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102-471: WVGA may refer to: Wide VGA , 800×480 graphics display resolution WVGA (FM) , a radio station (105.9 FM) licensed to Lakeland, Georgia, United States WSWG (TV) , a television station (channel 43) licensed to Valdosta, Georgia, United States, which held the call sign WVGA from April 1979 to May 1994 Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

204-592: A 16:9 aspect ratio and is exactly four times as many pixels as the 1600 × 900 HD+ resolution, and is therefore referred to as "QHD+" (Quad HD+). It has also been referred to as simply "QHD" and some companies. The first products announced to use this resolution were the 2013 HP Envy 14 TouchSmart Ultrabook and the 13.3-inch Samsung Ativ Q . The resolution 3440 × 1440 is equivalent to QHD ( 2560 × 1440 ) extended in width by 34%, giving it an aspect ratio of 43:18 (2.3 8 :1, or 21.5:9; commonly marketed as simply "21:9"). The first monitor to support this resolution

306-462: A 16:9 aspect ratio is often referred to as "900p". FHD ( Full HD ) is the resolution 1920 × 1080 used by the 1080p and 1080i HDTV video formats. It has a 16:9 aspect ratio and 2,073,600 total pixels, i.e. very close to 2 megapixels, and is exactly 50% larger than 720p HD ( 1280 × 720 ) in each dimension for a total of 2.25 times as many pixels. When using interlacing , the uncompressed bandwidth requirements are similar to those of 720p at

408-400: A 16:9 format with 240, 360, 480 (SD), 720, 1080 (HD), 1440, 2160 (4K) or 4320 (8K) lines. While the monikers for those resolutions originally all used a letter prefix with "HD" for the multiplier, and possibly a "+" suffix for intermediate or taller formats, the newer, larger formats tend to be used with "K" notation for thousands of pixels of horizontal resolution, but may be disambiguated by

510-654: A 27.84-inch 158   PPI 4K IPS monitor for medical purposes launched by Innolux in November 2010. In October 2011 Toshiba announced the REGZA 55x3, which is claimed to be the first 4K glasses-free 3D TV. DisplayPort supports 3840 × 2160 at 30   Hz in version 1.1 and added support for up to 75   Hz in version 1.2 (2009) and 120   Hz in version 1.3 (2014), while HDMI added support for 3840 × 2160 at 30   Hz in version 1.4 (2009) and 60   Hz in version 2.0 (2013). When support for 4K at 60   Hz

612-510: A 3:2 aspect ratio. By 2021, Huawei also offers a monitor display offering this aspect ratio, targeted towards professional uses. All standard HD resolutions share a 16∶9 aspect ratio, although some derived resolutions with smaller or larger ratios also exist, e.g. 4∶3 and 64∶27, respectively. Most of the narrower resolutions are only used for storing, not for displaying videos, while the wider resolutions are often available as physical displays. YouTube, for instance, recommends users upload videos in

714-606: A 47-inch 1440p LCD panel to be released in Q2 2007; the panel was planned to finally debut at FPD International 2008 in a form of autostereoscopic 3D display . As of the end of 2013, monitors with this resolution were becoming more common. The 27-inch version of the Apple Cinema Display monitor introduced in July 2010 has a native resolution of 2560 × 1440 , as did its successor, the 27-inch Apple Thunderbolt Display . The resolution

816-420: A 4:3 display). The 4:3 aspect ratio was common in older television cathode ray tube (CRT) displays, which were not easily adaptable to a wider aspect ratio. When good quality alternate technologies (i.e., liquid crystal displays (LCDs) and plasma displays ) became more available and less costly, around the year 2000, the common computer displays and entertainment products moved to a wider aspect ratio, first to

918-432: A change in production input and a change in productivity. The figure illustrates an income generation process (exaggerated for clarity). The Value T2 (value at time 2) represents the growth in output from Value T1 (value at time 1). Each time of measurement has its own graph of the production function for that time (the straight lines). The output measured at time 2 is greater than the output measured at time one for both of

1020-405: A criterion of profitability, surplus value refers to the difference between returns and costs, taking into consideration the costs of equity in addition to the costs included in the profit and loss statement as usual. Surplus value indicates that the output has more value than the sacrifice made for it, in other words, the output value is higher than the value (production costs) of the used inputs. If

1122-403: A landscape format to accommodate the human field of view , the first number for the width (in columns) is larger than the second for the height (in lines), and this conventionally holds true for handheld devices that are predominatly or even exclusively used in portrait orientation. The graphics display resolution is influenced by the aspect ratio, which is the ratio of the width to the height of

