Misplaced Pages

#584415

69-508: On June 16, 1959, WETC first signed on the air. It was a 250 watt daytimer . Because AM 540 is a clear-channel frequency reserved for Canada and Mexico , WETC had to sign-off every evening at sunset to avoid interfering with skywave signals of other radio stations. It was later allowed to broadcast at night, but only with reduced power. WETC's call letters originally were said to stand for "We Entertain Tobacco Country." It

138-489: A broadcast automation system, and automatic transmission systems can turn the carrier signal and transmitter on/off by remote control . Sign-on and sign-off sequences have become less common due to the increasing prevalence of 24/7 broadcasting. However, some national broadcasters continue the practice; particularly those in countries with limited broadcast coverage. Stations may also sometimes close for transmitter maintenance, or to allow another station to broadcast on

207-765: A call to action , are erroneously called infomercials; when used as an independently produced commercial, they are generally known as DRTV spots or short-form DRTV . Infomercial sponsors often also use shorter spots during regular programming. The products frequently marketed through infomercials at the national level include cleaning products, appliances, food-preparation devices, dietary supplements, alternative health aids, memory improvement courses, books, compilation albums , videos of numerous genres, real estate investment strategies, beauty supplies, baldness remedies, sexual-enhancement supplements, weight-loss programs and products, personal fitness devices, home exercise machines and adult chat lines. Uses for infomercials in

276-430: A radio or television network may run an unedited feed of the network's overnight programming from a central location, without local advertising . During what are otherwise closedown hours, some channels may also simulcast their teletext pages or full page headlines with music or feeds from sister radio stations playing in the background. Some stations, after doing a sign-off, nonetheless continue to transmit throughout

345-488: A " name " adds value in making an introduction. Infomercials particularly exploded in the mid-1990s with motivational and personal development products, and " get-rich-quick scheme "s based on the premise that one could quickly become wealthy by either selling anything through classified ads or through flipping . These were hawked by personalities such as Don Lapre and Carleton H. Sheets , among others. When they first appeared, infomercials were most often scheduled in

414-442: A "closing argument" to his campaign. The combination of these networks reportedly drew a peak audience of over 33 million viewers of the half-hour program, making it the single most watched infomercial broadcast in the history of U.S. television. Aside from blocking viewer choice, reception was not all positive: an NBC reviewer referred to Obama as having a "thin resume". Obama opponent John McCain commented that "No one will delay

483-458: A "paid advertisement for [particular product or service], sponsored by [sponsor]" at the beginning ("following program") and end ("preceding program") of the advertisement and before ordering instructions are displayed. Customer protection advocates recommend buyer beware : study the product and the claims before making a purchase. Many stations and networks normally run their own disclaimers before, during and/or after infomercials. Some mention

552-593: A Remain Silent Authority application with the FCC, citing major technical issues. At the time, the station was expected to remain off the air for 120 days while technicians made repairs. WETC resumed regular operations at 3:55 p.m. EST on February 4, 2019. Sign-on A sign-on (or start-up in Commonwealth countries except Canada) is the beginning of operations for a radio or television station , generally at

621-635: A day instead of signing off. In 2012, TV1 broadcast 24 hours a day during the London Olympics in 2012 , due to the time difference. This would become permanent in August 2012, to coincide with their sister channel TV2 by showing reruns from the broadcaster's archive library and movies on early mornings before start-up. During the Holy Week in the Philippines that occurs anywhere between the last week of March to

690-440: A dialup option. During the financial crisis that lasted from 2007 to 2008, many struggling individual television stations began to devote more of their programming schedules to infomercials, thereby reducing syndication contracts for regular programming. Some stations found that the revenue from infomercial-time sales were higher than those possible through traditional television advertising and syndication sales options. However,

759-490: A form of linear datacasting without the need to interfere with a subscriber's internet bandwidth (or lack thereof if they solely used the machine's dialup connection for updating). The program was listed as Teleworld Paid Program , named for TiVo's corporate name at its founding. Teleworld Paid Program was quietly discontinued at the start of the 2016–17 television season as the company's install base had mostly transitioned to broadband and newer TiVo devices no longer included

