became D or Ð by the time of Augustus, under the graphic influence of the letter D . It was later identified as the letter D ; an alternative symbol for "thousand" was a CIↃ , and half of a thousand or "five hundred" is the right half of the symbol, IↃ , and this may have been converted into D . The notation for 1000

405-433: A cash-and-stock merger transaction valued at $ 3.6 billion. The sale was approved on December 20 of that year and was completed on January 2, 2019. WXIX-TV acquired the rights to air Cincinnati Bengals team programming and up to three preseason games a year in 2024 as part of a multi-year deal with the team. The Bengals had telecast their preseason games on WKRC-TV for 35 of the previous 36 seasons. While channel 19 studied

486-452: A commercial production division; as none of the other stations had entered this specialty, channel 19 was able to corner between 70 and 80 percent of this market in the Cincinnati area. In the late 1970s, the station's local programs included Cincinnati Stingers hockey games and a news magazine, In Cincinnati . While a second independent station began broadcasting in 1980, WBTI (channel 64)

567-781: A decade and became known as "Fox 19". Between 1992 and the launch of a morning newscast in 1996, WXIX-TV's staff swelled from 63 to 141 employees. In 1998, Raycom Media purchased Malrite Communications and its five stations, three of them in Ohio. Under Raycom, the station made a series of news expansions and analyzed leaving 19 Broadcast Plaza for a larger building that could be owned rather than leased. On June 25, 2018, Atlanta-based Gray Television announced that it had reached an agreement with Raycom to merge their respective broadcasting assets (consisting of Raycom's 63 existing owned-and/or-operated television stations, including WXIX-TV, and Gray's 93 television stations) under Gray's corporate umbrella in

648-419: A half-hour Ten O'Clock News and the short-lived Midnight News , an unusual attempt at a late-night local newscast; both programs were originally anchored by Jack Atherton and Phyllis Watson alongside chief meteorologist Rich Apuzzo and sports director Greg Hoard , the latter the only on-air talent poached from another station. In addition, Tricia Macke was brought on as a contributor—later going full-time after

729-575: A half-hour at 11:30 a.m., followed in May 1997. Even though the morning shows were still gaining an audience, the Ten O'Clock News was among the highest-rated in the United States. After seeing success with a 10 p.m. newscast, the station expanded further into morning news, adding a 6 a.m. hour in 1998, and ratings increased when it promoted Macke to full-time 10 p.m. anchor and hired Sheila Gray to anchor Fox 19 in

810-552: A largely "classical" notation has gained popularity among some, while variant forms are used by some modern writers as seeking more "flexibility". Roman numerals may be considered legally binding expressions of a number, as in U.S. Copyright law (where an "incorrect" or ambiguous numeral may invalidate a copyright claim or affect the termination date of the copyright period). The following table displays how Roman numerals are usually written: The numerals for 4 ( IV ) and 9 ( IX ) are written using subtractive notation , where

891-415: A much shorter wavelength, and thus requires a shorter antenna, but also higher power. North American stations can go up to 5000 kW ERP for video and 500 kW audio, or 1000 kW digital. Low channels travel further than high ones at the same power, but UHF does not suffer from as much electromagnetic interference and background "noise" as VHF, making it much more desirable for TV. Despite this, in

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972-549: A multi-year deal to air University of Cincinnati basketball games in 1987. UC basketball had previously aired on the station in the Metromedia era. It joined Fox as a charter member in 1986. When Fox made a push into children's programming with the startup of the Fox Children's Network (later known as Fox Kids), WXIX started its own Fox Kids Club; within nine months, channel 19 had 80,000 members, outpacing projections of 50,000 in

1053-587: A practice that goes back to very early clocks such as the Wells Cathedral clock of the late 14th century. However, this is far from universal: for example, the clock on the Palace of Westminster tower (commonly known as Big Ben ) uses a subtractive IV for 4 o'clock. Several monumental inscriptions created in the early 20th century use variant forms for "1900" (usually written MCM ). These vary from MDCCCCX for 1910 as seen on Admiralty Arch , London, to

