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37-499: Its aim was to help the creator of Volapük, Johann Martin Schleyer , in the propagation of the language itself. Tazio Carlevaro set the original hierarchical committee, with Schleyer himself as Leader ( cifal ) along with the great French Volapük-pioneer Auguste Kerckhoffs as the business guide (or director: dilekel ). Seventeen language specialists from twelve countries were elected as first-class academy-members ( kademals ), and

74-669: A congress in Munich in August 1887, was set up to conserve and perfect the auxiliary language Volapük . Under Rosenberger, who became the Academy’s director in 1892, the group began to make considerable changes in the grammar and vocabulary of Volapük. The vocabulary was almost completely replaced by words more closely resembling those used in Western European languages, and a number of grammatical forms unfamiliar to Western Europeans were discarded. It

111-633: A favorable exchange rate between the Swiss franc and the euro , and a generous German VAT refund for non- European Union residents. Retail chains such as H&M and dm have built large new stores near the town's central square to cater to this trade, and some Konstanz residents feel the city is losing its historic character in the process; many of them avoid the area on Saturdays. This has led to friction with officials from Kreuzlingen as their city has seen no economic benefit from this trade, and they have been requesting that their national government bring up

148-514: A maximum enrichment of Volapük and to reform it radically in order to simplify the language, Kerckhoffs managed to remove Schleyer's right of veto within the Academy. Schleyer himself never agreed with this essential limitation of his copyright, and when Kerckhoffs offered to block reform of Volapük, Schleyer dismissed in its entirety the whole Academy. The Academy, created under the name Kadem bevünetik volapüka (International Academy of Volapük) at

185-599: Is a university city with approximately 83,000 inhabitants located at the western end of Lake Constance in the south of Germany . The city houses the University of Konstanz and was the residence of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Konstanz for more than 1,200 years. The city is located in the state of Baden-Württemberg and situated at the banks of Lake Constance ( Bodensee in German). The river Rhine , which starts in

222-597: Is at Friedrichshafen , which can be reached by a fast ferry service on the lake, which also connects Konstanz to other lakeside towns. The airport mainly hosts domestic flights, but flights to Austria and Turkey are available. The nearest international airports are in Stuttgart , in Basel , and Zurich , which has a direct train from Konstanz. Bus services within the city are provided by Stadtwerke Konstanz GmbH . Additionally Konstanz and Friedrichshafen have been connected by

259-822: Is linked via two connectors (in both directions) to the Lake Line , which runs along the Swiss shore of Lake Constance and the High Rhine . It is indirectly also linked to the Wil–Kreuzlingen railway line to Weinfelden , with connections to long-distance trains in Switzerland. Services are provided by the Deutsche Bahn AG and also the Swiss Federal Railways and its subsidiaries Thurbo and SBB GmbH . The nearest airport

296-628: The Augsburg Confession . However, in 1548 Emperor Charles V imposed the Imperial Ban on Konstanz and it had to surrender to Habsburg Austria which had suddenly attacked. Thus Konstanz lost its status as an imperial city. The new Habsburg rulers were eager to re-Catholicise the town and in 1604 a Jesuit College was opened. Its accompanying theatre, built in 1610, is the oldest theatre in Germany still performing regularly. The city became part of

333-484: The German Universities Excellence Initiative , has gained considerable reputation as a so-called "elite university". Konstanz was the birthplace of Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin , constructor of the famous Zeppelin airships . In the late 2010s, Konstanz has become a popular destination for Einkaufstourismus , or cross-border shopping by Swiss due to lower prices on basic items in Germany,

370-932: The Grand Duchy of Baden in 1806. In 1821, the Bishopric of Constance was dissolved and became part of the Archdiocese of Freiburg . Konstanz became part of the German Empire in 1871 during the unification of Germany . After World War I it was included within the Republic of Baden . On 22 October 1940, 110 of the last Jewish residents were deported to Gurs internment camp in France. Most of those who were still alive in August 1942 were murdered in either Sobibór or Auschwitz . Because it almost lies within Switzerland , directly adjacent to

407-639: The Roman province of Raetia . Its later name, originally Constantia , comes either from the Roman emperor Constantius Chlorus , who fought the Alemanni in the region and built a strong fortress around 300 AD, or from his grandson Constantius II , who visited the region in 354. The remains of the late Roman fortress Constantia were discovered in 2003. Around 585 the first bishop took up residence in Konstanz and this marked

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444-605: The Swabian War of 1499, Konstanz lost its last privileges over Thurgau to the Confederation. The Protestant Reformation took hold in Konstanz in the 1520s, headed by Ambrosius Blarer . Soon the city declared itself officially Protestant , pictures were removed from the churches, and the bishop temporarily moved to Meersburg , a small town across the lake. The city first followed the Tetrapolitan Confession , and then