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1224-466: A logic, objectives, theory and key figures of its own. It is important to examine each of them individually, yet, as a part of the whole, in order to be able to measure and understand them. The main processes of a company are as follows: Production output is created in the real process, gains of production are distributed in the income distribution process and these two processes constitute the production process. The production process and its sub-processes,

1326-404: A minimum resolution for devices to qualify for the certification. However, few screens have been built that use this resolution natively. Most employ 16:9 panels with 768 lines instead ( WXGA ), which resulted in odd numbers of pixels per line, i.e. 1365 ⁠ 1 / 3 ⁠ are rounded to 1360, 1364, 1366 or even 1376, the next multiple of 16. The HD+ resolution of 1600 × 900 pixels in

1428-579: A multiple of 960 pixels. The next bigger resolution from 1920 × 1080 in vertical direction is 1920 × 1200 (16∶10), which is hence called FHD+ by some producers, but is elsewhere known as WUXGA , the wider variant of 1600 × 1200 UXGA . DCI 2K is a standardized format established by the Digital Cinema Initiatives consortium in 2005 for 2K video projection. This format has a resolution of 2048 × 1080 (2.2 megapixels) with an aspect ratio of 256∶135 (1.8 962 ) or roughly "17∶9". This

1530-437: A production income model and a production analysis model in order to demonstrate production function as a phenomenon and a measureable quantity. The scale of success run by a going concern is manifold, and there are no criteria that might be universally applicable to success. Nevertheless, there is one criterion by which we can generalise the rate of success in production. This criterion is the ability to produce surplus value. As

1632-403: A production increase of an output of a production process. It is usually expressed as a growth percentage depicting growth of the real production output. The real output is the real value of products produced in a production process and when we subtract the real input from the real output we get the real income. The real output and the real income are generated by the real process of production from

1734-441: A production process, meaning all economic activities that aim directly or indirectly to satisfy human wants and needs . The degree to which the needs are satisfied is often accepted as a measure of economic welfare. In production there are two features which explain increasing economic welfare. The first is improving quality-price-ratio of goods and services and increasing incomes from growing and more efficient market production, and

1836-416: A real measuring situation and most importantly the change in the output-input mix between two periods. Hence, the basic example works as an illustrative “scale model” of production without any features of a real measuring situation being lost. In practice, there may be hundreds of products and inputs but the logic of measuring does not differ from that presented in the basic example. In this context, we define

1938-520: A separate signal for each half over the connection, splitting the data between two timing controllers. Newer timing controllers became available in 2014, and after mid-2014 new 4K monitors such as the Asus PB287Q no longer rely on MST tiling technique to achieve 4K at 60   Hz, instead, using the standard SST (Single-Stream Transport) approach. In 2015, Sony announced the Xperia Z5 Premium ,

2040-539: A system qualifier that includes "HD", e.g. "8K UHD" instead of just "8K". nHD (ninth HD, not "nano HD") is a display resolution of 640 × 360 pixels, which is exactly one-ninth of a Full HD (1080p) frame and one-quarter of an HD (720p) frame. Notably, it is neither "nFHD" nor 426 × 240 which would be about ninth of "HD" resolution. Pixel doubling (vertically and horizontally) nHD frames will form one 720p frame and pixel tripling nHD frames will form one 1080p frame. One drawback of this resolution regarding encoding

2142-401: A tremendous role in achieving and maintaining full capacity, rather than producing an inefficient (not optimal) level. Changes in efficiency relate to the positive shift in current inputs, such as technological advancements, relative to the producer's position. Efficiency is calculated by the maximum potential output divided by the actual input. An example of the efficiency calculation is that if

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2244-406: A whole component in the product. Under classical economics , materials and energy are categorised as secondary factors as they are byproducts of land, labour and capital. Delving further, primary factors encompass all of the resourcing involved, such as land, which includes the natural resources above and below the soil. However, there is a difference between human capital and labour. In addition to

2346-426: A widescreen aspect ratio. The first monitor to support this resolution was the 37.5-inch LG 38UC99-W. Other vendors followed, with Dell U3818DW, HP Z38c, and Acer XR382CQK. This resolution has been referred to as UW4K , WQHD+ , UWQHD+ or QHD+ , though no single name is agreed upon. The resolution 3840 × 2160 , sometimes referred to as 4K UHD or 4K ×  2K , has a 16:9 aspect ratio and 8,294,400 pixels. It

2448-506: Is a display resolution of 2560 × 1440 pixels. The name "QHD" reflects the fact that it has four times as many pixels as HD (720p). It is also sometimes called "WQHD" to distinguish it from qHD ( 960 × 540 ), otherwise it is technically redundant since the HD resolutions are all widescreen which the added 'W' empasizes. This resolution was under consideration by the ATSC in the late 1980s to become