1134-539: A table of epacts , all written in Roman numerals. The use of N to indicate "none" long survived in the historic apothecaries' system of measurement: used well into the 20th century to designate quantities in pharmaceutical prescriptions. In later times, the Arabic numeral "0" has been used as a zero to open enumerations with Roman numbers. Examples include the 24-hour Shepherd Gate Clock from 1852 and tarot packs such as

1215-425: A variety of ways to generate revenue from television commercials . They may be an independent station or part of a broadcasting network , or some other structure. They can produce some or all of their programs or buy some broadcast syndication programming for or all of it from other stations or independent production companies. Many stations have some sort of television studio , which on major-network stations

1296-517: Is MMXXIV (2024). Roman numerals use different symbols for each power of ten, and there is no zero symbol, in contrast with the place value notation of Arabic numerals (in which place-keeping zeros enable the same digit to represent different powers of ten). This allows some flexibility in notation, and there has never been an official or universally accepted standard for Roman numerals. Usage varied greatly in ancient Rome and became thoroughly chaotic in medieval times. The more recent restoration of

1377-496: Is non-commercial educational (NCE) and considered public broadcasting . To avoid concentration of media ownership of television stations, government regulations in most countries generally limit the ownership of television stations by television networks or other media operators, but these regulations vary considerably. Some countries have set up nationwide television networks, in which individual television stations act as mere repeaters of nationwide programs . In those countries,

1458-431: Is a tradition favouring the representation of "4" as " IIII " on Roman numeral clocks. Other common uses include year numbers on monuments and buildings and copyright dates on the title screens of movies and television programs. MCM , signifying "a thousand, and a hundred less than another thousand", means 1900, so 1912 is written MCMXII . For the years of the current (21st) century, MM indicates 2000; this year

1539-470: Is broadcast via terrestrial radio waves. A group of television stations with common ownership or affiliation are known as a TV network and an individual station within the network is referred to as O&O or affiliate , respectively. Because television station signals use the electromagnetic spectrum, which in the past has been a common, scarce resource, governments often claim authority to regulate them. Broadcast television systems standards vary around

1620-553: Is closely associated with the ancient city-state of Rome and the Empire that it created. However, due to the scarcity of surviving examples, the origins of the system are obscure and there are several competing theories, all largely conjectural. Rome was founded sometime between 850 and 750 BC. At the time, the region was inhabited by diverse populations of which the Etruscans were the most advanced. The ancient Romans themselves admitted that

1701-543: Is located in the South Fairmount neighborhood on the city's northwest side. Though the construction permit for a fourth television station to serve Cincinnati—originally assigned channel 74—had been obtained by a Newport group in 1953, it took 15 years and two sales before the station was built on channel 19; its facilities have always been in Ohio. A successful independent station under U.S. Communications Corporation, Metromedia , and Malrite Communications Group before

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1782-792: Is often used for newscasts or other local programming . There is usually a news department , where journalists gather information. There is also a section where electronic news-gathering (ENG) operations are based, receiving remote broadcasts via remote pickup unit or satellite TV . Outside broadcasting vans, production trucks , or SUVs with electronic field production (EFP) equipment are sent out with reporters , who may also bring back news stories on video tape rather than sending them back live . To keep pace with technology United States television stations have been replacing operators with broadcast automation systems to increase profits in recent years. Some stations (known as repeaters or translators ) only simulcast another, usually

1863-457: Is reduced to ↀ , IↃↃ (5,000) to ↁ ; CCIↃↃ (10,000) to ↂ ; IↃↃↃ (50,000) to ↇ ; and CCCIↃↃↃ (100,000) to ↈ . It is likely IↃ (500) reduced to D and CIↃ (1000) influenced the later M . John Wallis is often credited with introducing the symbol for infinity ⟨∞⟩ , and one conjecture is that he based it on ↀ , since 1,000 was hyperbolically used to represent very large numbers. Using

