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152-593: Visby Cathedral ( Swedish : Visby domkyrka ), formally Visby Saint Mary's Cathedral ( Visby Sankta Maria domkyrka ), is a cathedral within the Church of Sweden , seat of the Bishop of Visby . It lies in the centre of Visby , the main town on the Swedish island Gotland . It was built as the church of the German traders in the city during the 13th century. The first church was probably
304-422: A blind arch which gives the whole assemblage a pointed lancet shape (see the example from Soissons Cathedral ). With this type of design, the spandrels (i.e. the spaces between the tops of the lancet windows and the oculus) are just blank wall. The practicalities of building window tracery in this way severely limited the complexity of designs that could be produced and although plate tracery designs evolved over
456-445: A common gender with the definite suffix -en and the definite article den , in contrast with the neuter gender equivalents -et and det . The verb system was also more complex: it included subjunctive and imperative moods and verbs were conjugated according to person as well as number . By the 16th century, the case and gender systems of the colloquial spoken language and the profane literature had been largely reduced to
608-470: A guttural or "French R" pronunciation in the South Swedish dialects ; consequently, these dialects lack retroflex consonants . Swedish is a stress-timed language, where the time intervals between stressed syllables are equal. However, when casually spoken, it tends to be syllable-timed . Any stressed syllable carries one of two tones , which gives Swedish much of its characteristic sound. Prosody
760-401: A roundel or a quatrefoil . Plate tracery reached the height of its sophistication with the 12th-century windows of Chartres Cathedral and in the "Dean's Eye" rose window at Lincoln Cathedral . The earliest form of window tracery, typical of Gothic architecture before the early 13th century, is known as plate tracery because the individual lights (the glazed openings in the window) have
912-422: A Gothic revival style, with several new sculptures, wrought iron details and ridge turrets installed. Further changes were made later during the 20th century. In 1906 electrical lighting was installed, and in 1928 a new heating system. A fire sprinkler system was installed in the west tower in 1959 and a heat system to keep downpipes from freezing in winter was installed in 1968. Another thorough renovation of
1064-543: A Soviet submarine, refugees from the Baltic states , the sinking of MS Estonia in 1994, and the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami . Visby Cathedral belongs to the Church of Sweden and is the seat of the Bishop of Visby . It is an ecclesiastical monument , listed in the buildings database of the Swedish National Heritage Board . The cathedral is one of the major tourist sites on Gotland. In 2008, it
1216-522: A change from tauþr into tuþr . Moreover, the øy diphthong changed into a long, close ø , as in the Old Norse word for "island". By the end of the period, these innovations had affected most of the Runic Swedish-speaking area as well, with the exception of the dialects spoken north and east of Mälardalen where the diphthongs still exist in remote areas. Old Swedish (Swedish: fornsvenska )
1368-407: A circle or a cinquefoil or sexfoil. This style of window remained popular without great change until after 1300. In England there was a much greater variation in the design of tracery that evolved to fill these spaces. The style is known as Geometric Decorated Gothic and can be seen to splendid effect at many English cathedrals and major churches, where both the eastern and the western terminations of
1520-422: A continuation of the nave. The walls and vaults of the church are covered with yellowish plaster, and for the rest the limestone is exposed in e.g. piers and vault ribs. The vaults are supported by four pairs of piers. The successive changes to the church throughout the centuries has led to an irregular and variegated interior. The most south-westerly pier still support a round arch from the first building period,
1672-518: A conversation. Due to the close relation between the Scandinavian languages, a considerable proportion of speakers of Danish and especially Norwegian are able to understand Swedish. There is considerable migration between the Nordic countries , but owing to the similarity between the cultures and languages (with the exception of Finnish ), expatriates generally assimilate quickly and do not stand out as
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#17330845669071824-453: A decoration which originally ran around the entire facade. The east facade has three rows of openings above the three chancel windows. These openings, which were repaired and reconstructed at the turn of the last century, originally led to the attic of the cathedral. A sculpture of Christ was also installed by Haig at the gable top; it was made in England in the 1890s. The facade of the great chapel
1976-677: A group. According to the 2000 United States Census , some 67,000 people over the age of five were reported as Swedish speakers, though without any information on the degree of language proficiency. Similarly, there were 16,915 reported Swedish speakers in Canada from the 2001 census. Although there are no certain numbers, some 40,000 Swedes are estimated to live in the London area in the United Kingdom. Outside Sweden and Finland, there are about 40,000 active learners enrolled in Swedish language courses. In
2128-592: A large flat floor surface meant that designs could be drawn life-size and the individual elements of bar tracery laid out on the plan to test their goodness of fit, before hoisting them up the scaffolding for installation in the actual window openings. This also meant that masons could carry on working through the winter season, when building work would normally grind to a halt. The tracing floors themselves were covered with plaster-of-Paris , which could be relaid and smoothed down after each set of designs were finished with. The 14th-century tracing house at York (also known as
2280-609: A large proportion of the remaining 100,000 in the Scandinavian countries, France, Switzerland, Belgium, the Netherlands, Canada and Australia. Over three million people speak Swedish as a second language, with about 2,410,000 of those in Finland. According to a survey by the European Commission , 44% of respondents from Finland who did not have Swedish as a native language considered themselves to be proficient enough in Swedish to hold
2432-425: A more abstract sense, such as that set of fish; while fisken means "the fish". In certain cases, the definite form indicates possession, e. g., jag måste tvätta hår et ("I must wash my hair"). Adjectives are inflected in two declensions – indefinite and definite – and they must match the noun they modify in gender and number. The indefinite neuter and plural forms of an adjective are usually created by adding
2584-435: A noun. They can double as demonstrative pronouns or demonstrative determiners when used with adverbs such as här ("here") or där ("there") to form den/det här (can also be "denna/detta") ("this"), de här (can also be "dessa") ("these"), den/det där ("that"), and de där ("those"). For example, den där fisken means "that fish" and refers to a specific fish; den fisken is less definite and means "that fish" in
2736-450: A pointed arch through the west wall of the church. The keystones of the vaults are decorated with sculptures depicting the Lamb of God , the head of Christ and floral motifs. The capitals and corbels in the great chapel are also richly decorated with Gothic sculptures. The main altarpiece of the cathedral was installed in 1905 and designed by Haig. It is in a Gothic revival style, displaying
2888-555: A single size, with different sizes of mullions. The rose windows of Notre-Dame de Paris (c. 1270) are typical. The earliest bar tracery designs were made for the aisle windows at Reims Cathedral around 1215. The Reims windows still used the same 'two lancets plus oculus' pattern (as in the Soissons example above), but now the glass panels were held between narrow stone mullions made up of carefully shaped lengths of masonry (fitted together with mortar and metal pins) quite distinct from
