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68-487: Wireless USB was based on the WiMedia Alliance 's Ultra-WideBand (UWB) common radio platform, which is capable of sending 480  Mbit/s at distances up to 3 metres (9.8 ft) and 110 Mbit/s at distances up to 10 metres (33 ft). It was designed to operate in the 3.1 to 10.6  GHz frequency range, although local regulatory policies may restrict the legal operating range in some countries. The standard

136-459: A handshake . For efficiency reasons, several tokens containing timing information for the devices can be grouped into one, thus forming transaction groups . Flow control and packet sizes are adjusted for power efficiency, while respecting the high-level pipe model of communication between source and destination. Even preserving the USB model typical error rates in wireless media require modifications in

204-404: A host wire adapter . Even though the physical layer is based on Ultra-WideBand, W-USB devices have a fully compliant USB interface. The physical layer may support a wide range of transfer rates, of which three are defined as mandatorily supported: 53.3, 106.7 and 200 Mbit/s, all other possible UWB rates being optional for devices (hosts must support them all). W-USB devices are categorized in

272-425: A WUSB device, can function as a host with limited capabilities. For example, a digital camera could act as a device when connected to a computer and as a host when transferring pictures directly to a printer. W-USB can form true USB systems, formed by a host, devices and interconnection support. It implements the USB hub–spoke model, in which up to 127 wireless devices can form point-to-point links (spokes) with

340-514: A compromise solution, the most notable was a proposal that would have allowed the MB-OFDM and DS-UWB radios to communicate with each other and share spectrum. Based on a concept called the Common Signaling Mode (CSM) it specified supporting a lower data rate than the minimum mandatory 110 Mbit/s , for purposes of spectrum coordination and allowing other elements necessary for proper operation of

408-468: A new Device Wire Adapter (DWA) class. Sometimes referred to as a "WUSB hub", a DWA allows existing USB 2.0 devices to be used wirelessly with a WUSB host. WUSB host capability can be added to existing PCs through the use of a Host Wire Adapter (HWA) . The HWA is a USB 2.0 device that attaches externally to a desktop or laptop's USB port or internally to a laptop's MiniCard interface. WUSB also supports dual-role devices (DRDs) , which in addition to being

476-448: A shared secret or a means to distribute session keys, which in turn do not outlive the connection for which they were created and usually serve as the functional encryption/decryption mechanism. A specific header field indicates which of the possible keys is to be used. It is also important to note that replay prevention mechanisms require the keeping of counters which are updated on valid receptions. The range of these counters further limits

544-464: A single organization in 2005. The merged group operated as the WiMedia Alliance. The ultra-wideband system provided a wireless personal area network (WPAN) with data payload communication capabilities of 53.3, 55, 80, 106.67, 110, 160, 200, 320, 480, 640, 800, 960, and 1024 Mbit/s . The WiMedia UWB platform was complementary to WPAN technologies such as Bluetooth 3.0 , Certified Wireless USB ,

612-429: A suitable physical layer and medium access control , through which the desired performance can be met, and it adds to it a convergence layer to merge both architectural efforts. W-USB was defined as a bus, albeit logical and not physical, which can simultaneously connect a host with a number of peripherals. The host divides the available bandwidth through a time-division multiple access (TDMA) strategy. It maintains

680-399: A ubiquitous bidirectional, fast port architecture. The definition of Ultra-WideBand (UWB) matches the capabilities and transfer rates of USB very closely (from 1.5 and 12 Mbit/s up to 480 Mbit/s for USB 2.0) and makes for a natural wireless extension of USB in the short range (3 meters, up to 10 at a reduced rate of 110 Mbit/s). Still, there was no physical bus to power

748-405: A varying degree of equity between competing devices. The specification defines four particular data transfer types; their identifying features are summarized here. Power management can also affect data transport, since devices may control their power use at their discretion. The fact that the communications protocol is based on TDMA means that both host and devices know exactly when their presence

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816-418: A very limited ability to transmit and receive; on the other hand, devices which are undetectable by the host can not be affected by these devices, nor can affect them. Thus, non-beaconing devices can only operate in very close vicinity to the host. Directed- and self-beaconing devices must be able to identify their hidden neighbors, which they do by emitting beacons. On their end, hosts manage global timers with

