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113-510: Carlo, 21 years old and exempted from military service, is spending the summer in his father's empty villa and relaxing with friends in Riccione , a seaside town untouched by the war. When a German aircraft flies low over the beach, people panic and Carlo comforts a frightened little girl. She is reclaimed by her mother Roberta, a 30 year old widow of a heroic naval officer. Carlo and Roberta are attracted to each other and he asks her out, taking her for

226-595: A carnelian bead identified with the Middle Kingdom pharaoh Senusret I , whose reign is dated to 1971–1926 BC. A stela and a statuette of the Egyptian pharaohs Senusret III and Amenemhet III have also been found. However, it is unclear when they first arrived at Ugarit. In the Amarna letters , messages from Ugarit c.  1350 BC written by Ammittamru I , Niqmaddu II , and his queen have been discovered. From

339-618: A "dark period" in ancient Egyptian history, spanned about 100 years after the end of the Old Kingdom from about 2181 to 2055 BC. Very little monumental evidence survives from this period, especially from the early part of it. The First Intermediate Period was a dynamic time when the rule of Egypt was roughly divided between two areas: Heracleopolis in Lower Egypt and Thebes in Upper Egypt. These two kingdoms eventually came into conflict, and

452-560: A 3rd-millennium BC culture postulated based on a collection of artefacts confiscated in 2001. In modern scholarship, the chronology of the Bronze Age Levant is divided into: The term Neo-Syria is used to designate the early Iron Age . The old Syrian period was dominated by the Eblaite first kingdom , Nagar and the Mariote second kingdom . The Akkadians conquered large areas of

565-537: A Suitcase (1961), and Weekend, Italian Style (1966). Many of Riccione's residential villas were developed in Liberty style , an Italian variant of Art Nouveau . Particularly characteristic of these villas are their turrets , which offer a local panorama. Riccione's urban landscape is heavily influenced Augusto Cicchetti, who designed much of Riccione's seafront and gardens. Bronze Age The Bronze Age ( c.  3300  – c.  1200 BC )

678-565: A Suitcase was released by the label NoShame in 2006. Riccione Riccione ( Italian: [ritˈtʃoːne] ; Romagnol : Arciôn [arˈtsoːŋ] ) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Rimini , Emilia-Romagna , northern Italy . Riccione is centred on the Rio Melo, a minor river that flows into the Adriatic Sea . In the decades following the construction of

791-637: A further 650,000 lire in her will for the hospital and a garden. On 11 October 1911, Rimini's municipal council renamed Viale Viola to Viale Maria Ceccarini. In 1901, Sebastiano Amati inaugurated the city's first hotel in Viale Viola. In 1910, the Teatro Sghedoni was inaugurated; the theatre was later renamed the Kursaal and the Teatro Dante. In 1905, Amati, Ausonio Franzoni, and Felice Pullè established

904-454: A minor stream that ran near the present-day Viale Cesare Battisti, was the boundary between Count Martinelli's subdivision and Abissinia. Riccione's historic districts were renamed by Rimini's municipal council in 1912. Among the forgotten names are Siberia, which was centred around the present-day Viale Ugo Bassi, between the centre and Abissinia. As of 2023, Riccione had an estimated population of 34,514, constituting approximately 10% of

1017-486: A new industrial zone next to the airport. The zone includes warehouses and artisanal workhops, such as dry cleaners , carpenters , glassworks , printing plants, and metalworking shops. Among Riccione's notable companies is PhotoSì , a photographic printing company that developed from Riccione's tourism. The summer touristic season in Riccione includes the annual Notte rosa    [ it ] (Pink Night),

1130-402: A permanence not enjoyed by manuscripts. These inscriptions can commonly be subdivided into four parts: a reference to the date and place, the naming of the event commemorated, the list of gifts given to the artisan in exchange for the bronze, and a dedication. The relative points of reference these vessels provide have enabled historians to place most of the vessels within a certain time frame of

1243-607: A permanent stop from 1865. The town grew in popularity soon afterwards: affluent Bolognese families constructed elegant residences, which functioned as second homes by the sea. During the same period, Don Carlo Tonini, the parish priest of San Martino, proposed that the seaside could cure children living in the Po Valley of scrofula . He organised summer holidays for afflicted children, who stayed with host families in Riccione; Tonini would collect them each morning, with farmers providing transport aboard their ox -drawn carts from

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1356-562: A power vacuum in Mesopotamia. At its beginning, Mitanni's major rival was Egypt under the Thutmosids . However, with the ascent of the Hittite empire, Mitanni and Egypt allied to protect their mutual interests from the threat of Hittite domination. At the height of its power during the 14th century BC, Mitanni had outposts centred on its capital, Washukanni , which archaeologists have located on

