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75-509: W22EX-D (virtual channel 30, UHF digital channel 22) in Staunton operates as a translator of WSVW-LD; this station's transmitter is located atop Elliott Knob west of Staunton. Even though WSVW-LD and W22EX-D both have digital signals of their own, their low-power broadcast ranges only cover the immediate Harrisonburg and Staunton areas, respectively. Therefore, the NBC-affiliated main feed

150-481: A CKWS-TV re-transmitter in Brighton, Ontario , and three TVOntario sites) went digital as part of a move to a lower frequency but do not provide high-definition television , digital subchannels or any functions beyond that of the original analogue site. Like a TV station, a radio re-broadcaster may have a distinct call sign or use the call sign of the originating station followed by a numeric suffix. The numeric suffix

225-574: A directional antenna system at nighttime to help reduce co-channel interference to each other's signals. In the United States , there are six "Local Channel" frequencies, also known as "graveyarders" where nearly every station on those frequencies has the same power and antenna pattern both day and night and, as a result of skywave propagation, there is normally massive co-channel interference in rural areas on these frequencies, often making it difficult, if not impossible, to understand what's being said on

300-400: A satellite station , relay transmitter , broadcast translator (U.S.), re-broadcaster (Canada), repeater ( two-way radio ) or complementary station (Mexico), is a broadcast transmitter which repeats (or transponds ) the signal of a radio or television station to an area not covered by the originating station. These expand the broadcast range of a television or radio station beyond

375-544: A $ 1,000 federal-government subsidy for a portion of the additional equipment. Many other translators went dark after the digital-transition deadline, or did not apply for new channels after UHF channels 52–69 were removed from the bandplan. Some small translators operated by directly converting a parent station's signal to another frequency for rebroadcast, without any other local signal processing or demodulation. W07BA (a 16-watt repeater for WSYR-TV in Syracuse, New York )

450-401: A GPS-synchronized time. A DTS does not use broadcast repeaters in the conventional sense, since they cannot receive a signal from a main terrestrial broadcast transmitter for rebroadcast; to do so would introduce a re-transmission delay destroying the required synchronization, causing interference between transmitters. The use of virtual channels is another alternative, although this may cause

525-412: A booster. All U.S. translator and booster stations are low-power and have a class D license, making them secondary to other stations (including the parent); they must accept interference from full-power (100 watts or more on FM) stations, while not causing any of their own. Boosters must not interfere with the parent station in the community of license . Licenses are automatically renewed with that of

600-486: A broadcast translator is a facility created to receive a terrestrial broadcast over the air on one frequency and rebroadcast the same (or substantially identical) signal on another frequency. These stations are used in television and radio to cover areas (such as valleys or rural villages) which are not adequately covered by a station's main signal. They can also be used to expand market coverage by duplicating programming on another band. Relays which broadcast within (or near)

675-724: A call sign consisting of three letters from anywhere in Canada's ITU -prefix range followed by three digits (such as CFU758 or VEK565). Other stations in this license class have been assigned conventional Cxxx call signs. Former re-broadcasters have occasionally been converted to originating stations, retaining their former call sign; examples include CITE-FM-1 in Sherbrooke , CBF-FM-8 in Trois-Rivières and CBAF-FM-15 in Charlottetown . In Mexico , translator and booster stations are given

750-511: A channel, this is more difficult with the 8VSB modulation and unvariable guard interval used in ATSC standards than with the orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) used in the European and Australian DVB-T standard. A distributed transmission system would have stringent synchronization requirements, requiring each transmitter to receive its signal from a central source for broadcast at

825-700: A contract with the Quintana Roo state network . The other network, operated by the Sistema Público de Radiodifusión del Estado Mexicano (SPR), has 26 stations (16 operational); most are digital. The SPR transmitters are almost exclusively in cities where the IPN never built stations, and carry Canal Once as one of the five educational networks in the multiplex of the digital station. Twenty-six of Mexico's 32 states also own and operate television services, and 16 use more than one transmitter. The largest (by number of stations)

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900-424: A deal to sell WVIR-TV, along with W30CT-D and W22EX-D, to Gray Television on that day. Gray already owned CBS -affiliated rival WCAV and ABC affiliate WVAW-LD (channel 16), which were concurrently sold to Lockwood Broadcast Group . WVIR became a sister station to Fox affiliate WAHU-CD (channel 27, now WVIR-CD ), which was not included in the sale and retained by Gray to serve as a WVIR-TV translator. The sale