1944-461: Is subtracted from 1). The word nulla (the Latin word meaning "none") was used to represent 0, although the earliest attested instances are medieval. For instance Dionysius Exiguus used nulla alongside Roman numerals in a manuscript from 525 AD. About 725, Bede or one of his colleagues used the letter N , the initial of nulla or of nihil (the Latin word for "nothing") for 0, in

2025-559: Is that the word for 18 in Latin is duodeviginti ‍ —   literally "two from twenty"⁠—   while 98 is duodecentum (two from hundred) and 99 is undecentum (one from hundred). However, the explanation does not seem to apply to IIIXX and IIIC , since the Latin words for 17 and 97 were septendecim (seven ten) and nonaginta septem (ninety seven), respectively. The ROMAN() function in Microsoft Excel supports multiple subtraction modes depending on

2106-440: Is unknown which symbol represents which number). As in the basic Roman system, the Etruscans wrote the symbols that added to the desired number, from higher to lower value. Thus, the number 87, for example, would be written 50 + 10 + 10 + 10 + 5 + 1 + 1 = 𐌣𐌢𐌢𐌢𐌡𐌠𐌠 (this would appear as 𐌠𐌠𐌡𐌢𐌢𐌢𐌣 since Etruscan was written from right to left.) The symbols ⟨𐌠⟩ and ⟨𐌡⟩ resembled letters of

2187-674: The vinculum , conventional Roman numerals are multiplied by 1,000 by adding a "bar" or "overline", thus: The vinculum came into use in the late Republic , and it was a common alternative to the apostrophic ↀ during the Imperial era around the Roman world (M for '1000' was not in use until the Medieval period). It continued in use in the Middle Ages, though it became known more commonly as titulus , and it appears in modern editions of classical and medieval Latin texts. In an extension of

2268-518: The C s and Ↄ s as parentheses) had its origins in Etruscan numeral usage. Each additional set of C and Ↄ surrounding CIↃ raises the value by a factor of ten: CCIↃↃ represents 10,000 and CCCIↃↃↃ represents 100,000. Similarly, each additional Ↄ to the right of IↃ raises the value by a factor of ten: IↃↃ represents 5,000 and IↃↃↃ represents 50,000. Numerals larger than CCCIↃↃↃ do not occur. Sometimes CIↃ (1000)

2349-459: The vinculum , a three-sided box (now sometimes printed as two vertical lines and a vinculum ) is used to multiply by 100,000, thus: Vinculum notation is distinct from the custom of adding an overline to a numeral simply to indicate that it is a number. Both usages can be seen on Roman inscriptions of the same period and general location, such as on the Antonine Wall . The system

2430-405: The broadcast range , or geographic area, that the station is limited to, allocates the broadcast frequency of the radio spectrum for that station's transmissions, sets limits on what types of television programs can be programmed for broadcast and requires a station to broadcast a minimum amount of certain programs types, such as public affairs messages . Another form of television station

2511-517: The decline of the Roman Empire . From the 14th century on, Roman numerals began to be replaced by Arabic numerals ; however, this process was gradual, and the use of Roman numerals persisted. One place they are often seen is on clock faces . For instance, on the clock of Big Ben (designed in 1852), the hours from 1 to 12 are written as: The notations IV and IX can be read as "one less than five" (4) and "one less than ten" (9), although there

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2592-534: The electricity bill and emergency backup generators . In North America , full-power stations on band I (channels 2 to 6) are generally limited to 100 kW analog video ( VSB ) and 10 kW analog audio ( FM ), or 45 kW digital ( 8VSB ) ERP. Stations on band III (channels 7 to 13) can go up by 5 dB to 316 kW video, 31.6 kW audio, or 160 kW digital. Low-VHF stations are often subject to long-distance reception just as with FM. There are no stations on Channel 1 . UHF , by comparison, has

2673-459: The federally mandated transition from analog to digital television . The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 29 until being repacked to channel 15 in 2019. Television station The Fernsehsender Paul Nipkow ( TV Station Paul Nipkow ) in Berlin , Germany , was the first regular television service in the world. It was on the air from 22 March 1935, until it

