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49-497: Volodymyrska Street is one of the oldest in Kyiv. The part of the street between Church of the Tithes and Sofiyska Gate appeared not later than the end of the 10th century. After construction of Saint Sophia's Cathedral at the beginning of the 11th century and Golden Gate around 1037, the street was enlarged to reach both of them and became the main street of the city, which was going through

98-428: A Marxist–Leninist communist party which determined the general development of Soviet society both in domestic and foreign policy. It also directed the "great work" of building communism through central planning of the economy and the struggle for the victory of communism . All Communist Party organisations had to follow the framework laid down by the 1977 Soviet Constitution. After mounting pressure against him by

147-512: A chapel was built on the place, where Church of the Tithes was. The upper half of Volodymyrska Street became a part of Old Kyiv Fortress. After a long break, at the end of the 18th century, intensive construction started on the part of the street below the Golden Gate. The remains of Kievan Rus' defence walls and Old Kyiv Fortress were demolished. After expansion of Kyiv in 1830s the street was expanded far south. In 1837-1842 Red University Building

196-695: A locally or nationally significant office. Along with the Communist party's monopoly on power, this led to the gradual physical and intellectual degeneration of the Soviet Union as a state. As long as the General Secretary of the Communist Party commanded the loyalty of the Politburo , he would remain more-or-less unopposed and in all probability become the leader of the country. The Communist Party controlled

245-721: A platform will be built on the ruins of the Tithe church to serve as a foundation for the new church, which will belong to the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) . In January 2018, two men attempted to set fire to the 2007 (Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)) wooden church near the Church of the Tithes. Also in January 2018, Ukrainian nationalist groups S14 , Traditions and Order  [ uk ] and Public Organisation "Sokil"  [ uk ] dismantled

294-726: A princely tomb. The remnants of Anna of Byzantium and Vladimir the Great were first reburied in the Church of the Saviour and later in the Dormition Cathedral of Kyiv Caves Monastery . Some remnants were reburied in the Saint Sophia's Cathedral . Soviet regime The political system of the Soviet Union took place in a federal single-party soviet socialist republic framework which

343-685: A smaller working body (later known as the Supreme Soviet) to be elected by the 2,250-member Congress of People's Deputies. One-third of the seats in the Congress of People's Deputies was reserved for the Communist Party and other public organisations. The amendment clearly stated that multiple candidates could participate in elections and Soviet voters stunned the authorities by voting for non-CPSU candidates and reformers . However, genuine reformers were estimated to have won only about 300 seats. Following

392-446: Is an extant structure supposed to reproduce the dimensions and exterior appearance of the original Church of the Tithes. In the early 19th century, another metropolitan bishop, Eugene Bolkhovitinov , had the site excavated. Under his administration, a new church of the Tithes was built in stone (between 1828 and 1842). Its Russian Revival design by Vasily Stasov had some deviations from the medieval original. In 1935, Stasov's church

441-532: Is one of the most important streets in Kyiv. It is also a very important tourist site due to historical monuments of the 11th to 19th centuries, including an archaeological complex on Starokyivska Hill at the top of the street. Notable cultural and historical monuments, institutions on the street from north to south: Also a lot of notable people studied or worked in Imperial University of St. Volodymyr (now Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv ), which

490-628: Is situated on Volodymyrska street. Church of the Tithes The Church of the Tithes or Church of the Dormition of the Virgin ( Ukrainian : Десятинна Церква , Desiatynna Tserkva ;) was the first stone church in Kyiv . Originally it was built by the order of Grand Prince Vladimir (Volodymyr) the Great between 989 and 996 by Byzantine and local workers at the site of death of martyrs Theodor

539-468: The 1977 Soviet Constitution , the Supreme Soviet was empowered to deal with all matters within the jurisdiction of the Soviet Union. The admission of new republics; creation of new autonomous republics and autonomous regions; approval of the five-year plan for social and economic development; and creation of the state budget and the institution of bodies to which the Soviet Union was accountable were

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588-876: The Soviet of the Union and the Soviet of Nationalities . The Council consisted of the Chairman , the First Deputies , the Deputies , the ministers , the chairmen of the state committees and the Chairmen of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Republics . The Chairman of the Council of Ministers could recommend to the Supreme Soviet other heads of organisations in the Soviet Union as members of

