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75-485: The first Board of Trustees began the organization in 1968. At the time, it was called the "Norfolk Theatre Center", and the first performances were presented in a 120-seat space in the former public library building on Freemason Street. The Theatre Center later moved to a makeshift space under Chrysler Hall and became known as the Stage Downunder at Scope . In the late 1970s, the board of trustees decided to develop

150-441: A quorum must be present before any business may be conducted. Usually, a meeting which is held without notice having been given is still valid if all of the directors attend, but it has been held that a failure to give notice may negate resolutions passed at a meeting, because the persuasive oratory of a minority of directors might have persuaded the majority to change their minds and vote otherwise. In most common law countries,

225-442: A board is not a career unto itself. For major corporations, the board members are usually professionals or leaders in their field. In the case of outside directors, they are often senior leaders of other organizations. Nevertheless, board members often receive remunerations amounting to hundreds of thousands of dollars per year since they often sit on the boards of several companies. Inside directors are usually not paid for sitting on

300-527: A board of directors vary depending on the nature and type of business entity and the laws applying to the entity (see types of business entity ). For example, the nature of the business entity may be one that is traded on a public market (public company), not traded on a public market (a private, limited or closely held company), owned by family members (a family business), or exempt from income taxes (a non-profit, not for profit, or tax-exempt entity). There are numerous types of business entities available throughout

375-405: A board of directors vary widely across organizations and may include provisions that are applicable to corporations, in which the "shareholders" are the members of the organization. A difference may be that the membership elects the officers of the organization, such as the president and the secretary, and the officers become members of the board in addition to the directors and retain those duties on

450-515: A board, but the duty is instead considered part of their larger job description. Outside directors are usually paid for their services. These remunerations vary between corporations, but usually consist of a yearly or monthly salary, additional compensation for each meeting attended, stock options, and various other benefits. such as travel, hotel and meal expenses for the board meetings. Tiffany & Co. , for example, pays directors an annual retainer of $ 46,500, an additional annual retainer of $ 2,500 if

525-447: A firm in a different industry. Outside directors are not employees of the company or affiliated with it in any other way. Outside directors bring outside experience and perspectives to the board. For example, for a company that serves a domestic market only, the presence of CEOs from global multinational corporations as outside directors can help to provide insights on export and import opportunities and international trade options. One of

600-615: A fully professional theatre. Adopting the name Virginia Stage Company, they hired the first professional staff in 1978 and began detailed planning with help from the National Foundation for the Expansion and Development of American Theatre. A search began for a space where a professional theatre could produce and perform a season from October to May. After looking at 49 spaces, they chose the Wells Theatre. A public-private partnership at

675-529: A generous " golden parachute " which also acts as a deterrent to removal. A 2010 study examined how corporate shareholders voted in director elections in the United States. It found that directors received fewer votes from shareholders when their companies performed poorly, had excess CEO compensation, or had poor shareholder protection. Also, directors received fewer votes when they did not regularly attend board meetings or received negative recommendations from

750-512: A position on the board. Shareholder nominations can only occur at the general meeting itself or through the prohibitively expensive process of mailing out ballots separately; in May 2009 the SEC proposed a new rule allowing shareholders meeting certain criteria to add nominees to the proxy statement. In practice for publicly traded companies, the managers ( inside directors ) who are purportedly accountable to

825-416: A proxy advisory firm. The study also shows that companies often improve their corporate governance by removing poison pills or classified boards and by reducing excessive CEO pay after their directors receive low shareholder support. Board accountability to shareholders is a recurring issue. In September 2010, The New York Times noted that several directors who had overseen companies which had failed in

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900-439: A relatively small number of individuals have significant influence over many important entities. This situation can have important corporate, social, economic, and legal consequences, and has been the subject of significant research. The process for running a board, sometimes called the board process , includes the selection of board members, the setting of clear board objectives, the dissemination of documents or board package to

975-438: A resolution of the remaining directors (in some countries they may only do so "with cause"; in others the power is unrestricted). Some jurisdictions also permit the board of directors to appoint directors, either to fill a vacancy which arises on resignation or death, or as an addition to the existing directors. In practice, it can be quite difficult to remove a director by a resolution in general meeting. In many legal systems,

1050-415: A single-tier board, while the chairman of the management board is reckoned as the company's CEO or managing director . These two roles are always held by different people. This ensures a distinction between management by the executive board and governance by the supervisory board and allows for clear lines of authority. The aim is to prevent a conflict of interest and too much power being concentrated in

