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62-605: The tunnel, which is 1,637 m long, connects town of Kotor with the Adriatic Motorway and the rest of Montenegro. It passes under Mount Vrmac , thus eliminating the journey along the old curvy road that passes over the mountain. The tunnel was half-finished in 1991, but was then opened to the public as it was, because of the lack of funding to finish it. In 2004 work began to finish the tunnel, and to bring it up to European standards. The construction works, undertaken by Austrian company Strabag , were finished early in 2007, and

124-559: A base for Austrian and German submarines. The Cattaro mutiny of sailors of the Austro-Hungarian Navy occurred in Kotor starting on 1 February 1918. The mutiny remained isolated and had to be abandoned after three days due to the arrival of loyal troops. Four sailors were subsequently executed according to naval law. The area was the site of some of the fiercest battles between local Montenegrins and Austria-Hungary . The city came under

186-628: A book which has since provided much information on the vocabulary, phonology, and grammar of the language. Bartoli wrote in Italian and published a translation in German ( Das Dalmatische ) in 1906; this book is considered the first on ethnic minority disappearance in world literature. The boundaries of the eight original Dalmatian city-states were defined by the so-called Dalmatian Pale , the boundary of Roman local laws. Historian Johannes Lucius included Flumen (now Rijeka ) and Sebenico (now Šibenik ) after

248-501: A cat museum, as well as the Cats' Square ( Trg od mačaka ). Water and food is left throughout the city for the cats to feed on, and cardboard boxes are often arranged to be a place for the cats to sleep in. Tourists may notice cats in poor health, which may be due to malnutrition, lack of shelter, fighting, or illness (often a common viral respiratory condition for which medicine is unavailable). The charity Kotor Kitties exists to try and help

310-559: A complete change in the fortunes of Dalmatia, took place in the first half of the 7th century. In other parts of the Balkan Peninsula these invaders—Serbs, Croats or Bulgars—found little difficulty in expelling or absorbing the native population. But here they were baffled when confronted by the powerful maritime city-states, highly civilized, and able to rely on the moral if not the material support of their kinsfolk in Italy. Consequently, while

372-629: A few centuries, they developed their own vulgar Latin language, Dalmatian , which survived into the 19th century. The cities were maritime centers with important commerce links, mainly with the Italian Peninsula and with the rising Republic of Venice . Dalmatia was inhabited by autochthonous Illyrian tribe Dalmatae since the Iron Age . The Roman–Dalmatae Wars lasted until 33 BC when Octavian installed Roman hegemony in Dalmatia . The defeat of

434-685: Is a national powerhouse of water polo , which is a popular sport in Montenegro. The team of Primorac Kotor won the LEN Champions League in 2009. Another club from Kotor, VA Cattaro , won the 2010 edition of the LEN Euro Cup . Kotor is connected to the Adriatic Highway and the rest of the coast and inland Montenegro by Vrmac Tunnel . Inland is reachable by detouring from Adriatic highway at Budva or Sutomore (through Sozina tunnel ). There

496-677: Is a town in Coastal region of Montenegro . It is located in a secluded part of the Bay of Kotor . The city has a population of 13,347 and is the administrative center of Kotor Municipality . The old Mediterranean port of Kotor is surrounded by fortifications built during the Venetian period. It is located on the Bay of Kotor ( Boka Kotorska ), one of the most indented parts of the Adriatic Sea . Some have called it

558-423: Is also a historic road connecting Kotor with Cetinje , which has views of Kotor bay. Tivat Airport is 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) away, and there are regular flights to Belgrade , Moscow , Paris and London . Dozens of charter planes land daily on Tivat airport during the summer season. Podgorica Airport is 65 kilometres (40 mi) away, and it has regular flights to major European destinations throughout

620-675: Is backed by a statute from 1301, which demonstrates that Kotor had the status of a city under Serbian rule. In the 14th century the commerce of Cattaro , as named in Latin scripts (in Serbian Котор, град краљев/Kotor, city of the King ), rivaled that of Republic of Ragusa, and caused the Republic of Venice to be envious. Kotor remained the most important trading port of subsequent Serb states – Kingdom of Serbia and Serbian Empire , up to its downfall in 1371. After