884-574: A wired host; namely, their MAC sublayer is responsible for supervising the suitability of device MAC layers. If needed, this requires assisting them in their beaconing duties and processing the beaconing data that could be sent to them. Furthermore, the UWB radio and associated bandwidth may be shared with other entities, and the host must make sure that the defined policies are satisfied; according to shared use (which may be coordinated to avoid interference) it will be able to offer full or partial functionality. UWB

952-469: A wireless personal area network. The Common Signaling Mode (CSM) was proposed by John Santhoff of Pulse~LINK as a way forward for both competing proposals that would allow complete coexistence and at least minimal interoperability. Companies supporting the MB-OFDM proposal insisted that a common signaling mode was not needed or technically feasible and that their customer research supported a strict notion that only one physical layer (PHY) would be tolerated by

1020-670: Is a fabless semiconductor company. It uses ultrawideband (UWB) radio technology to develop Certified Wireless USB and WiMedia Alliance -compliant UWB integrated circuits (ICs). Headquartered in Austin, Texas , Alereon also has offices in Korea and Hong Kong . Alereon was spun off from Time Domain Corporation of Huntsville, Alabama , in August 2003 taking with it a number of engineers, executives, and patents from its parent company. An early investor

1088-573: Is a general term for radio communication using pulses of energy which spread emitted Radio Frequency energy over 500 MHz+ of spectrum or exceeding 20% fractional bandwidth within the frequency range of 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz as defined by the FCC ruling issued for UWB in February 2002. UWB is not specific to WiMedia or any other company or group and there are in fact a number of groups and companies developing UWB technology totally unrelated to WiMedia. WUSB

1156-446: Is always on providing quality of service comparable to that of traditional USB. Wires offer a very high level of security (given a typical trusted working environment), so standard USB does not deal with it, even though it does not hinder its applicability or implementability; W-USB manages security explicitly, but instead of harnessing the base of UWB it designs a model which is valid for USB in general. Because of this, it must be added to

1224-624: Is intended to enable communication using the Universal Serial Bus (USB) protocol to be performed over a wide range of physical communication media, including WiFi and WiGig wireless networks. The protocol is being developed from the base of the Wi-Fi Alliance 's previous WiGig Serial Extension specification. Media Agnostic USB is distinct from, and should not be confused with, previous wireless USB protocols such as Certified Wireless USB. WiMedia Alliance The WiMedia Alliance

1292-399: Is not required, and can use this to enter power saving modes. Devices may turn off their radios transparently to the host while maintaining their connections. They can also turn off over extended periods of time if they previously notify the host, as they will ignore all communications from said host. Eventually, the device will trigger the wakeup procedure and check for pending work. In turn,

1360-461: Is now obsolete, and no new hardware has been produced for many years though it has been adopted by Android for precise signaling Support for the standard was deprecated in Linux 5.4 and removed in Linux 5.7 The rationale for this specification was the overwhelming success of USB as a base for peripherals everywhere; cited reasons include extreme ease of use and low cost, which allow the existence of

1428-455: Is particularly relevant to W-USB. It uses superframes divided in 256 time slots , the first of which are dedicated to the transfer of beaconing information . Slots can further be allocated to meet the necessities of clusters of devices, also identified by MMC's (see below). A host maintains one or more W-USB communication channels and is fully aware of the MAC layer, whereas a device only needs to use

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1496-640: The 1394 Trade Group’s “Wireless FireWire” Protocol Adaptation Layer (PAL) (Non-IP Peer to Peer architecture) and Wireless TCP/IP - Digital Living Network Alliance . Different wireless protocols can operate within the same wireless personal area network without interference. In addition to these, many other industry protocols can reside on top of the WiMedia UWB platform. Those include Ethernet , Digital Visual Interface (DVI) and High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI). The WiMedia PHY specification has an over-the-air uncoded capability of more than 1024 Mbit/s ;

1564-756: The WiMedia Alliance announced transfer agreements for the WiMedia ultra-wideband (UWB) specifications. WiMedia transferred specifications to the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG), the Wireless USB Promoter Group, and the USB Implementers Forum . After the technology transfer, the WiMedia Alliance ceased operations. In October 2009, the Bluetooth Special Interest Group dropped the development of UWB as part of