2550-665: Is a display resolution of 960 × 540 pixels, which is exactly one-quarter of a Full HD (1080p) frame, in a 16:9 aspect ratio. Notably, it is neither "qFHD" nor 640 × 360 which would be quarter of "HD" resolution (720p). Some of the few tabletop TVs to use this as its native resolution from around 2005 were the Sony XEL-1 and the Sharp Aquos P50 . Sharp marketed its ED TV sets with this resolution as PAL optimal . Similar to DVGA , this resolution became popular for high-end smartphone displays in early 2011. Mobile phones including

2652-423: Is a low productivity job. As a result, average productivity decreases but the real income per capita increases. Furthermore, the well-being of the society also grows. This example reveals the difficulty to interpret the total productivity change correctly. The combination of volume increase and total productivity decrease leads in this case to the improved performance because we are on the “diminishing returns” area of

2754-404: Is also known as the display mode or the video mode, although these terms usually include further specifications such as the image refresh rate and the color depth . The resolution itself only indicates the number of distinct pixels that can be displayed on a screen, which affects the sharpness and clarity of the image. It can be controlled by various factors, such as the type of display device,

2856-582: Is also used in portable devices. In September 2012, Samsung announced the Series 9 WQHD laptop with a 13-inch 2560 × 1440 display. In August 2013, LG announced a 5.5-inch QHD smartphone display, which was used in the LG G3 . In October 2013 Vivo announced a smartphone with a 2560 × 1440 display. Other phone manufacturers followed in 2014, such as Samsung with the Galaxy Note 4 , and Google and Motorola with

2958-441: Is an important element in the real-world application of production economics. Should the pricing be too high, the production of the product is simply unviable. There is also a strong link between pricing and consumption, with this influencing the overall production scale. In principle there are two main activities in an economy, production and consumption. Similarly, there are two kinds of actors, producers and consumers. Well-being

3060-629: Is double the size of Full HD ( 1920 × 1080 ) in both dimensions for a total of four times as many pixels, and triple the size of HD ( 1280 × 720 ) in both dimensions for a total of nine times as many pixels. It is the lowest common multiple of the HDTV resolutions. 3840 × 2160 was chosen as the resolution of the UHDTV1 format defined in SMPTE ST 2036-1, as well as the 4K UHDTV system defined in ITU-R BT.2020 and

3162-467: Is exactly 2 times the width and ⁠1 + 1 / 2 ⁠ times the height of 4:3 VGA ( 640 × 480 ), which shares its aspect ratio and 480 line count with NTSC . HD, therefore, has exactly 3 times as many pixels as VGA, i.e. almost 1 megapixel . In the mid-2000s, when the digital HD technology and standard debuted on the market, this type of resolution was often referred to by the branded name " HD ready " or "HDr" for short, which had specified it as

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3264-590: Is exactly double the size of 2560 × 1080 in both dimensions, for a total of four times as many pixels. The first displays to support this resolution were 105-inch televisions, the LG 105UC9 and the Samsung UN105S9W. In December 2017, LG announced a 34-inch 5120 × 2160 monitor, the 34WK95U, and in January 2021 the 40-inch 40WP95C. LG refers to this resolution as "5K2K WUHD". Production (economics) Production

3366-431: Is made possible by efficient production and by the interaction between producers and consumers. In the interaction, consumers can be identified in two roles both of which generate well-being. Consumers can be both customers of the producers and suppliers to the producers. The customers' well-being arises from the commodities they are buying and the suppliers' well-being is related to the income they receive as compensation for

3468-409: Is mirror against the economic theory of supply and demand . Accordingly, when production decreases more than factor consumption, this results in reduced productivity. Contrarily, a production increase over consumption is seen as increased productivity. In an economic market, production input and output prices are assumed to be set from external factors as the producer is the price taker. Hence, pricing

3570-490: Is more for lower resolutions such as nHD. To avoid storing the eight lines of padded pixels, some people prefer to encode video at 624 × 352 , which only has one stored padded line. When such video streams are either encoded from HD frames or played back on HD displays in full-screen mode (either 720p or 1080p) they are scaled by non-integer scale factors. True nHD frames on the other hand has integer scale factors, for example Nokia 808 PureView which has an nHD display. qHD

3672-494: Is referred to simply as HD, as is evident from derived terms like qHD ( quarter ) and nHD ( ninth ), which have a half and a third of the lines and columns of their common base 1920 × 1080 , respectively, whereas QHD ( quadruple ) has double the dimensions of 1280 × 720 instead. When set in relation to higher resolutions, 1920 × 1080 is also referred to as 2K because it has roughly 2000 pixels of horizontal resolution. This naming convention usually – but not always – assumes