SECTION 10

#1733094159585

828-534: A formality to signify the end of its operating day (in the United States, the broadcast logging day ends at 12:00 midnight local time). The sign-off sequence may include some or all of the following stages, but not necessarily in this order: Some countries have a legal protocol for signing-off: in the United States, the minimum requirement is the station's call sign , followed by its designated city of license . Many stations do include other protocols, such as

897-406: A local level. During the early days of television, many television shows were specifically created by sponsors with the main goal of selling their product, the entertainment angle being a hook to hold audience's attention (this is how soap operas got their name; such shows were sponsored by soap manufacturers). A good example of this is the early children's show The Magic Clown on NBC , which

966-597: A number of countries closedowns formerly took place during the daytime as well as overnight. In the United Kingdom , this was initially due to government-imposed restrictions on daytime broadcasting hours, and later, due to budgetary constraints. The eventual relaxation of these rules meant that afternoon closedowns ceased permanently on the ITV network in October 1972, but the BBC maintained

1035-430: A period of time each day, instead run low-cost programming during those times of low viewer numbers. This may include infomercials , movies , television show reruns, simple weather forecasts , low cost news or infotainment programming from other suppliers, simulcasts of sister services, or feeds of local cable TV companies' programming via a fiber optic line to the cable headend . Other broadcasters that are part of

1104-748: A prayer of any religion through the day, a week or a month (e.g. During Ramadan , a reading from the Quran, a Muslim quote, or a call for Azan and Fajr prayer will be broadcast. During Lent , a Christian prayer, a hymn or a psalm will be broadcast). In Bali during Nyepi , all terrestrial television and radio stations go off-the-air. During Yom Kippur , virtually all radio and television stations based in Israel go silent for 24 hours, as required by law. However, most international networks broadcast in Israel (e.g. CNN ) continue to broadcast as usual. During Ramadan , Malaysian public broadcaster RTM operated TV1 24 hours

1173-406: A sign-on sequence at a certain time in the morning (usually between 4:00 and 7:00 a.m.) as a formality to signify the start of its operating day (in the United States, the broadcast logging day begins at 6:00 a.m. local time). The sign-on sequence may include some or all of the following stages, but not necessarily in this order: While most of these sign-on steps are done as a service to

1242-509: A test-card was played or a static schedule was posted telling viewers of the programming line-up once broadcasting resumes. In Indonesia, restrictions on broadcast hours were also implemented in July 2005 as part of an energy saving campaign. Three years later, they were implemented again due to the electricity crisis. Medium wave radio is a special case due to its unusual propagation characteristics; it can bounce hundreds of miles by reflecting from

1311-449: A town hall-like program. Fellow presidential candidate Barack Obama 's 2008 presidential campaign used infomercials extensively, including running a 24-hour channel on Dish Network. One week before the 2008 general election , Obama purchased a 30-minute slot at 8 p.m. Eastern and Pacific Time during primetime on seven major networks ( NBC , CBS , MSNBC , Fox , BET , TV One and Univision (with Spanish subtitles)) to present

1380-421: Is a compelling story about the product offered. The term infomercial , by 2007, had come to refer to the format, even when used in a live presentation. Infomercials are designed to solicit quantifiable immediate direct response (a form of direct response marketing , not to be confused with direct marketing ); they generally feature between two and four internal commercials of 30 to 120 seconds which invite

1449-537: Is a custom to play the national anthem (for Bayerischer Rundfunk and stations owned by ProSiebenSat.1 Media , the Bayernhymne was also played beforehand) and the European Union anthem . In Spain , it is a custom to play the national anthem (for RTVA , EITB and Televisión de Galicia , La bandera blanca y verde , Eusko Abendaren Ereserkia and Os Pinos was also played beforehand respectively). In

SECTION 20

#1733094159585

1518-557: Is a form of television commercial that resembles regular TV programming yet is intended to promote or sell a product, service or idea. It generally includes a toll-free telephone number or website. Most often used as a form of direct response television (DRTV), they are often program-length commercials (long-form infomercials), and are typically 28:30 or 58:30 minutes in length. Infomercials are also known as paid programming (or teleshopping in Europe). This phenomenon started in

1587-468: Is allocated free of charge to political parties according to a formula approved by Parliament, and is available only on broadcast television and radio channels. The Communications Act 2003 prohibits political advertising. Television advertising of pharmacy-only and prescription drugs is also prohibited. Some U.S. televangelists such as Robert Tilton and Peter Popoff buy television time from infomercial brokers representing television stations around

