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110-508: The Student Volunteer Army ( SVA ) is a New Zealand student movement born from a Facebook page started following the 2011 Christchurch earthquake . The network has no military affiliation and is focused on facilitating community action through youth engagement, preparing for disasters, and service. The clubs and volunteers are supported by the Volunteer Army Foundation (VAF). Whilst the movement grew to address community needs in

220-587: A US$ 1 billion suit was filed against the company alleging that it permitted Hamas to use it to perform assaults that cost the lives of four people. Facebook released its blueprints of Surround 360 camera on GitHub under an open-source license . In September, it won an Emmy for its animated short "Henry". In October, Facebook announced a fee-based communications tool called Workplace that aims to "connect everyone" at work. Users can create profiles, see updates from co-workers on their news feed, stream live videos and participate in secure group chats. Following

330-578: A 1.6% share of Facebook for $ 240 million ($ 353 million in 2023 dollars ), giving Facebook a total implied value of around $ 15 billion ($ 22 billion in 2023 dollars ). Microsoft's purchase included rights to place international advertisements. In May 2007, at the first f8 developers conference, Facebook announced the launch of the Facebook Developer Platform , providing a framework for software developers to create applications that interact with core Facebook features . By

440-688: A German social network that was alleged to be visually and functionally similar to Facebook. In October 2008, Facebook announced that its international headquarters would locate in Dublin , Ireland. A January 2009 Compete.com study ranked Facebook the most used social networking service by worldwide monthly active users . China blocked Facebook in 2009 following the Ürümqi riots . In 2009, Yuri Milner 's DST (which later split into DST Global and Mail.ru Group ), alongside Uzbek Russian metals magnate Alisher Usmanov , invested $ 200 million in Facebook when it

550-485: A PR firm that had originally been hired to monitor press coverage of the company to address concerns primarily regarding Russian meddling , then mishandling of user data by Cambridge Analytica , hate speech on Facebook, and calls for regulation. Company spokesman Tim Miller stated that a goal for tech firms should be to "have positive content pushed out about your company and negative content that's being pushed out about your competitor". Definers claimed that George Soros

660-592: A Q&A session at Tsinghua University in Beijing , China , on October 23, where he attempted to converse in Mandarin. Zuckerberg hosted visiting Chinese politician Lu Wei , known as the "Internet czar" for his influence in China's online policy, on December 8. As of 2015 , Facebook's algorithm was revised in an attempt to filter out false or misleading content, such as fake news stories and hoaxes. It relied on users who flag

770-520: A T-shirt, lunch and a concert for their efforts. The event has continually been the club's largest hosted event since the initial earthquakes. The inaugural Big Event was hosted in the Southshore Spit Reserve, in Southshore . Approximately 800 university students attended the event, where they worked to rebuild over 2 km of track around the reserve, remove an earthquake damaged seawall from

880-523: A change in pressure, or a shock initiates the liquefaction, causing the sand to form a suspension with each grain surrounded by a thin film of water. This cushioning gives quicksand, and other liquefied sediments, a spongy, fluidlike texture. Objects in the liquefied sand sink to the level at which the weight of the object is equal to the weight of the displaced sand/water mix and the object floats due to its buoyancy . Quick clay, known as Leda Clay in Canada ,

990-574: A contribution to those most affected by the devastating earthquakes. At its peak, there were 13,000 students volunteering per week. The team of organisers received high praise from officials in New Zealand and this resulted in them speaking with Prince William about the potential programmes of volunteering involving young people. Shortly after the February 2011 earthquake in Christchurch , Japan experienced

1100-484: A dating platform, end-to-end encryption on its platforms, and allowing users on Messenger to communicate directly with WhatsApp and Instagram users. On July 31, 2019, Facebook announced a partnership with University of California, San Francisco to build a non-invasive, wearable device that lets people type by simply imagining themselves talking. On August 13, 2019, it was revealed that Facebook had enlisted hundreds of contractors to create and obtain transcripts of

1210-569: A decrease in shear strength , i.e. reduction in effective stress . Deposits most susceptible to liquefaction are young ( Holocene -age, deposited within the last 10,000 years) sands and silts of similar grain size (well-sorted), in beds at least metres thick, and saturated with water. Such deposits are often found along stream beds , beaches , dunes , and areas where windblown silt ( loess ) and sand have accumulated. Examples of soil liquefaction include quicksand , quick clay, turbidity currents and earthquake-induced liquefaction. Depending on

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1320-567: A large earthquake, tsunami , and nuclear plant meltdown . Global DIRT asked Sam Johnson and Jason Pemberton of the SVA, to help organize Japanese university students develop a similar volunteer program. Additionally, Global DIRT asked Pemberton and fellow SVA member Jackson Rowland to help New York City recover after Hurricane Sandy . The Volunteer Army Foundation now focuses on disaster response, preferring to help communities prepare and become more resilient to disasters. SVA Founder Sam Johnson chaired

1430-432: A liquefied soil layer (termed 'lateral spreading'), opening large ground fissures , and can cause significant damage to buildings, bridges, roads and services such as water, natural gas, sewerage, power and telecommunications installed in the affected ground. Buried tanks and manholes may float in the liquefied soil due to buoyancy . Earth embankments such as flood levees and earth dams may lose stability or collapse if

