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49-741: The Law Enforcement Section, known as the " West Virginia Natural Resources Police ", is the oldest statewide law enforcement agency in West Virginia, established in February 1897. The Section is primarily responsible for the enforcement of the game and fish laws and rules. Officers in the section carry on a continuing program of Hunter Education and Boating Safety Education, as well as enforce laws relating to littering , forestry, state parks, environmental/solid waste, pleasure boating, and whitewater rafting. They also respond to emergencies, including floods and other natural disasters, as well as provide assistance to

98-463: A consumer created problem, is seen as an attempt to divert an extended producer responsibility from the industries that manufacture and sell disposable products to consumers who improperly dispose of the non-returnable wrappers, filters, and beverage containers. Elizabeth Royte , author of Garbage Land , describes Keep America Beautiful as a "masterful example of corporate greenwash", writing that in contrast to its anti-litter campaigns, it ignores

147-745: A difference in the composition of street litter and stormwater litter. Increasingly, there have been efforts to use technology to monitor areas prone to dumping. In Japan, a study used Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to map areas of dumping based on site characteristics. Another study used satellite images to detect possible illegal dumping sites. Container deposit legislation can be aimed at both reducing littering and also encouraging picking up through local recycling programs that offer incentives, particularly for aluminium cans , glass bottles and plastic bottles . In New York, an expanded bottle bill that included plastic water bottles increased recycling rates and generated 120 million dollars in revenue to

196-500: A fee for depositing hazardous material. Lack of access to nearby facilities that accept hazardous waste may deter use. Additionally, ignorance of the laws that regulate the proper disposal of hazardous waste may cause improper disposal. According to a study by the Dutch organization VROM, 80% of people claim that "everybody leaves a piece of paper, tin or something, on the street behind". Young people from 12 to 24 years cause more litter than

245-511: A fire if it strikes litter such as a paper bag or cardboard box. Litter can be hazardous to health. Debris falling from vehicles is an increasing cause of automobile accidents . Discarded dangerous goods , chemicals , tires, sharps waste and pathogens resulting from litter can cause accidental harm to humans. Litter also carries substantial cost to the economy. Cleaning up litter in the US costs hundreds of dollars per ton, about ten times more than

294-643: A line to ensure that no litter is missed. Organizations may promote litter cleanup events and may also have separate media campaigns to prevent littering. In North America, Adopt a Highway programs are popular, in which companies and organizations commit to cleaning stretches of road. Keep America Beautiful has held litter cleanups called the Great America Cleanup since 1998 in over 20,000 communities nationwide. Earth Day cleanups have been held globally since 1970. In 2019, Earth Day Network partnered with Keep America Beautiful and National Cleanup Day for

343-684: A network of organizations. In addition to KAB's certified affiliates, the organization partners with other groups to expand its reach. These include multiple state recycling organizations, Boys & Girls Clubs of America , Hands on Network and the Points of Light Institute, the Arbor Day Foundation , Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, National CleanUp Day , Ocean Conservancy , Sustainable Urban Forests Coalition, EARTHDAY.ORG , and Take Pride in America, among others. Scouting Keep America Beautiful Day

392-562: A serious environmental problem in many countries. Litter can exist in the environment for long periods of time before decomposition and be transported over large distances into the world's oceans. Litter can affect the quality of life . Cigarette butts are the most littered item in the world, with an estimated 4.5 trillion discarded each year. Estimates of the required time for cigarette butts to break down vary, ranging from 5 to 400 years for complete degradation. In addition to intentional littering, almost half of litter on U.S. roadways

441-475: A special location rather than sent to landfills with regular refuse. Household hazardous waste includes paints and solvents , chemicals , light bulbs , fluorescent lights , spray cans, disposable batteries , and yard products such as fertilizers , pesticides , herbicides and insecticides . Additionally, medical waste generated at home is considered a hazardous waste and must be disposed of properly. Keep America Beautiful Keep America Beautiful

