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59-464: Fandango at Home (formerly known as Vudu ) is an American digital video store and streaming service owned by Fandango Media , a joint-venture between NBCUniversal and Warner Bros. Discovery . The company offers transactional video on demand rentals and digital purchases of films , as well as integration with digital locker services for streaming digital copies of films purchased as home video at retail. The service initially focused on

118-485: A constant bitrate (CBR). This CBR video is suitable for real-time, non-buffered, fixed bandwidth video streaming (e.g. in videoconferencing). Since not all frames can be compressed at the same level, because quality is more severely impacted for scenes of high complexity, some algorithms try to constantly adjust the BPP. They keep the BPP high while compressing complex scenes and low for less demanding scenes. This way, it provides

177-561: A digital media player known as the Vudu Box. In 2010, the company began to abandon its hardware business, and focus on integrating its service and associated app platform into third-party devices such as televisions and Blu-ray Disc players. The company has since offered its services online, via mobile apps , and on devices such as digital media players and smart TVs . In 2010, Vudu was sold to Walmart . In 2020, Fandango Media acquired Vudu for an undisclosed amount. While initially maintaining

236-439: A D2 VCR. This made it a perfect fit for the majority of television facilities at the time. D2 was a successful format in the television broadcast industry throughout the late '80s and the '90s. D2 was also widely used in that era as the master tape format for mastering laserdiscs . D1 & D2 would eventually be replaced by cheaper systems using video compression, most notably Sony's Digital Betacam , that were introduced into

295-736: A Nobel Prize for his work in physics. Following the commercialization of CCD sensors during the late 1970s to early 1980s, the entertainment industry slowly began transitioning to digital imaging and digital video from analog video over the next two decades. The CCD was followed by the CMOS active-pixel sensor ( CMOS sensor ), developed in the 1990s. Major films shot on digital video overtook those shot on film in 2013. Since 2016 over 90% of major films were shot on digital video. As of 2017 , 92% of films are shot on digital. Only 24 major films released in 2018 were shot on 35mm. Today, cameras from companies like Sony , Panasonic , JVC and Canon offer

354-483: A free, ad-supported streaming library to its platform in the United States branded as "Movies on Us", featuring recent and classic films. In October 2018, Vudu partnered with MGM Television to develop and acquire original programming for Movies on Us, with a focus on "family-friendly, advertiser-friendly content" derived from existing MGM properties. Vudu premiered its first original series, Mr. Mom —a continuation of

413-399: A full frame. The second half contains only the even-numbered lines. These halves are referred to individually as fields . Two consecutive fields compose a full frame. If an interlaced video has a frame rate of 30 frames per second the field rate is 60 fields per second, though both part of interlaced video, frames per second and fields per second are separate numbers. By definition, bit rate

472-1133: A long-time partner of Fandango's online movie ticketing service) announced that Vudu would subsume its AMC Theatres On Demand service, with its library being transferred to the platform and upgraded to higher quality formats where applicable. Users would be able to migrate to Vudu through August 31, 2023. On February 16, 2024, it was announced that the service would be rebranded as "Fandango at Home" to unify it with its parent company. This took effect March 12, 2024. As of June 2019, Vudu's selection contains over 24,000 titles in their catalog and over 8,000 television shows. Titles range from major motion pictures, independent films, documentaries, children's programming, anime, musicals, recorded musical performances, cartoons, and television series. Vudu has established content licensing contracts with all major movie studios as well as over 50 smaller and independent studios. Films are available to rent in standard-definition, high-definition, and 4K ultra high definition formats, with Dolby Atmos , Dolby Vision , and HDR10 available on supported devices and content. In October 2016, Vudu added

531-523: A modified 1-inch type B videotape transport and recorded an early form of CCIR 601 digital video. Ampex's prototype digital video recorder used a modified 2-inch quadruplex videotape VTR (an Ampex AVR-3) fitted with custom digital video electronics and a special octaplex 8-head headwheel (regular analog 2" quad machines only used 4 heads). Like standard 2" quad, the audio on the Ampex prototype digital machine, nicknamed Annie by its developers, still recorded