1540-415: A providing a social experience for volunteers. The club's largest annual event is The Big Give. This initiative started in 2017 and is targeted primarily at students new to the university and the city, with the goal to provide a fun, fulfillling, and beneficial volunteering experience reflective of the club's ethos. Students who have taken part in the event have typically done manual labour tasks and received

1650-408: A radical Islamist imam believed to be the mastermind behind the 2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings , preached on a pro- ISIL Facebook account, known as "Al-Ghuraba" media. On May 2, 2019, at F8, the company announced its new vision with the tagline "the future is private". A redesign of the website and mobile app was introduced, dubbed as "FB5". The event also featured plans for improving groups,

1760-432: A service; for example delivering chemical toilets and information pamphlets, laying sandbags, staffing data entry and manning call centres. While the perceived focus was on shovelling silt, what mattered most was the intergenerational connection being created and the conversations that occurred between residents and students. Nothing beats a friendly face to talk with.Two of the greatest challenges faced after both earthquakes

1870-436: A share price of US$ 38 ($ 50.00 in 2023 dollars ). The company was valued at $ 104 billion ($ 138 billion in 2023 dollars ), the largest valuation to that date. The IPO raised $ 16 billion ($ 21.2 billion in 2023 dollars ), the third-largest in U.S. history, after Visa Inc. in 2008 and AT&T Wireless in 2000. Based on its 2012 income of $ 5 billion ($ 6.64 billion in 2023 dollars ), Facebook joined

1980-405: A six-month cycle, Facebook committed to work with ten to 15 data-driven startups there. On April 18, Facebook announced the beta launch of Facebook Spaces at its annual F8 developer conference. Facebook Spaces is a virtual reality version of Facebook for Oculus VR goggles. In a virtual and shared space, users can access a curated selection of 360-degree photos and videos using their avatar, with

2090-419: A soil in a saturated loose state, and one which may generate significant pore water pressure on a change in load are the most likely to liquefy. This is because loose soil has the tendency to compress when sheared, generating large excess porewater pressure as load is transferred from the soil skeleton to adjacent pore water during undrained loading. As pore water pressure rises, a progressive loss of strength of

2200-521: A story accordingly. Facebook maintained that satirical content should not be intercepted. The algorithm was accused of maintaining a " filter bubble ", where material the user disagrees with and posts with few likes would be deprioritized. In November, Facebook extended paternity leave from 4 weeks to 4 months. On April 12, 2016, Zuckerberg outlined his 10-year vision, which rested on three main pillars: artificial intelligence , increased global connectivity, and virtual and augmented reality . In July,

2310-557: A student club focused on student volunteering; named the UC Student Volunteer Army. The devastating 6.3 magnitude earthquake again struck Christchurch at 12.51 on 22 February 2011, causing widespread devastation and destruction. 185 people were killed, thousands of homes were damaged, and hundreds of buildings were uninhabitable. Johnson and the six original team members of the Student Volunteer Army teamed up with

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2420-826: A subsidiary named Lianshu Science & Technology in Hangzhou City , China, with $ 30 million ($ 36.4 million in 2023 dollars ) of capital. All its shares are held by Facebook Hong. Approval of the registration of the subsidiary was then withdrawn, due to a disagreement between officials in Zhejiang province and the Cyberspace Administration of China . On July 26, Facebook became the first company to lose over $ 100 billion ($ 121 billion in 2023 dollars ) worth of market capitalization in one day, dropping from nearly $ 630 billion to $ 510 billion after disappointing sales reports. On July 31, Facebook said that

2530-505: A sudden loss of support, which will result in drastic and irregular settlement of the building causing structural damage, including cracking of foundations and damage to the building structure, or leaving the structure unserviceable, even without structural damage. Where a thin crust of non-liquefied soil exists between building foundation and liquefied soil, a 'punching shear' type foundation failure may occur. Irregular settlement may break underground utility lines. The upward pressure applied by

2640-586: A website he shared with his classmates. A " face book " is a student directory featuring photos and personal information. In 2003, Harvard had only a paper version along with private online directories. Zuckerberg told The Harvard Crimson , "Everyone's been talking a lot about a universal face book within Harvard. ... I think it's kind of silly that it would take the University a couple of years to get around to it. I can do it better than they can, and I can do it in

2750-511: A week." In January 2004, Zuckerberg coded a new website, known as "TheFacebook", inspired by a Crimson editorial about Facemash, stating, "It is clear that the technology needed to create a centralized Website is readily available ... the benefits are many." Zuckerberg met with Harvard student Eduardo Saverin , and each of them agreed to invest $ 1,000 ($ 1,613 in 2023 dollars ) in the site. On February 4, 2004, Zuckerberg launched "TheFacebook", originally located at thefacebook.com. Six days after

2860-442: Is a soil test-based definition, usually performed via cyclic triaxial , cyclic direct simple shear , or cyclic torsional shear type apparatus. These tests are performed to determine a soil's resistance to liquefaction by observing the number of cycles of loading at a particular shear stress amplitude required to induce 'fails'. Failure here is defined by the aforementioned shear strain criteria. The term 'cyclic mobility' refers to

2970-461: Is a water-saturated gel , which in its solid form resembles highly sensitive clay . This clay has a tendency to change from a relatively stiff condition to a liquid mass when it is disturbed. This gradual change in appearance from solid to liquid is a process known as spontaneous liquefaction. The clay retains a solid structure despite its high-water content (up to 80% by volume), because surface tension holds water-coated flakes of clay together. When