3774-536: Is seen as the key economic indicator of innovation. The successful introduction of new products and new or altered processes, organization structures, systems, and business models generates growth of output that exceeds the growth of inputs. This results in growth in productivity or output per unit of input. Income growth can also take place without innovation through replication of established technologies. With only replication and without innovation, output will increase in proportion to inputs. (Jorgenson et al. 2014, 2) This

3876-433: Is that maximisation of profit is the key objective of the producer. The difference in the value of the production values (the output value) and costs (associated with the factors of production) is the calculated profit. Efficiency, technological, pricing, behavioural, consumption and productivity changes are a few of the critical elements that significantly influence production economically. Within production, efficiency plays

3978-401: Is that the number of lines is not an even multiple of 16, which is a common macroblock size for video codecs . Video frames encoded with 16 × 16 pixel macroblocks would be padded to 640 × 368 and the added pixels would be cropped away at playback. H.264 codecs have this padding and cropping ability built-in as standard. The same is true for qHD and 1080p but the relative amount of padding

4080-484: Is the case of income growth through production volume growth. Jorgenson et al. (2014, 2) give an empiric example. They show that the great preponderance of economic growth in the US since 1947 involves the replication of existing technologies through investment in equipment, structures, and software and expansion of the labor force. Further, they show that innovation accounts for only about twenty percent of US economic growth. In

4182-485: Is the change in output from increasing the number of workers used by one person, or by adding one more machine to the production process in the short run. The law of diminishing marginal returns points out that as more units of a variable input are added to fixed amounts of land and capital, the change in total output would rise firstly and then fall. The length of time required for all the factor of production to be flexible varies from industry to industry. For example, in

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4284-401: Is the native resolution for DCI 4K digital projectors and displays. HDMI added support for 4096 × 2160 at 24   Hz in version 1.4 and 60   Hz in version 2.0. The resolution 5120 × 2160 is equivalent to 4K UHD ( 3840 × 2160 ) extended in width by one third, giving it a 64:27 aspect ratio (2. 370 or 21. 3 :9, commonly marketed as simply "21:9") and 11,059,200 total pixels. It

4386-443: Is the native resolution for DCI-compliant 2K digital projectors – active displays with this resolution are rare. The display aspect ratio is frequently wider than the native one, requiring non-square pixels. The resolution 2560 × 1080 is equivalent to Full HD ( 1920 × 1080 ) extended in width by one third, with an aspect ratio of 64:27 (2. 370 , or 21. 3 :9). Monitors at this resolution usually contain built-in firmware to divide

4488-436: Is the only production form that creates and distributes incomes to stakeholders. Public production and household production are financed by the incomes generated in market production. Thus market production has a double role: creating well-being and producing goods and services and income creation. Because of this double role, market production is the "primus motor" of economic well-being. The underlying assumption of production

4590-400: Is the process of combining various inputs, both material (such as metal, wood, glass, or plastics) and immaterial (such as plans, or knowledge ) in order to create output. Ideally this output will be a good or service which has value and contributes to the utility of individuals. The area of economics that focuses on production is called production theory, and it is closely related to

4692-525: The Jolla , Sony Xperia C , HTC Sensation , Motorola Droid RAZR , LG Optimus L9 , Microsoft Lumia 535 , and Samsung Galaxy S4 Mini have displays with the qHD resolution, as does the PlayStation Vita portable game system. The HD or 720p resolution of 1280 × 720 pixels stems from high-definition television (HDTV), where it originally used 50 or 60 frames per second. With its 16:9 aspect ratio, it

4794-602: The Nexus 6 smartphone. By the mid-2010s, it was a common resolution among flagship phones such as the HTC 10 , the Lumia 950 , and the Galaxy S6 and S7. Ultrawide (curved) monitors with a 32:9 aspect ratio and a 5120 × 1440 resolution have been referred to as Dual QHD or DQHD for short. It is sometimes also called "Super-Ultrawide" for marketing purposes. The resolution 3200 × 1800 has

4896-654: The UHD-1 broadcast standard from DVB . It is also the minimum resolution requirement for CEA's definition of an Ultra HD display. Before the publication of these standards, it was sometimes casually referred to as "QFHD" (Quad Full HD). The first commercial displays capable of this resolution include an 82-inch LCD TV revealed by Samsung in early 2008, the Sony SRM-L560, a 56-inch LCD reference monitor announced in October 2009, an 84-inch display demonstrated by LG in mid-2010, and