490-489: A vehicle, in which the vehicle owner is fined - reported by either responsible officer or third party, sometimes online. Specific legislation exists in the following countries: Many groups exist with the aim of raising awareness and run campaigns including clean up events. In the United States there are a number of organizations running anti-litter campaigns. Keep America Beautiful was founded in 1953, and promulgated

539-601: Is a nonprofit organization founded in 1953. It is the largest community improvement organization in the United States , with more than 700 state and community-based affiliate organizations and more than 1,000 partner organizations. Keep America Beautiful aims to end littering , to improve recycling , and to beautify American communities. The organization's narrow focus on littering and recycling has been criticized as greenwashing in that it diverts responsibility away from corporations and industries. Keep America Beautiful

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588-494: Is a problem in their community, roadside litter is down 54% in the last ten years and there are approximately 50 billion pieces of litter on the ground in the United States. In concert with the study's release, Keep America Beautiful launched their hashtag #152AndYou on Earth Day representing that if all individuals picked up 152 pieces of litter, there would be no litter on the ground until someone littered again. Keep America Beautiful distributes programming and materials through

637-504: Is best known for its "Crying Indian" public service advertisement (PSA) which launched on Earth Day in 1971 and for its annual America Recycles Day . The advertising campaign has been widely credited, including in Frank Lowenstein's "Voices of Protest", with inspiring America's fledgling environmental movement. In 2021, Keep America Beautiful released a comprehensive litter study. Its study concluded that 90% of Americans agree litter

686-414: Is collected can be recycled ; however, degraded litter cannot be recycled and eventually degrades to sludge , often toxic. The majority of litter that is collected goes to landfills . Litter can have a detrimental impact on humans and the environment in different ways. Hazardous materials encapsulated within tires and other items of illegally dumped rubbish can leach into water sources, contaminate

735-415: Is now accidental or unintentional litter, usually debris that falls off improperly secured trash, recycling collection vehicles and pickup trucks. Population levels, traffic density and proximity to waste disposal sites are factors known to correlate with higher litter rates. Illegally dumped hazardous waste may be a response to the costs of dropping materials at designated sites: some of these charge

784-565: Is performed on foot using simple hand tools. A worker will walk the sidewalks, parking lot and landscape and sweep up litter material into a litter collection tool. Contents are emptied into a waste bin on job site. In Kiwayu, a Kenyan island, some of the collected litter (flip-flops) is used to make art, which is then sold. Litter traps can be used to capture litter as it exits stormwater drains into waterways. However, litter traps are only effective for large or floating items of litter and must be maintained. A recent watershed litter survey showed

833-531: The West Virginia State Police where necessary. The Natural Resources Police are maintained under Chapter 20, article 7 of the West Virginia Code. The Parks and Recreation Section is responsible for the operation of West Virginia's network of state parks, as well as recreation facilities located in some state forests and wildlife management areas . Wildlife Management Areas are managed by

882-634: The western world are capable of generating larger quantities of litter per capita due to a higher consumption of disposable products . A number of credible studies have shown that fast food packaging is one of the most common forms of litter, while McDonald's is the most common brand of litter, despite having messages to dispose of it properly, such as the Ronald McDonald "tidy man" marking. According to Keep Britain Tidy in 2013, Cadbury chocolate wrappers, Walkers crisp packets and Coca-Cola cans were

931-509: The 2005 documentary film Gone Tomorrow. The Hidden Life of Garbage and book of the same name, classifies Keep America Beautiful as one of the first greenwashing corporate fronts. She asserts that the group was created in response to Vermont's 1953 attempt to legislate a mandatory deposit to be paid at point of purchase on disposable beverage containers and banning the sale of beer in non-refillable bottles. Keep America Beautiful's narrow focus on litter, and its characterization of litter as