975-646: A digital uplink. Although many translators continued analog broadcasts and a minority transitioned to digital, some rural communities expected to find all local translator signals gone as a result of the originating stations' transition. By law, full-service local broadcasters are the primary occupants of the FM broadcast band; LPFM and translators are secondary occupants, with theoretically-equal status. In practice, frequencies assigned to translators become unavailable to new LPFM stations or existing stations wishing to upgrade. Some distinctions place small, local LPFM operators at

1050-474: A disadvantage: Co-channel interference Co-channel interference or CCI is crosstalk from two different radio transmitters using the same channel . Co-channel interference can be caused by many factors from weather conditions to administrative and design issues. Co-channel interference may be controlled by various radio resource management schemes. In cellular mobile communication ( GSM & LTE Systems, for instance), frequency spectrum

1125-548: A limited amount of regional content; Televisa prefers to use its non-national Gala TV network and Televisa Regional stations as outlets for local production. A number of translators also serve areas with little or no signal in their defined coverage area, known as equipos complementarios de zona de sombra ('shadow channels'). Most shadow channels air the same programming as their parent station. The northern and central regional network Multimedios Televisión in Monterrey uses

1200-518: A newscast. There is no strict rule for the call sign of a television re-broadcaster. Some transmitters have call signs different from the parent station ( CFGC in Sudbury is a re-broadcaster of CIII ), and others use the call sign of the originating station followed by a number (such as the former CBLFT-17 in Sarnia , Ontario). The latter type officially includes the television station's -TV suffix between

1275-435: A parent station's conversion to digital television. Translators which received an analog over-the-air signal from a full-service television station for rebroadcast needed to convert their receiving equipment, like individual viewers used digital converter boxes . Although the signal transmitted by the repeater may have remained analog, the uplink had to be changed. Twenty-three percent of the 4,000 licensed translators received

1350-476: A re-broadcaster of CKSB-FM . A broadcaster is limited to two stations on one band in a market, but a possible means to obtain a third FM signal in-market is to use a re-broadcaster of the AM station to move the signal to low-power FM. In Sarnia, Blackburn Radio owns CFGX-FM (99.9) and CHKS-FM (106.3); its third Sarnia station, CHOK (1070 kHz), uses an FM repeater for city coverage as Country 103.9 FM (although

1425-607: A semi-satellite is a formerly autonomous full-service station which is programmed remotely through centralcasting or broadcast automation to avoid the cost of a local staff. CBLFT , an owned-and-operated station of the French-language network Ici Radio-Canada Télé in Toronto , is a de facto semi-satellite of its stronger Ottawa sibling CBOFT ; its programming has long been identical or differed only in local news and advertising. A financially weak privately owned broadcaster in

1500-679: A small market can become a de facto semi-satellite by gradually curtailing local production and relying on a commonly owned station in a larger city for programming; WWTI in Watertown, New York , relies on WSYR-TV in this manner. Broadcast automation allows the substitution of syndicated programming or digital subchannel content which the broadcaster was unable to obtain for both cities. Some defunct full-service stations (such as CJSS-TV in Cornwall, Ontario , now CJOH-TV-8 ) have become full satellite stations and originate nothing. If programming from

1575-449: A three-digit number (201 through 300, corresponding to 88.1 to 107.9 MHz), followed by a pair of sequentially-assigned letters. The format is similar to that used by numbered television translators, where the number refers to the permanent channel assignment. The largest terrestrial radio-translator system in the U.S. in October 2008 belonged to KUER-FM , the non-commercial radio outlet of

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1650-694: A translator may broadcast programming from the originating station's HD2 subchannel as the translator's main analogue signal. W237DE (95.3 MHz in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania ) broadcasts the format formerly carried by WTCY (1400 AM, now WHGB ), receiving the signal from a WNNK (104.1 FM) HD2 digital subchannel for analogue rebroadcast from the WNNK tower site on 95.3. It is legally an FM repeater of an FM station, although each signal would be heard with unique content by users with analogue FM radio receivers. Commercial stations may own their translators (or boosters) when

