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61-503: Volantis was a mobile internet software company based in Guildford , England , now owned by Antenna Software, Inc. Volantis provides mobile applications and software solutions which give operators and enterprises access to a content delivery platform and a device database, which contained over 7,000 handsets as of February 2010. Volantis was part of the W3C 's Mobile Web Initiative , a member of

122-537: A Java -based open source framework for web applications building by mobile developers in early 2008. Volantis was acquired by Antenna Software in February 2011; the financial details of the acquisition were not released. Antenna Software was, in turn, bought by Pegasystems in 2013. Mobile internet The mobile web comprises mobile browser-based World Wide Web services accessed from handheld mobile devices , such as smartphones or feature phones , through

183-490: A mobile or other wireless network . Traditionally, the World Wide Web has been accessed via fixed-line services on laptops and desktop computers. However, the web is now more accessible by portable and wireless devices. Early 2010 ITU (International Telecommunication Union) report said that with current growth rates, web access by people on the go – via laptops and smart mobile devices –

244-489: A 16×16 array user interface. These early touchscreens only registered one point of touch at a time. On-screen keyboards (a well-known feature today) were thus awkward to use, because key-rollover and holding down a shift key while typing another were not possible. Exceptions to these were a "cross-wire" multi-touch reconfigurable touchscreen keyboard/display developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in

305-548: A comprehensive discussion of touch-screen based interfaces, though it makes no mention of multiple fingers. In the same year, the video-based Video Place/Video Desk system of Myron Krueger was influential in development of multi-touch gestures such as pinch-to-zoom, though this system had no touch interaction itself. By 1984, both Bell Labs and Carnegie Mellon University had working multi-touch-screen prototypes – both input and graphics – that could respond interactively in response to multiple finger inputs. The Bell Labs system

366-407: A consortium of companies including Google, Microsoft, Nokia, Samsung, and Vodafone. By forcing sites to comply with mobile web standards, .mobi tries to ensure visitors a consistent and optimized experience on their mobile device. However, this domain has been criticized by several big names, including Tim Berners-Lee of the W3C , who said that providing different content to different devices "breaks

427-543: A device similar to the Microsoft Surface was shown. It took up an executive's entire desk and was used to communicate with the Master Control computer . In the 2002 film Minority Report , Tom Cruise uses a set of gloves that resemble a multi-touch interface to browse through information. In the 2005 film The Island , another form of a multi-touch computer was seen where the professor, played by Sean Bean , has

488-422: A finger or an object touches the surface, causing the light to scatter, the reflection of which is caught with sensors or cameras that send the data to software that dictates response to the touch, depending on the type of reflection measured. Optical technologies include: Acoustic and radio-frequency wave-based technologies include: Multi-touch touchscreen gestures enable predefined motions to interact with

549-1013: A free testing tool called the MobiReady Report (see mobiForge ) to analyze the mobile readiness of website. Access to the mobile web was first commercially offered in 1996, in Finland, on the Nokia 9000 Communicator phone via the Sonera and Radiolinja networks. The first commercial launch of a mobile-specific browser-based web service was in 1999 in Japan when i-mode was launched by NTT DoCoMo . The mobile web primarily utilizes lightweight pages like this one written in Extensible Hypertext Markup Language (XHTML) or Wireless Markup Language (WML) to deliver content to mobile devices. Many new mobile browsers are moving beyond these limits by supporting

610-519: A great extent, this is due to the rapid adoption of mobile phones themselves. For example, Morgan Stanley reports that the highest mobile phone adoption growth in 2006 was in Pakistan and India. Mobile internet has also been adopted in West Africa, and China had 155 million mobile internet users as of June 2009. The .mobi sponsored top-level domain was launched specifically for the mobile Internet by

671-558: A lower rate. In 2009 Yankee Group reported that 29% of all mobile phone users globally were accessing browser-based internet content on their phones. According to the BBC, in 2020 there were over 5 billion mobile phone users in the world. According to Statista there were 1.57 billion smartphone owners in 2014 and 2.32 billion in 2017. Many users in Europe and the United States are already users of

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732-399: A means of information or exhibit display. Multi-touch has been implemented in several different ways, depending on the size and type of interface. The most popular form are mobile devices, tablets , touchtables and walls. Both touchtables and touch walls project an image through acrylic or glass, and then back-light the image with LEDs. Touch surfaces can also be made pressure-sensitive by