3040-540: A solution typical of the Early Gothic or First Pointed style and of the Early English Gothic . Plate tracery was the first type of tracery to be developed, emerging in the style called High Gothic . High Gothic is distinguished by the appearance of bar tracery, allowing the construction of much larger window openings, and the development of Curvilinear, Flowing, and Reticulated tracery, ultimately contributing to
3192-667: A special branch of the Research Institute for the Languages of Finland has official status as the regulatory body for Swedish in Finland. Among its highest priorities is to maintain intelligibility with the language spoken in Sweden. It has published Finlandssvensk ordbok , a dictionary about the differences between Swedish in Finland and Sweden. From the 13th to 20th century, there were Swedish-speaking communities in Estonia , particularly on
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#17330845669073344-442: A suffix ( -t or -a ) to the common form of the adjective, e. g., en grön stol (a green chair), ett grönt hus (a green house), and gröna stolar ("green chairs"). The definite form of an adjective is identical to the indefinite plural form, e. g., den gröna stolen ("the green chair"), det gröna huset ("the green house"), and de gröna stolarna ("the green chairs"). Swedish pronouns are similar to those of English. Besides
3496-439: A total of eight lower lights, four small circular lights topped with two larger circles to fill out the interior arches, and finally above all one large circular shape filled with seven smaller circular lights. Geometrical tracery, in its early stages, had a rule of equilateral law, where the tracery design follows the shape of the arch in an equilateral manner. Additional decorative elements can be implemented, such as foliation or
3648-413: A village, Gammalsvenskby ("Old Swedish Village"). A few elderly people in the village still speak a Swedish dialect and observe the holidays of the Swedish calendar, although their dialect is most likely facing extinction. From 1918 to 1940, when Estonia was independent, the small Swedish community was well treated. Municipalities with a Swedish majority, mainly found along the coast, used Swedish as
3800-496: A window opening, lends itself to very wide spaces, provided it is adequately supported by many narrow vertical shafts. These are often further braced by horizontal transoms. The overall effect produces a grid-like appearance of regular, delicate, rectangular forms with an emphasis on the perpendicular. It is also employed as a wall decoration in which arcade and window openings form part of the whole decorative surface. The style, known as Perpendicular , that evolved from this treatment
3952-522: A wooden church, which was later replaced by a stone building. Originally built as a basilica , it was successively expanded and rebuilt during the Middle Ages . At the end of this period it had been transformed to a hall church , which it still is. In 1361, Gotland and the church became part of Denmark. Following the Reformation , it was the only medieval church in the city left in use, and in 1572 raised to
4104-403: Is a decorative element which arrived via French stonemasons who came to Sweden to work on Uppsala Cathedral. The nave and two aisles form a hall church five bays long. The aisles are slightly lower than the nave, and narrower. The last bay of the nave lies a few steps higher than the rest of the church, and the square chancel a few further steps higher. The chancel itself is spatially conceived as
4256-429: Is a simple Romanesque portal, slightly altered in 1821. A comparatively small northwestern portal, originally medieval, has also been rebuilt several times. The entrance to the sacristy dates from the restoration by Haig and its tympanum is decorated with a relief depicting Saint Nicholas . The face of Saint Nicholas bears a close resemblance to that of Bishop Knut Henning Gezelius von Schéele [ sv ] , who
4408-598: Is also probable that the development of the medieval church was influenced by developments on mainland Sweden. Some of the changes during the 14th century, e.g. the new tracery windows and the addition of a clerestory not visible from the interior, may have been inspired from the construction of Uppsala Cathedral . Conversely, the architecture of the church is Visby, and in general a supply of limestone and stonemasons from Gotland to mainland Sweden, may have had an influence on elements both in Uppsala and Linköping Cathedral during
4560-432: Is clearly distinguished from the rest of the building, and is also the most lavishly decorated, with its large un-decorated walls, its buttresses , pinnacles and gargoyles . The tabernacle frames on the buttresses next to the chapel portal are of a type quite common in continental Europe but in Sweden only known from Visby and Uppsala cathedrals. Of the gargoyles, three are original and one (depicting Samson's fight with
4712-433: Is from 1599, and has been restored in modern times by Grönlunds Orgelbyggeri [ sv ] . It is located on the west gallery above the nave. The so-called large organ is from 1892 and located on a gallery above the north aisle. Two smaller, modern organs stand on the floor next to the pulpit and in the north aisle. The organ in the great chapel was originally built for Klinte Church and dates from 1870. In addition,
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4864-477: Is generally seen as adding specific Central Swedish features to the new Bible. Though it might seem as if the Bible translation set a very powerful precedent for orthographic standards, spelling actually became more inconsistent during the remainder of the century. It was not until the 17th century that spelling began to be discussed, around the time when the first grammars were written. Capitalization during this time
5016-407: Is located within the medieval centre of Visby, inside the city wall . Archaeologists believe that a medieval trading post for merchants from Germany was located nearby since the church was used by them; during archaeological excavations, enameled and gilded figures as well as 14th-century glassware from Syria has been unearthed nearby, indicating that goods from far away were handled in the vicinity of
5168-538: Is marked primarily through suffixes (endings), complemented with separate definite and indefinite articles . The prosody features both stress and in most dialects tonal qualities. The language has a comparatively large vowel inventory. Swedish is also notable for the voiceless dorso-palatal velar fricative , a highly variable consonant phoneme . Swedish nouns and adjectives are declined in genders as well as number . Nouns are of common gender ( en form) or neuter gender ( ett form). The gender determines
5320-555: Is much more acute, and when employed in the arcade of a choir apse, such as at Westminster Abbey , adds to the emphasis of height. The simple shape of the lancet arch may appear in Early Gothic buildings on openings of all types, doorways, niches, arcades, including galleries; and belfry openings. The use of lancet windows is found in the Early Gothic architecture of France, at Saint-Denis, and Sens and Senlis cathedrals. At Chartres and Laon cathedrals lancet windows are grouped beneath
5472-563: Is often one of the most noticeable differences between dialects. The standard word order is, as in most Germanic languages , V2 , which means that the finite verb (V) appears in the second position (2) of a declarative main clause . Swedish morphology is similar to English; that is, words have comparatively few inflections . Swedish has two genders and is generally seen to have two grammatical cases – nominative and genitive (except for pronouns that, as in English, also are inflected in
5624-613: Is one of the official languages of the European Union , and one of the working languages of the Nordic Council . Under the Nordic Language Convention , citizens of the Nordic countries speaking Swedish have the opportunity to use their native language when interacting with official bodies in other Nordic countries without being liable for interpretation or translation costs. The Swedish Language Council ( Språkrådet )
5776-624: Is specific to England, although very similar to contemporary Spanish style in particular, and was employed to great effect through the 15th century and first half of the 16th as Renaissance styles were much slower to arrive in England than in Italy and France. It can be seen notably at the East End of Gloucester Cathedral where the East Window is said to be as large as a tennis court. There are three very famous royal chapels and one chapel-like Abbey which show