682-648: Is part of the World Heritage Site dubbed the Natural and Culturo-Historical Region of Kotor . The fortified city of Kotor was also included in UNESCO 's World Heritage Site list as part of Venetian Works of Defence between 16th and 17th centuries: Stato da Terra – western Stato da Mar in 2017. Once populated by the Illyrians , the exact time of foundation of the first settlement is not known. According to some sources,

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744-541: Is still the seat of the Catholic Bishopric of Kotor , which covers the entire gulf. In 2011, 78% citizens of Kotor were Orthodox Christians, while 12% were listed as Roman Catholic. Source: Statistical Office of Montenegro – MONSTAT, Census 2011 The local football team is FK Bokelj , who have spent several seasons in the country's top and second tiers . They play their home games at the Stadion pod Vrmcem . Kotor

806-898: The Byzantine Empire . Since the time of duke Branimir of Croatia , Venetians had to pay taxes to Croatia and to the Narentines for their ships traveling along the eastern Adriatic coast, while the Dalmatian city-states paid 710 ducats of tribute to the Croatian ruler. The two communities were somewhat hostile at first, but as the Croats became Christianized , this tension gradually subsided. A degree of cultural mingling soon took place, in some enclaves stronger, in others weaker, as Slavic influence and culture were more accentuated in Ragusium and Cattarum while

868-669: The Dalmatian Italians . The last speaker of any Dalmatian dialect of the Dalmatian city-states was Tuone Udaina ( Italian : Antonio Udina ), who was accidentally killed in an explosion on June 10, 1898, on the island of Veglia (now Krk ). With him disappeared the last vestige of the Dalmatian Neo-Latin cities. His language was studied by the scholar Matteo Bartoli , himself a native of nearby Istria , who visited Udaina in 1897 and wrote down approximately 2,800 words, stories, and accounts of his life. These were published in

930-517: The Dalmatian language started to disappear, assimilated by the Venetian language . Dalmatian was spoken on the Dalmatian coast from Flumen (now Rijeka ) as far south as Cottorum ( Kotor ) in Montenegro. Speakers lived mainly in the coastal towns of Jadera ( Zadar ), Tragurium ( Trogir ), Spalatum ( Split ), Ragusium ( Dubrovnik ), and also on the islands of Curicta ( Krk ), Crepsa ( Cres ), and Arba ( Rab ). Almost every city developed its own dialect, but

992-647: The Early Medieval period , Byzantine Dalmatia was ravaged by an Avar - Slavic invasion (more specifically the Croats per Thomas the Archdeacon ) that destroyed its capital, Salona , in 639 AD. This event allowed for the settlement of the nearby Diocletian's Palace in Spalatum by Salonitans, greatly increasing the importance of the city, followed by South Slavic settlement in the hinterland. The Slavs, loosely allied with

1054-596: The Grand Principality of Serbia and founder of the Nemanjić dynasty . At that time Kotor was already an episcopal see subordinated to the archbishopric of Bari , and in 13th century, Dominican and Franciscan monasteries were established to check the spread of Bogomilism . Under the rule of the Nemanjić Kotor became a partially autonomous city, enjoying many privileges and maintaining its republican institutions. This

1116-634: The Great Illyrian Revolt began the integration of Dalmatia which in turn led to the Romanization of the region by the early Middle Ages . Dalmatian language evolved from the vulgar Latin of the Illyro-Romans . After the fall of the Western Roman Empire , Dalmatia consisted of a group of coastal cities functioning much like city-states , with extensive autonomy, but without control of

1178-664: The Napoleon conquest. From 1420 started the Venetian domination of the other seven of the original Dalmatian city-states, which were fully integrated with the Venetian (and Italian) society of the Italian Renaissance . Zara become the capital of Venetian Dalmatia —as part of the Stato da Mar —until the end of the Republic of Venice (1797). In the next centuries, the city was the main center of

1240-516: The Ostrogoths . Ascrivium was plundered by the Saracens in 840. It was further fortified towards the peak of Saint Ivan by Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos in the 10th century. It was one of the more influential Dalmatian city-states , initially with a Romance-speaking population, as throughout the early Middle Ages, and until the 11th century the Dalmatian language was still spoken in Kotor. The city

