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57-455: He was a son of Duke Odon of Kalisz by his wife Viacheslava, daughter of Prince Yaroslav Osmomysl of Halych . Władysław was probably named after either his paternal uncle Władysław III Spindleshanks or his ancestor Władysław I Herman . The nickname "Plwacz" (English: the Spitter ) was already given to him in the 13th century chronicles. It is unknown if he received that nickname because of

114-458: A concerted action against Władysław III Spindleshanks. Władysław Odonic then managed to control his uncle's domains. Much less successful was the participation of Konrad I, whose troops unsuccessfully besieged Kalisz . Władysław III Spindleshanks ultimately could not defend himself and soon after he escaped to Racibórz in Silesia . Władysław Odonic's success was complete, but a risk still remained: in

171-408: A disease that affected his throat or because he had bad manners. Another nickname used in the contemporary sources was " Odonic ", a corruption of his patronymic Odowic ("son of Odon"); it is also unknown why the sources persisted in using the erroneous form instead of the correct one. Duke Odon of Kalisz died on 20 April 1194. Władysław (then only four years old) and his siblings were placed under

228-617: A meeting was arranged in Głogów , where the Duke of Wrocław and the Bishops of Lubusz and Poznań discovered that resolution of this situation was to be a difficult task. The meeting ended with a partial success, because Władysław III Spindleshanks reached an agreement with the Archbishop Kietlicz, who could return to Gniezno , with the promise of restitution of all his goods, in exchange for lifting

285-653: A new protective bull from the Pope (issued on 9 February 1217), this time to protect him against the claims of the local Church hierarchy. In 1217, a congress of other Piast dukes in Danków proved to be very detrimental to Władysław Odonic. There his uncle Władysław III Spindleshanks and Leszek the White signed an agreement of mutual succession, which reduced considerably the chances of the young prince to acquire, by peaceful means, his uncle's inheritance. The agreement at Danków (which Henry I

342-654: A solemn convention of the Piast princes, bishops, and nobles was convened in the Kuyavian district of Gąsawa in November 1227. Among the princes who attended the meeting were Władysław Odonic, Leszek the White, Henry I the Bearded, and Konrad I of Masovia. For unknown reasons, Władysław III Spindleshanks ultimately chose not to appear at the congress, perhaps because his interests were probably represented by Paul, Bishop of Poznań . In addition,

399-521: Is unknown; however, other historians believed that she had a Pomeranian or Moravian origin: she could be the daughter of Duke Mestwin I of Pomerania , and thus be the sister of Świętopełk II, or she could be a member of the Přemyslid dynasty . They reportedly had six children: Odon of Pozna%C5%84 Odon of Poznań , also known as Odon of Greater Poland and Mieszkowic , ( Polish : Odon poznański (wielkopolski, Mieszkowic) ; 1149 – 20 April 1194)

456-502: The Synod of Borzykowa  [ pl ] , where he tried to find a solution to this delicate issue. At the convention, in addition to the hierarchy of the Church, Henry I the Bearded and the other junior dukes attended. Leszek the White, wanting to ensure the support of the Church, along with other Piast princes, then gave a great privilege, which ensured the integrity of territorial possession of

513-564: The Bearded before his death. Desiring to neutralize the influence of Silesia, Władysław began a policy to be closer to the Church. In 1232, he granted the Bishop of Poznań an immunity privilege under which all subjects on the Bishop's lands were excluded from homage to the Duchy. Bishop Paul was also allowed to mint his own coin. However, this policy of submission to the church brought a negative effect among

570-848: The Bearded on 19 March 1238 did not end the conflict with the Silesian princes because Henry I's son and successor Henry II the Pious maintained his pretensions over Greater Poland. In 1239 a new war broke out and once again Władysław was defeated. This time he lost the rest of Greater Poland, with the exception of Ujście and Nakło . Władysław Odonic died on 5 June 1239 and was buried in the Archcathedral Basilica of St. Peter and St. Paul, Poznań . Between 1218/20 Władysław married with Hedwig (d. 29 December 1249), whose origins are disputed among historians and sources. According to some sources, her parentage