1656-583: Is despite both DirecTV and Dish carrying several infomercial-only and leased access networks which have been criticized by their subscribers. As with other advertising, content is supervised by the Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) and regulated by Ofcom . Advertising rules are written and maintained by the Committees of Advertising Practice (CAP), working closely with the ASA and Ofcom. In

1725-657: The Newsweek used the term infomercial to describe a cookbook whose author was described as "hit No. 1 on the New York Times best-seller list". The Los Angeles Times mediated. Other possible putdowns include informercial-like and infomercial type stuff . The infomercial format has been widely parodied: Others have been done too, and these parodies are an ongoing source of amusement and creativity. The Adult Swim late-night block of cable channel Cartoon Network has often broadcast an anthology of comedy shorts in

1794-625: The Better Business Bureau or a state/local customer protection agency. A "paid programming" bug in a corner of the screen during infomercials, particularly for financial products, is to avoid an exploitation of an "as seen on" claim of endorsement. Some, particularly smaller networks, only use a limited number of trusted advertisers. Considerable FTC scrutiny is also given to results claims and testimonials. Rules controlling endorsements are periodically enhanced to increase customer protection and fill loopholes. Industry organizations such as

1863-514: The Catholic Media Network prominently follow the latter pattern, broadcasting Paschal Triduum services and other similar programming. Campus radio stations ' operations during this time are left to the discretion of their respective schools, colleges, or universities by either closing down on the afternoon and/or evening of Holy Wednesday or remaining off-air for the entire Holy Week. On cable, satellite, and live TV streaming, with

1932-532: The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) on the amount of advertising that could appear during an hour of television did away with these programs, forcing sponsors into the background; however, a few infomercials, mainly those for greatest hits record sets (which could get around the restrictions by devoting much of the airtime to snippets of the songs on the records, which did not count as advertising) and Shop Smith power tools, did exist during

2001-485: The 1970s that the hard sell "But wait! There's more!" Ginsu ads were being aired on American late-night TV. The Federal Communications Commission lifted the prohibition on program-length advertisements on radio in 1981. Infomercials proliferated in the United States after 1984 when the Federal Communications Commission eliminated regulations that were established in the 1950s and 1960s to govern

2070-544: The 1989, the Satellite Shop was launched as the first UK shopping channel. Shortly afterwards, infomercials began on satellite television, and they became known as teleshopping . Until 2009, the UK permitted neither paid infomercials nor teleshopping on broadcast television. However, in 2009, Ofcom allowed up to three hours of infomercials per day on any channel. Airtime for political messages, known as party political broadcasts ,

2139-501: The 1990s, federal and state customer protection agencies have criticized several prominent infomercial pitchmen, including Kevin Trudeau , Donald Barrett and, to a lesser extent, Matthew Lesko , and also Don Lapre , a salesman notorious for his get-rich-quick schemes . Some were successfully sued. Programs that collect donations or sell via Premium-rate telephone number (900-number) have additional disclosure requirements. In 1992,

WETC - Misplaced Pages Continue

2208-504: The Electronic Retailing Association, which represents infomercial marketers, often try to minimize the impact of these rule changes. FTC enforcement has focused on testimonials for publishing "non-typical" and "completely fabricated" customer testimonials used within infomercials. In 2006, the first third-party testimonial verification company was launched, and it now independently pre-validates many testimonials. Since

2277-414: The U.S., and even some widely distributed cable networks that are not averse to carrying religious programming . A block of such programming appears weekdays on BET under the umbrella title BET Inspiration (which fully replaced the direct-response variety of infomercials on the channel in 1997). The vast majority of religious programming in the United States is distributed through paid infomercial time;

2346-446: The UK, "admags" (advertisement magazines) were originally a feature of the regional commercial ITV stations from launch in 1955. While very popular, admags were banned in 1963. The word "teleshopping" was coined in 1979 by Michael Aldrich , who invented real-time transaction processing from a domestic television and subsequently installed many systems throughout the UK in the 1980s. This would now be referred to as online shopping . In