1125-521: A student got 66% of the questions correct). Each test has its own scale and may not be the same as another SOL test. For students in grades 7–8, SOL scores are correlated to Lexile measures. A Lexile measure can be used to match readers with targeted text and monitor growth in reading ability. For more information concerning the SOL(s) and Lexile measures, visit http://www.doe.virginia.gov/testing/scoring/lexile/index.shtml Several tests have been updated to

1200-414: Is dividend and how much it is, stock options distributed to employees, and the hiring/firing and compensation of upper management . Theoretically, the control of a company is divided between two bodies: the board of directors, and the shareholders in general meeting . In practice, the amount of power exercised by the board varies with the type of company. In small private companies, the directors and

1275-406: Is also an additional statutory body for audit purposes. The OECD Principles are intended to be sufficiently general to apply to whatever board structure is charged with the functions of governing the enterprise and monitoring management. The development of a separate board of directors to manage/govern/oversee a company has occurred incrementally and indefinitely over legal history. Until the end of

1350-408: Is associated with rigorous monitoring and improved corporate governance. In some European and Asian countries, there are two separate boards, an executive board (or management board) for day-to-day business and a supervisory board (elected by the shareholders and employees) for supervising the executive board. In these countries, the chairman of the supervisory board is equivalent to the chairman of

1425-413: Is considered to be comparatively weak due to the limited time they can dedicate to this task. Overconfident directors are found to pay higher premiums in corporate acquisitions and make worse takeover choices. Locally rooted directors tend to be overrepresented and lack international experience, which can lead to lower valuations, especially in internationally oriented firms. Directors' military experience

1500-401: Is one whose board is self-appointed, rather than being accountable to a base of members through elections; or in which the powers of the membership are extremely limited. In membership organizations , such as a society made up of members of a certain profession or one advocating a certain cause, a board of directors may have the responsibility of running the organization in between meetings of

1575-408: Is that in large public companies it is upper management and not boards that wield practical power, because boards delegate nearly all of their power to the top executive employees, adopting their recommendations almost without fail. As a practical matter, executives even choose the directors, with shareholders normally following management recommendations and voting for them. In most cases, serving on

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1650-459: Is that the board tends to have more de facto power. Most shareholders do not attend shareholder meetings, but rather cast proxy votes via mail, phone, or internet, thus allowing the board to vote for them. However, proxy votes are not a total delegation of the voting power, as the board must vote the proxy shares as directed by their owner even when it contradicts the board's views. In addition, many shareholders vote to accept all recommendations of

1725-446: The chairman (often now called the "chair" or "chairperson"), who holds whatever title is specified in the by-laws or articles of association . However, in membership organizations, the members elect the president of the organization and the president becomes the board chair, unless the by-laws say otherwise. The directors of an organization are the persons who are members of its board. Several specific terms categorize directors by

1800-400: The 2007–2008 financial crisis had found new positions as directors. The SEC sometimes imposes a ban (a "D&O bar") on serving on a board as part of its fraud cases, and one of these was upheld in 2013. The exercise by the board of directors of its powers usually occurs in board meetings. Most legal systems require sufficient notice to be given to all directors of these meetings, and that

1875-534: The Virginia Government Website . A student must get a raw score of 400 or higher on their SOL(s) in order to pass the test. A student's advancement to the next grade is not contingent on passing any SOL tests. Passing with a raw score of 500 is considered advanced/proficient. A perfect score is 600. 399 or below is considered failure. The scores are scaled and do not correlate to the percentage of correct answers (a passing score of 400 does not indicate

1950-416: The executive board . Typical duties of boards of directors include: The legal responsibilities of boards and board members vary with the nature of the organization, and between jurisdictions. For companies with shares publicly listed for negotiation , these responsibilities are typically much more rigorous and complex than for those of other types. Typically, the board chooses one of its members to be

2025-409: The shareholders , and the board has ultimate responsibility for the management of the corporation. In nations with codetermination (such as Germany and Sweden), the workers of a corporation elect a set fraction of the board's members. The board of directors appoints the chief executive officer of the corporation and sets out the overall strategic direction. In corporations with dispersed ownership,

2100-918: The shareholders , the law imposes strict duties on directors in relation to the exercise of their duties. The duties imposed on directors are fiduciary duties, similar to those that the law imposes on those in similar positions of trust: agents and trustees . Standards of Learning The Standards of Learning ( SOL ) is a public school standardized testing program in the Commonwealth of Virginia . It sets forth learning and achievement expectations for core subjects for grades K-12 in Virginia's Public Schools. The standards represent what many teachers, school administrators, parents, and business and community leaders believe schools should teach and students should learn. The Virginia Department of Education , schools, and school systems routinely receive essential feedback on