1302-667: The Summer Carnival or Bokeljska Noć . Together with Budva , and the small town of Tuzi , near Podgorica , the city hosted the Federation of European Carnival Cities (FECC) World Carnival City Congress in May 2009. Kotor Festival of Theatre for Children is one of the most important festivals of its kind in Southeast Europe. Thirty years of this manifestation have marked performances by artists from over 30 countries, from 5 continents. It

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1364-562: The fracturing of the Serbian Empire , the city was taken by the Kingdom of Hungary , only to change hands repeatedly between them and the Republic of Venice in the period between 1371 and 1384. After that, Kotor was held by the Kingdom of Bosnia under Tvrtko I Kotromanić between 1384 and 1391. The king of Bosnia, who claimed the Serbian throne, minted his coins in Kotor. After the death of Tvrtko in 1391, Kotor became fully independent, until

1426-524: The 'Dalmatian Pale', though a Croatian town by descent and tradition. Lucio says the Sebenzani were some time in learning to wear their new privileges easily; accustomed for so long to be governed despotically, they accommodated themselves with difficulty to the Dalmatian (Latin) laws; they had Counts appointed for life, and not for a short term like the other cities, who were with difficulty restrained from their old habits of piracy, and they were more exposed than

1488-524: The 14th and 15th centuries, there was an influx of settlers from the oblasts of Trebinje (the region around forts Klobuk Ledenica and Rudina) and the Hum lands ( Gacko and Dabar ) to Kotor. The Italian name of the city is Cattaro . Under Venetian rule, Kotor was besieged by the Ottoman Empire in 1538 and 1657, endured the plague in 1572, and was nearly destroyed by earthquakes in 1563 and 1667 . In

1550-467: The 15th and 16th centuries, the customs of the local administration of Kotor, such as the right of the popolari to elect urban representatives, were unchanged and tolerated by the Provveditore of the city, despite Venetian laws prohibiting such institutions. In 1627, during a dispute between the populari and Kotor's nobility, this right was revoked by the consultare Fulgenzio Micanzio , thus empowering

1612-495: The 16th and 17th centuries: Stato da Terra – western Stato da Mar . It is home to numerous sights, such as the Cathedral of Saint Tryphon in the old town (built in 1166), and the ancient walls which stretch for 4.5 km (3 mi) directly above the city. Sveti Đorđe and Gospa od Škrpijela islets off the coast of Perast are also among the tourism destinations in the vicinity of Kotor. Kotor hosts several summer events, such as

1674-651: The 2023 census. Ethnic composition of the municipality in 2011: Until the 19th century the main language of Kotor was Italian . During the 19th century, the use of Italian began to decline in favour of Serbian . In 1890, the 18.7% of the population was Italian . The majority of the Italian minority left the city for Italy after the Treaty of Rapallo (1920) . The remaining Italians were assimilated or left Kotor after 1945. Today, only 31 people in Kotor identify as ethnic Italians. According to documents from 1900, Kotor had 7,617 Catholics , and 7,207 Orthodox Christians . Kotor

1736-575: The Avars, permanently settled the region in the first half of the 7th century AD and remained its predominant ethnic group ever since. The Croats soon formed their own realm: the Principality of Dalmatian Croatia which in 925 became Kingdom of Croatia . The meaning of the geographical term "Dalmatia" now shrunk to the cities and their immediate hinterland. These cities and towns remained influential as they were well-fortified and maintained their connection with

1798-685: The Dalmatian cities for themselves. The doge Domenico Selvo self-titled himself as the doge of "Venice, Dalmatia and Croatia" (later only of "Dalmatia"), but did not have nominal power over Dalmatia and Croatia. In October 1075 was crowned Demetrius Zvonimir as the king of "Croatia and Dalmatia" by the Holy See and his power was felt even on the island of Krk and Cres. His death in 1089 caused succession crisis in Croatia and Dalmatia, but although doge Vitale I Michiel made with Coloman, King of Hungary agreement of 1098—the so-called Conventio Amicitiae —determined

1860-424: The Dalmatian city-states gradually lost all protection by Byzantium , being unable to unite in a defensive league hindered by their internal dissensions, they had to turn to Venice for support. Each of the Dalmatian city-states needed protection (even from piracy ), based mostly on economic reasons. In the year 1000 AD, an expedition of Venetian ships in coastal Istria and Dalmatia secured the Venetian suzerainty in