1725-463: A two-hour delay behind the originating station; there is a one-hour delay in Sonora , and Quintana Roo (one hour ahead of central Mexico in 2015) receives programs one hour later than they are broadcast to most of the rest of Mexico. Ten to 15 FM shadow channels exist, and they are required to be co-channel with the stations they re-transmit. Quintana Roo has the most FM shadow channels (seven), about half

1800-460: Is Telemax , Sonora 's state network, with 59 transmitters. Many state-network transmitters broadcast at a low effective radiated power (ERP). A few stations are owned by municipalities or translator associations. Like state networks, they transmit at very low power. Transmitters re-broadcasting Mexico City stations to Baja California and other communities along the Pacific coast normally operate on

1875-481: Is simulcast in 1080i full high definition on WHSV-TV's second digital subchannel in order to reach the entire market ; this signal can be seen on UHF channel 20.2 (or virtual channel 3.2 via PSIP ) from a separate transmitter atop Elliott Knob. The station signed on in June 2011 as W30CT-D , a translator of Charlottesville -based NBC affiliate WVIR-TV (channel 29). W30CT-D was one of two translators of WVIR-TV for

1950-408: Is a precious resource which is divided into non-overlapping spectrum bands which are assigned to different cells (In cellular communications, a cell refers to the hexagonal/circular area around the base station antenna). However, after certain geographical distance, these frequency bands are re-used, i.e. the same spectrum bands are reassigned to other distant cells. The co-channel interference arises in

2025-551: Is a re-broadcaster (also in Anzac) of Edmonton 's CITV . A station's re-broadcasters are not necessarily named in the same manner; CBLT had re-transmitters with their own call signs (some used CBLT followed by a number, and some used CH numbers). CBC and Radio-Canada owned-and-operated re-transmitters were shut down on August 1, 2012, along with most TVOntario transmitters (which often were located at Radio-Canada sites) and some Aboriginal Peoples Television Network (APTN) transmitters in

2100-514: Is a re-broadcaster of Vancouver 's CHAN . Re-broadcasters of this type are numbered sequentially in the order they were licensed by the CRTC, and their call signs are unrelated to the parent station or other re-broadcasters. Although the next number in the sequence (CH2650 in Anzac, Alberta ) is a re-broadcaster of CHAN, this is because CH2649 and CH2650 were licensed simultaneously; the following number, CH2651,

2175-851: Is allocated, signals propagate full-time via groundwave and, at nighttime, via skywave as well. This means that during the nighttime hours, co-channel interference exists on many AM radio frequencies due to the medium waves reflecting off the ionosphere and being bounced back down to earth. In the United States , Canada , Mexico , and the Bahamas , there are international agreements on certain frequencies which allocate " clear-channel " broadcasting for certain stations to either have their respective frequencies to themselves at night, or to share their respective frequencies with other stations located over hundreds or even thousands of miles away. On other frequencies, there are "Regional Channels" where most stations on these frequencies either reduce power or change to

2250-460: Is always sequential. For a re-broadcaster of an FM station, the numeric suffix is appended to the FM suffix; re-broadcasters of CJBC-FM in Toronto are numbered CJBC-FM-1, CJBC-FM-2, etc. If an AM station has a re-broadcaster on the FM band, the numeric suffix falls between the four-letter call sign and the FM suffix; CKSB-1-FM is an FM re-broadcaster of the AM station CKSB , and CKSB-FM-1 would be

2325-510: Is carried on all Shenandoah Valley cable systems due to the retransmission consent provision of the must-carry rules. This provision allows full-power stations to request compensation from cable systems as a condition of carrying them. In this case, Gray has the right to require cable systems to carry WSVW as part of the compensation for carrying WHSV. The station's digital signal is multiplexed : Broadcast relay station#Broadcast translators A broadcast relay station , also known as

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2400-550: Is generally done only if the station originates programming. Class A television stations are assigned calls with -CA and -CD suffixes. Digital stations which use numbers receive a -D suffix, such as W42BD-D. All are despite the fact that most of the full-power digital television stations had their -DT (originally -HD) suffixes dropped by the FCC before -D and -LD were implemented. Digital LPTV stations have their digital RF channel numbers as part of their digital call sign, which may differ from