627-418: The Bearded soon joined) and the death of Archbishop Kietlicz enabled Władysław III Spindleshanks to attack his nephew with the benevolent neutrality of the other Piast rulers. Władysław Odonic was unable to defend himself or his lands, and shortly thereafter he escaped to Hungary. Almost nothing is known about the first phase of Władysław's exile from Poland. There are some assumptions that the prince attended

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684-482: The Bearded. By sources and historiography, the main culprit for the murder was Władysław Odonic, although there are some historians who believe that Duke Świętopełk II was also involved in the crime, and some who are inclined to absolve Władysław Odonic from any part in the attack. The events of Gąsawa led to a very complicated situation in Poland, and brought few benefits to Władysław Odonic in his conflict with his uncle. At

741-454: The Church. However, despite the efforts of both Władysław Odonic and Archbishop Kietlicz (who even launched an anathema against Władysław III), the rebellion was short-lived and unsuccessful. Both were banished from the country. Władysław Odonic took refuge in Wrocław in the court of Henry I the Bearded , who, despite his good relations with Władysław III Spindleshanks, decided to fully support

798-545: The Duchy of Greater Poland. His uncle Casimir II the Just also supported him. The war lasted for 2 years until Mieszko III was deposed and exiled to Bohemia in 1179. By 1181, Mieszko III had returned to Poland. Enlisting the aid of the Pomeranians , he not only recovered Greater Poland but also expanded it to include Gniezno and Kalisz. In 1191, Mieszko III divided his duchy: Odon received Poznan, his younger half-brother Mieszko IV

855-561: The Old when he had to fight to maintain his rule over the Duchy of Kraków . This renewed the disputes between him and Bolesław I the Tall, who wished to obtain the Duchy and with this the Seniorate. However, Bolesław suffered an unexpected defeat by Mieszko and his own son Jarosław, who distracted him from his advance over Kraków. In his place was his younger uncle and ally, Casimir II the Just , who captured

912-448: The White (High Duke of Poland since 1206), and Konrad I of Masovia against the politics of Władysław III Spindleshanks and Mieszko I Tanglefoot , Duke of Opole – Racibórz . Also, during the meeting the privileges obtained by the Polish church at Łęczyca in 1180 were confirmed, including exemption from secular tribunals. Leszek the White, along with other Piast princes, wanting to ensure

969-551: The White) were deposed and excommunicated . The bull demanded that the Piast princes adhere to the testament of Bolesław III Wrymouth , which proposed that the most senior of the Piast dukes is the ruler in the seniorate. Strangely, in the bull an unnamed duke of Silesia (who was assumed to be Henry the Bearded, because he actually used that title) was exempted from the ban. The country was full of consternation, because nobody knew who had real power. Archbishop Henryk Ketlicz decided to call

1026-521: The Younger received Kalisz and Mieszko III kept Gniezno. Some historians once believed that he remained in the Greater Poland capital until his death. When Odon’s younger half-brother Mieszko IV died on 2 August 1193, Odon obtained the Duchy of Kalisz with his father's blessing. Little is known about Odon's reign over Kalisz beyond the fact that he founded a mint , where coins have been recovered bearing

1083-427: The anathema. However, Władysław Odonic was left with nothing. In July 1210, the Synod of Borzykowa  [ pl ] was organized as a meeting between local bishops and princes, in order to solve the problematic issue of the bull issued by Pope Innocent III , who restored the idea of a unified Seniorate Province under the rule of the eldest Piast. Then, was formed a coalition between Władysław Odonic, Leszek