1922-495: The Dalmatian city-states, isolated and compelled to look to Italy for support, shared perforce in the march of Italian civilization. Their geographical position suffices to explain the relatively small influence exercised by Byzantine culture throughout the six centuries (535–1102) during which Dalmatia was part of the Eastern empire. Towards the close of this period Byzantine rule tended more and more to become merely nominal. Indeed, in

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1984-733: The French Empire's Illyrian Provinces . Kotor was captured by the British in an attack on the Bay led by Commodore John Harper in the brig sloop HMS  Saracen (18 guns). To seal off Kotor, residents along the shore literally pulled the ship in windless conditions with ropes. Saracen' s crew later hauled naval 18-pounder guns above Fort St. John, the fortress near Kotor, and were reinforced by Captain William Hoste with his ship HMS  Bacchante (38 guns). The French garrison had no alternative but to surrender, which it did on 5 January 1814. It

2046-659: The Italians were firmly attached to the Papacy. Not until the 15th century did the rival races contribute to a common civilization in the literature of Ragusa. To such a division of population may be attributed the two dominant characteristics of local history—the total absence of national as distinguished from civic life, and the remarkable development of art, science and literature. Bosnia, Servia and Bulgaria had each its period of national greatness, but remained intellectually backward; Dalmatia failed ever to attain political or racial unity, but

2108-526: The administration, wary of the looming Ottoman danger, asked Venice for protection. The city acknowledged the suzerainty of Venice in 1420. The city was part of the Venetian Albania province of the Venetian Republic from 1420 to 1797. Four centuries of Venetian domination have given the city the typical Venetian architecture, that contributes to make Kotor a UNESCO world heritage site. In

2170-462: The administrative limits of the town encompass only the area of the Old Town. The urban area of Kotor also includes Dobrota (7,345) and Škaljari (3,342), bringing the population of Kotor's urban area close to 13,000 inhabitants. The total number rises to around 15,000 if the neighbouring hamlets of Muo , Prčanj and Stoliv are included. The entire population of Kotor Municipality was 21,916, as of

2232-543: The allied occupation of the eastern Adriatic in 1918. After 1918, the city became a part of Yugoslavia and officially became known as Kotor . Between 1941 and 1943 the Kingdom of Italy annexed the area of Kotor which became one of three provinces of the Italian Governorate of Dalmatia – the Province of Cattaro had an area (subdivided in 15 "Comuni") of 547 km and a population of 39,800 inhabitants. Most of

2294-616: The area, and the Narentines (Slav) pirates were suppressed permanently. On the occasion, Doge Orseolo named himself "Duke of Dalmatia", starting the colonial Empire of Venice . Croatia again had a period of control over the theme and Dalmatian city-states under Peter Krešimir IV by 1069, but during the 1074 invasion of the Normans he died in February 1075 the Venetians banished the Normans and secured

2356-399: The cats of Kotor through spaying and neutering. Kotor is described evocatively at the beginning of Marguerite Yourcenar's story 'Marko's Smile.' Kotor is the administrative centre of Kotor municipality, which includes the towns of Risan and Perast, as well as many small hamlets around the Bay of Kotor , and has a population of 21,916. The town of Kotor itself has 1,360 inhabitants, but

2418-474: The city's inhabitants were Orthodox (with some Roman Catholics). After the war the remaining Dalmatian Italians of Kotor (300 inhabitants) left Yugoslavia towards Italy ( Istrian-Dalmatian exodus ). Kotor has one of the best preserved medieval old towns in the Adriatic and is a double Unesco World Heritage Site : it is part of Natural and Culturo-Historical Region of Kotor and Venetian Works of Defence between

2480-548: The country districts were settled by the Slavs, the Latin or Italian population flocked for safety to Ragusa, Zara and other large towns, and the whole country was thus divided between two frequently hostile communities. This opposition was intensified by the schism between Eastern and Western Christianity (1054), the Slavs as a rule preferring the Orthodox or sometimes the Bogomil creed, while

2542-639: The eastern Adriatic. The seafaring community in Dalmatia looked to Venice as the new "queen" of the Adriatic Sea . In return for protection, these eight Neo-Latin cities often furnished a contingent to the army or navy of their suzerain, and sometimes paid tribute either in money or in kind. Arbe (now Rab ), for example, annually paid ten pounds of silk or five pounds of gold to Venice. The Dalmatian cities might elect their own chief magistrate, bishop, and judges; their Roman law remained valid, and they were even permitted to conclude separate alliances. In these centuries,