2475-542: Is most commonly observed over high pressure regions and may affect radio signals for several hours to several days. The phenomenon is commonly referred to as anomalous propagation and is more likely in hot, dry weather in late summer. Poor planning of frequencies by broadcasters can cause CCI, although this is rare. A very localised example is Listowel in the south-west of Ireland . The 2RN UHF television transmitter systems in Listowel and Knockmoyle (near Tralee ) are on

2550-579: Is the principal cause of overcrowding on the AM band at night. A new source of interference on the AM broadcast band is the new digital broadcast system called HD, any AM station that broadcasts HD superimposes digital "hash" on its adjacent channels. This is especially apparent at night as some stations, for example WBZ transmits its 30 kHz wide signal for hundreds of miles at night causing documented interference and covering another station on an adjoining frequency (WYSL 1040) as far as 400 miles away. In addition, many AM stations, including but not limited to

2625-604: Is unregulated in the U.S. and widely permitted in Canada , the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulates radio formats to ensure diversity in programming. U.S. satellite stations may request an FCC exemption from requirements for a properly staffed broadcast studio in the city of license . The stations often cover large, sparsely populated regions or operate as statewide non-commercial educational radio and television systems. A television re-broadcaster often sells local (or regional) advertising for broadcast only on

2700-461: Is used, due to video synchronization issues such as ghosting . In the U.S., no new on-channel UHF signal boosters have been authorized since July 11, 1975. A distributed transmission system (DTS or DTx) uses several medium-power stations (usually digital) on the same frequency to cover a broadcast area, rather than one high-power station with repeaters on a different frequency. Although digital television stations are technically capable of sharing

2775-459: The Ontario shore of Lake Erie, as well as Woodstock 's CIHR-FM (on rare occasions), which is also on 104.7 FM, due to the signals traveling very far across Lake Erie . The interference to WIOT from the operation of W284BQ, translator, has been resolved by the FCC. Effective October 18, 2011, it must cease operation. In the medium frequency portion of the radio spectrum where most AM broadcasting

2850-606: The University of Utah , with 33 translator stations ranging from Idaho to New Mexico and Arizona . Unlike FM radio, low-power television stations may operate as translators or originate their own programming. Translator stations are given call signs which begin with W (east of the Mississippi River ) or K (west of the Mississippi, like regular stations) followed by a channel number and two serial letters for each channel;

2925-906: The VHF band within mountainous regions and urban areas due to signals bouncing off of mountains, buildings, and other structures, except that the groundwave-skywave cancellation occurs almost exclusively at nighttime when skywave propagation is present. Even with frequency planning, bleeding of signals from adjacent bands can lead to interference . This can impair passive remote sensing used for environmental monitoring , such as by weather satellites . The advent of 5G may significantly increase deleterious effects on satellites which would impair numerical weather prediction performance, resulting in substantially adverse economic and public safety impacts. Due to such concerns, US Secretary of Commerce Wilbur Ross and NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine in February 2019 urged

3000-414: The digital transition . Although no digital television mandates were forced on existing low-power television stations, Congress passed legislation in 2008 funding low-power stations which went digital by the conversion date or shortly thereafter. Some low-power stations were forced to change frequency to accommodate full-power stations which moved to UHF or operated digital companion channels on UHF during

3075-458: The virtual channel (the analog number). Numbered broadcast translators which are moved to another frequency are normally issued new call signs to reflect the updated channel assignment. This is not true of displaced translators using another frequency temporarily under a special technical authority. Although K55KD could retain its call sign while it was displaced temporarily to channel 57 to resolve interference to MediaFLO users, W81AA received

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3150-501: The AM signal remains the station's official primary transmitter). Low-power radio re-broadcasters may have a call sign consisting of VF followed by four numbers; a call sign of this type may also denote a low-power station which originates its own programming. Some stations licensed under the CRTC's experimental-broadcasting guidelines, a special class of short-term license (similar to special temporary authority ) sometimes granted to newer campus and community radio operations, may have

3225-483: The Commission's rules to re-transmit all or part of the programming of a parent station that is typically commonly owned". Since most satellite stations operate in small or sparsely-populated areas with an insufficient economic base to support full-service operations, many received FCC authorization on a case-by-case basis to flash cut from analog to digital on the same channel instead of simulcasting in both formats during