1140-551: The battlefield too late, soon after Mieszko III withdrew to Kalisz . Over the forces of the Count palatine Goworek  [ pl ] , who also arrived to help Leszek's troops, the Silesians obtained a great victory; however, because Mieszko III was not present, this victory only brought them benefits in terms of prestige and the ransoms obtained from captured Sandomierz nobles. On 22 March 1201 Jarosław of Opole died. The Duchy of Opole

1197-532: The beginning of 1228, Władysław III Spindleshanks, with the help of Silesian forces, managed to defeat his nephew under unknown circumstances, taking him prisoner. However, the Duke of Greater Poland failed to take advantage of this success, because later that year, while his uncle was in Lesser Poland , Władysław Odonic managed to escape to Płock , where he established friendly relations with Konrad I of Masovia. In 1229, Władysław Odonic and Konrad I of Masovia took

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1254-616: The bishops (the privilege was not signed by Henry I and Władysław III Spindleshanks , but they did comply with the provisions established there). Mieszko, however, was not present in Borzykowa; with the support of the Gryfici family, he decided to lead his army and march into Kraków , where the confusion among the citizens left him in total control over the capital without fighting. This was the zenith of Mieszko's career, as he died less than one year later, on 16 May 1211. According to Jan Długosz , he

1311-408: The care of his paternal uncle Władysław III Spindleshanks (half-brother of Odon), who acted as regent over southern Greater Poland (a duchy created for Odon by his father Mieszko III the Old in 1182). The Duchy of Kalisz itself was directly annexed by Mieszko III to his domains. Mieszko III the Old died in 1202, and Władysław III Spindleshanks inherited the lands of Greater Poland. At some point in

1368-470: The chronicles from the 14th and 15th centuries. From Rocznik Sędziwoja , annals written in the mid-fifteenth century, the entry for the year 1192: " Cracovia civitas devastata est a Mescone loripede dicto Platonogy nepote ducis Kazimiriensis filio Wladislai exulis " (en: "The city of Kraków was devastated by Mieszko the bandy-legged, called Platonogy, nephew of Duke Casimir, son of Władysław the Exile"). Mieszko

1425-459: The citizens left him in total control of the capital without fighting, and he became the new High Duke. Władysław Odonic's policy of full cooperation with the Church resulted in the issue of a bull by Pope Innocent III on 13 May 1211, in which the Pope declared Władysław to be under his protection. Władysław also actively supported the monastic orders, notably the Cistercians , who received lands in

1482-591: The city and was proclaimed the new High Duke of Poland. Mieszko III the Old found himself in exile in Racibórz and it seemed that a war between Mieszko Tanglefoot and Casimir II the Just was now just a matter of time. Casimir II, however, went a different route, and in order to gain the favor of the Duke of Racibórz, gave him the towns of Oświęcim and Bytom (with the fortress of Oświęcim, Bytom, Mikołów , Siewierz and Pszczyna , although some historians estimate that these fortress had belonged to Mieszko only since 1179). On

1539-582: The deposed high duke turned out to be permanent; he died in Altenburg in 1159. His sons continued the fight to recover their inheritance, and finally three years later, in 1163, and thanks to the intervention of the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa , Mieszko and his older brother Bolesław I the Tall returned to Silesia . Mieszko and Bolesław I the Tall co-ruled the Duchy of Wrocław during the period 1163–1173. At first, their rule did not extend over

1596-429: The dispute once and for all. Their decision was favorable to Henry, and after protests by Władysław, another committee produced a document invalidating the treaty of 1234, which in turn was repudiated by Henry I. In 1237 the hostilities were resumed. As a result, Władysław lost the castellanie of Ladzka. Only after the intervention of a Papal envoy, William of Modena, did both sides agree to a truce. The death of Henry I

1653-545: The district of Przemęt on 29 July 1210. On 20 October 1213, a new Cistercian monastery was founded in Ołobok over the Prosna river, which was richly furnished by Władysław. In 1215 Władysław Odonic took part in the congress of princes and bishops in Wolbórz , where he and the other Piast rulers (including Leszek I the White, Konrad I of Masovia, and Casimir I of Opole ) agreed to extend