2175-504: The 19th century, it seems to have been generally assumed that the general meeting (of all shareholders) was the supreme organ of a company, and that the board of directors merely acted as an agent of the company subject to the control of the shareholders in general meeting. However, by 1906, the English Court of Appeal had made it clear in the decision of Automatic Self-Cleansing Filter Syndicate Co Ltd v Cuninghame [1906] 2 Ch 34 that

2250-610: The CEO and their direct reports (other C-level officers, division/subsidiary heads). Board structures and procedures vary both within and among OECD countries. Some countries have two-tier boards that separate the supervisory function and the management function into different bodies. Such systems typically have a "supervisory board" composed of nonexecutive board members and a "management board" composed entirely of executives. Other countries have "unitary" boards, which bring together executive and non-executive board members. In some countries there

2325-404: The CEO position in some organizations). Executive directors often have a specified area of responsibility in the organization, such as finance, marketing, human resources, or production. An outside director is a member of the board who is not otherwise employed by or engaged with the organization, and does not represent any of its stakeholders. A typical example is a director who is president of

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2400-579: The Common Core of Learning was discarded, to be later replaced by the Standards of Learning. The SOL were created through a process involving parents, teachers, and common citizens. The SOL became the springboard for adhering to the new No Child Left Behind Act , which was enacted in January 2002. They were used as the basis for evaluation of administration, teachers, and students in public schools. In June 1995,

2475-608: The SOL directly affect the schools that administer them as much as the students. If a certain passing rate is not met each year, the school can lose its accreditation. This sets higher standards for employment and puts more responsibility on teachers and administrators to focus on areas of learning that are fundamental to the Standards of Learning. The published results of the testing also help parents who are looking for schools with high achievement for their children, putting further pressure for success on school administrators and teachers. Before

2550-421: The SOL was implemented, the tests required to graduate affected the student, not the school. To graduate from high school, a student only needed to pass a sixth grade level test. As a result, 24-25% of new college freshmen needed remedial help. This level of literacy was unacceptable for the demands of the 21st century. The SOL set the bar higher for test-oriented education and performance-driven results. In 1998,

2625-1540: The Sand by Chris Hanna 2007 - King Lear – The Storm At Home by Chris Hanna, based on William Shakespeare’s King Lear 2006 - A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens, Adapted by VSC 2005 - The Taste Test by Frank Higgins 1998 - Nobody Lonesome for Me by Lanie Robertson 1996 - Snapshots by Michael Scheman and David Stern, Music by Stephen Schwartz 1996 - A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens, Adapted by David McCann 1989 - The Secret Garden by Frances Hodgson Burnett, Adapted by Marsha Norman, Lyrics by Lucy Simon 1988 - Fossey by Lois Meredith 1988 - Play Yourself by Harry Kondoleon 1987 - Haut Gout by Allen Havis 1986 - Wetter than Water by Deborah Pryor 1985 - Morocco by Alan Havis 1983 - Island by Peter Link, Brent Nicholson, Joe Bravco and Larry Rosler 1983 - High Rolling by Robert Litz 1983 - Tiovivo by Mary G. St. Cloud 1983 - The Hazard County Wonder by Bruce Payton 1982 - Therese Raquin by Stephen William 1982 - Leavings by Michael Richey 1982 - Whatever Become of Love? By Ed Meyerson 1981 - Hot Grog by Jim Wann & Bland Simpson Virginia Stage Company runs educational and community engagement initiatives. Virginia Stage Company chooses productions that coordinate with school curricula. Students are provided significantly discounted tickets to attend student matinees. Standards of Learning based study guides are researched and created by

2700-546: The Starcatcher , locally written and produced plays such as I Sing the Rising Sea and The Hampton Years , and classics such as The Tempest and Oliver Twist . 2016 - Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens, Adapted by Patrick Mullins, with Music by Jake Hull 2016 - I Sing the Rising Sea , Book, Music, and Lyrics by Eric Schorr 2013 - Frog Kiss , Book & Lyrics by Charles Leipart, Music By Eric Schorr, Based on