2754-590: The " Form " setting. For example, the number "499" (usually CDXCIX ) can be rendered as LDVLIV , XDIX , VDIV or ID . The relevant Microsoft help page offers no explanation for this function other than to describe its output as "more concise". There are also historical examples of other additive and multiplicative forms, and forms which seem to reflect spoken phrases. Some of these variants may have been regarded as errors even by contemporaries. As Roman numerals are composed of ordinary alphabetic characters, there may sometimes be confusion with other uses of

2835-547: The 15th-century Sola Busca and the 20th century Rider–Waite packs. The base "Roman fraction" is S , indicating 1 ⁄ 2 . The use of S (as in VIIS to indicate 7 1 ⁄ 2 ) is attested in some ancient inscriptions and also in the now rare apothecaries' system (usually in the form SS ): but while Roman numerals for whole numbers are essentially decimal , S does not correspond to 5 ⁄ 10 , as one might expect, but 6 ⁄ 12 . The Romans used

2916-589: The Etruscan alphabet, but ⟨𐌢⟩ , ⟨𐌣⟩ , and ⟨𐌟⟩ did not. The Etruscans used the subtractive notation, too, but not like the Romans. They wrote 17, 18, and 19 as 𐌠𐌠𐌠𐌢𐌢, 𐌠𐌠𐌢𐌢, and 𐌠𐌢𐌢, mirroring the way they spoke those numbers ("three from twenty", etc.); and similarly for 27, 28, 29, 37, 38, etc. However, they did not write 𐌠𐌡 for 4 (nor 𐌢𐌣 for 40), and wrote 𐌡𐌠𐌠, 𐌡𐌠𐌠𐌠 and 𐌡𐌠𐌠𐌠𐌠 for 7, 8, and 9, respectively. The early Roman numerals for 1, 10, and 100 were

2997-446: The Etruscan ones: ⟨𐌠⟩ , ⟨𐌢⟩ , and ⟨𐌟⟩ . The symbols for 5 and 50 changed from ⟨𐌡⟩ and ⟨𐌣⟩ to ⟨V⟩ and ⟨ↆ⟩ at some point. The latter had flattened to ⟨⊥⟩ (an inverted T) by the time of Augustus , and soon afterwards became identified with the graphically similar letter ⟨ L ⟩ . The symbol for 100

3078-663: The FCC a proposal to add a lower-power channel 3 station to Cincinnati (between channel 2 in Dayton and channel 3 in Louisville ), which Miller also supported, though chances of approval were slim. In early 1965, channel 74 was no closer to going on the air than it had been a decade prior, but a change in ownership would lead to the foundation being laid to start a new commercial television station in Greater Cincinnati. That March, Tri-City sold

3159-470: The FCC for permission to take channel 19 and WPGH-TV in Pittsburgh off the air. The two stations, however, got a reprieve because they had instead attracted potential buyers. It was initially announced that a Washington, D.C., communications law firm, Welch and Morgan, would buy the station, but AVC insisted on the buyers endorsing the $ 2 million in debt associated with channel 19, which caused them to balk at

3240-523: The FCC in December 1983. Under Malrite, WXIX-TV continued to be the market's leading non-network station, not far behind the network stations in early evening hours and way ahead of WBTI, which had become a full-time ad-supported station again as WIII in 1985. One advertising agency president declared it had become "one of the big boys" in local television. In the early years under Malrite, the station telecast Xavier Musketeers men's basketball before picking up

3321-605: The Morning in 1999. After nearly a decade, news expansions began again in 2008 with the launch of the Fox 19 Evening News , a 6:30 p.m. local newscast. In 2010, 2011, and 2012, extensions to the morning newscast brought its total length at its peak to seven hours, from 4 to 11 a.m. The station would also debut weekend morning newscasts in 2012. In the 2010s, WXIX also had news sharing partnerships with WLW radio and The Cincinnati Enquirer . In 2018, WXIX added 4 p.m. and 11 p.m. newscasts,