980-788: The Bay Area Stormwater Management Agencies Association, have focused educational efforts on youth littering. Negligent or lenient law enforcement contributes to littering behavior. Other causes are inconvenience, entitlement and economic conditions. A survey of dumping in Pennsylvania found that the largest number of illegal dumps were in townships without municipal trash hauling. The same report also cites unavailability of curbside trash and recycling service, shortage of enforcement, and habit as possible causes. The presence of litter invites more littering. The two-stage process model of littering behavior describes

1029-616: The WVDNR Wildlife Resources Section. These facilities are intended to provide opportunities for hunting and fishing within the state. The Wildlife Resources Section also operates the West Virginia State Wildlife Center at French Creek , which is a zoological park exhibiting a variety of animals native to West Virginia. West Virginia began stocking fish in state waterways in the 1880s and has been operating its own fish hatcheries since 1930. Today,

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1078-519: The Wildlife Resources Section operates a network of seven trout hatcheries and two warmwater fish hatcheries. Litter Litter consists of waste products that have been discarded incorrectly, without consent, at an unsuitable location. The word litter can also be used as a verb: to litter means to drop and leave objects, often man-made, such as aluminum cans , paper cups, food wrappers, cardboard boxes or plastic bottles on

1127-410: The air causing respiratory illnesses. Additionally the residue left behind can harm the soil and leach into groundwater. Visual pollution is a major effect of litter. Open containers such as paper cups, cardboard food packets, plastic drink bottles and aluminum drinks cans get filled up with rainwater, providing breeding locations for mosquitoes . In addition, a spark or a lightning flash can start

1176-486: The average (Dutch or Belgian) person; only 18% of people who regularly cause litter were 50 years of age or older. However, a 2010 survey of littering in Maine, New Hampshire and Vermont in the United States, placed litterers aged 55 and over at less than 5%. The same observational study estimated that 78% of litterers are male. Litter organizations, such as Keep America Beautiful affiliates, Keep Northern Ireland Beautiful , and

1225-431: The background, featured Italian-American actor Iron Eyes Cody , who portrayed a Native American man devastated to see the destruction of Earth's natural beauty caused by the thoughtless pollution and litter of a modern society. In 1976, Keep America Beautiful introduced its "Clean Community System", which encouraged local communities to prevent litter through education efforts, public service advertising, local research,

1274-601: The bins are not emptied regularly, then the bins will overflow and can increase litter indirectly. Some local authorities will only take responsibility for rubbish that is placed in the bins, which means that litter remains a problem. People may blame a lack of well-placed bins for their littering. Hazardous materials may often be incorrectly disposed of in the bins and they can encourage dumpster diving . Volunteers, sometimes alone or coordinated through organizations, pick up litter and dispose of it. Clean up events may be organized in which participants will sometimes comb an area in

1323-461: The character Susan Spotless. In 1970, Keep America Beautiful began distributing free brochures. More than 100,000 copies of the brochure were requested within four months. In 1971, on Earth Day , a new campaign was launched with the theme "People Start Pollution. People Can Stop It." In what later became known as the "Crying Indian" PSA, the television ad, narrated by actor William Conrad with Peter Sarstedt 's instrumental "Overture" playing in

1372-431: The community either physically or financially." In January, 2021, Keep America Beautiful merged with RETREET, which focuses on post-disaster tree planting. Keep America Beautiful's actions have been criticized as greenwashing . The organization's narrow focus on littering and recycling diverts responsibility away from corporations and industries. Despite self-identifying as having Native American ancestry with

1421-608: The cost of trash disposal, with a cost totaling about $ 11 billion per year. Animals may get trapped or poisoned with litter in their habitats. Cigarette butts and filters are a threat to wildlife and have been found in the stomachs of fish , birds and whales , who have mistaken them for food. Also, animals can get trapped in the rubbish and be in serious discomfort. For example, the plastic used to hold beverage cans together can get wrapped around animals' necks and cause them to suffocate as they grow. Other instances where animals could be harmed by litter include broken glass lacerating