590-401: A series of digital images displayed in rapid succession. In the context of video, these images are called frames . The rate at which frames are displayed is known as the frame rate and is measured in frames per second . Every frame is a digital image and so comprises a formation of pixels . The color of a pixel is represented by a fixed number of bits of that color where the information of

649-448: A variety of choices for shooting high-definition video. At the high-end of the market, there has been an emergence of cameras aimed specifically at the digital cinema market. These cameras from Sony , Vision Research , Arri , Blackmagic Design , Panavision , Grass Valley and Red offer resolution and dynamic range that exceeds that of traditional video cameras, which are designed for the limited needs of broadcast television . In

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708-402: Is a measurement of the rate of information content from the digital video stream. In the case of uncompressed video, bit rate corresponds directly to the quality of the video because bit rate is proportional to every property that affects the video quality . Bit rate is an important property when transmitting video because the transmission link must be capable of supporting that bit rate. Bit rate

767-430: Is also carried using UDP - IP over Ethernet . Two approaches exist for this: Other methods of carrying video over IP AVN (magazine) Adult Video News (also called AVN or AVN Magazine ) is an American trade magazine that covers the adult video industry. The New York Times notes that AVN is to pornographic films what Billboard is to records. AVN sponsors an annual convention, called

826-424: Is also important when dealing with the storage of video because, as shown above, the video size is proportional to the bit rate and the duration. Video compression is used to greatly reduce the bit rate while having little effect on quality. Bits per pixel (BPP) is a measure of the efficiency of compression. A true-color video with no compression at all may have a BPP of 24 bits/pixel. Chroma subsampling can reduce

885-506: Is based in Santa Clara, California . In May 2008, Vudu began displaying and selling its set-top box in Best Buy stores. Before this, the box was only available via online retailers. In October, Vudu announced that it would begin to stream films in 1080p high definition , branded as "HDX". These films would feature a series of encoding and processing techniques branded as "TruFilm", including

944-438: Is determined by the frame size, color depth and frame rate. Each pixel consumes a number of bits determined by the color depth. The data required to represent a frame of data is determined by multiplying by the number of pixels in the image. The bandwidth is determined by multiplying the storage requirement for a frame by the frame rate. The overall storage requirements for a program can then be determined by multiplying bandwidth by

1003-478: Is increasingly common in schools, with students and teachers taking an interest in learning how to use it in relevant ways. Digital video also has healthcare applications, allowing doctors to track infant heart rates and oxygen levels. In addition, the switch from analog to digital video impacted media in various ways, such as in how businesses use cameras for surveillance. Closed circuit television (CCTV) switched to using digital video recorders (DVR), presenting

1062-755: Is to say it’s worth billions, but I don’t know exactly how many billion, and no one does." AVN sponsors an annual convention, the AVN Adult Entertainment Expo (AEE), held each January in Las Vegas . The Expo is the largest pornography industry trade show in the United States. AVN also hosts an award show for the adult industry modeled after the Oscars . The awards feature over 100 categories and has an attendance of over 3500 people. David Foster Wallace skeptically noted that AVN , in 1997, reviewed over 4,000 new releases in every category in comparison to

1121-467: Is used due to its reduction of data consumption by factors of 20 to 200. Note that it is not necessary that all frames are equally compressed by the same percentage. Instead, consider the average factor of compression for all the frames taken together. Purpose-built digital video interfaces General-purpose interfaces use to carry digital video The following interface has been designed for carrying MPEG -Transport compressed video: Compressed video