5928-475: Is termed nusvenska (lit., "Now-Swedish") in linguistics, and started in the last decades of the 19th century. It saw a democratization of the language with a less formal written form that approached the spoken one. The growth of a public school system also led to the evolution of so-called boksvenska (literally, "book Swedish"), especially among the working classes, where spelling to some extent influenced pronunciation, particularly in official contexts. With
6080-500: Is the national language that evolved from the Central Swedish dialects in the 19th century, and was well established by the beginning of the 20th century. While distinct regional varieties and rural dialects still exist, the written language is uniform and standardized . Swedish is the most widely spoken second language in Finland where its status is co- official language . Swedish was long spoken in parts of Estonia , although
6232-617: Is the doorway to the Chapter Room at Rochester Cathedral . The style was much used in England for wall arcading and niches. Prime examples are in the Lady Chapel at Ely , the Screen at Lincoln and externally on the façade of Exeter Cathedral . In German and Spanish Gothic architecture, it often appears as openwork screens on the exterior of buildings. The style was used to rich and sometimes extraordinary effect in both these countries, notably on
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6384-448: Is the grave of Eric, son of Albert , the Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and at one time king of Sweden. There is also a memorial in remembrance of the sinking of a Danish - Lübeck fleet outside Visby in 1566 and the German admiral and mayor of Lübeck Bartholomeus Tinnapfel. More recent memorials are dedicated in remembrance of the sinking of the Swedish passenger ship SS Hansa in 1944 by
6536-517: Is the predominant language; in 19 municipalities , 16 of which are located in Åland , Swedish is the sole official language. Åland county is an autonomous region of Finland. According to a rough estimation, as of 2010 there were up to 300,000 Swedish-speakers living outside Sweden and Finland. The largest populations were in the United States (up to 100,000), the UK, Spain and Germany (c. 30,000 each) and
6688-450: Is the regulator of Swedish in Sweden but does not attempt to enforce control of the language, as for instance the Académie française does for French . However, many organizations and agencies require the use of the council's publication Svenska skrivregler in official contexts, with it otherwise being regarded as a de facto orthographic standard. Among the many organizations that make up
6840-407: Is the sole official language of Åland (an autonomous province under the sovereignty of Finland), where the vast majority of the 26,000 inhabitants speak Swedish as a first language. In Finland as a whole, Swedish is one of the two "national" languages, with the same official status as Finnish (spoken by the majority) at the state level and an official language in some municipalities . Swedish
6992-621: Is the term used for the medieval Swedish language. The start date is usually set to 1225 since this is the year that Västgötalagen ("the Västgöta Law") is believed to have been compiled for the first time. It is among the most important documents of the period written in Latin script and the oldest Swedish law codes . Old Swedish is divided into äldre fornsvenska (1225–1375) and yngre fornsvenska (1375–1526), "older" and "younger" Old Swedish. Important outside influences during this time came with
7144-457: The Gustav Vasa Bible , a translation deemed so successful and influential that, with revisions incorporated in successive editions, it remained the most common Bible translation until 1917. The main translators were Laurentius Andreæ and the brothers Laurentius and Olaus Petri . The Vasa Bible is often considered to be a reasonable compromise between old and new; while not adhering to
7296-608: The Adoration of the Magi in the central panel, flanked by depictions of Saint Nicholas, Catherine of Vadstena , Bridget of Sweden and Saint Olaf . A 16th-century altarpiece originally from the cathedral is preserved in Källunge Church , to which it was sold in 1684. At that time it was replaced by a sandstone altarpiece made in Burgsvik on Gotland, today preserved in the cathedral in one of
7448-454: The Bishop of Linköping . Henceforth Saint Mary's Church was used both by the German congregation of Visby, and by the visiting German traders who continued to bring their own priests. The first church building was probably wooden, but no traces remain of this building. Construction of the current, stone building started during the second half of the 12th century. Funding was supplied through a levy which all visiting German traders had to pay. It
7600-463: The French vous (see T-V distinction ). Ni wound up being used as a slightly less familiar form of du , the singular second person pronoun, used to address people of lower social status. With the liberalization and radicalization of Swedish society in the 1950s and 1960s, these class distinctions became less important, and du became the standard, even in formal and official contexts. Though
7752-577: The Nordic countries overall. Swedish, like the other Nordic languages , is a descendant of Old Norse , the common language of the Germanic peoples living in Scandinavia during the Viking Age . It is largely mutually intelligible with Norwegian and Danish , although the degree of mutual intelligibility is dependent on the dialect and accent of the speaker. Standard Swedish , spoken by most Swedes ,
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#17330845669077904-508: The Rhineland , but indirect influences from France are also discernible in the Gothic architecture of the cathedral. In turn, its architecture influenced both local church building on Gotland and certain elements in the cathedrals of Linköping and Uppsala on mainland Sweden. It contains furnishings from several centuries; its main altarpiece is a Gothic revival piece from 1905. Visby Cathedral
8056-424: The Rhineland , which was where a large part of the German traders active on Gotland came from. The so-called bridal portal, for example, is in a typically late Romanesque Rhenish style. Even so, some features were local innovations. The hipped tower with its galleries, for example, had a lasting influence on church architecture on Gotland, and it inspired towers of similar design on several of the island's churches. It
8208-511: The United States , particularly during the 19th and early 20th centuries, there was a significant Swedish-speaking immigrant population. This was notably true in states like Minnesota , where many Swedish immigrants settled. By 1940, approximately 6% of Minnesota's population spoke Swedish. Although the use of Swedish has significantly declined, it is not uncommon to find older generations and communities that still retain some use and knowledge of
8360-519: The West Scandinavian languages , consisting of Faroese , Icelandic , and Norwegian . However, more recent analyses divide the North Germanic languages into two groups: Insular Scandinavian (Faroese and Icelandic), and Continental Scandinavian (Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish), based on mutual intelligibility due to heavy influence of East Scandinavian (particularly Danish) on Norwegian during
8512-581: The nationalist ideas that emerged during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the languages have separate orthographies , dictionaries, grammars, and regulatory bodies. Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish are thus from a linguistic perspective more accurately described as a dialect continuum of Scandinavian (North Germanic), and some of the dialects, such as those on the border between Norway and Sweden, especially parts of Bohuslän , Dalsland , western Värmland , western Dalarna , Härjedalen , Jämtland , and Scania , could be described as intermediate dialects of
8664-410: The object form) – although it is debated if the genitive in Swedish should be seen as a genitive case or just the nominative plus the so-called genitive s , then seen as a clitic . Swedish has two grammatical numbers – plural and singular . Adjectives have discrete comparative and superlative forms and are also inflected according to gender, number and definiteness . The definiteness of nouns