3300-686: The Harrisonburg-Staunton-Waynesboro market, broadcasting from Massanutten Mountain for Harrisonburg. A second translator, W41DT-D (currently W22EX-D), signed on earlier in the year from Elliott Knob to cover the other cities. For years, WVIR had been one of the default NBC affiliates piped into the Shenandoah Valley on cable, along with WRC-TV in Washington, D.C. , and WWBT in Richmond . On March 4, 2019, Waterman Broadcasting announced

3375-579: The TV channel number of the analogue signal they replaced. TVOntario's CICO-DT-53 (digital UHF 26, Belleville ) is an example; the station was converted in 2011 to vacate an out-of-core analogue channel (UHF 53), and retains CICO-TV-53's former analogue UHF television call-sign numbering as a surviving TVO repeater. Low-power re-broadcasters may have a call sign consisting of the letters CH followed by four numbers; for example, CH2649 in Valemount , British Columbia ,

3450-543: The basis of economic hardship, where a rural location unable to support a full-service originating station may be able to sustain a full-power re-broadcaster. Some stations (such as KVRR in Fargo, North Dakota ) are chains of as many as four full-power transmitters, each with its own call sign and license, covering a large, sparsely-populated region. LPTV stations may also choose a four-letter call sign with an -LP suffix (shared with low-power FM ) for analog or -LD for digital; this

3525-465: The call sign and the number, although it is often omitted from media directories. The numbers are usually applied sequentially, beginning with "1", and denote the chronological order in which the station's rebroadcast transmitters began operation. Some broadcasters may use a system in which the number is the transmitter's broadcast channel, such as CJOH-TV-47 in Pembroke, Ontario . A broadcaster cannot mix

3600-601: The call sign of the parent station. Most television stations in Mexico are operated as repeaters of the networks they broadcast. Translator stations in Mexico are given call signs beginning with XE and XH. Televisa and Azteca maintain two national networks apiece. Televisa's Las Estrellas network includes 128 stations (the most in Mexico), and Azteca's networks have 88 and 91 stations. The stations may insert local advertising. Azteca's stations in larger cities may include local news and

3675-558: The cellular mobile networks owing to this phenomenon of frequency reuse . Thus, besides the intended signal from within the cell, signals at the same frequencies (co-channel signals) arrive at the receiver from the undesired transmitters located (far away) in some other cells and lead to deterioration in receiver performance. For FM, vertical layering of moisture content and temperature in the atmosphere ( inversion layers ) can occasionally cause signals to travel hundreds or thousands of kilometres further than usual. An inversion layer (or duct)

3750-417: The clear channel-stations, often experience cancellation of their own signals within the inner and outer fringes of their normal groundwave coverage areas at nighttime due to the stations' individual skywave signals reaching the listeners' receivers at or near equal strength to the stations' individual groundwave signals; this phenomenon is very similar to the multipath interference experienced on FM Radio in

3825-420: The far north. Private commercial broadcasters operate full-power re-broadcasters to obtain "must carry" status on cable television systems. Transmitters in small markets with one (or no) originating stations were, in most cases, not required to convert to digital even if operating at full power. Transmitters broadcasting on UHF channels 52–69 were required to vacate the channels by August 31, 2011; some (such as

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3900-450: The first stations on a channel are AA, AB, AC and so on). Television channels have two digits, from 02 to 36 (formerly 02 to 83; 02 to 69 and 02 to 51); FM radio channels are numbered from 200 (87.9 MHz) to 300 (107.9 MHz), one every 0.2 MHz (for example, W42BD or K263AF). An X after the number in these call signs does not indicate an experimental broadcasting license (as it may in other services), since all 26 letters are used in

3975-604: The local transmitter, and may air a limited amount of programming distinct from its parent station. Some "semi-satellites" broadcast local news or separate news segments during part of the newscast . CHEX-TV-2 in Oshawa , Ontario , aired daily late-afternoon and early-evening news and community programs separate from its parent station, CHEX-TV in Peterborough, Ontario . The FCC prohibits this on U.S. FM translator stations, only permitting it on fully licensed stations. In some cases,

4050-560: The national Public Broadcasting Service . In Canada, "re-broadcaster" or "re-broadcasting transmitter" are the terms most commonly used by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC). A television re-broadcaster may sell local or regional advertising for broadcast only on the local transmitter. Rarely, they may air limited programming distinct from their parent station. Some "semi-satellites" broadcast local newscasts or separate news segments in part of