1180-874: The 1983 film of the same name , on September 12, 2019. Digital video Digital video was first introduced commercially in 1986 with the Sony D1 format, which recorded an uncompressed standard-definition component video signal in digital form. In addition to uncompressed formats , popular compressed digital video formats today include MPEG-2 , H.264 and AV1 . Modern interconnect standards used for playback of digital video include HDMI , DisplayPort , Digital Visual Interface (DVI) and serial digital interface (SDI). Digital video can be copied and reproduced with no degradation in quality. In contrast, when analog sources are copied, they experience generation loss . Digital video can be stored on digital media such as Blu-ray Disc , on computer data storage , or streamed over

1239-594: The AVN magazine as "sort of the Variety of the US porn industry." Paul Fishbein, Irv Slifkin, and Barry Rosenblatt founded AVN in 1983 in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . Slifkin left in 1984; having lost interest in reviewing adult movies due to the industry's transition from film to videos . Rosenblatt and Fishbein had a falling out in 1987. Eventually, Fishbein moved the magazine to

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1298-602: The Adult Entertainment Expo or AEE, in Las Vegas , Nevada along with the AVN Awards , an award show for the adult industry modeled after the Oscars . AVN rates adult films and tracks news developments in the industry. An AVN issue can feature over 500 movie reviews. The magazine is about 80% ads and is targeted at adult-video retailers. Author David Foster Wallace has described AVN articles to be more like infomercials than articles, but he also described

1357-504: The Internet to end users who watch content on a personal computer or mobile device screen or a digital smart TV . Today, digital video content such as TV shows and movies also includes a digital audio soundtrack. The basis for digital video cameras is metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) image sensors . The first practical semiconductor image sensor was the charge-coupled device (CCD), invented in 1969 by Willard S. Boyle, who won

1416-640: The San Fernando Valley where it operates to this day. Fishbein sold the company in 2010. Theo Sapoutzis became chairman and CEO of AVN. Tony Rios became owner and CEO of AVN in August 2015. AVN is widely quoted for various figures about the adult industry and its revenues. AVN estimated that the sales and rentals of adult videos topped four billion dollars in 2000 and 2002. Forbes has called this figure "baseless and wildly inflated". When Forbes asked AVN how it arrived at this figure, Mike Ramone

1475-707: The bandwidth needed for a high-definition video signal (with HDV and AVCHD , as well as several professional formats such as XDCAM , all using less bandwidth than a standard definition analog signal). These savings have increased the number of channels available on cable television and direct broadcast satellite systems, created opportunities for spectrum reallocation of terrestrial television broadcast frequencies, and made tapeless camcorders based on flash memory possible, among other innovations and efficiencies. Culturally, digital video has allowed video and film to become widely available and popular, beneficial to entertainment, education, and research. Digital video

1534-453: The 1970s, pulse-code modulation (PCM) induced the birth of digital video coding , demanding high bit rates of 45-140 Mbit/s for standard-definition (SD) content. By the 1980s, the discrete cosine transform (DCT) became the standard for digital video compression . The first digital video coding standard was H.120 , created by the (International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee) or CCITT (now ITU-T) in 1984. H.120

1593-552: The 375 films that the Academy Awards were required to see for the Oscars. This number increased to 8,000 for the 2008 Awards and Paul Fishbein comments that it is "a very long, horrible process". The New York Times noted that the "precise criteria for winning an AVN are not, well, explicit". Awards often go to consistent advertisers in AVN. Sports columnist Bill Simmons commented that

1652-565: The Awards were "the most secretly captivating telecasts on TV" alongside the National Spelling Bee and Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show . Violet Blue , the sex writer, describes the Awards as "big backslapping event where the same companies and same names win year after year... To think of the 'porn Oscars' as a true representation of porn's very best is like having sex with a Jenna Jameson love doll and telling your friends you had sex with

1711-442: The BPP to 16 or 12 bits/pixel. Applying JPEG compression on every frame can reduce the BPP to 8 or even 1 bits/pixel. Applying video compression algorithms like MPEG1 , MPEG2 or MPEG4 allows for fractional BPP values to exist. BPP represents the average bits per pixel. There are compression algorithms that keep the BPP almost constant throughout the entire duration of the video. In this case, we also get video output with