1470-527: The different ways in which people litter. The model was proposed by Chris Sibley and James Liu and differentiates between two types of littering: active and passive. The theory has implications for understanding the different types of litter reduction interventions that will most effectively reduce littering in a given environment. The theory states that, all things being equal, passive littering will be more resistant to change because of two psychological processes: 1. diffusion of responsibility that increases as

1519-533: The environment for over a million years. About 18 percent of litter, usually traveling through stormwater systems, ends up in local streams, rivers, and waterways. Uncollected litter can accrete and flow into streams , local bays and estuaries . Litter in the ocean either washes up on beaches or collects in ocean gyres such as the Great Pacific Garbage Patch . About 80 percent of marine debris comes from land-based sources. Some litter that

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1568-423: The ground, and leave them there indefinitely or for other people to dispose of as opposed to disposing of them correctly. Large and hazardous items of rubbish such as tires , electrical appliances , electronics , batteries and large industrial containers are sometimes dumped in isolated locations, such as national forests and other public lands. Litter is a type of human impact on the environment and remains

1617-882: The growing amount of waste generated in the United States, the Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965 was enacted. In 1976 the Federal government amended the Solid Waste Disposal Act, creating the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), which requires a "cradle to grave" approach to the proper handling of potentially hazardous materials. RCRA gives authority to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to regulate and enforce proper hazardous waste disposal. Many countries now have laws that require that household hazardous waste be deposited in

1666-419: The inaugural nationwide Earth Day CleanUp. Cleanups were held in all 50 States, 5 US Territories, 5,300 sites and had more than 500,000 volunteers. Commercial properties such as retail, office and industrial have litter picking maintenance programs. This service may be provided by property owners or contracted to various service providers by property management companies acting on owner's behalf. Litter picking

1715-453: The latency between when an individual places litter in the environment and when they vacate the territory, and 2. forgetting, which is also more likely to occur at longer delays between when an individual places litter in the environment and when they vacate the territory. Litter can remain visible for extended periods of time before it eventually biodegrades , with some items made of condensed glass, styrofoam or plastic possibly remaining in

1764-566: The mapping of litter "hotspots", and cleanup activities. During the height of the campaign, it received over 2,000 letters a month from people wanting to join their local programs. In 2023, Keep America Beautiful began its "Do Beautiful Things" podcast series hosted by Jenny Lawson, the organization's president and CEO. It covers policies, behaviors, and business solutions that can help create more sustainable communities. By featuring expert interviews and discussions it aims to educate and provide practical sustainability tips. Keep America Beautiful

1813-407: The mid-to-late 19th century, sanitation was not a government priority. The growing piles of waste led to the spread of disease. Anti-littering legislation seems to have existed in ancient Greece , as is evidenced by a road marker discovered on the island of Paros , bearing the inscription "whoever drops their litter on the street owes 51 drachmae to whoever wishes to claim them" . To address

1862-426: The paws of dogs , cats , and other small mammals. Organic litter in large amounts can cause water pollution and lead to algal blooms . Cigarettes could also start fires if they are not put out and then discarded in the environment. Litter is an environmental concern in many countries around the world. While countries in the developing world lack the resources to deal with the issue, consumer-based economies in

1911-621: The popular "Do the Right Thing" campaign and its Tidy Towns competition became well known being a very competitive expression of civic pride. Keep Britain Tidy is a British campaign run by the Keep Britain Tidy environmental charity, which is part funded by the UK government. Throughout human history, people have disposed of unwanted materials onto streets, roadsides, in small local dumps or often in remote locations. Prior to reforms within cities in

1960-626: The problem of roadside litter. Others report, however, that the term was coined by Paul B. Gioni, a copywriter in New York City who originated it for the Ad Council in 1947. Keep America Beautiful joined with the Ad Council in 1961 to popularize the idea that individuals must help protect against the effects litter has on the environment. Gioni came up with the 1963 television campaign theme "Every Litter Bit Hurts." Another campaign in 1964 featured