3080-550: Is generally governed by the loading rate, soil permeability , pressure gradient , and boundary conditions . It is well known that for a sufficiently high seepage velocity, the governing flow law in porous media is nonlinear and does not follow Darcy's law. This fact has been recently considered in the studies of soil-pore fluid interaction for liquefaction modeling. A fully explicit dynamic finite element method has been developed for turbulent flow law. The governing equations have been expressed for saturated porous media based on

3190-399: Is repeated many times (e.g., earthquake shaking, storm wave loading) such that the water does not flow out before the next cycle of load is applied, the water pressures may build to the extent that it exceeds the force ( contact stresses ) between the grains of soil that keep them in contact. These contacts between grains are the means by which the weight from buildings and overlying soil layers

3300-418: Is supported primarily by The University of Canterbury and City Care . The club's efforts in the years since the earthquakes have refocused from providing disaster relief responses, to be more focused on community upkeep and engagement. However, disaster response has still been maintained in the club's skill set, with important roles being played by the SVA in response and in the aftermaths of such major events as

3410-465: Is the Aberfan disaster . Casagrande referred to this type of phenomena as 'flow liquefaction' although a state of zero effective stress is not required for this to occur. 'Cyclic liquefaction' is the state of soil when large shear strains have accumulated in response to cyclic loading. A typical reference strain for the approximate occurrence of zero effective stress is 5% double amplitude shear strain. This

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3520-424: Is transferred from the ground surface to layers of soil or rock at greater depths. This loss of soil structure causes it to lose its strength (the ability to transfer shear stress ), and it may be observed to flow like a liquid (hence 'liquefaction'). Although the effects of soil liquefaction have been long understood, engineers took more notice after the 1964 Alaska earthquake and 1964 Niigata earthquake . It

3630-514: The 1929 Grand Banks earthquake that struck the continental slope off the coast of Newfoundland . Minutes later, transatlantic telephone cables began breaking sequentially, further and further downslope, away from the epicenter . Twelve cables were snapped in a total of 28 places. Exact times and locations were recorded for each break. Investigators suggested that a 60-mile-per-hour (100 km/h) submarine landslide or turbidity current of water-saturated sediments swept 400 miles (600 km) down

3740-489: The 2016 Kaikōura earthquake , 2017 Port Hills fires , Christchurch mosque shootings as well as various floods. The club currently runs a range of events on a yearly schedule. Amongst these are small-scale 'platoon projects' run every weekend targeted at making small but high impact volunteering contributions to those in need, the UCan Schools programme aimed at mentoring local high school students, giving them an insight to

3850-457: The 2016 U.S. presidential election , Facebook announced that it would combat fake news by using fact checkers from sites like FactCheck.org and Associated Press (AP), making reporting hoaxes easier through crowdsourcing, and disrupting financial incentives for abusers. On January 17, 2017, Facebook COO Sheryl Sandberg planned to open Station F, a startup incubator campus in Paris , France . On

3960-910: The Fortune 500 list for the first time in May 2013, ranked 462. The shares set a first-day record for trading volume of an IPO (460 million shares). The IPO was controversial given the immediate price declines that followed, and was the subject of lawsuits, while SEC and FINRA both launched investigations. Zuckerberg announced at the start of October 2012 that Facebook had one billion monthly active users, including 600 million mobile users, 219 billion photo uploads and 140 billion friend connections. On October 1, 2012, Zuckerberg visited Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev in Moscow to stimulate social media innovation in Russia and to boost Facebook's position in

4070-476: The Huffington Post reported that Facebook's PR agency had paid someone to tweak Facebook COO Sheryl Sandberg 's Misplaced Pages page, as well as adding a page for the global head of PR, Caryn Marooney. In March 2019, the perpetrator of the Christchurch mosque shootings in New Zealand used Facebook to stream live footage of the attack as it unfolded. Facebook took 29 minutes to detect the livestreamed video, which

4180-460: The United States . This new application allows users to integrate their Instagram posts in their dating profile. Soil liquefaction If the pressure of the water in the pores is great enough to carry all the load, it will have the effect of holding the particles apart and of producing a condition that is practically equivalent to that of quicksand ... the initial movement of some part of

4290-458: The face book directories often given to American university students. Membership was initially limited to Harvard students, gradually expanding to other North American universities. Since 2006, Facebook allows everyone to register from 13 years old, except in the case of a handful of nations, where the age limit is 14 years. As of December 2022 , Facebook claimed almost 3 billion monthly active users. As of October 2023, Facebook ranked as

4400-480: The second annual f8 developers conference on July 23, 2008, the number of applications on the platform had grown to 33,000, and the number of registered developers had exceeded 400,000. The website won awards such as placement into the "Top 100 Classic Websites" by PC Magazine in 2007, and winning the "People's Voice Award" from the Webby Awards in 2008. In early 2008, Facebook became EBITDA profitable, but

4510-737: The third-most-visited website in the world , with 22.56% of its traffic coming from the United States. It was the most downloaded mobile app of the 2010s. Facebook can be accessed from devices with Internet connectivity, such as personal computers , tablets and smartphones . After registering, users can create a profile revealing personal information about themselves. They can post text, photos and multimedia which are shared with any other users who have agreed to be their friend or, with different privacy settings , publicly. Users can also communicate directly with each other with Messenger , join common-interest groups, and receive notifications on