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2604-534: The efficient conservation of marine wildlife. In the first three months, the Aquarium was visited by more than 8,000 people. Kotor is twinned with: Dalmatian city-states Dalmatian city-states were formerly Roman municipalities in Dalmatia where the local Romance population survived the Barbarian invasions after the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 400s CE. Eight little cities were created by

2666-471: The indigenous Illyro-Roman inhabitants of the region, who maintained political links with the Eastern Roman Empire , which in return defended these cities, enabling their commercial trade with Byzantium . The original names of these city-states were Arba , Cattarum , Crespa , Jadera , Ragusium , Spalatum , Tragurium , and Vecla . The language and the laws were initially Latin , but after

2728-510: The influence from the Italian peninsula was stronger in the northern Dalmatia islands and in Jadera and Spalatum . According to the analysis of the anthroponyms of the Dalmatian city-states Split and Trogir in the 11th century, it is estimated that 25% of upper class and 50% of citizens of Split had Slavic/Slavicized names, while both in Trogir were predominantly Slavic/Slavicized. Around 950 AD, as

2790-577: The most important dialects now known were Vegliot , a northern dialect spoken on the island of Curicta, and Ragusan , a southern dialect spoken in and around Ragusa ( Dubrovnik ). The cities of Jadera, Spalatum, Tragurium, and Ragusium and the surrounding territories each changed hands several times between Venice, Hungary , and Byzantium during the 12th century. In 1202, the armies of the Fourth Crusade rendered assistance to Venice by occupying Jadera, which started to be officially called Zara . In 1204,

2852-468: The oldest settled area dates two millennia back. The city, first mentioned in 168 BC, was settled during ancient Roman times, when it was known as Acruvium , Ascrivium , or Ascruvium ( Ancient Greek : Ἀσκρήβιον ) and was part of the Roman province of Dalmatia . The city has been fortified since the early Middle Ages , when Emperor Justinian built a fortress above Ascrivium in 535, after expelling

2914-418: The other cities to the arbitrary interference of the Ban. Gradually however the Sebenzani became Latinized, and in later ages, the city was described by Fortis as next to Zara the best built-in Dalmatia, and inhabited by the greatest number of noble families, as far removed from the barbarous manners of ancient pirates as their houses are unlike the former cottages or sibice; and the same writer tells us that in

2976-408: The pact and, taking advantage of its alliance with Dubrovnik , maintained its high autonomy. Duklja, the biggest Serb duchy at the time, gradually became more powerful under Vojislavljević dynasty and eventually independent from Byzantium in 1042. The city remained autonomous up until Duklja was once again subdued by Byzantium in 1143. The city was conquered in 1185 by Stefan Nemanja , the ruler of

3038-436: The position of the city's urban elite. After the Treaty of Campo Formio in 1797, it passed to the Habsburg monarchy . However, in 1805, it was assigned to the French Empire 's client state, the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy , by the Treaty of Pressburg , although in fact held by a Russian squadron under Dmitry Senyavin . After the Russians retreated, Kotor was united in 1806 with this Kingdom of Italy and then in 1810 with

3100-491: The rural hinterland controlled by the Slavic tribes who arrived after 640 AD. These city-states were characterized by common Latin laws , Catholic religion, language, commerce, and political and administrative structures. The eight city-states were: Later were added other cities in north-central Dalmatia, like Sebenicum (now Šibenik ), Flumen (now Rijeka ), and Pagus (now Pag ). According to Kingsley Garland Jayne: The great Slavonic migration into Illyria, which wrought

3162-441: The same army conquered Byzantium and finally eliminated the Eastern Empire from the list of contenders on the Dalmatian territory. The late 13th century was marked by a decline in external hostilities. The Dalmatian cities started accepting complete foreign sovereignty, mainly that of the Republic of Venice . The only exception was Ragusium, which remained independent creating the Republic of Ragusa , which later ended in 1808 after