2775-533: The U.S., the directors which are available to vote on are largely selected by either the board as a whole or a nominating committee . Although in 2002 the New York Stock Exchange and the NASDAQ required that nominating committees consist of independent directors as a condition of listing, nomination committees have historically received input from management in their selections even when the CEO does not have

2850-517: The US are the National Association of Corporate Directors , McKinsey and The Board Group. A board of directors conducts its meetings according to the rules and procedures contained in its governing documents. These procedures may allow the board to conduct its business by conference call or other electronic means. They may also specify how a quorum is to be determined. The responsibilities of

2925-557: The Virginia Department of Education (VDOE) approved the Standards of Learning in four core content areas: mathematics , science , English , and history & social sciences . In September 1997, the Board of Education established new Standards of Accreditation (SOA) for public schools in Virginia that link statewide accountability tests to the SOL and hold students, schools, and school divisions accountable for results. The results of

3000-724: The Wells Theater began. The VSC Board obtained an option to purchase the remaining years on the lease. In October 1979, with $ 315,000 from the Norfolk Redevelopment and Housing Authority and $ 180,000 contributed and raised by the founding board of trustees, the lease was purchased, and VSC took possession of the Wells. Less than four months later, after a prodigious initial renovation, Virginia Stage Company opened their premiere season on February 7, 1980. In September 2016, VSC has named Tom Quaintance its new producing artistic director, moving

3075-410: The arguments for having outside directors is that they can keep a watchful eye on the inside directors and on the way the organization is run. Outside directors are unlikely to tolerate "insider dealing" between inside directors, as outside directors do not benefit from the company or organization. Outside directors are often useful in handling disputes between inside directors, or between shareholders and

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3150-470: The board members, the collaborative creation of an agenda for the meeting, the creation and follow-up of assigned action items , and the assessment of the board process through standardized assessments of board members, owners, and CEOs. The science of this process has been slow to develop due to the secretive nature of the way most companies run their boards, however some standardization is beginning to develop. Some who are pushing for this standardization in

3225-492: The board of directors have historically played a major role in selecting and nominating the directors who are voted on by the shareholders, in which case more "gray outsider directors" (independent directors with conflicts of interest ) are nominated and elected. In countries with co-determination , a fixed fraction of the board is elected by the corporation's workers. Directors may also leave office by resignation or death. In some legal systems, directors may also be removed by

3300-454: The board rather than try to get involved in management, since each shareholder's power, as well as interest and information is so small. Larger institutional investors also grant the board proxies. The large number of shareholders also makes it hard for them to organize. However, there have been moves recently to try to increase shareholder activism among both institutional investors and individuals with small shareholdings. A contrasting view

3375-405: The board. The directors may also be classified as officers in this situation. There may also be ex-officio members of the board, or persons who are members due to another position that they hold. These ex-officio members have all the same rights as the other board members. Members of the board may be removed before their term is complete. Details on how they can be removed are usually provided in

3450-456: The board. They are thought to be advantageous because they can be objective and present little risk of conflict of interest. On the other hand, they might lack familiarity with the specific issues connected to the organization's governance, and they might not know about the industry or sector in which the organization is operating. Individual directors often serve on more than one board. This practice results in an interlocking directorate , where

3525-455: The bylaws. If the bylaws do not contain such details, the section on disciplinary procedures in Robert's Rules of Order may be used. In a publicly held company , directors are elected to represent and are legally obligated as fiduciaries to represent owners of the company—the shareholders /stockholders. In this capacity they establish policies and make decisions on issues such as whether there

3600-436: The director has a right to receive special notice of any resolution to remove them; the company must often supply a copy of the proposal to the director, who is usually entitled to be heard by the meeting. The director may require the company to circulate any representations that they wish to make. Furthermore, the director's contract of service will usually entitle them to compensation if they are removed, and may often include

3675-487: The director is also a chairperson of a committee, a per-meeting-attended fee of $ 2,000 for meetings attended in person, a $ 500 fee for each meeting attended via telephone, in addition to stock options and retirement benefits. Academic research has identified different types of board directors. Their characteristics and experiences shape their role and performance. For instance, directors with multiple mandates are often referred to as busy directors. Their monitoring performance

3750-478: The division of powers between the board and the shareholders in general meaning depended on the construction of the articles of association and that, where the powers of management were vested in the board, the general meeting could not interfere with their lawful exercise. The articles were held to constitute a contract by which the members had agreed that "the directors and the directors alone shall manage." The new approach did not secure immediate approval, but it