2415-604: The United States and Canada during late-night/early morning hours. As stations have found value in airing them at other times, a large portion of infomercial spending occurs in the early morning, daytime, early prime and even prime time periods. There are also all-infomercial networks (such as cable channels Corner Store TV, OnTV4U , Access Television Network and GRTV ) that yield revenue for cable and satellite providers who carry them or fill local programming voids. Some cable carriage contracts were adjusted in 2006. CNBC , which airs only two hours of infomercials nightly during

2484-473: The United States, the strategy of buying prime-time programming slots on major networks has been utilized by political candidates for both presidential and state office to present infomercial-like programs to sell a candidate's merits to the public. Fringe presidential candidate Lyndon LaRouche regularly bought time on CBS and local stations in the 1980s. In the 1990s, Ross Perot also bought network time in 1992 and 1996 to present his presidential policies to

2553-412: The United States, where infomercials were typically shown overnight and early morning (usually 1:00 a.m. to 9:00 a.m.), outside peak prime time hours for commercial broadcasters . Some television stations chose to air infomercials as an alternative to the former practice of signing off , while other channels air infomercials 24 hours a day. Some stations also choose to air infomercials during

2622-552: The block. Some refused Weekend Marketplace outright. In September 2014, Weekend Marketplace was replaced in some markets by the E/I-focused Xploration Station . In the United States, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) requires that any infomercial 15 minutes or longer must disclose to viewers that it is a paid advertisement. An infomercial is required to be "clearly and conspicuously" marked as

2691-505: The business week, sometimes airs nearly 30 hours of infomercials on weekends; from the September–October 2008 financial crisis to early 2017, CNBC had inserted a "paid programming" bug at the top right corner of the screen during all airings of infomercials. In contrast, sister network CNBC World airs international programming rather than any paid programming. When a conventional prime-time two-minute advertising pod has no ads,

2760-550: The commercial content of television. Kevin Harrington , nicknamed the "infomercial godfather", had his first infomercial air in 1985. By 1994, an estimated 91% of all stations had or were airing infomercials. One relatively early question was whether or not infomercials should feature celebrities. Although "how much will it cost" was part of the equation, so was a "highly demonstrable item with obvious features and benefits." Even when experts are used for their endorsement value,

2829-415: The daytime hours, mostly on weekends, to fill in for unscheduled network or syndicated programming. By 2009, most infomercial spending in the U.S. occurred outside of the traditional overnight hours. Stations in most countries around the world have instituted similar media structures. The infomercial industry is worth over $ 200 billion. Washington, D.C. –based National Infomercial Marketing Association

WETC - Misplaced Pages Continue

2898-441: The early 1990s included offering free trials of personal care products such as enhanced plaque removers; an 800-number was used to collect basic marketing information. Major brands (such as Apple , Microsoft and Thermos-Grill2Go ) have used infomercials for their ability to communicate more complicated and in-depth product stories. This practice started in the early 1990s and has increased since. Such advertisers generally eschew

2967-609: The early-morning hours, concealed in program schedules under the title " Infomercials " to provide a false impression that legitimate paid programming had been scheduled in that time slot. Some of these shorts have parodied the cliches of real infomercials, such as Paid Programming (a parody infomercial which begins as one for the fictitious supplement Icelandic UltraBlue, but seamlessly segues into segments promoting other loosely related products and businesses), For-Profit Online University , and Live Forever as You Are Now with Alan Resnick (which parodies self-help programs). In

3036-428: The exception of specialty channels that broadcast horse racing , cockfighting , and the like that remain dormant during this period, most international networks distributed in the Philippines or Philippine-exclusive cable channels either continue to broadcast their 24/7 regular programming service week-long or provide specially-arranged schedules from Holy Thursday to Black Saturday. Infomercial An infomercial

3105-468: The fees that televangelists pay for coverage on most religious stations are a major revenue stream for those stations, in addition to programming the networks produce themselves. TiVo formerly used paid programming time weekly on the Discovery Channel on early Thursday mornings and Ion Television on early Wednesday mornings to record interactive and video content to be presented to subscribers in

3174-587: The forgiveness of $ 1.45 million in debt; the transaction was consummated on January 4, 2013. WETC's programming was once simulcast on AM 1490 WDUR in Durham, North Carolina . That station now airs a South Asian format. On March 25, 2016, WETC was granted a construction permit from the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to increase its daytime power to 10,000 watts . Effective August 31, 2018, Sanchez Broadcasting sold WETC to Divine Mercy Radio, Inc. for $ 850,000. On October 1, 2018, Divine Mercy Radio filed