637-455: The continuing war and setting up a new economic and political system. Despite their relative discipline, the Bolsheviks were not of one mind, the party being a coalition of committed revolutionaries, but with somewhat differing views as to what was practical and proper. These diverging tendencies resulted in debates within the party over the next decade, followed by a period of consolidation of

686-435: The 19th century sett was put on the street, gas and later electric lighting appeared. In 1895 the tram line was constructed on the street. At the beginning of the 20th century, the new city theatre was constructed to replace the old one, which suffered from fire. A revenue house on the corner with Prorizna Street was also built, which is now a valuable place of interest in Kyiv; Pedagogical museum building, which will be

735-510: The 2007 building was dismantled after a crowdfunding by the museum during which Russian propaganda channels spread fake information that mobile communication in the vicinity was blocked. The company "Smile Construction" that dismantled the building transferred their payment to the Armed Forces of Ukraine for their fight against the Russian invasion of Ukraine . Within its premises the church had

784-614: The Chairman of the Soviet of the Union and the Chairman of the Soviet of Nationalities. Through a constitutional amendment made by Mikhail Gorbachev , the Supreme Soviet became a permanent parliament which was elected by the Congress of the People's Deputies . In the 1989 Soviet legislative election , the Soviet people, elected for the first time candidates democratically. The new amendment called for

833-458: The City of Volodymyr and the City of Yaroslav, which are the oldest parts of Kyiv. Also Irynynsky Church, Georgivsky Cathedral and St. Theodore Monastery were constructed on the street, as well as houses for both the nobility and usual people. After Kyiv was ruined during Mongol invasion of Rus' , the street remained in ruins long after. In the 17th century, Saint Sophia's Cathedral was reconstructed and

882-619: The Revolution from 24,000 to 100,000 members and got 25% of the votes for the Constituent Assembly in November 1917, the Bolsheviks were a minority party when they took power by force in Petrograd and Moscow. Their advantages were discipline and a platform supporting the movement of workers, peasants , soldiers and sailors who had seized factories, organized soviets , appropriated the lands of

931-405: The Soviet of Nationalities was elected on the basis of the following representation: 32 deputies from each Union Republic , 11 deputies from each autonomous republic, five deputies from each autonomous region and one deputy from each autonomous area. The Soviet of the Union and the Soviet of Nationalities (upon submission by the elected credentials commissions) had the power to decide the validity of

980-735: The Supreme Court was elected by the Supreme Soviet. The exceptions were the Chairmen of the Supreme Courts of the Soviet Republics, who were ex officio members . The organisation and the procedures of the Supreme Court were defined by law. As written in Article 157 of the Brezhnev Constitution , "[j]ustice is administered in the USSR on the principle of the equality of citizens before the law and

1029-625: The Supreme Soviet to the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet . The Procurator General supervised most activities of Soviet agencies such as ministries, state committees and local Prosecutor Generals. Subordinate agencies of the Procurator General exercised their functions independent from meddling by the Soviet state and were subordinate only to the Prosecutor General's office. The organisation and procedures of these subordinates were defined in

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1078-654: The Varangian and his son Johann. It was originally named the "Church of Our Lady" , in honor of the Dormition of the Theotokos . The church was ruined in 1240 during the siege of Kyiv by Mongol armies of Batu Khan . Vladimir set aside a tithe of his income and property to finance the church's construction and maintenance, which gave the church its popular name. On an initiative of the Metropolitan of Kyiv Eugene Bolkhovitinov ,

1127-415: The adult population) in 1987 and was dominated by male Russian professionals. Party members occupied positions of authority in all officially recognized institutions throughout the country. Single party rule combined with democratic centralism , which in practice consisted of a hierarchal structure which with the aid of a secret police organization enforced decisions made by the ruling party as well on

1176-414: The aristocracy and other large landholders, deserted from the army and mutinied against the navy during the Revolution. Karl Marx made no detailed proposals for the structure of a socialist or communist government and society other than the replacement of capitalism with socialism and eventually communism by the victorious working class . Vladimir Lenin , the leader of the Bolsheviks, had developed