1770-879: The Vudu name due to brand recognition , Fandango Media nevertheless rebranded the service under the Fandango brand in 2024. Vudu was founded by Tony Miranz and Alain Rossmann (the creator of the Wireless Application Protocol ). The Vudu Box had been secretly in development since 2004, but in April 2007, The New York Times revealed Vudu had signed deals with several movie studios and independent distributors to deliver access to nearly 5,000 films. As of April 2007, Vudu had received $ 21 million in venture capital funding from Greylock Partners and Benchmark Capital . The company

1829-526: The audio in analog as linear tracks on the tape. None of these machines from these manufacturers were ever marketed commercially. Digital video was first introduced commercially in 1986 with the Sony D1 format, which recorded an uncompressed standard definition component video signal in digital form. Component video connections required 3 cables, but most television facilities were wired for composite NTSC or PAL video using one cable. Due to this incompatibility

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1888-460: The availability of inexpensive, high-performance computers . It was not until the 1990s that digital TV became a real possibility. Digital television was previously not practically feasible due to the impractically high bandwidth requirements of uncompressed video , requiring around 200   Mbit/s for a standard-definition television (SDTV) signal, and over 1   Gbit/s for high-definition television (HDTV). Digital video comprises

1947-562: The best quality at the smallest average bit rate (and the smallest file size, accordingly). This method produces a variable bitrate because it tracks the variations of the BPP. Standard film stocks typically record at 24 frames per second. For video, there are two frame rate standards: NTSC , at 30/1.001 (about 29.97) frames per second (about 59.94 fields per second), and PAL , 25 frames per second (50 fields per second). Digital video cameras come in two different image capture formats: interlaced and progressive scan . Interlaced cameras record

2006-403: The color is stored within the image. For example, 8-bit captures 256 levels per channel, and 10-bit captures 1,024 levels per channel. The more bits, the more subtle variations of colors can be reproduced. This is called the color depth , or bit depth, of the video. In interlaced video each frame is composed of two halves of an image. The first half contains only the odd-numbered lines of

2065-625: The cost of the recorder, D1 was used primarily by large television networks and other component-video capable video studios. In 1988, Sony and Ampex co-developed and released the D2 digital videocassette format, which recorded video digitally without compression in ITU-601 format, much like D1. In comparison, D2 had the major difference of encoding the video in composite form to the NTSC standard, thereby only requiring single-cable composite video connections to and from

2124-531: The dampening of artifacting and pixelation associated with darker areas of pictures, film grain preservation, "color gradient processing" to improve appearance on flat-panel televisions, and "statistical variable bitrate " to optimize streaming performance. On February 24, 2009, Vudu became the first on-demand service to offer high-definition movies for download to own. Prior to Vudu allowing users to purchase high-definition movies, studios only allowed their films to be purchased in standard-definition format. LG

2183-436: The duration of the program. These calculations are accurate for uncompressed video, but due to the relatively high bit rate of uncompressed video, video compression is extensively used. In the case of compressed video, each frame requires only a small percentage of the original bits. This reduces the data or bandwidth consumption by a factor of 5 to 12 times when using lossless compression , but more commonly, lossy compression

2242-414: The early 1980s, video production equipment that was digital in its internal workings was introduced. These included time base correctors (TBC) and digital video effects (DVE) units. They operated by taking a standard analog composite video input and digitizing it internally. This made it easier to either correct or enhance the video signal, as in the case of a TBC, or to manipulate and add effects to

2301-569: The expensive and time-consuming chemical processing required by film. Network transfer of digital video makes physical deliveries of tapes and film reels unnecessary. Digital television (including higher quality HDTV ) was introduced in most developed countries in early 2000s. Today, digital video is used in modern mobile phones and video conferencing systems. Digital video is used for Internet distribution of media, including streaming video and peer-to-peer movie distribution. Many types of video compression exist for serving digital video over

