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60-665: By day, WSVA transmits with 5,000 watts non-directional , but at night (to protect other stations on 550 AM from interference) it reduces power to 1,000 watts and uses a directional antenna with a three- tower array . The transmitter is on Garbers Church Road near West Market Street ( U.S. Route 33 ) in Harrisonburg. Programming is also heard on 250-watt FM translator W221CF at 92.1 MHz . The WSVA weekday schedule begins with Early Mornings with Frank Wilt and Jim Britt . Mike Schikman hosts afternoon drive time . At noon, an hour of news and agricultural reports airs. The rest of

120-435: A World Administrative Radio Conference (WARC-79) adopted "Radio Regulation No. 480", which stated that "In Region 2, the use of the band 1605-1705 kHz by stations of the broadcasting service shall be subject to a plan to be established by a regional administrative radio conference..." As a consequence, on June 8, 1988 an ITU-sponsored conference held at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil adopted provisions, effective July 1, 1990, to extend

180-546: A light bulb with a power rating of 100 W is turned on for one hour, the energy used is 100 watt hours (W·h), 0.1 kilowatt hour, or 360  kJ . This same amount of energy would light a 40-watt bulb for 2.5 hours, or a 50-watt bulb for 2 hours. Power stations are rated using units of power, typically megawatts or gigawatts (for example, the Three Gorges Dam in China is rated at approximately 22 gigawatts). This reflects

240-492: A constant opposing force of one newton , the rate at which work is done is one watt. 1   W = 1   J / s = 1   N ⋅ m / s = 1   k g ⋅ m 2 ⋅ s − 3 . {\displaystyle \mathrm {1~W=1~J{/}s=1~N{\cdot }m{/}s=1~kg{\cdot }m^{2}{\cdot }s^{-3}} .} In terms of electromagnetism , one watt

300-447: A period of one year: equivalent to approximately 114 megawatts of constant power output. The watt-second is a unit of energy, equal to the joule . One kilowatt hour is 3,600,000 watt seconds. While a watt per hour is a unit of rate of change of power with time, it is not correct to refer to a watt (or watt-hour) as a watt per hour. AM expanded band#United States The extended mediumwave broadcast band , commonly known as

360-643: A significant return on his investment of 21 years earlier. In the 1950s, as network programming moved from radio to television, WSVA switched to a full service radio format of middle of the road (MOR) music, news and sports. In 1959, the Washington Evening Star , owner of WMAL AM - FM - TV in Washington, D.C. , bought Transcontinent's share of the stations, as well as 1% of Shea's stake. Michigan businessman James Gilmore bought WSVA-AM-FM-TV in 1965. He sold off Channel 3 in 1976. But Gilmore held onto

420-535: A turbine, which generates 648 MW e (i.e. electricity). Other SI prefixes are sometimes used, for example gigawatt electrical (GW e ). The International Bureau of Weights and Measures , which maintains the SI-standard, states that further information about a quantity should not be attached to the unit symbol but instead to the quantity symbol (e.g., P th = 270 W rather than P = 270 W th ) and so these unit symbols are non-SI. In compliance with SI,

480-486: A unit of time, namely 1 J/s. In this new definition, 1 absolute watt = 1.00019 international watts. Texts written before 1948 are likely to be using the international watt, which implies caution when comparing numerical values from this period with the post-1948 watt. In 1960, the 11th General Conference on Weights and Measures adopted the absolute watt into the International System of Units (SI) as

540-700: Is named after the Scottish inventor James Watt . The unit name was proposed by C. William Siemens in August 1882 in his President's Address to the Fifty-Second Congress of the British Association for the Advancement of Science . Noting that units in the practical system of units were named after leading physicists, Siemens proposed that watt might be an appropriate name for a unit of power. Siemens defined

600-507: Is that the two stations must remain under common ownership, > although an exception was made in the case of KYHN in Fort Smith, Arkansas, when the FCC approved its separate ownership, on the grounds that "Capstar's donation of the facility to MMTC, which planned to use KYHN to train women and minority group members in broadcasting and broadcast management, advanced the diversity goals set forth in

660-523: Is the rate at which electrical work is performed when a current of one ampere (A) flows across an electrical potential difference of one volt (V), meaning the watt is equivalent to the volt-ampere (the latter unit, however, is used for a different quantity from the real power of an electrical circuit). 1   W = 1   V ⋅ A . {\displaystyle \mathrm {1~W=1~V{\cdot }A} .} Two additional unit conversions for watt can be found using