3243-413: The less reputable trappings of the traditional infomercial business in order to create communication they believe creates a better image of their products, brands and customers. Apple's use of the infomercial medium was immediately discontinued with Steve Jobs ' 1997 return to the helm of the company. Automobile dealerships, attorneys and jewelers are among the types of businesses that air infomercials on

3312-441: The more common hours infomercials are broadcast (such as the overnight hours). Infomercials were previously a near-permanent staple of Ion Television 's daytime and overnight schedules, but the channel now only carries infomercials in the traditional 3:00-8:00 a.m. ET/PT timeslot emulated by most cable networks. Multichannel providers such as DirecTV had objected to carrying Ion feeds consisting largely of paid programming. This

3381-688: The national anthem or transmitter information, as a custom, or as a service to the public. In the United Kingdom, before the introduction of 24-hour television, there was no known legal protocol for a sign-off: BBC One and many ITV regions customarily included a continuity announcement, clock and the country's national anthem (for BBC One Wales and HTV Wales , Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau was also played beforehand), while Granada and Channel 4 signed-off with just an announcement, clock and ident, and BBC Two , Yorkshire and Border closed down with an announcement over their station clock. In Germany , it

3450-484: The networks will run a two-minute mini-infomercial at a much lower rate, charging "as little as 5 percent of what a general advertiser would" pay. The New York Times suggested that "the commercial became the show as infomercials ruled the night." A comparison of television listings from 2007 with 1987 verifies that many North American broadcasters began to air infomercials in lieu of syndicated television series reruns and movies, which were formerly staples during

3519-453: The off-air period on cable/satellite; this transmission may involve a test pattern , static image, local weather radar display, teletext pages or full-page headlines which was accompanied by music or a local weather radio service. Some broadcasters that have ceased signing on and signing off in favour of 24-hour broadcasting may perform a sign-off sequence at a certain time in the night (usually between 10:00 p.m. and 1:00 a.m.) as

SECTION 50

#1733094159585

3588-432: The party making the communication or political speech is exaggerating truths or hiding important facts. The New York Times cited a professional in the field as saying that "infomercial companies tend to do well during recessions." The word "infomercial" is a portmanteau of the words " information " and " commercial ". As in any other form of advertisement , the content is a commercial message designed to represent

3657-501: The period when commercial time was restricted. During the 1970s, XETV-TDT  – a Mexican TV station based in Tijuana but serving the San Diego market – ran a one-hour English-language program on Sundays showcasing San Diego-area homes for sale. As a non-USA station, the FCC's maximum number of commercial minutes per hour did not apply to XETV. It was also during

3726-513: The practice until Friday 24 October 1986, before commencing a full daytime service on the following Monday. Afternoon closedowns continued in South Korea until December 2005. Hong Kong's broadcasting networks (particularly the English-speaking channels) also practiced this until mid-2008. In these cases, the station's transmitters later did not actually shut-down for the afternoon break; either

3795-426: The public, or for advertising reasons, some of them may be required by the government of the country. Sign-offs, like sign-ons, vary from country to country, from station to station, and from time to time; however, most follow a similar general pattern. Many stations follow the reverse process to their sign-on sequence at the start of the day. Many stations, while no longer conducting a sign-off and being off air for

3864-581: The public. The National Rifle Association (NRA) has aired programs via paid programming time to present their views on issues such as gun control and other issues while appealing to the public to join their organization. Hillary Clinton bought an hour of primetime programming on the Hallmark Channel in 2008 before the Super Tuesday primary elections, and on Texas -based regional sports network FSN Southwest before that state's primary to present

3933-444: The reduced ratings from airing infomercials can have a chain reaction and harm ratings for other programming on the station. A feature-length documentary that chronicles the history of the infomercial is Pitch People . In 2008, Tribune Content Agency and Gemstar-TV Guide / Rovi began to relax the guidelines for listing infomercials within their electronic program guide listings. Previously all infomercials were listed under

4002-408: The same channel space. Sign-ons, like sign-offs, vary from country to country, from station to station, and from time to time; however, most follow a similar general pattern. It is common for sign-ons to be followed by a network's early morning newscast , or their morning or breakfast show . Some broadcasters that have ceased signing on and signing off in favour of 24-hour broadcasting may perform