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3402-474: The Queensgate neighborhood, spending $ 2 million at a sheriff's sale to acquire the former black junior high school which had since been converted into offices. The station converted a third of the structure for its own use, including using the former gymnasium as its primary studio. The station moved into what was renamed "19 Broadcast Plaza" in December 1995; at the same time, it dropped its "19XIX" moniker used for

3483-627: The U.S., the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is taking another large portion of this band (channels 52 to 69) away, in contrast to the rest of the world, which has been taking VHF instead. This means that some stations left on VHF are harder to receive after the analog shutdown . Since at least 1974, there are no stations on channel 37 in North America for radio astronomy purposes. Most television stations are commercial broadcasting enterprises which are structured in

3564-455: The WNOP-TV permit to Daniel H. Overmyer , who was seeking to build a chain of major-market UHF television stations, for $ 100,000. Two changes were nearly immediate after the purchase closed. On September 14, 1965, the call letters were changed to WSCO-TV; Overmyer's stations all bore the initials of family members, with the new designation representing his wife, Shirley Clark Overmyer. The FCC was in

3645-412: The afternoon of August 1, 1968. The site from which channel 19 went on air was not the one Overmyer had selected; channel 19 was then sued by that property's owners. Cincinnati's first commercial independent station featured a schedule consisting primarily of movies, sports, and syndicated programs, though it also produced a local daytime children's program hosted by puppeteer Larry Smith . The next year,

3726-511: The basis of much of their civilization was Etruscan. Rome itself was located next to the southern edge of the Etruscan domain, which covered a large part of north-central Italy. The Roman numerals, in particular, are directly derived from the Etruscan number symbols : ⟨𐌠⟩ , ⟨𐌡⟩ , ⟨𐌢⟩ , ⟨𐌣⟩ , and ⟨𐌟⟩ for 1, 5, 10, 50, and 100 (they had more symbols for larger numbers, but it

3807-408: The channel, Tri-City became unopposed, and a construction permit for WNOP-TV was granted on December 24, 1953. Jim Lang, the former Campbell County sheriff that controlled Tri-City, envisioned the studios being adjoined by an amusement complex, complete with glass-enclosed restaurant, indoor ice rink, and outdoor swimming pool. With Lang noting the tribulations of other UHF television stations around

3888-443: The country, however, Tri-City opted not to build its station right away. In April 1956, Lang told a reporter for The Cincinnati Enquirer that it would only be a "matter of time" until channel 74 went on air. Some conversation around the construction permit emerged in late 1962, when Lang sold WNOP radio and the WNOP-TV construction permit to television actor Dean Miller in a deal that ultimately fell through; Tri-City had presented to

3969-530: The creation of Fox in 1986, the station began producing a local newscast in 1993 and today airs local newscasts in many time slots. On July 9, 1953, Tri-City Broadcasting Company, owner of WNOP (740 AM) in Newport, filed with the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) for a construction permit to build a television station on channel 74, which had been assigned to Newport. After Gordon Broadcasting, owner of Cincinnati radio station WSAI , dropped its application for

4050-453: The deal. By month's end, Metromedia was in negotiations to purchase WXIX-TV, and a deal was reached in early October to purchase the station for the assumption of $ 3 million in liabilities. The FCC approved of the deal in August 1972. Metromedia was able to stabilize WXIX-TV, increasing its ability to attract quality programming and contributing its own productions. Furthermore, WXIX-TV started

4131-548: The defunct K & S Films for use as a larger studio base. Channel 19 was demonstrating success and attracting viewership, which made it an outlier in the U.S. Communications portfolio. In March 1971, the company suspended operations at its stations in Atlanta and San Francisco , and channel 19 had cut back its broadcast day in the second half of 1970. WXIX-TV came close to joining them in silence. On August 5, 1971, The Wall Street Journal reported that U.S. Communications had asked