4998-622: The 16:10 aspect ratio had virtually disappeared from the Windows laptop display market (although Mac laptops are still mostly 16:10, including the 2880 × 1800 15" Retina MacBook Pro and the 2560 × 1600 13" Retina MacBook Pro). One consequence of this transition was that the highest available resolutions moved generally downward (i.e., the move from 1920 × 1200 laptop displays to 1920 × 1080 displays). In response to usability flaws of now common 16:9 displays in office/professional applications, Microsoft and Huawei started to offer notebooks with

5100-436: The 16:10 aspect ratio longer than the entertainment industry, but in the 2005–2010 period, computers were increasingly marketed as dual-use products, with uses in the traditional computer applications, but also as means of viewing entertainment content. In this time frame, with the notable exception of Apple, almost all desktop, laptop, and display manufacturers gradually moved to promoting only 16:9 aspect ratio displays. By 2011,

5202-461: The 16:10 ratio. The 16:10 ratio allowed some compromise between showing older 4:3 aspect ratio broadcast TV shows, but also allowing better viewing of widescreen movies. However, around the year 2005, home entertainment displays (i.e., TV sets) gradually moved from 16:10 to the 16:9 aspect ratio, for further improvement of viewing widescreen movies. By about 2007, virtually all mass-market entertainment displays were 16:9. In 2011, 1920 × 1080 (Full HD,

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5304-427: The absolute measure, i.e. the real income and its derivatives as a criterion of production performance. Maximizing productivity also leads to the phenomenon called " jobless growth " This refers to economic growth as a result of productivity growth but without creation of new jobs and new incomes from them. A practical example illustrates the case. When a jobless person obtains a job in market production we may assume it

5406-511: The applied inputs have the potential to produce 100 units but are producing 60 units, the efficiency of the output is 0.6, or 60%. Furthermore, economies of scale identify the point at which production efficiency (returns) can be increased, decrease or remain constant. This element sees the ongoing adaption of technology at the frontier of the production function. Technological change is a significant determinant in advancing economic production results, as noted throughout economic histories, such as

5508-471: The average production performance, we use the known productivity ratio The absolute income of performance is obtained by subtracting the real input from the real output as follows: The growth of the real income is the increase of the economic value that can be distributed between the production stakeholders. With the aid of the production model we can perform the average and absolute accounting in one calculation. Maximizing production performance requires using

5610-605: The benefits of better productivity to customers. Customers get more for less. In households and the public sector this means that more need satisfaction is achieved at less cost. For this reason, the productivity of customers can increase over time even though their incomes remain unchanged. Suppliers The suppliers of companies are typically producers of materials, energy, capital, and services. They all have their individual production functions. The changes in prices or qualities of supplied commodities have an effect on both actors' (company and suppliers) production functions. We come to

5712-425: The case of a single production process (described above) the output is defined as an economic value of products and services produced in the process. When we want to examine an entity of many production processes we have to sum up the value-added created in the single processes. This is done in order to avoid the double accounting of intermediate inputs. Value-added is obtained by subtracting the intermediate inputs from

5814-411: The common factors of production, in different economic schools of thought, entrepreneurship and technology are sometimes considered evolved factors in production. It is common practice that several forms of controllable inputs are used to achieve the output of a product. The production function assesses the relationship between the inputs and the quantity of output. Economic welfare is created in

5916-452: The components of growth: an increase of inputs and an increase of productivity. The portion of growth caused by the increase in inputs is shown on line 1 and does not change the relation between inputs and outputs. The portion of growth caused by an increase in productivity is shown on line 2 with a steeper slope. So increased productivity represents greater output per unit of input. The growth of production output does not reveal anything about

6018-567: The concept of production function. We can use mathematical formulae, which are typically used in macroeconomics (in growth accounting) or arithmetical models, which are typically used in microeconomics and management accounting. We do not present the former approach here but refer to the survey “Growth accounting” by Hulten 2009. Also see an extensive discussion of various production models and their estimations in Sickles and Zelenyuk (2019, Chapter 1-2). We use here arithmetical models because they are like

6120-413: The conclusion that the production functions of the company and its suppliers are in a state of continuous change. Producers Those participating in production, i.e., the labour force, society and owners, are collectively referred to as the producer community or producers. The producer community generates income from developing and growing production. The well-being gained through commodities stems from

6222-403: The consumption(or consumer) theory of economics. The production process and output directly result from productively utilising the original inputs (or factors of production ). Known as primary producer goods or services, land, labour, and capital are deemed the three fundamental factors of production . These primary inputs are not significantly altered in the output process, nor do they become