793-436: A multi-touch desktop to organize files, based on an early version of Microsoft Surface (not be confused with the tablet computers which now bear that name). In 2007, the television series CSI: Miami introduced both surface and wall multi-touch displays in its sixth season. Multi-touch technology can be seen in the 2008 James Bond film Quantum of Solace , where MI6 uses a touch interface to browse information about

854-457: A multitude of applications continue to drive explosive growth for mobile internet traffic. The 2017 Virtual Network Index (VNI) report produced by Cisco Systems forecasts that by 2021, there will be 5.5 billion global mobile users (up from 4.9 billion in 2016). Additionally, the same 2017 VNI report forecasts that average access speeds will increase by roughly three times from 6.8 Mbit/s to 20 Mbit/s in that same period with video comprising

915-434: A music controller that became in 2005 the first commercial product to feature a proprietary transparent multi-touch screen, allowing direct, ten-finger manipulation on the display. In January 2007, multi-touch technology became mainstream with the iPhone , and in its iPhone announcement Apple even stated it "invented multi touch", however both the function and the term predate the announcement or patent requests, except for

976-411: A range of a line, connecting objects, and a "tap-click" gesture to select while maintaining location with another finger are also described. In 1991, Pierre Wellner advanced the topic publishing about his multi-touch "Digital Desk", which supported multi-finger and pinching motions. Various companies expanded upon these inventions in the beginning of the twenty-first century. Between 1999 and 2005,

1037-419: A response to the gesture event. In the past few years, several companies have released products that use multi-touch. In an attempt to make the expensive technology more accessible, hobbyists have also published methods of constructing DIY touchscreens. Capacitive technologies include: Resistive technologies include: Optical touch technology is based on image sensor technology. It functions when

1098-589: A series of high-profile client wins and expansion into America, which "helped to boost sales 120% a year from £1.6m in 2003 to £7.9m in 2005" led to the company's inclusion in Fast Track's Tech Track 100 in 2006. In 2010, Volantis was selected as a Distinguished Honoree in the Telecoms category at the Stevie Awards for international business achievement in recognition of their mobile self-care solution. Volantis released

1159-425: A sheet of glass, each capacitor being constructed so that a nearby flat conductor, such as the surface of a finger, would increase the capacitance by a significant amount. The capacitors were to consist of fine lines etched in copper on a sheet of glass – fine enough (80 μm) and sufficiently far apart (80 μm) to be invisible. In the final device, a simple lacquer coating prevented the fingers from actually touching

1220-487: A single device service", as "an enabler for mobile phone carriers." Another funding round, led by Accel Partners , was completed in 2002, and in July 2005, Volantis raised a further $ 7.5 million, bringing the total venture capital raised to $ 31.6 million. This achievement was recognised by Fast Track, who included the company in their Tech Track 100 (run in association with The Sunday Times ) in 2006. Successful fund-raising,

1281-483: A wider range of Web formats, including variants of HTML commonly found on the desktop web. At one time, half the world had mobile phones. The articles in 2007-2008 were slightly misleading because the real story at the time was that the number of mobile phone subscriptions had reached half the population of the world. In reality, many people have more than one subscription. For example, in Hong Kong , Italy and Ukraine ,

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1342-456: Is attached to the touch surface. Usually, separate companies make the ASIC and screen that combine into a touch screen; conversely, a touchpad's surface and ASIC are usually manufactured by the same company. There have been large companies in recent years that have expanded into the growing multi-touch industry, with systems designed for everything from the casual user to multinational organizations. It

1403-414: Is called gesture-enhanced single-touch or several other terms by other companies and researchers. Several other similar or related terms attempt to differentiate between whether a device can exactly determine or only approximate the location of different points of contact to further differentiate between the various technological capabilities, but they are often used as synonyms in marketing. Multi-touch

1464-488: Is commonly implemented using capacitive sensing technology in mobile devices and smart devices . A capacitive touchscreen typically consists of a capacitive touch sensor , application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) controller and digital signal processor (DSP) fabricated from CMOS (complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor ) technology. A more recent alternative approach is optical touch technology , based on image sensor technology. In computing , multi-touch

1525-466: Is now common for laptop manufacturers to include multi-touch touchpads on their laptops, and tablet computers respond to touch input rather than traditional stylus input and it is supported by many recent operating systems . A few companies are focusing on large-scale surface computing rather than personal electronics, either large multi-touch tables or wall surfaces. These systems are generally used by government organizations, museums, and companies as