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4212-451: The dots was variable and not necessarily linear . Five dots arranged like ( ⁙ ) (as on the face of a die ) are known as a quincunx , from the name of the Roman fraction/coin. The Latin words sextans and quadrans are the source of the English words sextant and quadrant . Each fraction from 1 ⁄ 12 to 12 ⁄ 12 had a name in Roman times; these corresponded to

4293-544: The first year. It also started a new weekly local children's show, Fridays Are Fun , hosted by Michael Flannery. From the Malrite purchase until his death from esophageal cancer in 1992, Bill T. Jenkins was channel 19's general manager; he also served on the first Fox affiliate association board and advised the creation of Fox Kids, and within Malrite, he was named executive vice president of its television station division, securing Fox affiliations for multiple Malrite stations. He

4374-628: The following examples: Any missing place (represented by a zero in the place-value equivalent) is omitted, as in Latin (and English) speech: The largest number that can be represented in this manner is 3,999 ( MMMCMXCIX ), but this is sufficient for the values for which Roman numerals are commonly used today, such as year numbers: Prior to the introduction of Arabic numerals in the West, ancient and medieval users of Roman numerals used various means to write larger numbers (see § Large numbers below) . Forms exist that vary in one way or another from

4455-520: The general standard represented above. While subtractive notation for 4, 40 and 400 ( IV , XL and CD ) has been the usual form since Roman times, additive notation to represent these numbers ( IIII , XXXX and CCCC ) continued to be used, including in compound numbers like 24 ( XXIIII ), 74 ( LXXIIII ), and 490 ( CCCCLXXXX ). The additive forms for 9, 90, and 900 ( VIIII , LXXXX , and DCCCC ) have also been used, although less often. The two conventions could be mixed in

4536-420: The highest point available in the transmission area, such as on a summit , the top of a high skyscraper , or on a tall radio tower . To get a signal from the master control room to the transmitter, a studio/transmitter link (STL) is used. The link can be either by radio or T1 / E1 . A transmitter/studio link (TSL) may also send telemetry back to the station, but this may be embedded in subcarriers of

4617-572: The idea of the station leaving Northern Kentucky. A launch date of February 1, 1967, was initially slated, but the station did not start on that date. Instead, in April, Overmyer reached a deal to sell 80 percent of his television station group to the American Viscose Corporation (AVC). The FCC approved the purchase of the Overmyer stations by AVC (which organized its television holdings under

4698-627: The intermediate ones were derived by taking half of those (half an X is V , half a 𐌟 is ↆ and half a Φ/⊕ is D ). Then 𐌟 and ↆ developed as mentioned above. The Colosseum was constructed in Rome in CE 72–80, and while the original perimeter wall has largely disappeared, the numbered entrances from XXIII (23) to LIIII (54) survive, to demonstrate that in Imperial times Roman numerals had already assumed their classical form: as largely standardised in current use . The most obvious anomaly (

4779-512: The introduction of local news in 1978, began airing prime time news updates in 1985, and entertained expanding its news presence in 1989, it was not until the early 1990s that a full-on local newscast started at WXIX-TV. In 1993, Stu Powell of Chicago's WFLD hired that station's news director, Greg Caputo, to start a local newsroom for WXIX-TV. After a $ 2 million investment, WXIX's news department—the first new TV newsroom in Cincinnati since 1958—debuted on October 18, 1993. Initially, channel 19 produced

4860-795: The latter the first competition to network affiliates in that time slot in Cincinnati TV history. This was followed in January 2020 by 90 further daily minutes of news from 5 to 6:30 p.m. and in 2021 by an hour of news at 3 p.m. As of 2024, WXIX produces 71 + 1 ⁄ 2 hours of local newscasts each week. The station's signal is multiplexed : WXIX's main subchannel is carried on the ATSC 3.0 (Next Gen TV) multiplex of WSTR-TV , which launched in 2021; in exchange, WXIX hosts one of WSTR's subchannels. WXIX-TV discontinued regular programming on its analog signal, over UHF channel 19, on June 12, 2009, as part of