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720-516: Is used to quantify the rate of energy transfer . The watt is named in honor of James Watt (1736–1819), an 18th-century Scottish inventor , mechanical engineer , and chemist who improved the Newcomen engine with his own steam engine in 1776. Watt's invention was fundamental for the Industrial Revolution . When an object's velocity is held constant at one meter per second against

780-577: Is warranted to permit the licensing of a station that could provide full-time local emergency radio service to Rockland County residents who would be at great risk in the event of a radiological emergency at the Indian Point facility". A 2006 accounting by Radio World reported that, out of 4,758 licensed U.S. AM stations, 56 were now operating on the expanded band. The expanded band frequencies have also become popular for use by hobbyist microbroadcasting transmissions (which don't require licenses) due to

840-760: The AM expanded band , refers to the broadcast station frequency assignments immediately above the earlier upper limits of 1600 kHz in International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Region 2 (the Americas), and 1602 kHz in ITU Regions 1 (Europe, northern Asia and Africa) and 3 (southern Asia and Oceania). In Region 2, this consists of ten additional frequencies, spaced 10 kHz apart, and running from 1610 kHz to 1700 kHz. In Regions 1 and 3, where frequency assignments are spaced 9 kHz apart,

900-788: The Communications Act of 1934 in late 1991 which mandated that priority for expanded band assignments would be given to existing daytime-only stations that were located in a community with a population over 100,000, and which also did not have any full-time stations. The two authorized stations that met this standard became the first two to begin broadcasting on the new band: WJDM, 1660 kHz in Elizabeth, New Jersey (now WWRU in Jersey City, New Jersey) in late 1995, and KXBT (now KDIA ), 1640 kHz in Vallejo, California in early 1996. These two are

960-430: The 1930s adjacent higher frequencies had commonly been designated as a police radio band. Even after police radio transmissions were no longer made on this band, some county and city ordinances still forbade receivers capable of picking up transmissions on these frequencies, and they had reportedly been occasionally enforced to cite motorists in possession of amateur radio gear, or in extreme cases an AM radio installed in

1020-560: The FCC announced plans for an auction of new station assignments, which included replacing four AM stations recently deleted in the St. Louis , Missouri area. A suggestion to also include "abandoned AM expanded band facilities that were approved but never built" was denied. A 2022 FCC filing by Inspiration Media, Inc. characterized "the three decade-old expanded band plan" as so far providing only "exceedingly modest band-improvement". Within Australia ,

1080-642: The FCC expressed its intention to eventually eliminate the practice, stating: "We therefore tentatively conclude that any licensee with dual standard/Expanded Band authorizations... should be required to surrender one of the two authorizations within one year of release of a future Report and Order in this proceeding adopting this proposal..." This report also noted that "A total of 88 Expanded Band channels were originally allotted. There were 67 applications filed for Expanded Band allotments, of which 66 construction permits were granted, with one application still pending. Licenses were granted to 54 stations that migrated from

1140-515: The Netherlands and Italy. These frequencies are also used by a number of "hobby" pirate radio stations, particularly in the Netherlands , Greece , and Serbia . Vatican Radio for many years transmitted on 1611 kHz, before ceasing broadcasts on this frequency in 2012. Since 2014 a licensed Norwegian project has been broadcasting both Radio Northern Star and The Sea on 1611 kHz. In 1979,

1200-562: The Shenandoah Valley's first FM station, WSVA-FM (now WQPO ). And in 1953, it put Channel 3 on the air, WSVA-TV (now WHSV-TV ). Because 550 AM was an NBC affiliate, WSVA-TV mostly carried NBC television shows, but it also broadcast some programs from CBS , ABC and the Dumont Television Network . Allman sold his stations to a partnership of Transcontinent Television and former NBC executive Hamilton Shea in 1956, earning

1260-561: The Spoken Word and The Car Doctor with Ron Annanian . Most hours begin with an update from CBS News Radio . WSVA broadcasts local sports including James Madison University football and basketball , along with high school football , basketball and baseball. WSVA signed on the air on June 9, 1935 ; 89 years ago  ( 1935-06-09 ) . It was the first radio station to broadcast in Virginia's Shenandoah Valley. The station

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1320-459: The U.S. the same privilege on the other frequencies. Therefore, all of its limited number of expanded band stations currently operate on these frequencies. There have only been a few expanded band stations established in Cuba. The most commonly used frequency is 1620 kHz, where multiple stations simulcast Radio Rebelde network programming. Mexico has a total of four radio stations licensed for

1380-467: The above equation and Ohm's law . 1   W = 1   V 2 / Ω = 1   A 2 ⋅ Ω , {\displaystyle \mathrm {1~W=1~V^{2}/\Omega =1~A^{2}{\cdot }\Omega } ,} where ohm ( Ω {\displaystyle \Omega } ) is the SI derived unit of electrical resistance . The watt