8816-475: The " spherical triangle ". The use of spherical triangles is a later adaption and likely reflects religious significance. Second Pointed (14th century) saw Intersecting tracery elaborated with ogees , creating a complex reticular (net-like) design known as Reticulated tracery. Second Pointed architecture deployed tracery in highly decorated fashion known as Curvilinear and Flowing (Undulating). These types of bar tracery were developed further throughout Europe in
8968-400: The 15th and 16th centuries to create windows of increasing size with flatter window-heads, often filling the entire wall of the bay between each buttress. The windows were themselves divided into panels of lights topped by pointed arches struck from four centres. The transoms were often topped by miniature crenellations . The windows at King's College Chapel, Cambridge (1446–1515) represent
9120-475: The 15th century into the Flamboyant style, named for the characteristic flame-shaped spaces between the tracery bars. These shapes are known as daggers, fish-bladders, or mouchettes. Starting in the late 13th century and at the beginning of the 14th century, tracery took on more fluid characteristics. A common shape used in curvilinear tracery was that of the ogee, which was too weak for structural application and
9272-399: The 1950s, when their use was removed from all official recommendations. A very significant change in Swedish occurred in the late 1960s, with the so-called du-reformen . Previously, the proper way to address people of the same or higher social status had been by title and surname. The use of herr ("Mr." or "Sir"), fru ("Mrs." or "Ma'am") or fröken ("Miss") was considered
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#17330845669079424-478: The 8th century, the common Germanic language of Scandinavia, Proto-Norse , evolved into Old Norse. This language underwent more changes that did not spread to all of Scandinavia, which resulted in the appearance of two similar dialects: Old West Norse (Norway, the Faroe Islands and Iceland) and Old East Norse (Denmark and Sweden). The dialects of Old East Norse spoken in Sweden are called Runic Swedish , while
9576-591: The Cathedrals of Limoges and Rouen in France. In England the most famous examples are the west window of York Minster with its design based on the Sacred Heart , the rich nine-light east window at Carlisle Cathedral and the east window of Selby Abbey . Doorways surmounted by Flamboyant mouldings are very common in both ecclesiastical and domestic architecture in France. They are much rarer in England. A notable example
9728-523: The Flamboyant style. Late Gothic in most of Europe saw tracery patterns resembling lace develop, while in England Perpendicular Gothic or Third Pointed preferred plainer vertical mullions and transoms. Plate tracery, in which lights were pierced in a thin wall of ashlar , allowed a window arch to have more than one light – typically two side by side and separated by flat stone spandrels . The spandrels were then sculpted into figures like
9880-466: The Middle Ages. Visby Cathedral has a nave with two aisles, a square chancel, a square western tower and two smaller, octagonal towers in the angle between the chancel and the nave. To the south there is a large chapel, the so-called great chapel, which projects from the south facade. A smaller chapel next to it is known as the merchants' chapel (Swedish: köpmankoret ). The roof of the nave is higher than
10032-464: The Modern Swedish period were the gradual assimilation of several different consonant clusters into the fricative [ʃ] and later into [ɧ] . There was also the gradual softening of [ɡ] and [k] into [j] and the fricative [ɕ] before front vowels . The velar fricative [ɣ] was also transformed into the corresponding plosive [ɡ] . The period that includes Swedish as it is spoken today
10184-584: The Swedish Language Council, the Swedish Academy (established 1786) is arguably the most influential. Its primary instruments are the spelling dictionary Svenska Akademiens ordlista ( SAOL , currently in its 14th edition) and the dictionary Svenska Akademiens Ordbok , in addition to various books on grammar, spelling and manuals of style. Although the dictionaries have a prescriptive element, they mainly describe current usage. In Finland,
10336-498: The administrative language and Swedish-Estonian culture saw an upswing. However, most Swedish-speaking people fled to Sweden before the end of World War II , that is, before the invasion of Estonia by the Soviet army in 1944. Only a handful of speakers remain. Swedish dialects have either 17 or 18 vowel phonemes , 9 long and 9 short. As in the other Germanic languages, including English, most long vowels are phonetically paired with one of
10488-476: The aisles. It contains the monograms of King Charles XI of Sweden and Queen Ulrika Eleonora . A rood cross from the 15th century from the cathedral is today preserved in Gotland Museum . It is inspired by the so-called Holy Face of Lucca . The cathedral is still in possession of a 13th-century wooden sculpture of the resurrected Christ, placed in the rood. A church tabernacle made of oak and dating from
10640-416: The appearance of being cut out of a flat plate of masonry. Romanesque church windows were normally quite small, somewhat taller than wide and with a simple round-headed ('segmental') arch at the top. From around the 1140s, the pointed arch Gothic window (employed by Abbot Suger for the redesign of the choir at St Denis ) started to take over. As the buttressing systems of early Gothic architecture reduced
10792-454: The building may be occupied by a single large window such as the east window at Lincoln and the west window at Worcester Cathedral. Windows of complex design and of three or more lights or vertical sections are often designed by overlapping two or more equilateral arches springing from the vertical mullions. Rayonnant is the term used particularly to describe the style that produced the great rose windows of France. These windows deck not only
10944-429: The cathedral was carried out between 1979 and 1985 by architect Jerk Alton [ sv ] . The most noticeable change made during this renovation was that the great chapel was closed off from the main room of the cathedral. During the work, fragments of medieval murals were discovered in the north aisle. Another renovation of the exterior and the interior was again carried out again in 2013–2015. Visby Cathedral
11096-423: The cathedral without any major alterations, except where it was deemed necessary. The most far-reaching changes were that the 14th-century clerestory was restored, the roofs of the aisles lowered, the removal of whitewash from the facade, the construction of a new sacristy and the renovation of the gable of the great chapel in a Gothic revival style. The decoration of cathedral was also partially renewed, also in
11248-460: The cemetery. The oldest of these is the northernmost, a crow-stepped medieval lychgate probably from the late 14th century. It retains some of its original sculpted decoration. The south entrance is Baroque in style, and contains the faded monogram of Christian IV of Denmark and the coat of arms of Jens Hög, governor of Gotland 1627–1633. The medieval church was stylistically closely related to German models, particularly from Westphalia and
11400-418: The church is also in possession of a harpsichord , placed in the chancel, which earlier belonged to harpsichordist Eva Nordenfelt [ sv ] . There is also a carillon with 45 bells from 1960. Visby Cathedral also contains a large amount of tombstones and funerary memorials. The oldest dates from the 14th century, and the last was installed in the church during the 18th century. Among these, there
11552-455: The church. West of the cathedral lies the residence of the Bishop of Visby. Its current main building dates from 1938 to 1939 and is built in a style inspired by traditional parsonages on the countryside of Gotland. The residence complex also incorporates buildings of medieval origin. Immediately surrounding the cathedral is the irregularly shaped former cathedral cemetery. There are six entrances to