4941-400: The local television station has no station identification and, from a consumer's point of view, there is no practical distinction between a network and a station, with only small regional changes in programming, such as local television news . To broadcast its programs, a television station requires operators to operate equipment, a transmitter or radio antenna , which is often located at

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5022-419: The main broadcast. Stations which retransmit or simulcast another may simply pick-up that station over-the-air , or via STL or satellite. The license usually specifies which other station it is allowed to carry. VHF stations often have very tall antennas due to their long wavelength , but require much less effective radiated power (ERP), and therefore use much less transmitter power output , also saving on

5103-527: The more unusual, if not unique MDCDIII for 1903, on the north entrance to the Saint Louis Art Museum . There are numerous historical examples of IIX being used for 8; for example, XIIX was used by officers of the XVIII Roman Legion to write their number. The notation appears prominently on the cenotaph of their senior centurion Marcus Caelius ( c.  45 BC – 9 AD). On

5184-523: The name U.S. Communications Corporation) in December 1967. The following May, the call letters changed one more time to WXIX-TV, representing the Roman numeral for 19; station manager Doug McLarty also cited possible confusion with WCPO-TV in changing the call sign. From the Overmyer-built transmitter facilities and a studio site within an office suite at 801 West Eighth Street in Cincinnati, WXIX-TV debuted on

5265-407: The names of the related coins: Other Roman fractional notations included the following: The Romans developed two main ways of writing large numbers, the apostrophus and the vinculum , further extended in various ways in later times. Using the apostrophus method, 500 is written as IↃ , while 1,000 is written as CIↃ . This system of encasing numbers to denote thousands (imagine

5346-467: The ownership limits of the day that allowed one company to own as many as five VHF and two additional UHF television stations. It chose to sell the Cincinnati outlet, which was in the smallest market of any in which the firm owned TV properties, and it also sold WTCN-TV in Minneapolis to finance the purchase. The buyer was Cleveland-based Malrite Communications Group . The $ 45 million sale was approved by

5427-578: The process of overhauling the UHF table of allocations at the time, which—together with a rulemaking petition from Overmyer—resulted in the lower channel of 19 being substituted for 74 in 1966. Overmyer selected the Bald Knob tower site, negotiated to lease a studio facility on Eighth Street in the Queensgate neighborhood, and announced that the new station would be affiliated with the new Overmyer Network once it started. Civic leaders in Newport objected, to no avail, to

5508-476: The programmes seen on its owner's flagship station, and have no television studio or production facilities of their own. This is common in developing countries . Low-power stations typically also fall into this category worldwide. Most stations which are not simulcast produce their own station identifications . TV stations may also advertise on or provide weather (or news) services to local radio stations , particularly co-owned sister stations . This may be

5589-547: The publicly displayed official Roman calendars known as Fasti , XIIX is used for the 18 days to the next Kalends , and XXIIX for the 28 days in February. The latter can be seen on the sole extant pre-Julian calendar, the Fasti Antiates Maiores . There are historical examples of other subtractive forms: IIIXX for 17, IIXX for 18, IIIC for 97, IIC for 98, and IC for 99. A possible explanation

5670-674: The same document or inscription, even in the same numeral. For example, on the numbered gates to the Colosseum , IIII is systematically used instead of IV , but subtractive notation is used for XL ; consequently, gate 44 is labelled XLIIII . Especially on tombstones and other funerary inscriptions, 5 and 50 have been occasionally written IIIII and XXXXX instead of V and L , and there are instances such as IIIIII and XXXXXX rather than VI or LX . Modern clock faces that use Roman numerals still very often use IIII for four o'clock but IX for nine o'clock,

5751-448: The same letters. For example, " XXX " and " XL " have other connotations in addition to their values as Roman numerals, while " IXL " more often than not is a gramogram of "I excel", and is in any case not an unambiguous Roman numeral. As a non- positional numeral system , Roman numerals have no "place-keeping" zeros. Furthermore, the system as used by the Romans lacked a numeral for the number zero itself (that is, what remains after 1