1225-421: The church was rebuilt in the mid-19th century, but in 1928 it was once again destroyed by the Soviet regime . By Vladimir's order, the remains of his grandmother Princess Olga , the first Christian ruler of Rus' , were reburied in this church. Vladimir and his wife, Princess Anna , the sister of Byzantine Emperor Basil II , were also buried in the Church of the Tithes. The church was seriously damaged in

1274-412: The council. The Council of Ministers laid down its power before the first session of the newly elected Supreme Soviet. The Council of Ministers was both responsible for and accountable to the Supreme Soviet, and in the period between sessions of the Supreme Soviet it was accountable to the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet . The Council of Ministers regularly reported to the Supreme Soviet on its work. It

1323-449: The court". In the following articles, it was made clear that all individuals (no matter their circumstances) had the right to legal assistance . All judicial proceedings in the Soviet Union were conducted in the language of the Soviet republic, "Autonomous Republic, Autonomous Region, or Autonomous Area, or in the language spoken by the majority of the people in the locality". People who participated in court proceedings without knowledge of

1372-562: The decrees and resolutions issued by the All-Union Council of Ministers. The All-Union Council also had the power to suspend all issues and decrees made by itself or organisations subordinate to it. It coordinated and directed the work of the republics and their ministries, state committees and other organs subordinate to the All-Union Council. Finally, the competence of the Council of Ministers and its Presidium in their procedures and activities (and its relationship with subordinate organs)

1421-400: The elected deputies' credentials and (in cases where election law had been violated) would declare the election null and void. Both chambers elected a chairman and four Deputies. The Chairmen of the Soviet of the Union and the Soviet of Nationalities presided over sessions of their respective chambers and conducted their affairs. Joint sessions of the chambers were presided over by (alternately)

1470-405: The exclusive prerogative of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union. The law of the Soviet Union was enacted by the Supreme Soviet or by referendum . The Supreme Soviet consisted of two chambers , the Soviet of the Union and the Soviet of Nationalities which had equal rights and an equal number of deputies. The Soviet of the Union was elected by constituencies with equal populations while

1519-509: The failed August Coup attempt, the State Council became the highest organ of state power "in the period of transition". According to the 1924 Soviet Constitution , the executive branch was headed by the Council of People's Commissars . In the 1977 Soviet Constitution , the Council of Ministers was the head of the executive branch. The Council of Ministers was formed at a joint meeting of

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1568-454: The fire of 1017 and was rebuilt by Yaroslav and rededicated in 1039. In 1044, Yaroslav would make the church a mausoleum for Kyivan princes, having the remains of Yaropolk and Oleg baptised and interred. In 1171 and 1203, the church was sacked and in 1240 it was used by Kyivans as the last refuge while the city was being ravaged by the hordes of Batu Khan , when it finally collapsed from fire. Chernihiv 's Saviour Cathedral (1036)

1617-567: The government apparatus and made decisions affecting the economy and society. The Communist Party followed the ideology of Marxism–Leninism and operated on the principle of democratic centralism . The primary party bodies were the Politburo , the highest decision-making organ; the Secretariat , the controller of party bureaucracy; and the Central Committee , the party's policy forum. Party membership reached more than 19 million (9.7 percent of

1666-625: The information board of this church. In January 2023, the Ministry of Culture and Information Policy called for the dismantling of the 2007 building in court. According to the ministry, the building was illegally located on the territory of the National Museum of the History of Ukraine . On 15 February 2023 the Commercial Court of Kyiv ordered the dismantling of the 2007 building. On 17 May 2024

1715-460: The language had the right to become fully acquainted with the materials in the case, the right to an interpreter during the proceedings and the right to address the court in their own language. According to Article 165, the Procurator General was appointed to the office by the Supreme Soviet. The Procurator General was responsible and accountable to the Supreme Soviet, or between sessions of

1764-462: The law on the Procurator General's Office of the Soviet Union. According to Article 6 of the Soviet Constitution , the "leading and guiding force of Soviet society and the nucleus of its political system, of all state organisations and public organisations, is the Communist Party of the Soviet Union . The CPSU exists for the people and serves the people". The Communist Party was officially