11704-497: The city. Being a church for itinerant traders, it originally lacked a territorial congregation and was not subjected to any bishop or lord. Instead, it would be used by the traders whenever they were in Visby, and they brought along their own clergy. At other times the church was simply unused and stood empty. Eventually several of the traders settled permanently in Visby, and formed a territorial congregation subjected, like all of Gotland, to
11856-498: The colloquial spoken language of its day, it was not overly conservative in its use of archaic forms. It was a major step towards a more consistent Swedish orthography . It established the use of the vowels "å", "ä", and "ö", and the spelling "ck" in place of "kk", distinguishing it clearly from the Danish Bible, perhaps intentionally, given the ongoing rivalry between the countries. All three translators came from central Sweden, which
12008-417: The complexity of tracery increased, so did the need for masons to draw out their designs in advance, either as a way of experimenting with patterns or as a way of communicating their designs to other craftsmen or to their patrons. Because of the cost and size limitations of parchment sheets, such designs would normally be drawn by incising onto a whitewashed board or a conveniently placed section of flat wall. In
12160-434: The course of the 12th and early 13th centuries, in practice, the only real variation was in the number and size of lancets and in the trefoils, quatrefoils and oculi used to fill the spaces above them. The rose windows of early- and high-Gothic cathedrals, such as the example in the north transept of Laon Cathedral (1170s) or the west facade at Chartres (c. 1210), also employed plate tracery. This greatly limited
12312-695: The current status of the Estonian Swedish speakers is almost extinct. It is also used in the Swedish diaspora , most notably in Oslo , Norway, with more than 50,000 Swedish residents. Swedish is an Indo-European language belonging to the North Germanic branch of the Germanic languages . In the established classification, it belongs to the East Scandinavian languages , together with Danish , separating it from
12464-403: The declension of the adjectives . For example, the word fisk ("fish") is a noun of common gender ( en fisk ) and can have the following forms: The definite singular form of a noun is created by adding a suffix ( -en , -n , -et or -t ), depending on its gender and if the noun ends in a vowel or not. The definite articles den , det , and de are used for variations to the definitiveness of
12616-506: The design. In Gothic tracery, rounded quatrefoils have been used in modern industrial ornament which is used to embellish different parts of a building or certain objects. This is formed with the use of squares as the base and then constructing circles tangent to each side of the square in the center of the side as well as a tangent to each of the circle's sides. This type of construction is used generously in Gothic buildings. For instance, rounded quatrefoils were used in tiled pavements like
12768-527: The dialects of Denmark are referred to as Runic Danish . The dialects are described as "runic" because the main body of text appears in the runic alphabet . Unlike Proto-Norse, which was written with the Elder Futhark alphabet, Old Norse was written with the Younger Futhark alphabet, which had only 16 letters. Because the number of runes was limited, some runes were used for a range of phonemes , such as
12920-640: The east wall of the chancel were installed in 1892 and were made by Karl de Bouché [ de ] in Munich , inspired by the medieval stained glass in Bourges Cathedral . The five windows in the great chapel are made by artist Per Andersson [ sv ] , installed between 1985 and 1990. Each window has a theme: "the guardian of truth", "the vine", "New Jerusalem", "the Apocalypse" and "the gardener". The cathedral has five church organs . The oldest
13072-460: The eastern end of the south wall inside the Galillee porch of Ely Cathedral , or the extensive series of tracings on the flat aisle roofs of Clermont-Ferrand Cathedral .) A number of major building sites (including Westminster Abbey , Wells Cathedral and York Minster ) originally had dedicated tracery chambers, where the architects could prepare their designs in relative comfort. The availability of
13224-484: The evolution of the dominant patterns of window tracery. In terms of the overall development of Gothic architecture, the crucial development was not so much the use of any particular tracery patterns but the transition from plate to bar tracery, which was what made the Rayonnant and subsequent styles possible. To construct traceries proportionately it is important to use the basis of geometry to help create correct angles for
13376-407: The facade was probably covered with whitewash with the exception of more finely sculpted details. All whitewash was removed during the renovation by Haig. The facade of the eastern part of the church, including the chancel and the two east towers, is more richly decorated than the western part of the building. A lombard band runs around the chancel, the bay with the bridal portal and the west tower,
13528-466: The famous pulpit in Vienna Cathedral . The depressed or four-centred arch is much wider than its height and gives the visual effect of having been flattened under pressure. Its structure is achieved by drafting two arcs that rise steeply from each springing point on a small radius and then turn into two arches with a wide radius and much lower springing point. This type of arch, when employed as
13680-540: The firm establishment of the Christian church and various monastic orders, introducing many Greek and Latin loanwords. With the rise of Hanseatic power in the late 13th and early 14th century, Middle Low German became very influential. The Hanseatic league provided Swedish commerce and administration with a large number of Low German -speaking immigrants. Many became quite influential members of Swedish medieval society, and brought terms from their native languages into
13832-465: The heights of Perpendicular tracery. As bar tracery opened the way for more complex patterns, masons started applying those same patterns to other surfaces as well as the actual window openings. When used on an otherwise solid walls, such motifs are known as blind tracery, a decorative effect first applied on the west facade of the church of St Nicaise at Reims (1230s). Conversely, tracery was also constructed as openwork screens, which could either match
13984-467: The increasingly large windows of Gothic buildings needed maximum support against the wind. The term probably derives from the tracing floors on which the complex patterns of windows were laid out in late Gothic architecture . Tracery can be found on the exterior of buildings as well as the interior. There are two main types: plate tracery and the later bar tracery. The evolving style from Romanesque to Gothic architecture and changing features, such as
14136-430: The industrialization and urbanization of Sweden well under way by the last decades of the 19th century, a new breed of authors made their mark on Swedish literature . Many scholars, politicians and other public figures had a great influence on the emerging national language, among them prolific authors like the poet Gustaf Fröding , Nobel laureate Selma Lagerlöf and radical writer and playwright August Strindberg . It
14288-555: The islands (e. g., Hiiumaa , Vormsi , Ruhnu ; in Swedish, known as Dagö , Ormsö , Runö , respectively) along the coast of the Baltic , communities that today have all disappeared. The Swedish-speaking minority was represented in parliament , and entitled to use their native language in parliamentary debates. After the loss of Estonia to the Russian Empire in the early 18th century, around 1,000 Estonian Swedish speakers were forced to march to southern Ukraine , where they founded
14440-484: The language, particularly in rural communities like Lindström and Scandia . Swedish is the official main language of Sweden. Swedish is also one of two official languages of Finland. In Sweden, it has long been used in local and state government, and most of the educational system, but remained only a de facto primary language with no official status in law until 2009. A bill was proposed in 2005 that would have made Swedish an official language, but failed to pass by
14592-480: The last millennium and divergence from both Faroese and Icelandic. By many general criteria of mutual intelligibility, the Continental Scandinavian languages could very well be considered dialects of a common Scandinavian language. However, because of several hundred years of sometimes quite intense rivalry between Denmark and Sweden, including a long series of wars from the 16th to 18th centuries, and