1440-515: The energy company Ørsted A/S uses the unit megawatt for produced electrical power and the equivalent unit megajoule per second for delivered heating power in a combined heat and power station such as Avedøre Power Station . When describing alternating current (AC) electricity, another distinction is made between the watt and the volt-ampere . While these units are equivalent for simple resistive circuits , they differ when loads exhibit electrical reactance . Radio stations usually report

1500-477: The existing AM band, by transferring selected stations to the new frequencies. It was now estimated that the expanded band could accommodate around 300 U.S. stations. The common FCC practice for station applications on the standard AM frequencies is to process the applications individually. For the expanded band, the Commission decided to allocate the entire band at once on a nationwide basis, after evaluating all of

1560-544: The expanded band prior to 2017: XEUT-AM 1630, XEARZ-AM 1650, XEANAH-AM 1670, and XEPE-AM 1700. Both XEARZ (5 kW) and XEPE (10 kW) operate with nighttime power greater than 1 kW. These stations were authorized before changes in 2014 set aside the AM expanded band, along with 106-108 MHz on FM, for social community and social indigenous radio stations. With the exception of XEFCR-AM in Reynosa, Tamaulipas , all of

1620-401: The fall of 1994, the FCC announced that, out of 688 applicants, a specially designed computer program (which took two weeks to run) had chosen 79 stations to make the transfer to the expanded band. However, a year later the Commission rescinded these assignments, after it was determined that there had been major flaws in the data used to evaluate the applications. A provision had been added to

1680-599: The higher frequencies, all of the TIS stations on 1610 kHz could be moved as a group to 1710 kHz, however this was never implemented. (Currently 1710 kHz is unused by TIS stations with one exception: a waiver has been granted to Hudson County, New Jersey to operate a single-frequency network (WQFG689)). When the ITU approved the extension of the "top end" of the AM band to 1700 kHz in 1988, few consumer radios could tune higher than about 1620 or 1630 kHz. However, it

1740-527: The larger cities, and a majority of stations assigned from 1611 to 1701 kHz are low-powered (400 watts or less) Narrowband Area Service stations (MF-NAS). The AM expanded band in Japan extends to 1629 kHz. 1620 kHz and 1629 kHz are normally used by Highway advisory radio and/or Roadside Stations along stretches of major expressways. Many Japanese AM radios, car stereos and other receivers (walkman, etc.) can tune up to 1629 kHz. 1611 kHz

1800-460: The maximum power output it can achieve at any point in time. A power station's annual energy output, however, would be recorded using units of energy (not power), typically gigawatt hours. Major energy production or consumption is often expressed as terawatt hours for a given period; often a calendar year or financial year. One terawatt hour of energy is equal to a sustained power delivery of one terawatt for one hour, or approximately 114 megawatts for

1860-403: The new assignment or elected to remain on the original frequency. The FCC originally assumed that the expanded band stations would simulcast the programming of the original standard band stations, and be licensed to the same community. However, in most cases the expanded band stations have run separate programming, and a few have moved to other communities. One policy the FCC has generally enforced

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1920-509: The number of available expanded band frequencies, and because the sole U.S assignment for this frequency, KALT in Atlanta, Texas , was eventually deleted; currently there are no broadcasting stations licensed for 1610 kHz in the United States. The FCC gave approval for TIS stations to operate on 1620–1700, on a secondary basis, and it was informally suggested that, once most radios could tune to

1980-483: The only expanded band stations in the United States authorized to use 10 kW at night. Other U. S. stations generally use ten kilowatts during the day and one kilowatt at night, with non-directional antennas. An exception exists for stations that use antennas with higher than normal efficiency or those multiplexed with an existing station on a different frequency. KVNS in Brownsville, Texas, operates at 12% less than

2040-566: The pending proceeding Promoting Diversification of Ownership in the Broadcasting Services". In general the FCC has refused to consider assigning any stations to the expanded band which were not included in the March 17, 1997 approval list. In 2006 an exception was made to this policy for WRCR in Ramapo, New York, which was allowed to move from 1300 to 1700 kHz, with the FCC stating that a "waiver

2100-488: The power of their transmitters in units of watts, referring to the effective radiated power . This refers to the power that a half-wave dipole antenna would need to radiate to match the intensity of the transmitter's main lobe . The terms power and energy are closely related but distinct physical quantities. Power is the rate at which energy is generated or consumed and hence is measured in units (e.g. watts) that represent energy per unit time . For example, when