1586-425: Is reduced and the users' hands don't obstruct the display. Instead of placing windows all over the screen, the windowing manager, Con10uum, uses a linear paradigm, with multi-touch used to navigate between and arrange the windows. An area at the right side of the touch screen brings up a global context menu, and a similar strip at the left side brings up application-specific menus. An open source community preview of

1647-424: Is shown to be performing multiple multi-touch hand gestures on a large touch wall. In the 2009, the film District 9 the interface used to control the alien ship features similar technology. 10/GUI is a proposed new user interface paradigm. Created in 2009 by R. Clayton Miller, it combines multi-touch input with a new windowing manager . It splits the touch surface away from the screen, so that user fatigue

1708-456: Is technology which enables a touchpad or touchscreen to recognize more than one or more than two points of contact with the surface. Apple popularized the term "multi-touch" in 2007 with which it implemented additional functionality, such as pinch to zoom or to activate certain subroutines attached to predefined gestures . The two different uses of the term resulted from the quick developments in this field, and many companies using

1769-467: Is the primary need to AMP. The three main types of AMP are AMP HTML , AMP JS , and Google AMP Cache . As of February 2018, Google requires the canonical page content to match the content on accelerated mobile pages. Mobile web access may suffer from interoperability and usability problems. Interoperability issues stem from the platform fragmentation of mobile devices, mobile operating systems , and browsers. Usability problems are centered on

1830-574: The Open Mobile Alliance and an advocate of Open Standards . Volantis was founded by Jennifer Bursack, Martin Gaffney, Brett Nulf, and Mark Watson, who had all worked together at Tivoli Systems (a subsidiary of IBM ) in the UK. In March 2000 the four founders resigned from IBM and approached investors under the name Unwired Ltd. The company name was changed, a few months later, to Volantis Systems Ltd. –

1891-472: The Diamondtouch became a commercial product and is also based on capacitance, but able to differentiate between multiple simultaneous users or rather, the chairs in which each user is seated or the floorpad on which the user is standing. In 2007, NORTD labs open source system offered its CUBIT (multi-touch) . Small-scale touch devices rapidly became commonplace in 2008. The number of touch screen telephones

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1952-503: The Web in a fundamental way". In the fall of 2015, Google announced it would be rolling out an open source initiative called " Accelerated Mobile Pages " or AMP. The goal of this project is to improve the speed and performance of content-rich pages which include video , animations , and graphics . Since the majority of the population now consumes the web through tablets and smartphones , having web pages that are optimized for these products

2013-405: The addition of a pressure-sensitive coating that flexes differently depending on how firmly it is pressed, altering the reflection. Handheld technologies use a panel that carries an electrical charge. When a finger touches the screen, the touch disrupts the panel's electrical field. The disruption is registered as a computer event (gesture) and may be sent to the software, which may then initiate

2074-433: The area of capacitive mobile screens, which did not exist before Fingerworks/Apple's technology (Fingerworks filed patents in 2001–2005, subsequent multi-touch refinements were patented by Apple ). However, the U.S. Patent and Trademark office declared that the "pinch-to-zoom" functionality was predicted by U.S. Patent # 7,844,915 relating to gestures on touch screens, filed by Bran Ferren and Daniel Hillis in 2005, as

2135-532: The bulk of the traffic (78%). According to BuzzCity, the mobile internet increased by 30% from Q1 to Q2 2011. In July 2012, approximately 10.5% of all web traffic occurred through mobile devices (up from 4% in December 2010). The distinction between mobile web applications and native applications is anticipated to become increasingly blurred, as mobile browsers gain direct access to the hardware of mobile devices (including accelerometers and GPS chips ), and

2196-481: The capacitors. In the same year, MIT described a keyboard with variable graphics capable of multi-touch detection. In the early 1980s, The University of Toronto 's Input Research Group were among the earliest to explore the software side of multi-touch input systems. A 1982 system at the University of Toronto used a frosted-glass panel with a camera placed behind the glass. When a finger or several fingers pressed on

2257-477: The company Fingerworks developed various multi-touch technologies, including Touchstream keyboards and the iGesture Pad. in the early 2000s Alan Hedge , professor of human factors and ergonomics at Cornell University published several studies about this technology. In 2005, Apple acquired Fingerworks and its multi-touch technology. In 2004, French start-up JazzMutant developed the Lemur Input Device ,