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3224-414: The sixteenth century the arts and sciences flourished in this city more than in any other of Dalmatia . Lucius wrote even that Pagus (the Venetian Pago, now called Pag ) had municipal autonomy and was virtually independent for centuries around the year 1000. In 1244, the Hungarian King Béla IV named it a "free royal city" and in 1376, Louis I of Hungary granted it autonomy. In 1409, Pago, together with

3286-426: The southernmost fjord in Europe, but it is a ria , a submerged river canyon. Together with the nearly overhanging limestone cliffs of Orjen and Lovćen , Kotor and its surrounding area form an impressive landscape. Since the early 2000s Kotor has seen an increase in tourists, many of them coming by cruise ship . Visitors are attracted to the natural environment of the Bay of Kotor and the old town of Kotor. Kotor

3348-427: The spheres of interest of each party by allotting the coastal regions of Croatia to Hungary and Dalmatia to the Republic of Venice, Coloman in 1105 successfully conquered coastal cities of Dalmatia. The Venetians, to whom the Dalmatians were already bound by language and culture, could afford to concede liberal terms as its main goal was to prevent the development of any dangerous political or commercial competitor on

3410-600: The tunnel is now equipped with up-to-date lighting, ventilation and security systems. 42°24′11″N 18°45′10″E  /  42.40306°N 18.75278°E  / 42.40306; 18.75278 This article about a Montenegrin building or structure is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This European tunnel-related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Kotor Kotor ( Montenegrin Cyrillic : Котор, pronounced [kɔ̌tɔr] ), historically known as Cattaro (from Italian : pronounced [ˈkattaro] ),

3472-410: The year 1000, when Venice started to take control of the region, in the Dalmatian Pale. Indeed, Flumen was the former Roman Tarsatica : a small, fortified city under the Italian Aquileia (and Pola) bishops, enclosed within the town walls which had several defense towers. The town, called Flumen, was granted autonomy in the 11th century by the bishop and was divided into two parts: in the upper part

3534-478: The year. Kotor is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Montenegro due to its well-preserved medieval architecture. In 2019, it welcomed over 250,000 tourists. In June 2021, the first and only public aquarium in Montenegro, Aquarium Boka , was opened in Kotor. It is the organizational unit of the Institute for Marine Biology of the University of Montenegro , a unique institution in Montenegro that combines research and education to promote and practice

3596-499: Was founded by the Croats. In 1298, Pope Boniface VIII signed a " bolla " that declared a bishop for the town, that so was to be a "free city" from the local Ban Paul I Šubić of Bribir . Furthermore, about Sebenico, Thomas Jackson wrote that: In 1167 Stephen III raised Sebenico to the rank of a 'free city' conferring on it a charter and privileges similar to those enjoyed by the old Dalmatian cities of Trau and Spalato, and from that time forward Sebenico must be reckoned as within

3658-413: Was founded in 1993, not far from the place where the first play for children in the Balkans was performed in 1829. The 2017/18 festival was awarded the EFFE Label by the EFA (European Festivals Association). Kotor Festival is highly regarded in the local community and has a large volunteer base. Kotor has a large population of cats that have become a symbol of the city. The city has several cat stores and

3720-426: Was part of Byzantine Dalmatia in that period, and the modern name of Kotor probably originated in the Byzantine name for the city: Dekatera or Dekaderon . In 1002, the city suffered damage under the occupation of the First Bulgarian Empire , and in the following year it was ceded to Duklja by the Bulgarian Tsar Samuil . Duklja, or Dioclea, was a vassal duchy of Byzantium at the time. The local population resisted

3782-423: Was restored to the Habsburgs by the Congress of Vienna . Until 1918, the town, then known as Cattaro , was head of the district of the same name, one of the 13 Bezirkshauptmannschaften in the Kingdom of Dalmatia . During World War I , Cattaro was one of three main bases of the Austro-Hungarian Navy , the home port of the Austrian Fifth Fleet, consisting of pre-dreadnought battleships and light cruisers, and

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3844-407: Was the medieval Trsat Castle (formerly a Roman fort) and the church of St. Vitus (thus the name 'Flumen Sancti Viti'), while in the lower part (the popular ) there was a commercial and trading center where many Italian merchants settled around the year 1000. South of the ancient Roman municipium of Burnum , which disappeared after its heyday in the 2nd century, the town of Šibenik or Sebenico

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