5832-423: The smaller symbol ( I ) is subtracted from the larger one ( V , or X ), thus avoiding the clumsier IIII and VIIII . Subtractive notation is also used for 40 ( XL ), 90 ( XC ), 400 ( CD ) and 900 ( CM ). These are the only subtractive forms in standard use. A number containing two or more decimal digits is built by appending the Roman numeral equivalent for each, from highest to lowest, as in

5913-494: The station debuted " The Cool Ghoul ", a host of Scream-In , channel 19's Saturday night science fiction and horror movie played by Dick VonHoene. By the start of 1970, an American Research Bureau study had determined WXIX-TV was the number-one UHF independent station in the United States and in the top ten of all independents, VHF or UHF, nationwide. In 1970, the station purchased a facility on Taconic Terrace in Woodlawn, Ohio , from

5994-483: The station requested she stop her other modeling job—and Kevin Frazier , now the co-host of Entertainment Tonight , was the weekend sports anchor. After channel 19 moved into the former Stowe School, several expansions of news at WXIX were carried out. The first was the extension of the 10 p.m. news to a full hour in January 1996. That fall, 19 in the Morning , a three-hour morning news program, debuted. 19 News Midday ,

6075-448: The unit as . Fractions less than 1 ⁄ 2 are indicated by a dot ( · ) for each uncia "twelfth", the source of the English words inch and ounce ; dots are repeated for fractions up to five twelfths. Six twelfths (one half), is S for semis "half". Uncia dots were added to S for fractions from seven to eleven twelfths, just as tallies were added to V for whole numbers from six to nine. The arrangement of

6156-399: The world. Television stations broadcasting over an analog system were typically limited to one television channel , but digital television enables broadcasting via subchannels as well. Television stations usually require a broadcast license from a government agency which sets the requirements and limitations on the station. In the United States, for example, a television license defines

6237-484: Was a circled or boxed X : Ⓧ, ⊗ , ⊕ , and by Augustan times was partially identified with the Greek letter Φ phi . Over time, the symbol changed to Ψ and ↀ . The latter symbol further evolved into ∞ , then ⋈ , and eventually changed to M under the influence of the Latin word mille "thousand". According to Paul Kayser, the basic numerical symbols were I , X , 𐌟 and Φ (or ⊕ ) and

6318-526: Was a part-time subscription television station which had trimmed its ad-supported schedule to a handful of programs by 1983. In 1982, Metromedia entered into an agreement to buy WFLD-TV in Chicago . This $ 136 million deal—the most expensive purchase of an independent station and far and away the highest sale price of any UHF outlet—required it to divest of one of its two UHF stations, WXIX or KRIV in Houston , under

6399-452: Was replaced by Stu Powell, WFLD's general manager; Stu then hired Greg Caputo, who had overseen the launch of a local newsroom at WFLD in 1987, to do the same in Cincinnati. Launching local news made the Woodlawn site, 15 miles (24 km) from Cincinnati on Interstate 75 , a hindrance for news crews. As a result, in 1993, WXIX-TV purchased the former Harriet Beecher Stowe School building in

6480-570: Was shut down in 1944. The station was named after Paul Gottlieb Nipkow , the inventor of the Nipkow disk . Most often the term "television station" refers to a station which broadcasts structured content to an audience or it refers to the organization that operates the station. A terrestrial television transmission can occur via analog television signals or, more recently, via digital television signals. Television stations are differentiated from cable television or other video providers as their content

6561-400: Was written variously as ⟨𐌟⟩ or ⟨ↃIC⟩ , and was then abbreviated to ⟨ Ↄ ⟩ or ⟨ C ⟩ , with ⟨ C ⟩ (which matched the Latin letter C ) finally winning out. It might have helped that C was the initial letter of CENTUM , Latin for "hundred". The numbers 500 and 1000 were denoted by V or X overlaid with

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