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4620-628: The Christchurch earthquakes that followed in early and mid-2011 . On 28 September 2018, an earthquake of 7.5 magnitude hit the Central Sulawesi province of Indonesia. Resulting soil liquefaction buried the suburb of Balaroa and Petobo village 3 metres (9.8 ft) deep in mud. The government of Indonesia is considering designating the two neighborhoods of Balaroa and Petobo, that have been totally buried under mud, as mass graves. The building codes in many countries require engineers to consider

4730-702: The Digital Forensic Research Lab Facebook partners with the Atlantic Council , a NATO -affiliated think tank. In November, Facebook launched smart displays branded Portal and Portal Plus (Portal+). They support Amazon 's Alexa (intelligent personal assistant service). The devices include video chat function with Facebook Messenger. In August 2018, a lawsuit was filed in Oakland, California claiming that Facebook created fake accounts in order to inflate its user data and appeal to advertisers in

4840-449: The June earthquake, and the shake of 23 December. The team worked to increase the efficiency of distributing chemical toilets and pamphlets, as well as manning call centers. The student group became known as the Student Volunteer Army, with the Volunteer Army Foundation being the supporting Charity focused on disaster preparedness, youth engagement and service. A strong focus was also placed on

4950-547: The Musical Theatre Society.In delegating team leaders to guide small crews to these sites the SVA, together with the Federated Farmers Farmy Army , helped clear over 360,000 tonnes of silt and clocked up over 80,000 volunteer working hours. The Facebook page had over 26,000 followers and continued to act as a platform to organise and coordinate volunteers Christchurch communities throughout 2011 following

5060-868: The Queens's Diamond Jubilee project called the ' Jubilee Hour '. Johnson was invited to speak on behalf of the Volunteer Army Foundation at the House of Commons in London at the Official Celebration of the Jubilee Hour. Facebook Facebook is a social media and social networking service owned by American technology conglomerate Meta . Created in 2004 by Mark Zuckerberg with four other Harvard College students and roommates Eduardo Saverin , Andrew McCollum , Dustin Moskovitz , and Chris Hughes , its name derives from

5170-517: The Russian market. On January 15, 2013, Facebook announced Facebook Graph Search , which provides users with a "precise answer", rather than a link to an answer by leveraging data present on its site. Facebook emphasized that the feature would be "privacy-aware", returning results only from content already shared with the user. On April 3, 2013, Facebook unveiled Facebook Home , a user-interface layer for Android devices offering greater integration with

5280-470: The SVA focused on; battalions, squadrons and street teams. The mass deployment of volunteering, dubbed ‘Battalions’, was the initial focus which saw a maximum of 1000 volunteers, fed, watered and allocated to the worst affected areas of Christchurch via charter buses. Squadrons filled a similar role, except instead of students combing the streets and methodically searching for work, the squadrons responded to requests from individuals for assistance that came via

5390-421: The SVA to add the event to their annual calendar. The founders and key committee members from the February earthquake response team have since founded the non-profit Student Volunteer Army Foundation, previously known as the Volunteer Army Foundation (VAF). The foundation oversees, licenses, and trains all SVA chapters and shares, promotes and supports those interested in creating their own volunteer movement. In

5500-482: The SVA with the hopes they will uptake the ethos and values of the SVA in their own communities. Larger events include 'Connect the Community' intended to bring a large numbers of students into a residential area for a day to work with the local community, as well as two camps taking place in communities outside of the Christchurch area intended to give a wider view of the country to its members, do beneficial work as well as

5610-460: The United States and Canada . In mid-2004, Napster co-founder and entrepreneur Sean Parker —an informal advisor to Zuckerberg—became company president. In June 2004, the company moved to Palo Alto, California . Sean Parker called Reid Hoffman to fund Facebook. However, Reid Hoffman was too busy launching LinkedIn so he set Facebook up with PayPal co-founder Peter Thiel , who gave Facebook its first investment later that month. In 2005,

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5720-490: The University of Canterbury Student Association team, led by President Kohan McNab, Louis Brown from the Te Waipounamu Foundation, Nathan Durkin and Anthony Rohan from White Elephant Trust together with student clubs ENSOC , LAWSOC and MUSOC. The February operation of the Student Volunteer Army was managed by a core team of 15 people and a wider administration of 70 people who managed the three core operations which

5830-537: The acquisition of FB.com one of the ten highest domain sales in history. In February 2011, Facebook announced plans to move its headquarters to the former Sun Microsystems campus in Menlo Park, California. In March 2011, it was reported that Facebook was removing about 20,000 profiles daily for violations such as spam , graphic content and underage use, as part of its efforts to boost cyber security . Statistics showed that Facebook reached one trillion page views in

5940-678: The activities of their Facebook friends and the pages they follow. The subject of numerous controversies , Facebook has often been criticized over issues such as user privacy (as with the Cambridge Analytica data scandal ), political manipulation (as with the 2016 U.S. elections ) and mass surveillance. Facebook has also been subject to criticism over psychological effects such as addiction and low self-esteem , and various controversies over content such as fake news , conspiracy theories , copyright infringement , and hate speech . Commentators have accused Facebook of willingly facilitating

6050-414: The audio messages of users. This was especially common of Facebook Messenger, where the contractors frequently listened to and transcribed voice messages of users. After this was first reported on by Bloomberg News , Facebook released a statement confirming the report to be true, but also stated that the monitoring program was now suspended. On September 5, 2019, Facebook launched Facebook Dating in