481-572: The Swiss Alps , passes through Lake Constance and leaves it, considerably larger, by flowing under a bridge connecting the two parts of the city. North of the river lies the larger part of the city with residential areas, industrial estates, and the University of Konstanz; while south of the river is the old town, which houses the administrative centre and shopping facilities in addition to the Hochschule or

518-486: The University of Applied Sciences . Car ferries provide access across Lake Constance to Meersburg , and the Katamaran provides a shuttle service for pedestrians to Friedrichshafen . The Germany–Switzerland border runs along the southwestern and southern edge of the city, demarcating it from the Swiss town of Kreuzlingen . Konstanz is subdivided into 15 wards or districts ( Stadtteile ). The island of Mainau belonged to

555-552: The Swiss border, Konstanz was not bombed by the Allied Forces during World War II . After the war, Konstanz was included first in South Baden and then in the new state of Baden-Württemberg . The Altstadt (Old Town), which is large considering the small size of modern Konstanz, has many old buildings and twisting alleys. The city skyline is dominated by Konstanz Cathedral , several other churches and three towers left over from

592-530: The Volapük Academy and became something else. A revived Volapük Academy per se continues to this day, with Hermann Philipps as Cifal from 2014. Other members of the Academy are: Daniel Morozof (Vicifal), Brian R. Bishop (former Cifal from 1984-2014), Donald Gasper, Michael Everson , Arden R. Smith , Igor Wasilewski, Zhang Yutong, and Jan van Steenbergen . In addition to the above eight official members, Ralph Midgley , former governor (Guvan) of Volapuk,

629-526: The Volapük of Schleyer. With the intention of ending the strife between them, Kerckhoffs organized the third congress of the movement in Paris on 19–21 August 1889. This Congress passed new statutes of the Academy, according to which the subject of the Academy was to complete and improve the grammar and vocabulary of Volapük. However, even before 1889, a conflict arose between Schleyer and Kerckhoffs. Though Schleyer wanted

666-504: The aftermath of the International Congress which was to be held in Paris in the 1889. In addition, Kerckhoffs received from Schleyer permission to appoint seven of the seventeen kademals of people to be selected by him. The medium of communication of the Academy was circulars from the director ( Zulags ), as well as Kerckhoffs' own journal Le Volapük . Kerckhoffs' grammars published since 1887 differed fundamentally from

703-434: The appointment was envisioned of second-class academy-members ( kademels ) and of corresponding academy-members ( kademans ) totaling 31 members in the academy. The headquarters of the academy was established in Paris. Schleyer conceded to Kerckhoffs that the organizational form determined in Munich should be considered only as an interim and that defining (or transformation) of the academic structure should be decided in

740-570: The beginning of the city's importance as a spiritual center. By the late Middle Ages , about one quarter of Konstanz's 6,000 inhabitants were exempt from taxation on account of clerical rights. Trade thrived during the Middle Ages. Konstanz owned the only bridge in the region, which crossed the Rhine, making it a strategic location in the Duchy of Swabia . Its linen production had made an international name for

777-577: The city and it was prosperous. In 1192, Konstanz gained the status of Imperial City so it was henceforth subject only to the Holy Roman Emperor . In 1414 to 1418, the Council of Constance took place, during which, on 6 July 1415, Jan Hus (Czech religious thinker, philosopher and reformer), who was seen as a threat to Christianity by the Roman Catholic Church , was burned at the stake . It

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814-553: The city wall, one of which marks the place of the former medieval bridge over the Rhine . The University of Konstanz was established close to the town in 1966. It houses a library with approximately two million books, all freely accessible 24 hours a day, as well as a botanical garden (the Botanischer Garten der Universität Konstanz ). Especially since 2007, the university, being one of the nine German universities most successful in

851-495: The committee actually decided upon is disputed; see Ido and its external links for more information). In 1908 the Akademi which had created Idiom Neutral effectively chose to abandon it in favor of Latino sine flexione , a simplified form of Latin developed by Italian mathematician Giuseppe Peano . Peano was appointed the director of the Akademi , and its name was changed to Academia pro Interlingua . Peano's language

888-634: The end of this time he was jailed for four months for preaching against socialism during the Kulturkampf . From 1875 to 1885 he was pastor of Ss. Peter and Paul parish in Litzelstetten . He later wrote that the first seven years in Litzelstetten were among the happiest of his life. At this time he was editor of the magazine Sionsharfe , devoted mainly to Catholic poetry. In May 1879 he published an article on Volapük in this magazine. This sketch

925-485: The few reports that have appeared about it in the central organ of Volapük Volapukabled lezenodik its activities were limited to the approval of the decisions of Schleyer. The new Academy had disappeared in a real sense by 1893. The shift from Volapük to Idiom Neutral to Latine Sine Flexione to Interlingua follows the path of interest of a number of people interested in an international auxiliary language , but with Idiom Neutral and its name change it simply ceased to be