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6324-447: The display. The aspect ratio determines how the image is scaled and stretched or cropped to fit the screen. The most common aspect ratios for graphics displays are 4:3 , 16:10 (equal to 8:5), 16:9 , and " 21:9 ". The aspect ratio also affects the perceived size of objects on the screen. The native screen resolution together with the physical dimensions of the graphics display can be used to calculate its pixel density . An increase in

6426-430: The era of the cathode ray tube (CRT). The 16:10 aspect ratio had its largest use in the 1995–2010 period, and the 16:9 aspect ratio tends to reflect post-2010 mass-market computer monitor, laptop, and entertainment products displays. On CRTs, there was often a difference between the aspect ratio of the computer resolution and the aspect ratio of the display causing non-square pixels (e.g. 320 × 200 or 1280 × 1024 on

6528-643: The first smartphone with a 4K display, and in 2017 Sony announced the Xperia XZ Premium, the first smartphone with a 4K HDR display. 4096 × 2160 , referred to as DCI 4K , Cinema 4K or 4K ×  2K , is the resolution used by the 4K container format defined by the Digital Cinema Initiatives Digital Cinema System Specification, a prominent standard in the cinema industry. This resolution has an aspect ratio of 256:135 (1.8 962 :1), and 8,847,360 total pixels. This

6630-480: The industrial revolution. Therefore, it is critical to continue to monitor its effects on production and promote the development of new technologies. There is a strong correlation between the producer's behaviour and the underlying assumption of production – both assume profit maximising behaviour. Production can be either increased, decreased or remain constant as a result of consumption, amongst various other factors. The relationship between production and consumption

6732-404: The logic of the production function. Two components can also be distinguished in the income change: the income growth caused by an increase in production input (production volume) and the income growth caused by an increase in productivity. The income growth caused by increased production volume is determined by moving along the production function graph. The income growth corresponding to a shift of

6834-402: The manufacturing industries like motor vehicles. In the tertiary industry such as service or knowledge industries, it is harder to measure the outputs since they are less tangible. The second way of measuring production and efficiency is average output. It measures output per-worker-employed or output-per-unit of capital. The third measures of production and efficiency is the marginal product. It

6936-507: The models of management accounting, illustrative and easily understood and applied in practice. Furthermore, they are integrated to management accounting, which is a practical advantage. A major advantage of the arithmetical model is its capability to depict production function as a part of production process. Consequently, production function can be understood, measured, and examined as a part of production process. There are different production models according to different interests. Here we use

7038-612: The native resolution of Blu-ray ) was the favored resolution in the most heavily marketed entertainment market displays. The next standard, 3840 × 2160 (4K UHD), was first sold in 2013. Also in 2013, displays with 2560 × 1080 (aspect ratio 64:27 or 2. 370 , however commonly referred to as "21:9" for easy comparison with 16:9) appeared, which closely approximate the common CinemaScope movie standard aspect ratio of 2.35–2.40. In 2014, "21:9" screens with pixel dimensions of 3440 × 1440 (actual aspect ratio 43:18 or 2.3 8 ) became available as well. The computer display industry maintained

7140-423: The nuclear power industry, it takes many years to commission new nuclear power plant and capacity. Real-life examples of the firm's short - term production equations may not be quite the same as the smooth production theory of the department. In order to improve efficiency and promote the structural transformation of economic growth, it is most important to establish the industrial development model related to it. At

7242-470: The outputs. The most well-known and used measure of value-added is the GDP (Gross Domestic Product). It is widely used as a measure of the economic growth of nations and industries. The production performance can be measured as an average or an absolute income. Expressing performance both in average (avg.) and absolute (abs.) quantities is helpful for understanding the welfare effects of production. For measurement of

7344-401: The performance of the production process. The performance of production measures production's ability to generate income. Because the income from production is generated in the real process, we call it the real income. Similarly, as the production function is an expression of the real process, we could also call it "income generated by the production function". The real income generation follows

7446-697: The pixel density often correlates with a decrease in the size of individual pixels on a display. Some graphics displays support multiple resolutions and aspect ratios, which can be changed by the user or by the software. In particular, some devices use a hardware/ native resolution that is a simple multiple of the recommended software/virtual resolutions in order to show finer details; marketing terms for this include " Retina display ". The favored aspect ratio of mass-market display industry products has changed gradually from 4:3, then to 16:10, then to 16:9, and has now changed to 18:9 for smartphones . The 4:3 aspect ratio generally reflects older products, especially