1710-427: The dukes were also to discuss proposals for a solution to the usurpation of the ducal title by Świętopełk II of Pomerania, who used the confusion in Greater Poland to seize Nakło, which belonged to Władysław). The tragic end of the meeting took place on the morning of 24 November, when during a break from the deliberations the princes were attacked by Pomeranians, who killed Leszek the White and seriously injured Henry I

1767-590: The economic and legal benefits for the Church. One year later, Archbishop Kietlicz supported the provisions of the IV Lateran Council , wherein papal authority was reinforced and the Fifth Crusade was organized. Also, and with the support of the other Polish princes, the Archbishop promoted the surrender of the southern Greater Poland lands to Władysław. Finally, in 1216 Władysław III Spindleshanks gave his nephew

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1824-515: The effort to reconquer his heritage. Thanks to the help of the Pomeranian Duke, Władysław was able to capture the north-eastern fortress of Ujście in 1223. Two years later he was able to repel the counter-attack of his uncle and obtain the district of Nakło . In 1227 Władysław III Spindleshanks finally decided to attack his nephew directly. For this purpose, he sent troops under the command of voivode Dobrogost, who besieged Ujście. Not only did

1881-451: The ensuing four years, Władysław III surrendered the Duchy of Kalisz to Henry I the Bearded , Duke of Wrocław , in exchange of Lubusz , part of his effort to become more involved in Pomerania (which bordered Lubusz). In 1206 Władysław Odonic was declared an adult and began to claim government over his domains. It was especially hard for him to accept the surrender of the Duchy of Kalisz, as

1938-423: The expedition of King Andrew II of Hungary to Palestine . Subsequently, he probably went to Bohemia and Germany, where he tried to encourage the help of local rulers. In 1218 Władysław Odonic finally arrived to the court of Świętopełk II of Pomerania (probably his brother-in-law), who wanted his own political emancipation and broke his homage to Leszek the White. Świętopełk II promised Władysław his support in

1995-577: The expedition organized by the Teutonic Knights against the Prussians during 1233–1234. In 1234 their recently concluded peace was suddenly broken, and hostilities between Henry I the Bearded and Władysław Odonic were renewed. This time, the Silesian Duke was well prepared, and without major obstacles he seized the southern part of Greater Poland. Władysław was then forced to enter into peace talks with

2052-530: The first Polish Sejm . In 1177, Odon joined the revolt of the Lesser Polish nobility against his own father, Mieszko III the Old , because of the favoritism Mieszko III had shown to the offspring of his second marriage. Additionally, the High Duke had attempted to force Odon to become a priest in order to eliminate him from the succession. As well, Odon wanted to have some land and found an opportunity to conquer

2109-623: The immunity that he gave to the Poznań church in 1232. Even with the ratification of this (unfavorable) agreement on 26 June 1235, both sides seemed aware that the outbreak of a new war would be just a matter of time. The war broke again by the end of 1235, when Władysław Odonic (using the unrest caused by the brutal government in Śrem of the Governor appointed by Henry I the Bearded, Prince Borzivoj of Bohemia), deceitfully tried to recover that part of Greater Poland. The expedition ended with some success (Śrem

2166-452: The inscription " Odon Dux " ("Duke Odon")—suggesting a high degree of autonomy. Odon died on 20 April 1194. He was buried in the Cathedral of Poznań . In about 1184, Odon married Viacheslava (d. aft. 1200), daughter of Yaroslav Vladimirovich "Osmomysl" , Prince of Halych . They had 3 children: Since Odon's son Władysław was too young to reign, Odon bestowed the regency of his duchy in

2223-603: The major Silesian cities, which remained under the control of Bolesław IV the Curly , then the high duke of Poland . The brothers retook them in the year 1165, taking advantage of Bolesław IV's involvement in a crusade against the Prussians. Eventually, Mieszko began efforts to obtain his own Duchy, in part because his older brother Bolesław took all the government into his hands and left little participation for Mieszko there. In 1172, Mieszko began an open rebellion against his brother. He also supported Bolesław's eldest son, Jarosław , who