2318-464: The company received a round of funding led by Softbank Europe. The company grew quickly until the collapse of the Internet bubble and the events of 11 September 2001 forced Volantis to downsize and consolidate. Several significant telecommunications account signings (including Telefonica and Hutchison Whampoa ) helped the company to recover and led it to change from offering "a multi-device service to

2379-484: The criminal Dominic Greene. In the 2008 film The Day the Earth Stood Still , Microsoft's Surface was used. The television series NCIS: Los Angeles , which premiered 2009, makes use of multi-touch surfaces and wall panels as an initiative to go digital. In a 2008, an episode of the television series The Simpsons , Lisa Simpson travels to the underwater headquarters of Mapple to visit Steve Mobbs, who

2440-416: The development and adoption of faster networks, larger displays, and advanced smartphones based on Apple's iOS and Google's Android software. Mobile Internet refers to Internet access and mainly usage of Internet using a cellular telephone service provider or mobile wireless network. This wireless access can easily change to use a different wireless Internet (radio) tower as a mobile device user moves across

2501-477: The device and software. An increasing number of devices like smartphones , tablet computers , laptops or desktop computers have functions that are triggered by multi-touch gestures. Years before it was a viable consumer product, popular culture portrayed potential uses of multi-touch technology in the future, including in several installments of the Star Trek franchise. In the 1982 Disney sci-fi film Tron

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2562-487: The early 1970s and the 16 button capacitive multi-touch screen developed at CERN in 1972 for the controls of the Super Proton Synchrotron that were under construction. In 1976 a new x-y capacitive screen, based on the capacitance touch screens developed in 1972 by Danish electronics engineer Bent Stumpe , was developed at CERN . This technology, allowing an exact location of the different touch points,

2623-432: The fixed internet when they first try the same experience on a mobile phone. Meanwhile, in other parts of the world, such as India , their first usage of the internet is on a mobile phone. Growth is fastest in parts of the world where the personal computer (PC) is not the first user experience of the internet. India, South Africa , Indonesia , and Saudi Arabia are seeing the fastest growth in mobile internet usage. To

2684-420: The glass, the camera would detect the action as one or more black spots on an otherwise white background, allowing it to be registered as an input. Since the size of a dot was dependent on pressure (how hard the person was pressing on the glass), the system was somewhat pressure-sensitive as well. Of note, this system was input only and not able to display graphics. In 1983, Bell Labs at Murray Hill published

2745-528: The implementation of multi-touch in user interfaces, however the legitimacy of some patents has been disputed. Apple additionally attempted to register "Multi-touch" as a trademark in the United States—however its request was denied by the United States Patent and Trademark Office because it considered the term generic . Multi-touch sensing and processing occurs via an ASIC sensor that

2806-487: The mobile phone penetration rate had passed 140% by 2009 . In 2009, the number of unique users of mobile phones had reached half the population of the planet when the ITU reported that the subscriber number was to reach 4.6 billion users which means 3.8 billion activated mobile phones in use, and 3.4 billion unique users of mobile phones. Mobile Internet data connections are following the growth of mobile phone connections, albeit at

2867-486: The personal computer. Early synthesizer and electronic instrument builders like Hugh Le Caine and Robert Moog experimented with using touch-sensitive capacitance sensors to control the sounds made by their instruments. IBM began building the first touch screens in the late 1960s. In 1972, Control Data released the PLATO IV computer, an infrared terminal used for educational purposes, which employed single-touch points in

2928-418: The problem of device diversity by establishing a technology to support a repository of device descriptions. W3C developed a validating scheme to assess the readiness of content for the mobile web, through its mobileOK Scheme , which aims to help content developers to determine if their content is web-ready. The W3C guidelines and mobileOK approach have faced criticism. mTLD, the registry for .mobi , released

2989-437: The service area. Cellular base stations that connect through the telephone system are more expensive to provide compared to a wireless base station that connects directly to the network of an internet service provider. A mobile broadband modem may " tethers " the smartphone to one or more devices to provide access to the Internet via the protocols that cellular telephone service providers offer. The Mobile Web Initiative (MWI)