7548-479: The price-quality relations of the commodities. Due to competition and development in the market, the price-quality relations of commodities tend to improve over time. Typically the quality of a commodity goes up and the price goes down over time. This development favourably affects the production functions of customers. Customers get more for less. Consumer customers get more satisfaction at less cost. This type of well-being generation can only partially be calculated from

7650-484: The producer imply surplus value to the consumer, and on the basis of the market price this value is shared by the consumer and the producer in the marketplace. This is the mechanism through which surplus value originates to the consumer and the producer likewise. Surplus values to customers cannot be measured from any production data. Instead the surplus value to a producer can be measured. It can be expressed both in terms of nominal and real values. The real surplus value to

7752-450: The producer is an outcome of the real process, real income, and measured proportionally it means productivity. The concept "real process" in the meaning quantitative structure of production process was introduced in Finnish management accounting in the 1960s. Since then it has been a cornerstone in the Finnish management accounting theory. (Riistama et al. 1971) Income distribution process of

7854-410: The producing community. Similarly, the high income level achieved in the community is a result of the high volume of production and its good performance. This type of well-being generation – as mentioned earlier - can be reliably calculated from the production data. A producing company can be divided into sub-processes in different ways; yet, the following five are identified as main processes, each with

7956-459: The production data. The situation is presented in this study. The producer community (labour force, society, and owners) earns income as compensation for the inputs they have delivered to the production. When the production grows and becomes more efficient, the income tends to increase. In production this brings about an increased ability to pay salaries, taxes and profits. The growth of production and improved productivity generate additional income for

8058-416: The production function is generated by the increase in productivity. The change of real income so signifies a move from the point 1 to the point 2 on the production function (above). When we want to maximize the production performance we have to maximize the income generated by the production function. The sources of productivity growth and production volume growth are explained as follows. Productivity growth

8160-399: The production function. If we are on the part of “increasing returns” on the production function, the combination of production volume increase and total productivity increase leads to improved production performance. Unfortunately, we do not know in practice on which part of the production function we are. Therefore, a correct interpretation of a performance change is obtained only by measuring

8262-408: The production inputs they have delivered to the producers. Stakeholders of production are persons, groups or organizations with an interest in a producing company. Economic well-being originates in efficient production and it is distributed through the interaction between the company's stakeholders. The stakeholders of companies are economic actors which have an economic interest in a company. Based on

8364-402: The production output from input, and it can be described by means of the production function . It refers to a series of events in production in which production inputs of different quality and quantity are combined into products of different quality and quantity. Products can be physical goods, immaterial services and most often combinations of both. The characteristics created into the product by

8466-513: The production refers to a series of events in which the unit prices of constant-quality products and inputs alter causing a change in income distribution among those participating in the exchange. The magnitude of the change in income distribution is directly proportionate to the change in prices of the output and inputs and to their quantities. Productivity gains are distributed, for example, to customers as lower product sales prices or to staff as higher income pay. The production process consists of

8568-492: The quality requirements for the production data used in productivity accounting. The most important criterion of good measurement is the homogenous quality of the measurement object. If the object is not homogenous, then the measurement result may include changes in both quantity and quality but their respective shares will remain unclear. In productivity accounting this criterion requires that every item of output and input must appear in accounting as being homogenous. In other words,

8670-564: The quality-price-ratio of the commodities improves and more satisfaction is achieved at less cost. Improving the quality-price-ratio of commodities is to a producer an essential way to improve the competitiveness of products but this kind of gains distributed to customers cannot be measured with production data. Improving product competitiveness often means lower prices and to the producer lower producer income, to be compensated with higher sales volume. Economic well-being also increases due to income gains from increasing production. Market production

8772-408: The real income change. In the short run, the production function assumes there is at least one fixed factor input. The production function relates the quantity of factor inputs used by a business to the amount of output that result. There are three measure of production and productivity. The first one is total output (total product). It is straightforward to measure how much output is being produced in

8874-480: The real inputs. The real process can be described by means of the production function. The production function is a graphical or mathematical expression showing the relationship between the inputs used in production and the output achieved. Both graphical and mathematical expressions are presented and demonstrated. The production function is a simple description of the mechanism of income generation in production process. It consists of two components. These components are

8976-423: The real process and income distribution process occur simultaneously, and only the production process is identifiable and measurable by the traditional accounting practices. The real process and income distribution process can be identified and measured by extra calculation, and this is why they need to be analyzed separately in order to understand the logic of production and its performance. Real process generates

9078-409: The real process and the income distribution process. A result and a criterion of success of the owner is profitability. The profitability of production is the share of the real process result the owner has been able to keep to himself in the income distribution process. Factors describing the production process are the components of profitability , i.e., returns and costs. They differ from the factors of