14744-579: The later 14th century and is typified by Rectilinear tracery (panel-tracery). The mullions are often joined by transoms and continue up their straight vertical lines to the top of the window's main arch, some branching off into lesser arches, and creating a series of panel-like lights. Perpendicular strove for verticality and dispensed with the Curvilinear style's sinuous lines in favour of unbroken straight mullions from top to bottom, transected by horizontal transoms and bars. Four-centred arch es were used in
14896-464: The latter case, the wall would be prepared with a thin layer of plaster, which would show the design more clearly. A number of churches and cathedrals still show the faint remains of these tracings (or épures as they are known in France), from where the mason's compass points scratched through the plaster and into the masonry below. (Examples include some experimental 14th-century window tracery patterns at
15048-524: The lion ) a 19th-century copy of the original. A fifth gargoyle was installed by Haig at the turn of the last century. Such gargoyles are unknown from other Swedish medieval churches, though they were copied in some churches on Gotland (e.g. Lärbro and Stånga churches ). Much of the upper part of the facade of the great chapel dates from Haig's restoration, including the flèche and the large sculpture of Christ and its surrounding Gothic revival framing elements. The cathedral has five portals. The tower portal
15200-599: The many other churches were left to decay; today they are preserved only as ruins on Gotland . Somewhat later, in 1572, the Diocese of Visby was established and Saint Mary's Church was promoted to the status of a cathedral . In 1645, following the Treaty of Brömsebro , Gotland was ceded by Denmark to Sweden. In 1611, a fire damaged the eastern part of the cathedral, and the spires of the east towers had to be replaced. The current wooden Baroque spires of these towers date from 1761, and
15352-427: The mason's yard – work that could continue even when it was too cold for lime mortar to set. The technical aspects of the windows at Reims clearly fascinated Villard de Honnecourt , who visited the construction site, probably in the 1220s, and made a detailed sketch of the various templates, using a key to show how they fitted into the different parts of the window (the templates are in the lower half of folio 32 recto;
15504-477: The middle of the 13th century is also still in the cathedral. The decorated wooden pulpit dates from 1684. It was a gift by a trader and later mayor of Visby, Johan Wolters, who had moved to Visby from Germany in 1684. Of more recent date is a nativity scene , displayed at Christmas annually, made in 1981 by Margaretha Ingelse. All the windows of the cathedral probably contained medieval stained glass once, but none have been preserved. The three stained glass in
15656-525: The mullions continued beyond the tops of the window lights and subdivided the open spandrels above the lights into a variety of decorative shapes. Rayonnant style (c. 1230–c. 1350) was enabled by the development of bar tracery in Continental Europe and is named for the radiation of lights around a central point in circular rose windows. Rayonnant also deployed mouldings of two different types in tracery, where earlier styles had used moulding of
15808-560: The narrowest possible margin (145–147) due to a pairing-off failure. A proposal for a broader language law, designating Swedish as the main language of the country and bolstering the status of the minority languages, was submitted by an expert committee to the Swedish Ministry of Culture in March 2008. It was subsequently enacted by the Riksdag , and entered into effect on 1 July 2009. Swedish
15960-421: The national standard languages. Swedish pronunciations also vary greatly from one region to another, a legacy of the vast geographic distances and historical isolation. Even so, the vocabulary is standardized to a level that make dialects within Sweden virtually fully mutually intelligible. East Germanic languages West Germanic languages Icelandic Faroese Norwegian Danish Swedish In
16112-477: The nave and transforming the church from a basilica to a hall church , again after models from western Germany. About fifty years later, a large chapel was constructed to the south. The chapel is today simply called "the great chapel" ( stora kapellet ) but was in the Middle Ages dedicated to Saint Mary. New, larger tracery windows in Gothic style were also installed piecemeal during the 14th century. The church roof
16264-421: The nave of Lincoln Cathedral, or grouped, as in the nave of Salisbury Cathedral where they are in two in the aisles and threes in the clerestory. Because large lancet windows, such as those lighting the aisles of a church, may be wide in comparison to a single light in a traceried window, they often have armatures of wood or iron to support the glass. The arch of a lancet opening is often equilateral, but sometimes
16416-399: The north portal of Riga Cathedral , and more generally to influences originally from Westphalia. The south entrance to the great chapel is the most elaborate of the entrances. Something comparable to its unusual decoration with a succession of pinnacles as it were climbing the sides of the wimperg is only known from Strasbourg Cathedral and Cologne Cathedral ; it has been assumed that it
16568-424: The north. An early change that separated Runic Danish from the other dialects of Old East Norse was the change of the diphthong æi to the monophthong é , as in stæinn to sténn "stone". This is reflected in runic inscriptions where the older read stain and the later stin . There was also a change of au as in dauðr into a long open ø as in døðr "dead". This change is shown in runic inscriptions as
16720-1002: The ones in the Gloucester Cathedral or in Great Malvern , Worcestershire , England. It was also common in the work of the Chinese and Japanese. Rounded multifoils are found in different parts of Gothic buildings such as circular windows and pointed windows containing circular lights. These designs can have rings ranging from seven to eleven small circles. They are often seen in England but have become quite popular in French Gothic architecture. This design has been used since medieval times in tiles used in Gothic buildings. The tile pavement used in Jervaulx Abbey in Yorkshire, England, had rings of six and twelve circles inside another circle. As
16872-441: The only acceptable way to begin conversation with strangers of unknown occupation, academic title or military rank. The fact that the listener should preferably be referred to in the third person tended to further complicate spoken communication between members of society. In the early 20th century, an unsuccessful attempt was made to replace the insistence on titles with ni —the standard second person plural pronoun)—analogous to
17024-410: The only visible remnant of the basilica. The capitals of the pillars are also different, ranging from capitals from the earliest building phase to capitals made during the renovation at the turn of the last century. The vaults of the church are all groin vaults. The great chapel is shaped as a room of its own, consisting of three bays of equal height. It is connected with the rest of the church through
17176-402: The original Germanic three- gender system. Nouns , adjectives , pronouns and certain numerals were inflected in four cases; besides the extant nominative , there were also the genitive (later possessive ), dative and accusative . The gender system resembled that of modern German , having masculine, feminine and neuter genders. The masculine and feminine genders were later merged into
17328-402: The overall amount of light admitted to the interior by these windows, as well as restricting the complexity of patterns that could be created. At the beginning of the 13th century, plate tracery was superseded by bar tracery. Bar tracery divides the large lights from one another with moulded mullions . Bar tracery, an important decorative element of Gothic styles, appeared first at Reims and