6160-456: The case of flowing underground water, the force of the water flow opposes the force of gravity, causing the granules of sand to be more buoyant. In the case of earthquakes, the shaking force can increase the pressure of shallow groundwater, liquefying sand and silt deposits. In both cases, the liquefied surface loses strength, causing buildings or other objects on that surface to sink or fall over. The saturated sediment may appear quite solid until

6270-468: The cohesionless soil to liquefaction will depend on the density of the soil, confining stresses, soil structure (fabric, age and cementation ), the magnitude and duration of the cyclic loading, and the extent to which shear stress reversal occurs. Three parameters are needed to assess liquefaction potential using the simplified empirical method : The interaction between the solid skeleton and pore fluid flow has been considered by many researchers to model

6380-416: The company dropped "the" from its name after purchasing the domain name Facebook.com for US$ 200,000 ($ 312,012 in 2023 dollars ). The domain had belonged to AboutFace Corporation. In May 2005, Accel Partners invested $ 12.7 million ($ 19.8 million in 2023 dollars ) in Facebook, and Jim Breyer added $ 1 million ($ 1.56 million in 2023 dollars ) of his own money. A high-school version of

6490-527: The company had deleted 17 accounts related to the 2018 U.S. midterm elections . On September 19, Facebook announced that, for news distribution outside the United States, it would work with U.S. funded democracy promotion organizations, International Republican Institute and the National Democratic Institute , which are loosely affiliated with the Republican and Democratic parties. Through

6600-443: The days immediately following the 4 September Christchurch earthquake , the campus of the University of Canterbury was closed to enable the buildings to be checked for structural safety, 21-year-old Sam Johnson started a Facebook event called the " Student Base for Earthquake Clean up " and invited friends to join with him in assisting local residents with non-lifesaving tasks, in particularly cleaning up soil liquefaction residue on

6710-430: The developing world. The company celebrated its 10th anniversary during the week of February 3, 2014. In January 2014, over one billion users connected via a mobile device. As of June, mobile accounted for 62% of advertising revenue, an increase of 21% from the previous year. By September Facebook's market capitalization had exceeded $ 200 billion ($ 257 billion in 2023 dollars ). Zuckerberg participated in

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6820-517: The edge of the box. Following a campaign by 100 advocacy groups, Facebook agreed to update its policy on hate speech. The campaign highlighted content promoting domestic violence and sexual violence against women and led 15 advertisers to withdraw, including Nissan UK, House of Burlesque, and Nationwide UK. The company initially stated, "while it may be vulgar and offensive, distasteful content on its own does not violate our policies". It took action on May 29. On June 12, Facebook announced that it

6930-590: The effects of soil liquefaction in the design of new buildings and infrastructure such as bridges, embankment dams and retaining structures. Soil liquefaction occurs when the effective stress ( shear strength ) of soil is reduced to essentially zero. This may be initiated by either monotonic loading (i.e., a single, sudden occurrence of a change in stress – examples include an increase in load on an embankment or sudden loss of toe support) or cyclic loading (i.e., repeated changes in stress condition – examples include wave loading or earthquake shaking). In both cases

7040-475: The estuary, conduct invasive species control and restore 8 beach accessways in the wider community. The SVA also installed a picnic table at the site, and handprints from the event can still be seen in the concrete plinth surrounding the table. Entertainment was provided by Mako Road, a local university band. The inaugural event proved the feasibility and benefit to community and students of the Big Give, and prompted

7150-618: The extension of the Biot formulation. The elastoplastic behavior of soil under earthquake loading has been simulated using a generalized plasticity theory that is composed of a yield surface along with a non-associated flow rule. Pressures generated during large earthquakes can force underground water and liquefied sand to the surface. This can be observed at the surface as effects known alternatively as " sand boils ", "sand blows" or " sand volcanoes ". Such earthquake ground deformations can be categorized as primary deformation if located on or close to

7260-525: The ground surface. Studies of liquefaction features left by prehistoric earthquakes, called paleoliquefaction or paleoseismology , can reveal information about earthquakes that occurred before records were kept or accurate measurements could be taken. Soil liquefaction induced by earthquake shaking is a major contributor to urban seismic risk . The effects of soil liquefaction on the built environment can be extremely damaging. Buildings whose foundations bear directly on sand which liquefies will experience

7370-402: The horizontal. One positive aspect of soil liquefaction is the tendency for the effects of earthquake shaking to be significantly damped (reduced) for the remainder of the earthquake. This is because liquids do not support a shear stress and so once the soil liquefies due to shaking, subsequent earthquake shaking (transferred through ground by shear waves ) is not transferred to buildings at

7480-647: The immediate earthquake response. The evidence of this ethos can be seen in the club culture of the UC Student Volunteer Army, and in initiatives such as the SVA School Kit and the Serve for New Zealand campaign. Since its inception in response to the earthquakes, the club has maintained a strong presence at the University of Canterbury. The club is the largest student society on campus , with over 3000 members, led by an executive committee of 30 students. The club

7590-427: The initial void ratio , the soil material can respond to loading either strain-softening or strain-hardening. Strain-softened soils, e.g., loose sands, can be triggered to collapse, either monotonically or cyclically, if the static shear stress is greater than the ultimate or steady-state shear strength of the soil. In this case flow liquefaction occurs, where the soil deforms at a low constant residual shear stress. If