2160-484: The radio stations until 1987, when he sold them to local businessman John David VerStandig. Over the years, VerStandig added WTGD-FM, WJDV-FM, and WHBG to his radio portfolio. On March 17, 1997, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) announced that 88 stations had been given permission to move to newly available " Expanded Band " transmitting frequencies, ranging from 1610 to 1700 kHz. WSVA

2220-423: The relatively limited number of broadcasting stations compared to the more congested standard/legacy AM band. Despite the initial requirement that one of the two paired stations had to cease broadcasting by the end of a five-year period, as of 2015 there were 25 cases where co-owned standard band and expanded band stations were still active, some of which were approaching 20 years of operation. However, at this time

2280-466: The result is eleven additional frequencies, from 1611 kHz to 1701 kHz. The extended band is not officially allocated in Europe, and the trend of national broadcasters in the region has been to reduce the number of their AM band stations in favor of FM and digital transmissions. However, new Low-Power AM (LPAM) stations have recently come on the air from countries like Finland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark,

2340-520: The standard (8.8 kW day and 880 watts at night) due to treaty obligations with Mexico, and WIGT in Charlotte Amalie, U.S. Virgin Islands , is licensed for 920 watts both day and night, due to similar treaty restrictions with respect to France's territorial holdings of Martinique and Guadeloupe. On March 22, 1996 the FCC announced a revised allocation table, consisting of 87 stations, but this too

2400-508: The standard AM band to the Expanded Band. Of those, 22 unconditionally surrendered their standard band licenses and remained in the Expanded Band; three conditionally surrendered their standard band licenses, and four standard band licenses were canceled by the Commission. The Commission also received one unconditional surrender of an Expanded Band authorization and one conditional surrender, and it canceled one Expanded Band license." In 2021,

2460-520: The standard AM band transmitting frequencies of 531 to 1602 kHz are designated as the Broadcasting Services Band (BSB), while 1611 to 1701 kHz is designated as the "Mid-Frequency" band. A limited number of stations operate under commercial licences on 1611, 1620 and 1629 kHz. The 1992 Broadcasting Services Act introduced "narrowband" station classifications, for broadcasts targeting specialized non-general audiences, primarily in

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2520-659: The station began simulcasting its programming on FM translator W221CF, transmitting on 92.1 MHz. It makes WSVA programming available to listeners who prefer FM radio. It also exists to fill in the gaps in WSVA's nighttime coverage. The AM transmitter cuts its power to 1,000 watts at night to protect the nighttime signal of WGR in Buffalo, New York , and other stations on 550 AM in the Eastern United States . The sale of VerStandig Broadcasting of Harrisonburg to Saga Communications

2580-499: The stations since assigned to the expanded band have been community or indigenous stations: XECSCA-AM , XECSCGU-AM , XECSIA-AM , XECSIB-AM and XECSIC-AM . In the United States, implementation of the North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement in 1941 by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) had established 1600 kHz as the upper limit for the standard AM broadcast band. Beginning in

2640-429: The stations which notified the FCC that they were interested in moving to the new band. Faced with the difficult task of evaluating hundreds of applications, the FCC developed a multi-factored algorithm to rank the applicants. In addition to required separation standards, both within the United States and internationally, a major component of the evaluation was an individual station's "interference improvement factor", which

2700-559: The unit of power. In the electric power industry , megawatt electrical ( MWe or MW e ) refers by convention to the electric power produced by a generator, while megawatt thermal or thermal megawatt (MWt, MW t , or MWth, MW th ) refers to thermal power produced by the plant. For example, the Embalse nuclear power plant in Argentina uses a fission reactor to generate 2,109 MW t (i.e. heat), which creates steam to drive

2760-556: The unit within the existing system of practical units as "the power conveyed by a current of an Ampère through the difference of potential of a Volt". In October 1908, at the International Conference on Electric Units and Standards in London, so-called international definitions were established for practical electrical units. Siemens' definition was adopted as the international watt. (Also used: 1 A × 1 Ω.) The watt

2820-483: The upper end of the Region 2 AM broadcast band, by adding ten frequencies which spanned from 1610 kHz to 1700 kHz. The agreement provided for a standard transmitter power of 1 kilowatt, which could be increased to 10 kilowatts in cases where it did not result in undue interference. Even before the formal adoption of the expansion, a 50,000-watt religious station located on the island of Anguilla, British West Indies,

2880-429: The vehicle as original equipment. A small group of frequencies, starting at 1665 kHz, had been set aside for use by cordless telephones , however in 1983 a higher allocation was assigned, and production after October 1, 1984 of handsets transmitting on the lower frequencies was prohibited. Therefore, by 1988 the frequencies from 1610 to 1700 kHz were largely unoccupied, with one major exception: 1610 kHz