962-530: The grammar were published in several European languages in 1902 and 1903. The language, sometimes referred to as “Neutral” or “the Neutral language” by English-speaking writers, created interest among international language enthusiasts at the time. Rosenberger published a periodical in the language called Progres . In 1907 Neutral was one of the projects considered by a committee of scholars which met in Paris to select an international auxiliary language (exactly what

999-638: The harbour. Close by stands the Imperia , a statue that was erected in 1993 to satirically commemorate the council. In 1460, the Swiss Confederacy conquered Thurgau , Konstanz's natural hinterland . Konstanz then made an attempt to get admitted to the Swiss Confederacy, but the forest cantons voted against its entry, fearing overbearing city states; Konstanz then joined the Swabian League instead. In

1036-531: The issue of the VAT refund with Germany. Subsequently, Germany has introduced a minimum spend amount of €50.01 per receipt for the German VAT to be refunded. Customs clearance centres are conveniently located near shopping centres. Its location in south-west Germany gives Konstanz a degraded oceanic climate ( Köppen : Cfb ) with warm and humid summers (moderated by the lake) as well as cold and snowy winters. Konstanz

1073-591: The ward of Litzelstetten, a separate municipality, until its incorporation into Konstanz on 1 December 1971. The first traces of civilization in Konstanz date back to the late Stone Age . During the reign of Augustus , the Celts living south of the Danube were conquered by the Romans. Around 40 AD, the first Romans settled on the site. This small town on the left bank of the Rhine was probably first called Drusomagus and belonged to

1110-590: Was also home to a large synagogue , destroyed by the Nazi government in 1938. Konstanz is twinned with: Konstanz station is the eastern terminus of the High Rhine Railway line, running westwards to Singen , with connections to all parts of Germany and the Swiss cities of Schaffhausen and Basel . There are three other stations in Konstanz along this line: Konstanz-Fürstenberg , Konstanz-Petershausen and Konstanz-Wollmatingen . In addition, Konstanz station

1147-527: Was also on the board of the Academy as a deputy prior to his death in 2024. Johann Martin Schleyer Johann Martin Schleyer ( German pronunciation: [ˈjoːhan ˈmaʁtiːn ˈʃlaɪɐ] ; 18 July 1831 – 16 August 1912) was a German Catholic priest who invented the constructed language Volapük . His official name was "Martin Schleyer"; he added the name "Johann" (in honor of his godfather) unofficially. Schleyer

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1184-594: Was born in Oberlauda ( Baden ). According to his own report, the idea of an international language arose out of a conversation he had with one of his parishioners , a semi-literate German peasant whose son had emigrated to America and could no longer be reached by mail because the United States Postal Service could not read the father's handwriting . He was ordained in 1856. From 1867 to 1875, Schleyer served as pastor at Krumbach near Meßkirch . At

1221-454: Was followed by a full-length book in 1880. The language spread widely and new clubs sprung all over Europe . After 1885 Schleyer had to retire from his pastoral duties due to ill health, though he was still involved in the Volapük movement until it fell apart a few years later. In 1894 Pope Leo XIII made him a papal prelate. Schleyer died in Konstanz in 1912. A campaign to beatify him

1258-550: Was here that the Papal Schism was ended and Pope Martin V was elected during the only conclave ever held north of the Alps. Ulrich von Richental 's illustrated chronicle of the Council of Constance testifies to all the major happenings during the council as well as showing the everyday life of medieval Konstanz. The Konzilgebäude where the conclave was held can still be seen standing by

1295-546: Was sometimes called Interlingua, not to be confused with the better-known Interlingua presented in 1951 by the International Auxiliary Language Association (IALA). In 1912 Rosenberger published a reformed version of Neutral called Reform-Neutral . In 1890 Schleyer himself chose a new Volapük Academy, from people completely loyal to him with 49 members; its headquarters was in Konstanz . But it remained essentially inactive, and according to

1332-664: Was started in June 2001, based in his home parish of Litzelstetten. The high school Martin-Schleyer-Gymnasium Lauda-Königshofen in Lauda is named for him. Konstanz Konstanz ( / ˈ k ɒ n s t ə n t s / KON -stənts , US also / ˈ k ɔː n s t ɑː n t s / KAWN -stahnts , German: [ˈkɔnʃtants] or [ˈkɔnstants] , Alemannic German: [ˈkoʃd̥əts, ˈxoʃd̥əts] ), traditionally known as Constance in English,

1369-410: Was understood that the changes effectively resulted in the creation of a new language, which was named Idiom Neutral (which means “the neutral idiom” or “the neutral language”). The name of the Academy was changed to Akademi Internasional de Lingu Universal in 1898 and the circulars of the Academy were written in the new language from that year. Dictionaries of Idiom Neutral and an outline of

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