17480-791: The prime example. York Minster has a group of lancet windows each fifty feet high and still containing ancient glass. They are known as the Five Sisters. Wells Cathedral is notable for the continuous rows of lancet openings that make up the triforiun galleries. Lancet windows are used extensively in the Gothic churches of Italy, including Florence Cathedral and in the Brick Gothic churches of Germany and Poland. The equilateral arch lends itself to filling with tracery of simple equilateral, circular and semi-circular forms. In France, windows of clerestories and other larger windows were commonly divided into two lights, with some simple Geometric tracery above,
17632-480: The reform was not an act of any centralized political decree, but rather the result of sweeping change in social attitudes, it was completed in just a few years, from the late 1960s to early 1970s. The use of ni as a polite form of address is sometimes encountered today in both the written and spoken language, particularly among older speakers. Swedish is the sole official national language of Sweden , and one of two in Finland (alongside Finnish ). As of 2006, it
17784-399: The roofs above the aisles, and supported by a clerestory which provides light to a large attic. The oldest parts of the cathedral are the lower part of the western tower (up to the upper lombard band ), the gables of the original transepts (incorporated in the present north and south walls), the portal from the sacristy to the church and some of the pillars and vaults. During the Middle Ages,
17936-412: The rose windows. Tall narrow lancets are also found in radiating groups in the chancel apses of some churches, such as Chartres Cathedral. It is common in France for lancet windows to be used in smaller, narrower spaces, such as the chapels of a chevet , while traceries windows are used in the clerestory. The style Lancet Gothic is known in England as Early English Gothic, with Salisbury Cathedral being
18088-463: The rune for the vowel u , which was also used for the vowels o , ø and y , and the rune for i , also used for e . From 1200 onwards, the dialects in Denmark began to diverge from those of Sweden. The innovations spread unevenly from Denmark, creating a series of minor dialectal boundaries, or isoglosses , ranging from Zealand in the south to Norrland , Österbotten and northwestern Finland in
18240-431: The same year the gable of the great chapel was also rebuilt. The spire of the west tower is from 1746. The roofs have been continually repaired since at least the 18th century, and at some point the roofs of the aisles were raised to cover the medieval clerestory. The interior was renovated in 1890–93, and between 1899 and 1903 the cathedral was substantially renovated under the leadership of architect Axel Haig . Haig, who
18392-444: The short /e/ (transcribed ⟨ ɛ ⟩ in the chart below). There are 18 consonant phonemes, two of which, / ɧ / and /r/ , vary considerably in pronunciation depending on the dialect and social status of the speaker. In many dialects, sequences of /r/ (pronounced alveolarly) with a dental consonant result in retroflex consonants ; alveolarity of the pronunciation of /r/ is a precondition for this retroflexion. /r/ has
18544-428: The short vowels, and the pairs are such that the two vowels are of similar quality , but with the short vowel being slightly lower and slightly centralized. In contrast to e.g. Danish, which has only tense vowels, the short vowels are slightly more lax, but the tense vs. lax contrast is not nearly as pronounced as in English, German or Dutch. In many dialects, the short vowel sound pronounced [ɛ] or [æ] has merged with
18696-411: The status of cathedral. Since 1645 Gotland and the cathedral have been part of Sweden. A major renovation was carried out in 1899–1903 under the guidance of architect Axel Haig . The cathedral consists of a nave with two aisles, a square chancel, a square western tower and two smaller, octagonal towers to the east. Stylistically, it is related to medieval German models, particularly from Westphalia and
18848-467: The structural need for broad expanses of thick walls, window openings grew progressively larger and instead of having just one very large window per bay division (which would create problems with supporting the glass), the typical early-Gothic 'twin lancet plus oculus ' form of plate tracery developed. This consists of two (sometimes three) tall thin lights topped with pointed arches, with a round or trefoil opening placed above them, often contained within
19000-461: The style at its most elaborate: King's College Chapel , Cambridge ; St George's Chapel, Windsor ; Henry VII's Chapel at Westminster Abbey and Bath Abbey . However, very many simpler buildings, especially churches built during the wool boom in East Anglia , are fine examples of the style. Most 19th-century histories of Gothic architectural style used a series of typological categories based on
19152-440: The subject in a clause, a trait that is restricted to North Germanic languages: Tracery Tracery is an architectural device by which windows (or screens, panels, and vaults) are divided into sections of various proportions by stone bars or ribs of moulding . Most commonly, it refers to the stonework elements that support the glass in a window. The purpose of the device is practical as well as decorative, because
19304-599: The symbols besides the templates match similar ones on the detailed drawing of the Reims elevations on the facing page, folio 31 verso). The early phase of Middle Pointed style (late 13th century) is characterized by Geometrical tracery – simple bar tracery forming patterns of foiled arches and circles interspersed with triangular lights. The mullions of Geometrical style typically had capitals with curved bars emerging from them. Intersecting bar tracery (c. 1300) deployed mullions without capitals which branched off equidistant to
19456-532: The thinning of lateral walls and enlarging of windows, led to the innovation of tracery. The earliest form of tracery, called plate tracery, began as openings that were pierced from a stone slab. Bar tracery was then implemented, having derived from the plate tracery. However, instead of a slab, the windows were defined by moulded stone mullions , which were lighter and allowed for more openings and intricate designs. Pointed arch windows of Gothic buildings were initially (late 12th–late 13th centuries) lancet windows ,
19608-416: The transept was enlarged and the two eastern, smaller towers built in the angle between the transept and the chancel. A new portal, the so-called bridal portal (Swedish: brudportalen ) was constructed in the western transept where it still remains. After a short hiatus the nave was reconstructed in the middle of the 13th century. Saint Mary's Church was at the same time widened, integrating the transepts into
19760-526: The two cases and two genders of modern Swedish. A transitional change of the Latin script in the Nordic countries was to spell the letter combination "ae" as æ – and sometimes as a' – though it varied between persons and regions. The combination "ao" was similarly rendered a , and "oe" became o . These three were later to evolve into the separate letters ä , å and ö . The first time the new letters were used in print
19912-517: The two natural genders han and hon ("he" and "she"), there are also the two grammatical genders den and det , usually termed common and neuter . In recent years, a gender-neutral pronoun hen has been introduced, particularly in literary Swedish. Unlike the nouns, pronouns have an additional object form, derived from the old dative form. Hon , for example, has the following nominative, possessive, and object forms: Swedish also uses third-person possessive reflexive pronouns that refer to
20064-605: The upper part of each main arc turning upwards into a smaller arc and meeting at a sharp, flame-like point. These arches create a rich and lively effect when used for window tracery and surface decoration. The form is structurally weak and has very rarely been used for large openings except when contained within a larger and more stable arch. It is not employed at all for vaulting . Some of the most beautiful and famous traceried windows of Europe employ this type of tracery. It can be seen at St Stephen's Vienna , Sainte-Chapelle in Paris, at
20216-439: The vocabulary. Besides a great number of loanwords for such areas as warfare, trade and administration, general grammatical suffixes and even conjunctions were imported. The League also brought a certain measure of influence from Danish (at the time Swedish and Danish were much more similar than today). Early Old Swedish was markedly different from the modern language in that it had a more complex case structure and also retained