2940-643: The weekday schedule is nationally syndicated talk programs: The Hugh Hewitt Show , The Mark Levin Show , CBS Eye on the World with John Batchelor , Red Eye Radio , America in the Morning and The Markley, Van Camp and Robbins Show . Weekends feature shows on money, car repair, home repair, travel and gardening. Weekend syndicated programs include The Larry Kudlow Show , The Sebastian Gorka Show , Rudy Maxa's World , The Lars Larson Show , The Kim Komando Show , Music and

3000-418: Was an outstanding question about the number of stations, based on the proposed standards, that could be accommodated on the new frequencies, with the FCC noting that an engineering firm, Cohen, Dippell and Everist, had "submitted an analysis to demonstrate that instead of 25 to 30 stations per channel... their calculations show 'approximately 5 (certainly less than 10)' stations can be assigned per channel". In

3060-441: Was authorized to move from 550 to 1700 kHz. A construction permit for the expanded band station was assigned the call sign WEZI on November 17, 1997. However this station was never built, and its construction permit was cancelled on January 16, 2004. In 2009, WSVA moved into a new building with modern studios and offices. It is located on the same property as the old building, on Heritage Center Way. On January 1, 2015,

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3120-498: Was broadcasting on 1610 kHz as "The Caribbean Beacon". This station dated to the early 1980s, and is no longer on the air. In Argentina, the expanded band assignments are primarily in the region surrounding the nation's capital, Buenos Aires. Canada has made an informal agreement with the United States to allow Canadian stations operating on 1610, 1630, 1650, 1670 and 1690 kHz to be located closer to their common border than would normally be allowed, in exchange for allowing

3180-426: Was closed on July 31, 2015. It included WSVA and several other Shenandoah Valley radio stations. The purchase price was $ 9.64 million. In addition to the main station, WSVA is relayed by an FM translator to widen its broadcast area. Watt The watt (symbol: W ) is the unit of power or radiant flux in the International System of Units (SI), equal to 1 joule per second or 1 kg⋅m ⋅s . It

3240-420: Was defined as equal to 10 units of power in the practical system of units. The "international units" were dominant from 1909 until 1948. After the 9th General Conference on Weights and Measures in 1948, the international watt was redefined from practical units to absolute units (i.e., using only length, mass, and time). Concretely, this meant that 1 watt was defined as the quantity of energy transferred in

3300-404: Was eventually withdrawn due to errors. A third, and final, allocation, now approving 88 stations, was announced on March 17, 1997. In order to ease the transition, the FCC provided that both the original station and its expanded band twin could optionally operate simultaneously for up to five years, after which owners would have to turn in one of the two licenses, depending on whether they preferred

3360-769: Was one of two primary frequencies (along with 530 kHz) that had been assigned for use by hundreds of low-powered Travelers Information Stations (TIS). Moreover, the controlling licensing authority for these stations was not the FCC, but instead was the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA), so coordination between the two agencies was required. It was concluded that, for operation on 1610 kHz, TIS and broadcasting stations were considered "co-primary" services, thus existing TIS stations were protected from having to move to new frequencies. The restriction imposed by having to protect existing TIS stations on 1610 kHz generally reduced by one

3420-551: Was owned by Frederick L. Allman and the original power was only 500 watts. Although it appears that the call letters stand for S henandoah VA lley, they actually stand for W e S erve V irginia A griculture." The station was an affiliate of the NBC Red Network , carrying its dramas, comedies, news, sports, soap operas , game shows and big band broadcasts during the " Golden Age of Radio ." Locally, it offered news, agricultural programs, music and talk. In 1946, it added

3480-424: Was reported at the time that FCC "officials have been meeting with American manufacturers of radio receivers to make an early start on producing sets capable of receiving signals in the new band..." and when the first U.S. expanded band radio station began operating in late 1995, it was estimated that by now there were 280 million radios capable of receiving the full expanded band. During the 1988 ITU conference, it

3540-402: Was suggested that as many as 500 U.S. stations could be assigned to the new frequencies. On April 12, 1990 the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) voted to begin the process of populating the expanded band. Although some individuals had hoped the commission would give preferences to minority-owner or daytime-only stations, it announced that the main priority would be reducing interference on

3600-407: Was the degree to which a move to the expanded band would decrease the amount of interference on its vacated frequency, especially at night. The FCC summarized its primary considerations as "fulltime operation with stereo, competitive technical quality, 10 kW daytime power, 1 kW nighttime power, non-directional antenna (or simple directional) and 400-800 km spacing between co-channel stations". There

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