1632-685: The Direct Sequence - UWB (DS-UWB) approach, supported by the UWB Forum , was abandoned. In December 2008, Ecma International released specification (ECMA-368 and ECMA-369) for UWB technology based on the WiMedia Ultra-Wideband (UWB) Common Radio Platform. ECMA-368 is also a European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) standard, ETSI TS 102 455). The Ecma 368 and 369 standards were approved as ISO / IEC standards in 2007 respectively with numbers: Alereon Alereon, Inc ,

1700-577: The IEEE effort was abandoned, the venture arm of Samsung Electronics invested $ 4 million in December 2006. By 2009, Brookman was still chief executive and stepped down in 2014 to be replaced by David Shoemaker who was previously vice president of Engineering . In June 2012, an addition $ 6 million of funding was announced with investors Pharos Capital Partners and Duchossois Technology Partners and led by Enhanced Capital Partners. Alereon applies their UWB 's in

1768-441: The USB model is preserved, and generally minor adjustments made to fit the specific needs of a wireless system. The changes are as follows, from top to bottom: The replacement of copper wires in the bus layer introduces ambiguity in the actual state of host-device connections and, even more importantly, potentially exposes communications fully to any other device within the propagation range, whereas they were reasonably secure over

1836-658: The USB-IF for Wireless USB and by the Bluetooth SIG for high speed Bluetooth. This merged proposal became known as the MB-OFDM proposal and was sponsored by Texas Instruments as a member of the Multi Band OFDM Alliance, which is now part of WiMedia. The other proposal was a merger between an original direct sequence pulse based design (DS-UWB) contributed by Xtreme Spectrum and DecaWave that was modified to include features of several other pulse based proposals. Ironically, after

1904-488: The WiMedia Alliance announced technology transfer agreements for WiMedia ultra-wideband (UWB) specifications. WiMedia transferred all specifications, including work on future high speed and power optimized implementations, to the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG), Wireless USB Promoter Group and the USB Implementers Forum . After the technology transfer, marketing and related administrative items,

1972-741: The WiMedia Alliance ceased operations in 2010. On December 19, 2018, the UWB Alliance was officially launched to promote the adoption, regulation, standardization and multi-vendor interoperability of ultra-wideband (UWB) technologies. The founding members include: Hyundai , Kia , Zebra, Decawave, Alteros, Novelda, and Ubisense. IEEE 802.15.3a was an attempt to provide a higher speed UWB PHY enhancement amendment to IEEE 802.15.3 for applications which involve imaging and multimedia. The attempt to create an Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ultra-wideband standard failed because of several factors. First, based on execution of

2040-671: The WiMedia MAC specification is the MAC Convergence Architecture (WiMCA) that allows applications to share UWB resources. WiMCA defines a number of policies, including channel-time utilization; secure association, authentication and data transfer; device and WPAN management; quality of service; discovery of services; and power management. Board members of the alliance included Alereon , CSR plc , Olympus Corporation , Samsung and Wisair . By early 2006, implementations were delayed by standardization issues. On March 16, 2009,

2108-422: The ability of USB to safely manage devices on the fly . Hosts can communicate with devices up to 10 meters away. Wireless USB had potential uses in game controllers , printers , scanners , digital cameras , portable media players , hard disk drives and USB flash drives . It was also suitable for transferring parallel video streams, using USB over ultra-wideband protocols. The Wireless USB Promoter Group

Wireless USB - Misplaced Pages Continue

2176-661: The alternative MAC/PHY, Bluetooth 3.0/High Speed technology. A small, but significant, number of former WiMedia members had not and would not sign up to the necessary agreements for the intellectual property transfer. The Bluetooth group then turned its attention from UWB to 60 GHz . On September 29, 2010, version 1.1 of the Wireless USB specification was announced. It delivered several backwards-compatible improvements: UWB upper band support for frequencies 6 GHz and above, improved power management and consumption, and support for NFC and proximity based association. As mentioned,

2244-474: The appropriate devices can be chosen. The standard, symmetric encryption method is AES-128 with CCM , though Public key encryption may be used for initial authentication (namely, only the sending of the initial CCM key), provided that the achieved security level is comparable (in practice by using 3072-bit RSA and SHA-256 for hashing). Note that there is a difference between master keys and session keys . Master keys are long-lived and usually work as

2312-400: The approved IEEE 802.15.3a Task Group down selection procedure, there were only two proposals remaining. Each of the remaining proposals contained mutually exclusive communication architectures. Neither proposer's radio could communicate with the other. One proposal was a merger of a novel OFDM architecture proposed by Texas Instruments and eventually adopted by the majority of the industry, by