3825-898: The education team and provided to each teacher prior to attending the show. The directors, designers, and actors participate in a talk-back session with the students directly following each performance, giving students an opportunity to interact with the company. VSC’s touring productions last under forty-five minutes with a Q & A wrap-up to fit classroom schedule and include an online activity guide. VSC hosts workshops in stage combat, theatrical special effects, acting techniques, and script writing. In addition, they also offer master classes, during which local and national theater professionals work both one-on-one and in group settings with students. Working with professional theater artists, campers participate in two weeks of theatrical. Each day includes classes in acting, improvisation, storytelling techniques, creative writing, rehearsals, and special outings. At

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3900-639: The effectiveness of implementation and address effective instructional strategies and best practices. The Standards of Learning is supportive of the [1] No Child Left Behind Act , which was signed into law by then-President George W. Bush on January 8, 2002. They address student achievement in four critical areas: (1) English, (2) mathematics, (3) science, and (4) history/social studies. Students are assessed in English and mathematics in grades 3-8 and upon completion of certain high school level courses. Science and history SOL are administered in grades 4, 5, and 8 and at

3975-428: The end of camp, students showcase an original production for family and friends. Board of Trustees A board of directors is an executive committee that supervises the activities of a business , a nonprofit organization , or a government agency . The powers, duties, and responsibilities of a board of directors are determined by government regulations (including the jurisdiction's corporate law ) and

4050-422: The end of completing high school courses in these respective subjects. In 1992, Virginia attempted adopting an education plan known as the Common Core of Learning. A largely parent-driven grassroots movement opposed the Common Core of Learning, arguing that it held no meaningful education plan and seemed to be putting more emphasis on behavioral issues than education issues. After a debate at Huguenot High School ,

4125-731: The first year of SOL testing, only 2 percent of the Virginia Commonwealth's public schools met the standard for full accreditation. The percentage of schools meeting the state's accreditation standards increased to 6.5 percent in 1999, 22 percent in 2000, 40 percent in 2001, 64 percent in 2002, 78 percent in 2003, and 84 percent in 2004. In October 2005, the state reported that 92 percent of the Commonwealth's 1,834 schools received accreditation ratings for 2005–2006, with students meeting or exceeding state achievement objectives on Standards of Learning (SOL) tests and other statewide assessments in

4200-530: The four core academic areas. The VDOE stopped reporting statewide results in 2006. However, complete results of all assessments in grades 3-8 and end-of-course tests for fall, spring, and summer may be found on the School Report Cards . On January 14, 2010, the Board of Education announced that personal learning plans will be created for each middle and high school student to align the student's course of study with academic and career goals. This revision

4275-412: The general body of shareholders can control the exercise of powers by the articles in the directors is by altering the articles, or, if opportunity arises under the articles, by refusing to re-elect the directors of whose actions they disapprove. They cannot themselves usurp the powers which by the articles are vested in the directors any more than the directors can usurp the powers vested by the articles in

4350-479: The general body of shareholders. It has been remarked that this development in the law was somewhat surprising at the time, as the relevant provisions in Table A (as it was then) seemed to contradict this approach rather than to endorse it. In most legal systems, the appointment and removal of directors is voted upon by the shareholders in general meeting or through a proxy statement . For publicly traded companies in

4425-426: The hands of one person. There is a strong parallel here with the structure of government, which tends to separate the political cabinet from the management civil service . In the United States, the board of directors (elected by the shareholders) is often equivalent to the supervisory board, while the executive board may often be known as the executive committee (operating committee or executive council), composed of

4500-546: The identification and nomination of directors (that shareholders vote for or against) are often done by the board itself, leading to a high degree of self-perpetuation. In a non-stock corporation with no general voting membership, the board is the supreme governing body of the institution, and its members are sometimes chosen by the board itself. Other names include board of directors and advisors , board of governors , board of managers , board of regents , board of trustees , and board of visitors . It may also be called

4575-418: The membership, especially if the membership meets infrequently, such as only at an annual general meeting . The amount of powers and authority delegated to the board depend on the bylaws and rules of the particular organization. Some organizations place matters exclusively in the board's control while in others, the general membership retains full power and the board can only make recommendations. The setup of

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4650-403: The more advanced computer adaptive test (CAT) model, in which students are given a question, and based on whether or not the student got the answer correct or not, a computer gives the student either an easier or harder question. By using this model, many students have noticed worse scores on the tests. It remains controversial. The initial creation of the SOL caused extensive debate around both