3050-440: The small physical size of the mobile phone form factors , which limit display resolution and user input ). Limitations vary, depending on the device, and newer smartphones overcome some of these restrictions, but problems which may be encountered include: Multitouch Several uses of the term multi-touch resulted from the quick developments in this field, and many companies using the term to market older technology which

3111-405: The speed and abilities of browser-based applications improve. Persistent storage and access to sophisticated user interface graphics functions may further reduce the need for the development of platform -specific native applications . The mobile web has also been called Web 3.0, drawing parallels to the changes users were experiencing as Web 2.0 websites proliferated. The mobile web

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3172-553: The taking its name from the constellation Volans . The company's logo is a representation of the constellation. The initial idea, which the founders took to investors, involved "developing a yellow pages-like directory service for mobile phones". This was soon dropped in favor of creating "technologies to enable companies to build web sites for all sorts of devices—smart phones, kiosks, digital televisions, gaming consoles, and...mobile phones". The company received an initial investment of $ 3.2m from Kennet Partners in mid-2000. In 2001,

3233-524: The term to market older technology which is called gesture-enhanced single-touch or several other terms by other companies and researchers. Several other similar or related terms attempt to differentiate between whether a device can exactly determine or only approximate the location of different points of contact to further differentiate between the various technological capabilities, but they are often used as synonyms in marketing. The use of touchscreen technology predates both multi-touch technology and

3294-437: The time, describing single touch gestures such as rotating knobs, swiping the screen to activate a switch (or a U-shaped gesture for a toggle switch), and touchscreen keyboards (including a study that showed that users could type at 25 words per minute for a touchscreen keyboard compared with 58 words per minute for a standard keyboard, with multi-touch hypothesized to improve data entry rate); multi-touch gestures such as selecting

3355-487: Was based on capacitive coupling of fingers, whereas the CMU system was optical. In 1985, the canonical multitouch pinch-to-zoom gesture was demonstrated, with coordinated graphics, on CMU's system. In October 1985, Steve Jobs signed a non-disclosure agreement to tour CMU's Sensor Frame multi-touch lab. In 1990, Sears et al. published a review of academic research on single and multi-touch touchscreen human–computer interaction of

3416-430: Was expected to increase from 200,000 shipped in 2006 to 21 million in 2012. In May 2015, Apple was granted a patent for a "fusion keyboard", which turns individual physical keys into multi-touch buttons. Apple has retailed and distributed numerous products using multi-touch technology, most prominently including its iPhone smartphone and iPad tablet. Additionally, Apple also holds several patents related to

3477-523: Was first popularized by the Silicon Valley company, Unwired Planet. In 1997, Unwired Planet, Nokia, Ericsson, and Motorola started the WAP Forum to create and harmonize the standards to ease the transition to bandwidth networks and small display devices. The WAP standard was built on a three-layer, middleware architecture that fueled the early growth of the mobile web. It was made virtually irrelevant after

3538-453: Was inertial scrolling, thus invalidated a key claims of Apple's patent. In 2001, Microsoft's table-top touch platform, Microsoft PixelSense (formerly Surface) started development, which interacts with both the user's touch and their electronic devices and became commercial on May 29, 2007. Similarly, in 2001, Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories (MERL) began development of a multi-touch, multi-user system called DiamondTouch . In 2008,

3599-788: Was likely to exceed web access from desktop computers within the following five years. In January 2014, mobile internet use exceeded desktop use in the United States. The shift to mobile Web access has accelerated since 2007 with the rise of larger multitouch smartphones, and since 2010 with the rise of multitouch tablet computers. Both platforms provide better Internet access, screens, and mobile browsers , or application-based user Web experiences than previous generations of mobile devices. Web designers may work separately on such pages, or pages may be automatically converted, as in Mobile Misplaced Pages . Faster speeds, smaller, feature-rich devices, and

3660-425: Was set up by the W3C to develop the best practices and technologies relevant to the mobile web. The goal of the initiative is to make browsing the web from mobile devices more reliable and accessible. The main aim is to evolve standards of data formats from Internet providers that are tailored to the specifications of particular mobile devices. The W3C has published guidelines for mobile content , and aimed to address

3721-475: Was used to develop a new type of human machine interface (HMI) for the control room of the Super Proton Synchrotron particle accelerator. In a handwritten note dated 11 March 1972, Stumpe presented his proposed solution – a capacitive touch screen with a fixed number of programmable buttons presented on a display. The screen was to consist of a set of capacitors etched into a film of copper on

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