2360-425: The image in alternating sets of lines: the odd-numbered lines are scanned, and then the even-numbered lines are scanned, then the odd-numbered lines are scanned again, and so on. One set of odd or even lines is referred to as a field , and a consecutive pairing of two fields of opposite parity is called a frame . Progressive scan cameras record all lines in each frame as a single unit. Thus, interlaced video captures

2419-694: The internet and on optical disks. The file sizes of digital video used for professional editing are generally not practical for these purposes, and the video requires further compression with codecs to be used for recreational purposes. As of 2017 , the highest image resolution demonstrated for digital video generation is 132.7 megapixels (15360 x 8640 pixels). The highest speed is attained in industrial and scientific high-speed cameras that are capable of filming 1024x1024 video at up to 1 million frames per second for brief periods of recording. Live digital video consumes bandwidth. Recorded digital video consumes data storage. The amount of bandwidth or storage required

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2478-495: The introduction of the DV tape format allowing recordings in the format to be transferred directly to digital video files using a FireWire port on an editing computer. This simplified the process, allowing non-linear editing systems (NLE) to be deployed cheaply and widely on desktop computers with no external playback or recording equipment needed. The widespread adoption of digital video and accompanying compression formats has reduced

2537-509: The issue of how to store recordings for evidence collection. Today, digital video is able to be compressed in order to save storage space. Digital television (DTV) is the production and transmission of digital video from networks to consumers. This technique uses digital encoding instead of analog signals used prior to the 1950s. As compared to analog methods, DTV is faster and provides more capabilities and options for data to be transmitted and shared. Digital television's roots are tied to

2596-416: The majority of patents belonging to Samsung Electronics , GE , NTT and JVC Kenwood . It is currently being challenged by the aiming-to-be-freely-licensed AV1 format. As of 2019 , AVC is by far the most commonly used format for the recording, compression and distribution of video content, used by 91% of video developers, followed by HEVC which is used by 43% of developers. Starting in the late 1970s to

2655-442: The managing editor at the time responded, "I don't know the exact methodology... It's a pie chart." When asked to separate the figures for sales versus rentals, a standard practice among those who cover the video industry, the editor did not think those figures were available. Adams Media Research noted that no one tracked the adult video business with rigor or precision and that the most generous estimate of sales and rentals combined

2714-436: The network's television studios . Other examples of digital video formats utilizing compression were Ampex's DCT (the first to employ such when introduced in 1992), the industry-standard DV and MiniDV and its professional variations, Sony's DVCAM and Panasonic's DVCPRO , and Betacam SX , a lower-cost variant of Digital Betacam using MPEG-2 compression. One of the first digital video products to run on personal computers

2773-410: The scene motion twice as often as progressive video does for the same frame rate. Progressive scan generally produces a slightly sharper image, however, motion may not be as smooth as interlaced video. Digital video can be copied with no generation loss; which degrades quality in analog systems. However, a change in parameters like frame size, or a change of the digital format can decrease the quality of

2832-483: The service folded due to competition with the iTunes Store . To comply with Walmart's content policies, Vudu subsequently discontinued its "After Dark" service (a collaboration with AVN ), which offered pornographic content. In 2012, Vudu partnered with UltraViolet , an industry-backed digital locker offering online streaming of retail DVD and Blu-ray disc purchases. In 2014, Vudu also joined Disney 's competing Movies Anywhere initiative. In February 2020, it

2891-434: The service via Walmart's website. On August 3, 2021, FandangoNow was merged into Vudu. Fandango chose to retain the "Vudu" name as it was the larger service and had better brand recognition . As a result of a prior agreement with Roku, Inc. inherited from Fandango acquisition M-Go, Vudu would also become the official digital media storefront of Roku digital media players . In June 2023, AMC Theatres (which has been

2950-436: The video due to image scaling and transcoding losses. Digital video can be manipulated and edited on non-linear editing systems. Digital video has a significantly lower cost than 35 mm film. In comparison to the high cost of film stock , the digital media used for digital video recording, such as flash memory or hard disk drive is very inexpensive. Digital video also allows footage to be viewed on location without