7700-609: The material comprising the embankment or its foundation liquefies. Over geological time, liquefaction of soil material due to earthquakes could provide a dense parent material in which the fragipan may develop through pedogenesis. Mitigation methods have been devised by earthquake engineers and include various soil compaction techniques such as vibro compaction (compaction of the soil by depth vibrators), dynamic compaction , and vibro stone columns . These methods densify soil and enable buildings to avoid soil liquefaction. Existing buildings can be mitigated by injecting grout into

7810-418: The material might result in accumulating pressure, first on one point, and then on another, successively, as the early points of concentration were liquefied. The phenomenon is most often observed in saturated, loose (low density or uncompacted), sandy soils. This is because a loose sand has a tendency to compress when a load is applied. Dense sands, by contrast, tend to expand in volume or ' dilate '. If

7920-408: The material softening associated with the liquefaction phenomenon. The dynamic performance of saturated porous media depends on the soil-pore fluid interaction. When the saturated porous media is subjected to strong ground shaking, pore fluid movement relative to the solid skeleton is induced. The transient movement of pore fluid can significantly affect the redistribution of pore water pressure, which

8030-716: The mechanism of progressive reduction of effective stress due to cyclic loading. This may occur in all soil types including dense soils. However, on reaching a state of zero effective stress such soils immediately dilate and regain strength. Thus, shear strains are significantly less than a true state of soil liquefaction. Liquefaction is more likely to occur in loose to moderately saturated granular soils with poor drainage , such as silty sands or sands and gravels containing impermeable sediments . During wave loading , usually cyclic undrained loading, e.g. seismic loading , loose sands tend to decrease in volume , which produces an increase in their pore water pressures and consequently

8140-471: The month of June 2011, making it the most visited website tracked by DoubleClick . According to a Nielsen study, Facebook had in 2011 become the second-most accessed website in the U.S. behind Google . In March 2012, Facebook announced App Center, a store selling applications that operate via the website. The store was to be available on iPhones , Android devices, and for mobile web users. Facebook's initial public offering came on May 17, 2012, at

8250-436: The most widely shared political content on Facebook. In May 2018 at F8 , the company announced it would offer its own dating service. Shares in competitor Match Group fell by 22%. Facebook Dating includes privacy features and friends are unable to view their friends' dating profile. In July, Facebook was charged £500,000 by UK watchdogs for failing to respond to data erasure requests. On July 18, Facebook established

8360-411: The movement of liquefied soil through the crust layer can crack weak foundation slabs and enter buildings through service ducts and may allow water to damage building contents and electrical services. Bridges and large buildings constructed on pile foundations may lose support from the adjacent soil and buckle or come to rest at a tilt. Sloping ground and ground next to rivers and lakes may slide on

8470-515: The needs and aspirations of young people. The LBD network has grown with forums being held in Auckland (Pacific) and Sendai, Japan. In 2013 there will be forums in Indonesia and Kobe, Japan. In 2012 the Volunteer Army Foundation created an initiative designed to lure youth into experiencing volunteer activity, based on RockCorps. On Saturday 3 November 2012, the foundation hosted a 10-hour music event at

8580-564: The new AMI Stadium in Addington, Christchurch. The only way to get a ticket was to volunteer at least four hours of time on any one of over 900 volunteer projects and events advertised through the custom built website. Over 8,000 tickets were sent out to individuals who contributed a total of over 50,000 hours of volunteering. 24 of New Zealand's best bands volunteered their time for the event, organised by Jonnie Halstead of Picnic Events. The 50,000 hours of volunteering were contributed to Her Majesty

8690-523: The next-highest county, New York County (better known as Manhattan ), at roughly $ 110,000 a year ($ 145,986 in 2023 dollars ). Facebook joined Alliance for Affordable Internet (A4AI) in October, as it launched. The A4AI is a coalition of public and private organizations that includes Google , Intel and Microsoft. Led by Sir Tim Berners-Lee , the A4AI seeks to make Internet access more affordable to ease access in

8800-789: The planning committee for the inaugural "Looking Beyond Disasters" (LBD). LBD is an initiative of the NZ National Commission for UNESCO in partnership with the Bangkok UNESCO Office and the UNESCO Office of the Pacific in Apia. The focus of the program is to bring together young people who have experienced natural disasters in the Asia Pacific region to share disaster experiences and develop realistic action plans to rebuild communities that meet

8910-462: The process. In January 2019, the 10-year challenge was started asking users to post a photograph of themselves from 10 years ago (2009) and a more recent photo. Criticized for its role in vaccine hesitancy , Facebook announced in March 2019 that it would provide users with "authoritative information" on the topic of vaccines. A study published in the journal Vaccine of advertisements posted in

9020-416: The recovery period following the Christchurch earthquakes, the SVA has never been a solely disaster response focused organisation. The movement operates under an aim to make volunteering and service an intrinsic part of the student experience, and show all New Zealanders the power they have to drive the change they wish to see in their communities. It is this ethos that has allowed the movement to persist beyond

9130-415: The ruptured fault, or distributed deformation if located at considerable distance from the ruptured fault. The other common observation is land instability – cracking and movement of the ground down slope or towards unsupported margins of rivers, streams, or the coast. The failure of ground in this manner is called 'lateral spreading' and may occur on very shallow slopes with angles only 1 or 2 degrees from