2380-556: The areas of consumer, military and medical. Their technology covers a larger spectrum than WiFi does and provides more bandwidth for video. In the consumer area, the company works together with monitor and consumer electronics manufacturers for their wireless PC/laptop/tablet docking stations, their wireless monitors, wireless PC-to- HDTV video streaming devices, as well as wireless cable replacements for HDMI , DVI , VGA , USB , audio, and Ethernet . Alereon provides chipsets, modules and software development kits (SDK) and tools. All of

2448-403: The common USB device control plane . For communication to exist, secure relationships must be established. These must have a defined purpose and restrict membership to the group, which serves as the base of trust to carry out the desired work. Within a wired systems, data transfers imply a controlled physical connection; this translates into the wireless domain through the concept of ownership :

2516-484: The consumer market. Thus, even though the DS-UWB supporters embraced CSM as a bridge between the two proposals, the lack of acceptance by MB-OFDM supporters killed what turned out to be the best solution to achieve a compromise between the proposers. It's interesting to note that the concept of a Common Signaling Mode (CSM) was later adopted by IEEE 802.15.3c for the 60 GHz PHY layer and renamed Common Mode Signaling to solve

2584-489: The defined W-USB interface to communicate through existing channels. There are three degrees of MAC consciousness in devices. The highest of these corresponds to a self-beaconing device , which is able to perform beaconing on its own. The following degree represents directed-beaconing devices , which are unaware of MAC frames and have limited beaconing capabilities, depending on the host to detect and beacon for nearby devices. Lastly there are non-beaconing devices , which have

2652-479: The development of a high data rate UWB PHY amendment for the IEEE 802.15.3 WPAN standard. The most commendable achievement of IEEE 802.15.3a was its consolidation of 23 UWB PHY specifications into two proposals using: Multi-Band Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (MB-OFDM) UWB, supported by the WiMedia Alliance, then adopted by the USB-IF for Wireless USB and by the Bluetooth SIG for high speed Bluetooth, while

2720-444: The down selection vote, and then reach the 75% approval rating required for task group confirmation of the selected technical proposal, which never happened. In the first round of down selection, the MB-OFDM proposal was selected. Through several subsequent rounds of down selection, the selected proposal alternated between MB-OFDM and DS-UWB, with neither being able to achieve technical confirmation. There were several attempts to create

2788-551: The dust settled through several years of each proposer bashing the other's technical implementation, both remaining proposals achieved nearly identical theoretical performance in terms of data throughput, channel robustness, overall design DC power consumption, and device cost. Not until actual WiMedia devices entered the market was shown that WiMedia's proposal and implementation did not come close to living up to its advertised specification of 480 Mbit/s. Second, there were numerous attempts by each proposer to achieve both victory in

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2856-417: The execution of its associated workload. Wireless data transfers tend to incur in very significant overheads; to mitigate this W-USB replaces these with the burst mode data phase , which groups one or more data packets which reducing packet delimiters and separation gaps, in contrast with the USB rule of one data packet per transaction. The extent to which this practice is applied can be adjusted, resulting in

2924-472: The group key of a cluster, a device must keep the connection alive by at least confirming its presence within each trust timeout boundary, which is set to four seconds. If it does not succeed at keeping up with this requirement, reauthentication is demanded. Following the natural asymmetry of USB, the host initiates all processes (except signaling), security being no exception. Security requests are made to devices to find their security capabilities, after which

2992-497: The host (the hub). The host controller is unique in the system and is usually embedded in a working computer, though it could be connected to it through a simple USB connection, possibly wireless as well. Such a topology is similar to a star network (but all communications are strictly point-to-point, never between devices). In order to allow common wired USB devices to be connected, the specification defines device wire adapters . Likewise, hosts connect to W-USB systems through use of

3060-457: The host dynamically assigns slots as needed. Besides these, W-USB transactions between the host and endpoints are carried out as in USB. Transactions use TDMA microscheduling while adhering to USB semantics. A split-transaction protocol is used to allow multiple transactions to be carried out simultaneously. This is related to the transaction group concept, which consists of a microscheduled management command (MMC) and allocated time slots for