4125-418: The national total. Three more FM shadows are authorized: XETIA-FM / XEAD-FM ( Ajijic , Jalisco ) and XHRRR-FM (Tecolula, Veracruz ). In July 2009, the basic FCC regulations concerning translators were: There is one way programming may differ between a main station and an FM translator: an HD Radio signal may contain digital subchannels with different programming from the main analogue channel, and

4200-407: The nearest local station on the respective channel, or the other distant stations which are bouncing on the same channel, during the nighttime hours. Skywave has been used for long distance AM radio reception since radio's inception and should not be construed as a negative aspect of AM radio. FCC deregulation allowed many new AM radio stations on the former clear and regional channel designations; this

4275-683: The new call sign W65AM when channel 81 was deleted from the bandplan and the translator was moved to channel 65. On the rare occasion that a station moves back to its original channel, it receives its old call sign (which is not reused by another station). Low-power television stations are not required to simulcast a digital signal, nor were they required to cease analog operation in June 2009 like full-power stations. Full-power stations used for simulcasting another station were (like other full-service TV broadcasters) required to convert to digital in June 2009. The FCC defines "TV satellite stations" as "full-power broadcast stations authorized under Part 73 of

4350-472: The numbering systems under a single call sign; the transmitters are numbered sequentially or by their analogue channel. If sequential numbering reaches 99 (such as TVOntario 's former broadcast transmitters), the next transmitter is assigned a new call sign and numbered "1". Translators which share a frequency (such as CBLT 's former repeaters CBLET, CBLHT, CBLAT-2 and CH4113 on channel 12) are given distinct call signs. Digital re-broadcasters may be numbered by

4425-410: The parent station and do not require separate applications, although the renewal may be challenged with a petition to deny. FM booster stations are given the full call sign (including an -FM suffix , even if there is none assigned) of the parent station plus a serial number such as WXYZ-FM 1, WXYZ-FM2, etc. FM translator stations may use sequential numbered call signs consisting of K or W followed by

4500-512: The parent station must be removed or substituted due to local sports blackouts , the modified signal is that of a semi-satellite station. Most broadcasters outside North America, portions of South America, and Japan maintain a national network, and use relay transmitters to provide service to a region (or nation). Compared with other types of relays, the transmitter network is often created and maintained by an independent authority (funded with television license fees); several major broadcasters use

4575-473: The parent station's coverage area on the same channel (or frequency) are known in the U.S. as booster stations. Signals from the stations may interfere with each other without careful antenna design. Radio interference can be avoided by using atomic time , obtained from GPS satellites , to synchronize co-channel stations in a single-frequency network . Analog television stations cannot have same-channel boosters unless opposite ( perpendicular ) polarization

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4650-540: The primary signal's original coverage or improves service in the original coverage area. The stations may be (but are not usually) used to create a single-frequency network . They may also be used by an AM or FM radio station to establish a presence on the other band. Relay stations are most commonly established and operated by the same organisations responsible for the originating stations they repeat. Depending on technical and regulatory restrictions, relays may also be set up by unrelated organisations. In its simplest form,

4725-482: The same channel to appear several times in a receiver – once for each relay station – and require the user to tune to the best one (which may change due to propagation issues such as weather). Although boosters or DTS cause all relay stations to appear as one signal, they require careful engineering to avoid interference. Some licensed stations simulcast another station. Relay stations in name only, they are generally licensed like any other station. Although this

4800-453: The same frequencies but with opposite polarisation. However, in some outskirts of Listowel town, both transmitters can be picked up causing heavy CCI. This problem forces residents in these areas to use alternative transmitters to receive RTÉ programming. In many populated areas, there just isn't much room in the radio spectrum. Stations will be jam-packed in, sometimes to the point that one can hear loud and clear two, three, or more stations on

4875-695: The same frequency, at once. In the USA, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) propagation models used to space stations on the same frequency are not always accurate in prediction of signals and interference. An example of this situation is in some parts of Fayetteville, Arkansas the local 99.5 FM KAKS is displaced by KXBL 99.5 FM in Tulsa, Oklahoma particularly on the west side of significant hills. Another example would be of Ashtabula 's WKKY 104.7 having interference from Toledo 's WIOT 104.7 FM on