1813-587: The layout of its foundation. On 3 February 2005, the President of Ukraine, Viktor Yushchenko , signed a decree on the restoration of the Tithe Church, to which the state budget provides nearly ₴90 million ($ 18 million). In 2006, a temporary Orthodox tabernacle was illegally erected near the Tithe Church on the territory belonging to the National Museum of History of Ukraine without the appropriate documents. In 2007,

1862-433: The party as definite programs were adopted. The Congress of Soviets was the supreme organ of power in accordance with Article 8 of the 1924 Soviet Constitution . The Congress was replaced in the 1936 Soviet Constitution by the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union . In accordance with Article 30, it functioned as the highest state authority and the only legislative branch of the Soviet Union. According to Article 108 of

1911-416: The personnel of all governmental institutions, including the courts, the press, cultural and economic organizations and labor unions. The Soviet Union is considered by many to have been a totalitarian state for much of its existence. Critics include Western authors such as Robert Conquest and Russian critics such as Alexander Yakovlev . Education and political discourse proceeded on the assumption that it

1960-447: The reformers, Mikhail Gorbachev removed the phrase "the leading and guiding force" and replaced it with "the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, and other political parties". The nomenklatura was the Soviet Union's ruling group and remained one of the main reasons why the Soviet Union existed as long as it did. Members of the nomenklatura were elected by the Communist Party to all important posts in Soviet society which could mean

2009-616: The seat of the Central Council of Ukraine ; Olgynska gymnasium building, which is now the seat of Presidium of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine; zemstvo building, which is now the seat of the Security Service of Ukraine . There were no major constructions on the street during the rest of the century, apart from construction of the building for the National Museum of the History of Ukraine . Nowadays, Volodymyrska street

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2058-703: The tent church was illegally replaced with a wooden one; in 2012, it was also illegally built in stone. On July 9, 2009, at a meeting of the Holy Synod of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church, it was decided to open the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Desyatynnyi monastery in Kyiv and appoint as governor Gideon Archimandrite (Charon) . In January 2010, Kyiv's Head of Urban Planning, Architecture and Urban Environment Design, Sergii Tsilovalnyk, reported that

2107-409: The theory that a communist party should serve as the vanguard of the proletariat and ruling in their name and interest, but like Marx had not developed a detailed economic or political program. The new communist government of the Soviet Union faced alarming problems, such as extending practical control beyond the major cities, combatting counter-revolution and opposing political parties, coping with

2156-408: The third time in one year he was elected to an office equivalent to that of Soviet head of state. He was elected by the Congress of People's Deputies on all three occasions. The Supreme Court was the highest judicial body in the country as it supervised the administration of justice by the courts of the Soviet Union and its soviet republics within the limits of established law. The leadership of

2205-635: Was characterized by the superior role of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), the only party permitted by the Constitution . The Bolsheviks who took power during the October Revolution , the final phase of the Russian Revolution , were the first communist party to take power and attempt to apply the Leninist variant of Marxism in a practical way. Although they grew very quickly during

2254-453: Was constructed. From this moment the modern look of the street started to appear. Several 1-2 floor buildings were constructed, followed by 3-5 buildings. Many hotels and administrative, community and residential building buildings were constructed. On the place where remains of Irynynsky Church were found, the St. Irene Column was erected from the ancient stone, which stood till the 1930s. At the end of

2303-598: Was defined in the Soviet constitution by the law on the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union. In 1990, Mikhail Gorbachev created the office of the President of the Soviet Union , the head of the executive branch . In the meantime, the Council of Ministers was dissolved and replaced by the Cabinet of Ministers of the Soviet Union . The new cabinet was headed by the Prime Minister . Gorbachev's election as president marked

2352-462: Was destroyed by the Soviet authorities. A plan to rebuild the church is under consideration in Kyiv. Proponents of reconstruction point out the historical and political importance of rebuilding a church so significant in Eastern Slavic history. Opponents refer to the lack of any documentary descriptions or depictions of the original church, and that excavations were allegedly unable to determine

2401-499: Was tasked with resolving all state administrative duties within the jurisdiction of the Soviet Union, to the degree that they did not come under the competence of the Supreme Soviet or the Presidium. Within its limits, the Council of Ministers had authority to do the following tasks: The Council of Ministers also had the power to issue decrees and resolutions and to later verify their execution. All organisations were obligated to follow

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