9240-617: The site launched in September 2005. Eligibility expanded to include employees of several companies, including Apple Inc. and Microsoft . In May 2006, Facebook hired its first intern, Julie Zhuo . After a month, Zhuo was hired as a full-time engineer. On September 26, 2006, Facebook opened to everyone at least 13 years old with a valid email address . By late 2007, Facebook had 100,000 pages on which companies promoted themselves. Organization pages began rolling out in May 2009. On October 24, 2007, Microsoft announced that it had purchased

9350-630: The site launched, Harvard seniors Cameron Winklevoss , Tyler Winklevoss , and Divya Narendra accused Zuckerberg of intentionally misleading them into believing that he would help them build a social network called HarvardConnection.com . They claimed that he was instead using their ideas to build a competing product. The three complained to the Crimson and the newspaper began an investigation. They later sued Zuckerberg, settling in 2008 for 1.2 million shares (worth $ 300 million at Facebook's IPO , or $ 398 million in 2023 dollars ). Membership

9460-480: The site. HTC announced HTC First , a phone with Home pre-loaded. On April 15, 2013, Facebook announced an alliance across 19 states with the National Association of Attorneys General, to provide teenagers and parents with information on tools to manage social networking profiles. On April 19 Facebook modified its logo to remove the faint blue line at the bottom of the "F" icon. The letter F moved closer to

9570-435: The soil is saturated by water, a condition that often exists when the soil is below the water table or sea level , then water fills the gaps between soil grains ('pore spaces'). In response to soil compressing, the pore water pressure increases and the water attempts to flow out from the soil to zones of low pressure (usually upward towards the ground surface). However, if the loading is rapidly applied and large enough, or

9680-469: The soil occurs as effective stress is reduced. Liquefaction is more likely to occur in sandy or non-plastic silty soils but may in rare cases occur in gravels and clays (see quick clay ). A 'flow failure' may initiate if the strength of the soil is reduced below the stresses required to maintain the equilibrium of a slope or footing of a structure. This can occur due to monotonic loading or cyclic loading and can be sudden and catastrophic. A historical example

9790-601: The soil strain-hardens, e.g., moderately dense to dense sand, flow liquefaction will generally not occur. However, cyclic softening can occur due to cyclic undrained loading, e.g., earthquake loading. Deformation during cyclic loading depends on the density of the soil, the magnitude and duration of the cyclic loading, and amount of shear stress reversal. If stress reversal occurs, the effective shear stress could reach zero, allowing cyclic liquefaction to take place. If stress reversal does not occur, zero effective stress cannot occur, and cyclic mobility takes place. The resistance of

9900-572: The soil to stabilize the layer of soil that is subject to liquefaction. Another method called IPS (Induced Partial Saturation) is now practicable to apply on larger scale. In this method, the saturation degree of the soil is decreased. Quicksand forms when water saturates an area of loose sand, and the sand is agitated. When the water trapped in the batch of sand cannot escape, it creates liquefied soil that can no longer resist force. Quicksand can be formed by standing or (upwards) flowing underground water (as from an underground spring), or by earthquakes. In

10010-486: The spread of such content, as well as exaggerating its number of users to appeal to advertisers. Zuckerberg built a website called "Facemash" in 2003 while attending Harvard University . The site was comparable to Hot or Not and used "photos compiled from the online face books of nine Houses, placing two next to each other at a time and asking users to choose the 'hotter' person". Facemash attracted 450 visitors and 22,000 photo-views in its first four hours. The site

10120-479: The streets and gardens of the city. Johnson invited 200 friends to the event which soon grew to have over 3000 attendees and over 2500 volunteers contributing to the clean up. In an effort to continue the momentum of the initial cleanup, Johnson and the key organisers of the student initiative, Jade Rutherford, Gina Scandrett, Chris Duncan, Tommy Young and Sam Gifford, decided to work with the University of Canterbury Students Association President Kohan McNab to create

10230-676: The structure is broken by a shock or sufficient shear, it enters a fluid state. Quick clay is found only in northern countries such as Russia , Canada , Alaska in the U.S., Norway , Sweden and Finland , which were glaciated during the Pleistocene epoch . Quick clay has been the underlying cause of many deadly landslides . In Canada alone, it has been associated with more than 250 mapped landslides. Some of these are ancient, and may have been triggered by earthquakes. Submarine landslides are turbidity currents and consist of water-saturated sediments flowing downslope. An example occurred during

10340-444: The support of the controller. Users can access their own photos and videos, along with media shared on their newsfeed. In September, Facebook announced it would spend up to US$ 1 billion on original shows for its Facebook Watch platform. On October 16, it acquired the anonymous compliment app tbh , announcing its intention to leave the app independent. In October 2017, Facebook expanded its work with Definers Public Affairs ,

10450-509: The third year in a row. The company announced 500 million users in July 2010. Half of the site's membership used Facebook daily, for an average of 34 minutes, while 150 million users accessed the site from mobile devices. A company representative called the milestone a "quiet revolution". In October 2010 groups were introduced. In November 2010, based on SecondMarket Inc. (an exchange for privately held companies' shares), Facebook's value

10560-466: The three months prior to that found that 54% of the anti-vaccine advertisements on Facebook were placed by just two organisations funded by well-known anti-vaccination activists. The Children's Health Defense / World Mercury Project chaired by Robert F. Kennedy Jr. and Stop Mandatory Vaccination , run by campaigner Larry Cook, posted 54% of the advertisements. The ads often linked to commercial products, such as natural remedies and books. On March 14,