4950-495: The same manner as other full-power broadcasters. This simulcasting is generally not regulated by the FCC, except when a station owner seeks an exemption from requirements such as restrictions on owning several full-service stations in the same market, limits on overlap in coverage area between commonly-owned stations, or requirements that each full-service station have a local studio and a skeleton staff capable of originating programming locally. These exemptions are normally justified on

5025-609: The same system to a smaller extent (its XHSAW-TDT is the shadow channel of main station XHAW-TDT in Monterrey), with regional output for local newscasts and advertising on a master schedule. There are two main national networks of non-commercial TV stations in Mexico. One is the Canal Once (or XEIPN-TDT) network, operated by the Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN). Operating 13 transmitters, it airs its programs under

5100-427: The same transmitters. In North America, a similar pattern of regional network broadcasting is sometimes used by state- or province-wide educational television networks. A state or province establishes an educational station and extends it with several full-power transmitters to cover the entire jurisdiction, with no capability for local-programming origination. In the U.S., such regional networks are member stations of

5175-581: The sequence. When the sequence is exhausted, another letter is added. This has already happened for translator on channels 7 and 13 in K territory; what is now KMNF-LD was assigned callsign K13AAR-D in September 2018 and K07AAH-D in May 2019. Numbered translator stations (a format such as W70ZZ) are typically low-power repeaters – often 100 watts (or less) on FM and 1,000 watts (or less) on television. The former translator band, UHF television channels 70 through 83 ,

5250-599: The signal. They may not transmit in the FM reserved band from 88 to 92 MHz , where only non-commercial stations are allowed. Non-commercial stations may broadcast in the commercial portion of the band. Unlike commercial stations, they can relay programming to translators via satellite if the translators are in the reserved band. Translators in the commercial band may only be fed by a direct on-air signal from another FM station (or translator). Non-fill-in commercial-band translators may not be fed by satellite, according to FCC rule 74.1231(b). All stations may use any means to feed

5325-507: The transition period. By 2008, low- and full-power channel 55 licensees were encouraged to relocate early to free spectrum for Qualcomm 's MediaFLO transmitters. By 2011, remaining LPTV broadcasters on UHF channels 52 through 69 were forced onto lower channels. Many transmitters on the original UHF 70–83 translator band had to move twice; channels 70–83 were lost to mobile phones in 1983, followed by channels 52–69 between 2009 and 2011. Many low-power translators were also directly affected by

5400-460: The translator (or booster) is in the parent station's primary service contour; they can only fill in where terrain blocks the signal. Boosters may only be owned by the primary station; translators outside a primary station's service contour cannot be owned by (or receive financial support from) the primary station. Most translators operate by receiving the main station's on-air signal with a directional antenna and sensitive receiver and re-transmitting

5475-535: Was a simple piece of broadcast apparatus, shifting the main station's signal from channel nine to channel seven to cover a small valley in DeWitt . Syracuse became a UHF island , WSYR-TV's main ABC signal became a 100 kW digital broadcast on channel 17, and there is no longer a channel 9 signal to feed the repeater. Translators in remote locations with no commercial power were expected to have problems deploying equipment for

5550-674: Was approved on April 15, and the transaction was completed on October 1. The next day, WVIR-TV's new sister station WHSV-TV announced that it would convert the two translators into separate NBC/ CW+ affiliates for Harrisonburg, effective December 1; concurrently with the announcement, W30CT-D became WSVW-LD . As announced, WSVW-LD/W22EX-D were converted into dual NBC/CW+ affiliates for Harrisonburg on December 1. The station relies primarily on cable and satellite for its viewership, which are all but essential for acceptable television in this vast and mountainous market. Although it would not normally qualify for must-carry due to its low-power status, it

5625-511: Was originally occupied primarily by low-powered translators. The combination of low power and high frequency limited broadcast range. The band was reallocated to cellular telephone services during the 1980s, with the handful of remaining transmitters moved to lower frequencies. Full-power repeaters such as WPBS-TV 's identical-twin transmitter, WNPI-TV , are normally assigned TV call signs like other full-power stations. These "satellite stations" do not have numbered call signs, and must operate in

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