2009-551: The road. In the Netherlands, the amount of litter has dropped considerably since the new law was implemented, and 95% of the plastic bottles are now recycled. According to Chris Snick, the revenue that can be obtained from waste picking can be financially profitable in countries where container deposit legislation has been introduced: in 1 hour he managed to pick up 108 cans and 31 plastic bottles, earning him 13.90 euro (€0.10 per can/plastic bottle). By comparison, in countries where only

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2058-688: The soil and pollute the air. Tires are the most often dumped hazardous waste. In 2007 the United States generated 262 million scrap tires. Thirty-eight states have laws that ban whole tires being deposited in landfills. Many of these discarded tires end up illegally dumped on public lands. Tires can become a breeding ground for insect vectors which can transmit disease to humans. Mosquitoes , which breed in stagnant water, can transmit West Nile virus and malaria . Rodents nest in accumulated tires and can transmit diseases such as Hantavirus . When tires are burned, they can smolder for long periods of time, emitting hundreds of chemical compounds that pollute

2107-532: The stage name of Iron Eyes Cody , Espera Oscar DeCorti was of Italian descent. This sparked accusations of cultural appropriation and racial stereotyping . In February 2023, the Keep America Beautiful organization transferred ownership of the ad's copyright to the National Congress of American Indians , who intend to restrict use of the ad to only historical purposes. Heather Rogers, creator of

2156-479: The state General Fund from unclaimed deposits in 2010. In some countries such as Germany and the Netherlands, container-deposit legislation has been introduced on cans and plastic bottles. Parts of Belgium are also considering adopting such legislation. People can thus collect refund value money from this type of waste. The result of this is that in Germany, hardly any cans or plastic bottles can still be found along

2205-430: The three top brands that were the most common pieces of rubbish found in UK streets. Public waste containers or street bins are provided by local authorities to be used as a convenient place for the disposal and collection of litter. Increasingly both general waste and recycling options are provided. Local councils collect the waste and take it for reuse or recycling. However, there are some problems with this approach; if

2254-468: The value of the aluminum for example would be refunded, 139 cans would yield only 1.72 euro (0.0124 euro per can; assuming there is 15 grams of aluminum in a can, and with scrap aluminum valued at 0.8267 euro/kg ). Some countries and local authorities have introduced legislation to address the problem. Actions resulting in fines can include on-the-spot fines for individuals administered by authorised officers in public or on public transport or littering from

2303-539: The word litterbug , coined by its partner the Ad Council in 1947. At least 38 states have high profile, government-recognized slogan campaigns, including Don't Mess with Texas ; Let's Pick It Up New York; Don't Trash California; Take Pride in Florida; Keep Iowa Beautiful. In Australia, Clean Up Australia Day is supported by many major Australian companies, firms and volunteers alike. Anti-litter organizations include " Keep Australia Beautiful ", founded in 1963. It created

2352-525: Was first cosponsored by Keep America Beautiful and the Boy Scouts of America in 1971 as a national cleanup and recycling program. Keep America Beautiful also co-sponsors the "Keep America Beautiful Hometown USA Award" with the Boy Scouts of America that boy scouts can earn by completing a non-paid, community service project, with the approved scout project being designed to "help keep America beautiful and benefit

2401-854: Was founded in December 1953 by the American Can Company and the Owens-Illinois Glass Company . Keep America Beautiful conducted many local PSA campaigns early in its history. One of these early campaigns in Pennsylvania ( PennDOT ) some attribute to having coined the term " litterbug ," although the National Council of State Garden Clubs representative exhibited a "litter bug" emblem at the first Keep America Beautiful organizational meeting. Author and Federated Garden Clubs of Maryland president Alice Rush McKeon published "The Litterbug Family" in 1931 containing poems and illustrations about

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