10670-426: The website, call center, and partnerships with Civil Defence and city councils. Up to 450 car loads of students were allocated via this system, using a mix of software, texting, and Google mapping. Street teams managed volunteer engagement for various organizations including multiple government departments, Civil Defence, and Christchurch City Council. The objective was to increase the efficiency in agencies providing

10780-456: The well-being of residents in the harder hit areas. Volunteers were encouraged to be a cheerful presence on the streets, offering food, drinks, and assistance in finding professional help. Johnson and the other members of the Student Volunteer Army were highly visible and featured in much of the news reporting of the earthquake. Organised using Facebook, and social media, the concept enabled thousands of students and residents of Christchurch to make

10890-600: Was $ 41 billion ($ 57.3 billion in 2023 dollars ). The company had slightly surpassed eBay to become the third largest American web company after Google and Amazon.com . On November 15, 2010, Facebook announced it had acquired the domain name fb.com from the American Farm Bureau Federation for an undisclosed amount. On January 11, 2011, the Farm Bureau disclosed $ 8.5 million ($ 11.5 million in 2023 dollars ) in "domain sales income", making

11000-543: Was a major cause of the destruction produced in San Francisco 's Marina District during the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake , and in the Port of Kobe during the 1995 Great Hanshin earthquake . More recently soil liquefaction was largely responsible for extensive damage to residential properties in the eastern suburbs and satellite townships of Christchurch during the 2010 Canterbury earthquake and more extensively again following

11110-454: Was eight minutes longer than it took police to arrest the gunman. About 1.3m copies of the video were blocked from Facebook but 300,000 copies were published and shared. Facebook has promised changes to its platform; spokesman Simon Dilner told Radio New Zealand that it could have done a better job. Several companies, including the ANZ and ASB banks, have stopped advertising on Facebook after the company

11220-444: Was initially restricted to students of Harvard College . Within a month, more than half the undergraduates had registered. Dustin Moskovitz , Andrew McCollum , and Chris Hughes joined Zuckerberg to help manage the growth of the website. In March 2004, Facebook expanded to Columbia , Stanford and Yale . It then became available to all Ivy League colleges, Boston University , NYU , MIT , and successively most universities in

11330-446: Was introducing clickable hashtags to help users follow trending discussions, or search what others are talking about on a topic. San Mateo County , California, became the top wage-earning county in the country after the fourth quarter of 2012 because of Facebook. The Bureau of Labor Statistics reported that the average salary was 107% higher than the previous year, at $ 168,000 a year ($ 222,961 in 2023 dollars ), more than 50% higher than

11440-452: Was locating the areas where volunteers were most needed, and prioritizing the work load. With the help of Geoop.com and Snap Internet, Jonas Bergler and his team designed a mobile management system for the Squadrons whereby residents could register their need for assistance via a free call number, text message service or website. Each job was examined and prioritised by the call centre, manned by

11550-407: Was not cash flow positive yet. On July 20, 2008, Facebook introduced "Facebook Beta", a significant redesign of its user interface on selected networks. The Mini-Feed and Wall were consolidated, profiles were separated into tabbed sections, and an effort was made to create a cleaner look. Facebook began migrating users to the new version in September 2008. In July 2008, Facebook sued StudiVZ ,

11660-490: Was reportedly unaware at the time. In May 2009, Zuckerberg said of the $ 200 million Russian investment, "This investment is purely buffer for us. It is not something we needed to get to cash flow positive." In September 2009, Facebook became cash flow positive ahead of schedule after closing a roughly $ 200 million gap in operating profitability. In 2010, Facebook won the Crunchie "Best Overall Startup Or Product" award for

11770-421: Was sent to several campus group listservs , but was shut down a few days later by Harvard administration. Zuckerberg faced expulsion and was charged with breaching security, violating copyrights and violating individual privacy. Ultimately, the charges were dropped. Zuckerberg expanded on this project that semester by creating a social study tool. He uploaded art images, each accompanied by a comments section, to

11880-453: Was the force behind what appeared to be a broad anti-Facebook movement, and created other negative media, along with America Rising , that was picked up by larger media organisations like Breitbart News . Facebook cut ties with the agency in late 2018, following public outcry over their association. Posts originating from the Facebook page of Breitbart News , a media organization previously affiliated with Cambridge Analytica, were among

11990-632: Was valued at $ 10 billion. A separate stake was also acquired by Usmanov's USM Holdings on another occasion. According to the New York Times in 2013, "Mr. Usmanov and other Russian investors at one point owned nearly 10 percent of Facebook, though precise details of their ownership stakes are difficult to assess." It was later revealed in 2017 by the Paradise Papers that lending by Russian state-backed VTB Bank and Gazprom 's investment vehicle partially financed these 2009 investments, although Milner

12100-618: Was widely condemned by the public. Following the attack, Facebook began blocking white nationalist , white supremacist , and white separatist content, saying that they could not be meaningfully separated. Previously, Facebook had only blocked overtly supremacist content. The older policy had been condemned by civil rights groups, who described these movements as functionally indistinct. Further bans were made in mid-April 2019, banning several British far-right organizations and associated individuals from Facebook, and also banning praise or support for them. NTJ 's member Moulavi Zahran Hashim,

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