2280-523: The mediation of Bishop Paul of Poznań and Archbishop Pełka of Gniezno. The terms of the agreement, published on 22 September 1234, were very unfavorable for Władysław Odonic, who had to relinquish all the territories south and west of the Warta River , which included Kalisz , Santok , Międzyrzecz , and Śrem . In gratitude for his mediation, Władysław extended to Archbishop Pełka and the Bishopric of Gniezno

2337-502: The minority of his sons gave them the opportunity to attack and regain control over Lesser Poland . However, Kraków and the nobility of Sandomierz, led by the voivode Nicholas, had other plans and decided to support Casimir II's eldest son, Leszek the White . Both sides clashed in the bloody Battle of Mozgawa (Mozgawą) near Jędrzejów (13 September 1195), where Mieszko III was seriously injured and his son Bolesław of Kuyavia died. The Silesian troops, led by Mieszko and Jarosław, arrived to

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2394-527: The nobility, who in 1233 rebelled against him and offered the Duchy of Greater Poland to Henry I the Bearded. Thanks to the passivity of Henry I, the revolt failed. Henry I's indifference to Greater Poland was extremely beneficial for Władysław Odonic, who obtained from the Silesian Duke the formal resignation from all his claims over the inheritance of Władysław III Spindleshanks. The establishment of peace enabled Władysław Odonic and Henry (Henry I's son and heir) to participate jointly with Konrad I of Masovia in

2451-409: The other hand, Bolesław the Tall suffered a further diminution of his authority when he was compelled to give Głogów to his youngest brother Konrad , who had recently returned from Germany and claimed his part over the Silesian inheritance. In 1195 Mieszko and his nephew Jarosław supported Mieszko III the Old in his new attempt to recover Kraków and the Seniorate. The death of Casimir II the Just and

2508-409: The rebel prince. One year later, in 1207, Henry I the Bearded gave to Władysław Odonic the Duchy of Kalisz, but with the condition that in the event he was able to recover the southern Greater Poland lands, Kalisz was to return to Silesia. Despite these gestures, Henry I the Bearded refused to militarily support Władysław Odonic, as he tried to reconcile both princes through diplomatic channels. In 1208

2565-418: The rule over southern Greater Poland. However, the receipt of these lands near Obra River created a new problem for Władysław. In accordance with the treaty of 1206 between him and Henry I the Bearded, the Duchy of Kalisz had to return to Silesia if Władysław recovered his heritage. In addition, the previous excellent relations with Archbishop Kietlicz also began to deteriorate, and so Władysław managed to get

2622-537: The south of Greater Poland upon his half-brother, Władysław III Spindleshanks , while Mieszko III reclaimed the Duchy of Kalisz. Mieszko I Tanglefoot Mieszko IV Tanglefoot ( Polish : Mieszko IV Plątonogi ) (c. 1130 – 16 May 1211) was Duke of Kraków and High Duke of Poland from 9 June 1210 until his death one year later. He was also Duke of Silesia from 1163 to 1173 (with his brother as co-ruler), Duke of Racibórz from 1173, and Duke of Opole from 1202. His nickname "Tanglefoot" (Plątonogi) appeared in

2679-465: The spring of 1231 Henry I the Bearded launched an expedition against Greater Poland with the purpose of restoring Władysław III Spindleshanks, but the Silesian troops were defeated at the walls of Gniezno . On 3 November 1231 Władysław III Spindleshanks died unexpectedly, apparently killed by a German girl whom he tried to rape. However, this only changed Władysław Odonic's situation slightly, as his uncle had passed all his rights of inheritance to Henry I