3009-406: The video, in the case of a DVE unit. The digitized and processed video information was then converted back to standard analog video for output. Later on in the 1970s, manufacturers of professional video broadcast equipment, such as Bosch (through their Fernseh division) and Ampex developed prototype digital videotape recorders (VTR) in their research and development labs. Bosch's machine used

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3068-537: Was PACo: The PICS Animation Compiler from The Company of Science & Art in Providence, RI. It was developed starting in 1990 and first shipped in May 1991. PACo could stream unlimited-length video with synchronized sound from a single file (with the .CAV file extension ) on CD-ROM. Creation required a Mac, and playback was possible on Macs, PCs, and Sun SPARCstations . QuickTime , Apple Computer 's multimedia framework,

3127-563: Was $ 1.8 billion. AVN estimated that adult industry revenue in 2005 was $ 12.6 billion with $ 2.5 billion of that coming from the Internet. However, ABC News reported that this figure could not be independently verified. According to Michael Goodman of the Yankee Group , it is difficult to estimate for an industry where few companies are public and new providers continually appear. By 2018, Dan Miller, AVN's managing editor said, "The safe estimate

3186-529: Was developed based on DCT compression, becoming first practical video coding standard. Since H.261, DCT compression has been adopted by all the major video coding standards that followed. MPEG-1 , developed by the Motion Picture Experts Group (MPEG), followed in 1991, and it was designed to compress VHS -quality video. It was succeeded in 1994 by MPEG-2 / H.262 , which became the standard video format for DVD and SD digital television . It

3245-418: Was followed by MPEG-4 in 1999, and then in 2003 it was followed by H.264/MPEG-4 AVC , which has become the most widely used video coding standard. The current-generation video coding format is HEVC (H.265), introduced in 2013. While AVC uses the integer DCT with 4x4 and 8x8 block sizes, HEVC uses integer DCT and DST transforms with varied block sizes between 4x4 and 32x32. HEVC is heavily patented, with

3304-481: Was not practical due to weak performance. H.120 was based on differential pulse-code modulation (DPCM), a compression algorithm that was inefficient for video coding. During the late 1980s, a number of companies began experimenting with DCT, a much more efficient form of compression for video coding. The CCITT received 14 proposals for DCT-based video compression formats, in contrast to a single proposal based on vector quantization (VQ) compression. The H.261 standard

3363-492: Was released in June 1991. Audio Video Interleave from Microsoft followed in 1992. Initial consumer-level content creation tools were crude, requiring an analog video source to be digitized to a computer-readable format. While low-quality at first, consumer digital video increased rapidly in quality, first with the introduction of playback standards such as MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 (adopted for use in television transmission and DVD media), and

3422-474: Was reported that Comcast (via NBCUniversal ) had entered talks into acquiring Vudu from Walmart . In April 2020, it was announced that NBCUniversal subsidiary Fandango Media would acquire Vudu for an undisclosed amount; the sale closed on July 6, 2020. Fandango is minority owned by Warner Bros. , and operated the similar service FandangoNow. As part of the sale, Walmart will maintain its relationships with Vudu, including account integration and promotion of

3481-774: Was the first to integrate Vudu into its HDTVs , with access beginning in August 2009 through the television's NetCast application. On January 8, 2010, at Consumer Electronics Show , Vudu announced that it would phase out its in-house hardware business in favor of focusing on integration of its rich Internet application platform, "Vudu Apps" (which featured Vudu as well as other streaming video and internet services), directly into internet-connected televisions and Blu-ray players, with initial hardware partners including LG, Magnavox , Mitsubishi , Samsung , Sanyo , Sharp , Toshiba , and Vizio . On February 22, 2010, Walmart announced its intent to acquire Vudu. The company had previously attempted to offer digital video sales in 2007, but

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