3128-436: The host will usually turn its radio off when it is not needed. If it decides to stop the channel, be in temporarily or to enter hibernation or shutdown states, it must notify the devices before it can do so. The WUSB architecture allows up to 127 devices to connect directly to a host. Because there are no wires or ports, there is no longer a need for hubs. However, to facilitate migration from wired to wireless, WUSB introduced

3196-403: The life of session keys. Other forms of USB over wireless exist, such as those based on the competing direct sequence ultra-wideband technology by Cable-Free USB. The same was also true for other radio frequency based wire replacement systems which could carry USB. The result was that the name Certified Wireless USB was adopted to allow consumers to identify which products would be adherent to

3264-487: The mechanisms used to achieve said model: among others, data handshakes and buffering. UWB defines both PHY and MAC layers, which need to be integrated in the W-USB model. In particular, MAC is joined with the logical link control (LLC) sublayer to form the link layer , responsible for encryption/decryption, PHY error management and synchronization, while PHY itself covers the correctness of headers, not payloads. The MAC layer

3332-553: The peripherals any more, and the absence of wires means that some properties that are usually taken for granted in USB systems need to be achieved by other means. The goal of the specification was to preserve the functional model of USB , based on intelligent hosts and behaviorally simple devices, while allowing it to operate in a wireless environment and keeping security on a par with the levels offered by traditional wired systems. It also seeks to be comparably power-efficient. To accomplish this, it uses an existing standard that defines

3400-457: The precision the physical medium requires (20 ppm ). Channel time is sent within MMC's, and it is used for slot allocation, so it is important that hosts perform accurate beaconing. Devices may as well beacon reservation declarations. The superframe includes device notification time slots for asynchronous transfers initiated by the devices (which do not use pipes, but instead tap the bus layer directly);

3468-453: The process succeeds, the host assigns a unique USB address to the device, after which the device becomes visible to the USB protocol. Because the connectivity model allows for on-the-fly, unannounced disconnection, connections must always remain active. Aside from host- or device-forced disconnections, long inactivity periods may trigger the same termination mechanisms. In addition, W-USB hosts have other responsibilities which go beyond those of

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3536-455: The same two PHY problem. The contest became so contentious that the originally elected Task Group Chair, Bob Heile, who was also the 802.15 Working Group Chair, resigned his position. Bob Heile was replaced by Jim Lansford, CTO of Alereon , and Gregg Rasor, Director of Ultrawideband Research and Development in Motorola Labs, who co-chaired IEEE 802.15.3a until its end. The idea of co-chairs

3604-461: The same way as traditional USB. Because of the existence of wire adapters, traditional USB hubs are not needed. A device supports one or more communication pipes to the host, and allocates endpoint 0 for the USB control pipe. Device type information is available through this pipe. Connections with the host are created by means of an establishment message sent at some point. Both host and device can then proceed to authenticate using their unique keys; if

3672-564: The specification is built, and as such resource management and connection/disconnection of devices becomes even more important than in wired USB. Packet loss and corruption are dealt with through timeouts as well as hardware buffering, guaranteed retries (as mentioned in the description of transfer models) and other flow control methods. If synchronism policies cannot be maintained, errors can be handled either by hardware or software (retries, maximum number of retries failure, failure recovery decisions and so on). The W-USB host tries to mitigate

3740-497: The specification was promoted to support wireless video, operating at multiple Gbit/s data rates. The WiMedia Network (formerly WiNET) is a protocol adaptation layer that builds on the WiMedia UWB common radio platform to augment the convergence platform with TCP/IP services. Certified Wireless USB can operate in two ways: Bluetooth, Wireless 1394, IP (WiMedia Network) operate on top of Wimedia UWB PHY - Wimedia UWB MAC - Convergence Layer like Coexistence Wireless USB . Within

3808-428: The standard and would support the correct protocol and data rates. There was also USB over IP, which may have used IP-based networking to transfer USB traffic wirelessly. For example, with proper drivers the host side may have used 802.11a/b/g/n/ac Wi-Fi (or wired Ethernet ) to communicate with the device. As of 2013, Media Agnostic USB ( MA USB ) is a specification being developed by the USB Implementers Forum . It

3876-442: The unreliability of wireless mediums (a 10% error rate is considered acceptable for 1 kB packets; in wired media this value is usually around 10) maintaining counters and statistics for each device and possible requesting information from them. It can also access and modify the transmit power control functions of each device, as well as change transmission parameters such as data payload size and bandwidth adjustments. The focus