9180-403: The real process in that the components of profitability are given at nominal prices whereas in the real process the factors are at periodically fixed prices. Monetary process refers to events related to financing the business. Market value process refers to a series of events in which investors determine the market value of the company in the investment markets. Economic growth may be defined as

9282-418: The same field rate (a 12.5% increase, as one field of 1080i video is 1,036,800 pixels, and one frame of 720p video is 921,600 pixels). Although the number of pixels is the same for 1080p and 1080i, the effective resolution is somewhat lower for the interlaced format, as it is necessary to use some vertical low-pass filtering to reduce temporal artifacts such as interline twitter . Sometimes, this resolution

9384-423: The same time, a shift should be made to models that contain typical characteristics of the industry, such as specific technological changes and significant differences in the likelihood of substitution before and after investment. A production model is a numerical description of the production process and is based on the prices and the quantities of inputs and outputs. There are two main approaches to operationalize

9486-404: The screen into two 1280 × 1080 screens. There are other, non-standard display resolutions with 1080 lines whose aspect ratios fall between the usual 16∶9 and the ultra-wide 64∶27, e.g. 18∶9, 18.5∶9, 19∶9 and 19.5∶9. They are mostly used in smartphones or phablets and do not have established names, but may be subsumed under the umbrella term ultra-wide (full) HD . QHD (Quad HD) or 1440p

9588-445: The screen into two 1920 × 1080 screens, or one 2560 × 1080 and one 1280 × 1080 screen. The resolution 3840 × 1600 has a 12:5 aspect ratio, i.e. 2.4 or 21.6:9, which is commonly marketed as simply "21:9". It is equivalent to WQXGA ( 2560 × 1600 ) extended in width by 50%, or 4K UHD ( 3840 × 2160 ) reduced in height by 26%. This resolution is commonly encountered in cinematic 4K content that has been cropped vertically to

9690-445: The second is total production which help in increasing GDP . The most important forms of production are: In order to understand the origin of economic well-being, we must understand these three production processes. All of them produce commodities which have value and contribute to the well-being of individuals. The satisfaction of needs originates from the use of the commodities which are produced. The need satisfaction increases when

9792-422: The signal format, the aspect ratio, and the refresh rate. Some graphics display resolutions are frequently referenced with a single number (e.g. in "1080p" or "4K"), which represents the number of horizontal or vertical pixels. More generally, any resolution can be expressed as two numbers separated by a multiplication sign (e.g. "1920×1080"), which represent the width and height in pixels. Since most screens have

9894-456: The similarities of their interests, stakeholders can be classified into three groups in order to differentiate their interests and mutual relations. The three groups are as follows: Customers The customers of a company are typically consumers, other market producers or producers in the public sector. Each of them has their individual production functions. Due to competition, the price-quality-ratios of commodities tend to improve and this brings

9996-474: The standard HDTV format, because it is exactly 4 times the width and 3 times the height of VGA, which has the same number of lines as NTSC signals at the SDTV 4:3 aspect ratio. Pragmatic technical constraints made them choose the now well-known 16:9 formats of 1280 × 720 and 1920 × 1080 instead, which were 2 times and 3 times the width of VGA respectively. In October 2006, Chi Mei Optoelectronics (CMO) announced

10098-402: The surplus value is positive, the owner's profit expectation has been surpassed. The table presents a surplus value calculation. We call this set of production data a basic example and we use the data through the article in illustrative production models. The basic example is a simplified profitability calculation used for illustration and modelling. Even as reduced, it comprises all phenomena of

10200-515: The title WVGA . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WVGA&oldid=1068623677 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Broadcast call sign disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Wide VGA The graphics display resolution

10302-588: Was added in DisplayPort 1.2, no DisplayPort timing controllers (TCONs) existed which were capable of processing the necessary amount of data from a single video stream. As a result, the first 4K monitors from 2013 and early 2014, such as the Sharp PN-K321, Asus PQ321Q, and Dell UP2414Q and UP3214Q, were addressed internally as two 1920 × 2160 monitors side by side instead of a single display and made use of DisplayPort's Multi-Stream Transport (MST) feature to multiplex

10404-523: Was the 34-inch LG 34UM95-P. This monitor was first released in Germany in late December 2013, before being officially announced at CES 2014. The resolution 3840 × 1080 is equivalent to two Full HD ( 1920 × 1080 ) displays side by side or one vertical half of a 4K UHD ( 3840 × 2160 ) display. It has an aspect ratio of 32:9 (3. 5 :1), close to the 3.6:1 ratio of IMAX UltraWideScreen 3.6 . Samsung monitors at this resolution contain built-in firmware to divide

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