4071-559: The start of each day. It is the opposite of a sign-off (or closedown in Commonwealth countries except Canada), which is the sequence of operations involved when a radio or television station shuts down its transmitters and goes off the air for a predetermined period; generally, this occurs during the overnight hours although a broadcaster's digital specialty or sub-channels may sign-on and sign-off at significantly different times than its main channels. Like other television programming , sign-on and sign-off sequences can be initiated by

4140-662: The third week of April (depending on the Roman Catholic liturgical calendar ), terrestrial television and radio stations continue their regular schedules from Palm Sunday until Holy Wednesday . From the midnight of Holy Thursday until the early hours of Easter Sunday (before 4 AM PHT ), most commercial television and radio networks either remain off-the-air or reduce their broadcast hours. Stations that opt to remain on-air provide special programming such as Lenten drama specials, news coverage of various services and rites, Christian and mellow music content. Member stations of

4209-504: The title Weekend Marketplace . Some local stations utilize Saturday morning slots to air local paid programming that typically sells used cars or real estate, and in other ways rejected infomercials, which were disdained by viewers and Fox affiliates alike: revenue was not shared with affiliates, and no local time for commercials between programs was offered. Some stations used Saturday morning for Educational/Informational (E/I) programming, with infomercials relegated to before or after

SECTION 60

#1733094159585

4278-593: The title "Paid Programming" (except for exceptions listed below), but now infomercial producers are allowed to submit a title and limited descriptive synopsis (though phone numbers or website addresses remain disallowed) to the listings providers. In January 2009, Fox became the first major broadcast network to carry a regularly scheduled block of paid programming when it discontinued its Saturday morning children's programming after disputes with provider 4Kids Entertainment . Fox gave back three early hours to its affiliates, while retaining two hours for infomercials under

4347-413: The upper atmosphere at night, but during the day these same layers absorb signal instead of reflecting. A few powerful regional clear-channel stations have an extensive secondary coverage area which is protected by having smaller local co-channel stations in distant communities sign off shortly before sunset. A frequency on which a broadcaster has to drastically reduce power or sign off entirely at sunset

4416-490: The viewer to call or take other direct action. Many viewers respond with a delayed response, by purchases made at retail outlets. These retail purchases are often the largest response. Using "not sold in stores" is a choice by advertisers who dislike sharing profit with retailers, or who lack the immense resources needed to get into retail channels. In the latter case, direct sales enables later retail distribution. Standalone shorter commercials, 30 to 120 seconds in length with

4485-424: The viewpoints and to serve the interest of the sponsor . Infomercials are often made to closely resemble standard television programs . Some imitate talk shows and try to downplay the fact that the program is a commercial message. A few are developed around storylines and have been called "storymercials". However, most do not have specific TV formats but craft different elements to tell what their creators hope

4554-492: Was a long-time country music station. In 1992 it became the first radio station to target the Research Triangle 's Spanish-speaking community. It went completely Spanish by the late 1990s. WETC was owned by East Wake Broadcasting and later Carolina Regional Broadcasting before being sold to Prieto Communications in 2004. Prieto Communications sold WETC to Marta Sanchez's Sanchez Broadcasting Corporation for consideration of

4623-435: Was created essentially as an advertisement for Bonomo's Turkish Taffy . The first infomercials for a commercial product (a Vitamix blender) were filmed by Cinécraft Productions , a Cleveland , Ohio–based motion picture studio in 1949. The filmed infomercials began appearing on television in 1950. The Hagley Museum and Library has posted online a number of the early Vitamix infomercials. Eventually, limits imposed by

4692-444: Was formed in late 1990; by 1993 "it had more than 200" members committed to standards "with teeth". While the term "infomercial" was originally applied only to television advertising, it is now sometimes used to refer to any presentation (often on video) which presents a significant amount of information in an actual, or perceived, attempt to promote a point of view. When used this way, the term may be meant to carry an implication that

4761-497: Was traditionally the least desirable assignment, which would usually go to small or new-entrant stations when all of the more favourable slots were already allocated. These AM daytimers are becoming less common as stations (and audiences) migrate to FM or to frequencies vacated by the closure of other stations, but a handful still exist in the US and México. During religious holidays or occasions, Doordarshan and Akashvani will broadcast

#584415