20368-520: The wall surrounding them. These mullions were much more slender than the corresponding elements in plate-tracery windows and crucially, the previously solid wall areas such as the spandrels could also now be glazed, greatly increasing the amount of light admitted. The cross-section of each mullion or tracery bar was important both for the structural integrity of the window and for the visual effect. As can be seen in Viollet-le-Duc 's diagram (right) there
20520-421: The west fronts of churches, but often, as at Notre-Dame de Paris, the transept gables as well. It is common that although the transepts of French churches do not project strongly, they are given visual importance almost equal to the west front, including large decorated portals and a rose window. Particularly fine examples are at Notre-Dame and Chartres Cathedral. The Flamboyant Arch is drafted from four points,
20672-482: The window tracery behind them (e.g. the Basilica of Saint Urbain, Troyes ) or create a visual counterpoint to it, as on the exterior of the west facade of Strasbourg Cathedral . Open tracery in particular was a key feature of the later phases of Rayonnant and Flamboyant Gothic. The simplest shape of a Gothic window is a long opening with a pointed arch known in England as the lancet. Lancet windows may be used singly, as in
20824-434: The window-head. The window-heads themselves were formed of equal curves forming a pointed arch and the tracery bars were curved by drawing curves with differing radii from the same centres as the window-heads. The mullions were in consequence branched into Y-shaped designs further ornamented with cusps. The intersecting branches produced an array of lozenge -shaped lights in between numerous lancet arched lights. Y-tracery
20976-455: Was also raised, adding a clerestory whose windows however only provided light for a new, large attic; the exterior was thus changed to appear as that of a basilica, without altering the interior at all. These changes meant a departure from the typical hall church architecture and indicates inspiration from classical Gothic cathedral architecture. The main purpose appears to have been to make the church appear more dominating from outside. The tower
21128-425: Was bishop in Visby at the time. The former main north portal, which today connects the sacristy with the church and thus is not visible for regular visitors, is one of the oldest preserved parts of the cathedral. The aforementioned so-called bridal portal, in the south facade, is from the 13th century. Its capitals are decorated with floral ornaments, and stylistically the portal is related to Magdeburg Cathedral and
21280-429: Was born on Gotland but had pursued a career in the United Kingdom as an architect, produced a proposal for a renovation of the cathedral to the cathedral chapter on his own initiative. His proposal was with some minor adjustments accepted, after funding had been secured from the Swedish government. However, the funds did not include money to pay Haig, who did the work without a salary. The work aimed to repair and preserve
21432-451: Was consecrated by Bishop Bengt of Linköping on 27 July 1225. This first stone church was a basilica in Romanesque style . It had a nave , two aisles , a western tower and a transept . It had a square chancel and an apse -like east end. It is possible that also the transept arms had apses. Quite soon thereafter, the chancel was rebuilt into the square chancel seen today. At the same time
21584-484: Was during the 20th century that a common, standardized national language became available to all Swedes. The orthography finally stabilized and became almost completely uniform, with some minor deviations, by the time of the spelling reform of 1906. With the exception of plural forms of verbs and a slightly different syntax, particularly in the written language, the language was the same as the Swedish of today. The plural verb forms appeared decreasingly in formal writing into
21736-476: Was employed in England around 1240. After 1220, master builders in England had begun to treat the window openings as a series of openings divided by thin stone bars, while before 1230 the apse chapels of Reims Cathedral were decorated with bar tracery with cusped circles (with bars radiating from the centre). Bar tracery became common after c. 1240, with increasing complexity and decreasing weight. The lines of
21888-519: Was heightened in 1423. Few changes have been made to the building since the end of the Middle Ages. Since the Battle of Visby in 1361, Gotland was a Danish province, and hence was affected by the Danish Reformation . Changes in doctrine meant that the city of Visby thereafter only had need of a single church for a single congregation. The church of the German traders was chosen to serve the town, while
22040-636: Was in Aff dyäffwlsens frästilse ("By the Devil's temptation") published by Johan Gerson in 1495. Modern Swedish (Swedish: nysvenska ) begins with the advent of the printing press and the European Reformation . After assuming power, the new monarch Gustav Vasa ordered a Swedish translation of the Bible . The New Testament was published in 1526, followed by a full Bible translation in 1541, usually referred to as
22192-516: Was instead used as a decorative element. The use of the ogee in curvilinear tracery can be seen in the west window of St Mary's parish church in Cottingham , East Riding of Yorkshire . A secondary style, considered related to curvilinear tracery, is called reticulated tracery. Reticulated tracery fills the head of the arch with repeated forms creating the appearance of a net-like pattern. Third Pointed or Perpendicular Gothic developed in England from
22344-434: Was normally a roll-moulding on both the inside and outside of the windows, which made the mullions appear even more slender than they actually were. The shoulder marked 'B' on the diagram is the glazing slot, into which the metal frame ( armature ) of the window glass is mounted. Unlike with plate tracery, where each stone had to be individually shaped, the elements of bar tracery could be mass-produced to standard templates in
22496-470: Was not originally built as a cathedral, but as a church for the German traders who visited Visby during the 13th century. The city was an important port of the powerful, German-dominated Hanseatic League , and the church was one of the most important churches of the city. At the end of the Middle Ages Saint Mary's Church was the richest church in Visby by far, and it was the second-largest church of
22648-470: Was not standardized. It depended on the authors and their background. Those influenced by German capitalized all nouns, while others capitalized more sparsely. It is also not always apparent which letters are capitalized owing to the Gothic or blackletter typeface that was used to print the Bible. This typeface was in use until the mid-18th century, when it was gradually replaced with a Latin typeface (often Antiqua ). Some important changes in sound during
22800-420: Was often employed in two-light windows c. 1300. Geometrical tracery is identified by the circular openings at the head of the arch of the window. A common composition is three lights beneath two circles and a third at the point of the arch; such an example can be seen along the aisle at Lincoln Cathedral Also at Lincoln Cathedral, the east window is an expanded version of this idea with two interior arches,
22952-526: Was the sole native language of 83% of Swedish residents. In 2007, around 5.5% (c. 290,000) of the population of Finland were native speakers of Swedish, partially due to a decline following the Russian annexation of Finland after the Finnish War 1808–1809. The Fenno-Swedish - speaking minority is concentrated in the coastal areas and archipelagos of southern and western Finland. In some of these areas, Swedish
23104-504: Was visited by over 205,000 people. Swedish language Swedish ( endonym : svenska [ˈsvɛ̂nːska] ) is a North Germanic language from the Indo-European language family , spoken predominantly in Sweden and parts of Finland . It has at least 10 million native speakers, making it the fourth most spoken Germanic language , and the first among its type in
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