4725-580: The novella The Frog Prince – A Fairy Tale for Consenting Adults by Stephen Mitchell 2013 - Swingtime Salute (on the deck of the Battleship Wisconsin), Book by Patrick Mullins, Music & Lyrics by various 2012 - The Comfort Team by Deborah Brevoort 2011 - SCKBSTD , A New Musical by Bruce Hornsby, Music & Lyrics by Bruce Hornsby, Lyrics by Chip deMatteo, Book by Clay McLeod Chapman 2010 - The New Pink by Chris Hanna 2009 - Alive and Well by Kenny Finkle 2009 - Line in

4800-424: The organization's own constitution and by-laws . These authorities may specify the number of members of the board, how they are to be chosen, and how often they are to meet. In an organization with voting members, the board is accountable to, and may be subordinate to, the organization's full membership, which usually elect the members of the board. In a stock corporation , non-executive directors are elected by

4875-429: The organization. Inside directors represent the interests of the entity's stakeholders, and often have special knowledge of its inner workings, its financial or market position, and so on. Typical inside directors are: An inside director who is employed as a manager or executive of the organization is sometimes referred to as an executive director (not to be confused with the title executive director sometimes used for

4950-452: The powers of the board are vested in the board as a whole, and not in the individual directors. However, in instances an individual director may still bind the company by their acts by virtue of their ostensible authority (see also: the rule in Turquand's Case ). Because directors exercise control and management over the organization, but organizations are (in theory) run for the benefit of

5025-454: The presence or absence of their other relationships to the organization. Corporations often appoint a former senior executive and ex-board member as honorary president , a position that does not carry any executive authority and represents recognition of the person's corporate governorship and performance. An inside director is a director who is also an employee, officer, chief executive, major shareholder , or someone similarly connected to

5100-468: The shareholders are normally the same people, and thus there is no real division of power. In large public companies , the board tends to exercise more of a supervisory role, and individual responsibility and management tends to be delegated downward to individual professional executives (such as a finance director or a marketing director) who deal with particular areas of the company's affairs. Another feature of boards of directors in large public companies

5175-432: The targeted subject material. Because teachers and administrators are evaluated based on students' SOL performance, there has also been concern that teachers will focus their teaching on SOL subject matter and omit much of the overall learning that is necessary in school. Every year, many teachers and administrators from schools around the state are invited to provide feedback on the tests. However, many teachers feel that

5250-698: The theatre to a single leader model with Quaintance overseeing both financial and artistic operations. He succeeded former VSC leaders artistic director Chris Hanna and managing director Keith Stava. Previously, Quaintance served as artistic director of Cape Fear Regional Theatre in Fayetteville, North Carolina for 5 years. Virginia Stage Company's seasons run from September to April and include six productions, five main season plays and one season extra. The company's repertoire includes Broadway hits such as The Wiz , Venus in Fur , A Streetcar Named Desire and Peter and

5325-537: The validity of the tests and the administration of the process. Debate became more heated by the Department of Education's and the Secretary of Education's refusal to reveal information about tests or how the tests were created. The Department of Education was concerned that releasing actual tests would encourage " teaching to the test ," while parents and educators were concerned that tests would be poorly written and not test

5400-465: The world such as a corporation, limited liability company, cooperative, business trust, partnership, private limited company, and public limited company. Much of what has been written about boards of directors relates to boards of directors of business entities actively traded on public markets. More recently, however, material is becoming available for boards of private and closely held businesses including family businesses. A board-only organization

5475-548: Was endorsed by the House of Lords in Quin & Axtens v Salmon [1909] AC 442 and has since received general acceptance. Under English law, successive versions of Table A have reinforced the norm that, unless the directors are acting contrary to the law or the provisions of the Articles, the powers of conducting the management and affairs of the company are vested in them. The modern doctrine

5550-513: Was expressed in John Shaw & Sons (Salford) Ltd v Shaw [1935] 2 KB 113 by Greer LJ as follows: A company is an entity distinct alike from its shareholders and its directors. Some of its powers may, according to its articles, be exercised by directors, certain other powers may be reserved for the shareholders in general meeting. If powers of management are vested in the directors, they and they alone can exercise these powers. The only way in which

5625-480: Was made to the Regulations Establishing Standards for Accrediting Public Schools in Virginia. The Virginia Department of Education has posted fact sheets detailing the timeline for changes, accreditation ratings, diploma requirements, and other documentation related to the SOL. Annual reports regarding the condition and needs of public education in the Commonwealth of Virginia are also located on

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