3944-471: The user grants trust to the devices, which in turn prove this trust to others (interacting in so-called ceremonies ) in order to form the desired associations. The USB address identifier is a token of the owner's trust. Applications may require other bases of trust not directly supported by this USB-specific model, in which case they can be implemented on top of the core USB stack. Even more, trust needs to be maintained, otherwise it will expire. After receiving

4012-418: The wire. Hence, an explicit secure relationship must be established. For this, the bus and device layers incorporate the necessary resources for use by the function layer. Every W-USB transmission is encrypted by the bus layer without impairing layer-to-layer horizontal communication. The bus follows a TDMA-based polling approach supervised by the host. A transfer is formed by three parts: a token , data, and

4080-531: Was Austin Ventures . Eric Broockman was the first company CEO in 2003. It initially backed the multi-band orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing approach taken by the MultiBand OFDM Alliance. A number of competing technologies were discussed by the IEEE 802.15 standards committee in 2004. In October 2005, $ 20 million in financing included investors Centennial Ventures and Pharos Capital. After

4148-536: Was a non-profit industry trade group that promoted the adoption, regulation, standardization and multi-vendor interoperability of ultra-wideband (UWB) technologies. It existed from about 2002 through 2009. The Wireless Multimedia Alliance was founded by 2002. The WiMedia Alliance developed reference technical specifications including: The WiMedia ultra-wideband (UWB) common radio platform incorporated MAC layer and PHY layer specifications based on multi-band orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (MB-OFDM). It

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4216-505: Was a protocol promulgated by the USB Implementers Forum that used WiMedia's UWB radio platform. Other protocols that announced their intention to use WiMedia's UWB radio platform included Bluetooth and the WiMedia Logical Link Control Protocol. A few issues differentiate Wireless USB from other proposed/competing standards that utilize 60 GHz band like WiGig : Robustness is one of the main concerns upon which

4284-581: Was brought about in yet another attempt to forge a compromise that would generate an IEEE standard for ultrawideband. Consequently, in the Spring of 2006, the IEEE 802.15.3a Task Group was officially disbanded by the IEEE Standards Association. On January 19, 2006, IEEE 802.15.3a task group (TG3a) members voted to recommend that the IEEE 802 Executive Committee ask NESCOM to withdraw the December 2002 project authorization request (PAR), which initiated

4352-517: Was formed in February 2004 to define the Wireless USB protocol . The group consisted of Agere Systems (now merged with LSI Corporation ), Hewlett-Packard , Intel , Microsoft , NEC Corporation , Philips Semiconductors , and Samsung . In May 2005, the Wireless USB Promoter Group announced version 1.0 of the Wireless USB specification. In June 2006, five companies showed the first multi-vendor interoperability demonstration of wireless USB. A laptop with an Intel host adapter using an Alereon PHY

4420-402: Was intended for short-range multimedia file transfers at data rates of 480 Mbit/s and beyond with low power consumption, and operates in the 3.1 to 10.6 GHz UWB spectrum. WiMedia UWB was promoted for personal computers , consumer electronics , mobile devices and automotive networks. WiMedia Alliance and MultiBand OFDM Alliance Special Interest Group (MBOA-SIG, promoted by Intel ) merged into

4488-422: Was shipped by IOGEAR using Alereon , Intel, and NEC silicon in mid-2007. Around the same time, Belkin, Dell, Lenovo, and D-Link began shipping products that incorporated WiQuest technology. These products included embedded cards in notebook PCs or adapters for those PCs that do not currently include wireless USB. In 2008, a new wireless USB docking station from Kensington was made available through Dell. This product

4556-490: Was unique as it was the first product on the market to support video and graphics over a USB connection by using DisplayLink USB graphics technology. Kensington released a Wireless USB Universal Docking Station in August 2008 for wireless connectivity between a notebook PC and an external monitor, speakers, and existing wired USB peripherals. Imation announced the Q4 2008 availability of a new external Wireless HDD. On March 16, 2009,

4624-432: Was used to transfer high-definition video from a Philips wireless semiconductor with a Staccato Communications PHY, all using Microsoft Windows XP drivers developed for Wireless USB. In October 2006, the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) approved Host Wire Adapter (HWA) and Device Wire Adapter (DWA) wireless USB products from WiQuest Communications for both outdoor and indoor use. The first retail product

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