2736-490: The support of the Church, then issued a Great Privilege, which ensured the integrity of territorial possessions of the Bishops. The privilege was not signed by Henry I the Bearded and Władysław III Spindleshanks, but they later accepted the provisions established there. Mieszko I Tanglefoot was not present in Borzykowa; with the support of the Gryfici family, he decided to lead his army and march against Kraków , where confusion among

2793-444: The voivode fail to conquer the strongly fortified city, but Władysław Odonic made a surprise attack on Dobrogost's troops and on 15 July, the voivode's army was completely defeated and he was killed. Thanks to this victory, Władysław Odonic was able to take most of Greater Poland. Afraid that he could lose all of his domains, Władysław III Spindleshanks decided to find a peaceful solution to the dispute with his nephew. For this purpose,

2850-527: The young prince believed it to be part of his rightful heritage. Unable to reach a favorable agreement with his uncle, Władysław Odonic decided to declare open war against Władysław III Spindleshanks. His attempt to overthrow the High Duke was strongly supported by part of the Greater Poland nobility and the Archbishop of Gniezno Henryk Kietlicz , who also wanted to obtain greater independence and benefits for

2907-405: Was Duke of Greater Poland in 1179–1181, and Duke of Kalisz from 1193 to 1194. He was the oldest son of Mieszko III the Old , Duke of Greater Poland (and since 1173, High Duke of Poland ) by his first wife, Elisabeth , who was the daughter of King Béla II of Hungary . Odon's name appeared for the first time as a signatory in a document issued on 21 May 1161 at Łęczyca , the location of

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2964-418: Was against the wishes of the Church, which strongly supported Henry I the Bearded. Thanks to the intervention of Henryk Kietlicz , Archbishop of Gniezno , and Cyprian, Bishop of Wroclaw , Henry I maintained his frontiers, but he had to pay 1000 pieces of silver to his supporters. On 9 June 1210, a papal bull was decreed by Pope Innocent III , under which all of the seniorate rulers (included High Duke Leszek

3021-576: Was forced to become a priest thanks to the intrigues of his stepmother Christina, who wished for her sons to be the only heirs. The rebellion was a complete surprise to Bolesław, who was forced to escape to Erfurt , Germany. However, the intervention of the Emperor favored the return of Bolesław soon afterwards, but he was forced to give separate lands to both Mieszko (who received the towns of Racibórz and Cieszyn ) and Jarosław (who received Opole ). In 1177 Mieszko supported his uncle and namesake Mieszko III

3078-467: Was probably buried in the Cathedral of Kraków ( Wawel Cathedral ). Only after Mieszko's death could Leszek the White return to Kraków without major difficulties. By 1178, Mieszko married Ludmila (died after 20 October 1210), whose origins are unknown. Her name indicates that she may have a Bohemian origin, probably a member of the Přemyslid dynasty . According to the majority of historians, she could be

3135-418: Was recovered and Borzivoj killed during the battle); however, a retaliatory expedition of the Silesian army soon arrived at Gniezno . Władysław Odonic, having good relations with the Church, began efforts with Pope Gregory IX for the annulment of the 1234 treaty and Henry I's decision to remove him from Greater Poland by force. In 1236 the Pope ordered Archbishop Pełka to create a committee that would resolve

3192-502: Was the second son of Władysław II the Exile and Agnes of Babenberg . From 1146, after the deposition of his father, Mieszko and his family mainly lived in the town of Altenburg in Saxony , which was granted as a temporary possession to Władysław II by Agnes's half-brother King Conrad III of Germany . During his time in exile, Mieszko studied in Michaelsberg and Bamberg . The exile for

3249-587: Was then inherited by his father Bolesław the Tall, with whom the late duke had recently reconciled. However, Bolesław died only nine months later, on 7/8 December 1201, leaving all his lands to only surviving son, Henry the Bearded . Mieszko was determined to obtain Opole and made a surprise attack at the beginning of 1202. The Duke managed to obtain Opole , which was from then on definitively joined to his lands. Despite this victory, Mieszko wanted additional territories, but this

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