1469-718: A reflection of its greenery and affluent villas. Riccione's oldest archaeological remains were found in the Villaggio Papini area, and date to 5,000 BC and the Bronze Age . Following the Roman victory at the Battle of Sentinum in 295 BC, the region became important for the Roman's expansion against the Celts, leading to the foundation of the colonia of Ariminum (modern Rimini ) in 268 BC and

1582-472: A small administrative town) appears on a tablet from the reign of Sargon of Akkad in the 23rd century BC. The Amorite dynasty established the city-state of Babylon in the 19th century BC. Over a century later, it briefly took over the other city-states and formed the short-lived First Babylonian Empire during what is also called the Old Babylonian Period . Akkad, Assyria, and Babylonia used

1695-606: A society to obtain more services from the municipality of Rimini. In 1910, they presented a petition, signed by the majority of Riccione's residents, for the frazione 's independence from the municipality. The outbreak of the First World War suspended the independence campaign. Sixty-one names are recorded in the war memorial in Riccione's cemetery. The war caused significant hardship in Riccione: its tourist industry collapsed; an agricultural crisis caused severe inflation and

1808-510: A train leaving the town. On 6 April 1921, Rimini's socialist municipal administration endorsed Riccione's request for independence. The border between the comuni was established at the Rio dell'Asse; Rimini had unsuccessfully proposed that the border be further south at the Torrente Marano, to the disapproval of residents residing between the Rio dell'Asse and the Torrente Marano, including in

1921-746: A tributary on each side: the Rio Pedrolara on its left and the Rio Raibano, also called the Rio Grande, on its right. The river was formerly known as the Maranello; the Maltatesta called its valley Valle dei Meli (Valley of Apples), leading to its present name. Riccione includes several other streams. The Rio dell Asse forms Riccione's northwestern border with Rimini; the Torrente Marano southeast of it

2034-406: A trip to the neutral state of San Marino , although he has a girlfriend, Rossana. Roberta's mother warns her to avoid him because his father is a vicious Fascist party boss and his mother was a promiscuous film actress. Roberta's younger sister-in-law Maddalena arrives as a refugee from the fighting in the south, and Roberta asks Carlo's friends to let her join them. They all go to a circus, which

2147-648: A village in Misano Adriatico by Riccione's border. Following Giovvani's death in Scacciano in 1888, Maria began a proliferous philanthropic relationship with the area, beginning with a 200 lire donation for its civic library. She donated further funds for an annual winter soup kitchen from 1890, and the construction of a kindergarten (1891), the city's hospital (1892-93), whose generator powered streetlights along Via Flaminia and Viale Viola, and Riccione's port (1901). Maria died on 31 August 1903, leaving

2260-551: A weekend cultural festival held in early July that includes exhibitions, music concerts , and firework displays . The festival is held across the riviera romagnola , over which it is estimated to attract two million visitors and revenues exceeding €200 million . Several venues in Riccione are dedicated to art and culture: Riccione Theater Award, biennial, last week of June. Riccione TTV - Theater Television Video, biennial, last week of May. Several films are set in Riccione, including Estate Violenta (1961), Girl with

2373-533: A year during the 1930s, reaching a peak of 41,000 tourists in 1937. Following Italy's racial laws , seven Jewish families were evicted from Riccione in 1944, most notably the family of Nissim Matatia, who lived within eyesight of Villa Mussolini. In early September 1944, during the Italian campaign , Riccione was largely spared the brunt of military movement along the Adriatic Front : most fighting took place in

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2486-504: Is 75 metres (246 feet) above sea level , with a mean elevation of 15.2 metres (50 feet). Riccione's urban area comprises a number of hamlets, some of which were formerly villages. The northernmost hamlets are Marano, at the mouth of the eponymous river, and Spontricciolo, by the Via Flaminia. The north bank of the Rio Melo is called Alba by the coast, while inland, San Lorenzo in Strada on

2599-730: Is Riccione's largest river. Past the Rio Melo was the Rio Pedroso, which no longer exists, that followed Viale da Verazzano to flow into the Adriatic at the present-day Piazzale Marinai d'Italia. The next stream southeast is the Rio Costa, also known as the Fontanelle. Finally, the Rio Alberello forms Riccione's boundary with Misano Adriatico. Riccione's principal hill, to its south, is known as Cavrèt d'Arvura . Riccione's maximum elevation

2712-620: Is an argument to be made that the Bronze Age never properly ended in China, as there is no recognisable transition to an Iron Age. Together with the jade art that precedes it, bronze was seen as a fine material for ritual art when compared with iron or stone. Bronze metallurgy in China originated in what is referred to as the Erlitou period, which some historians argue places it within the Shang. Others believe

2825-565: Is called the Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex . The Kulli culture , similar to that of the Indus Valley Civilisation , was located in southern Balochistan (Gedrosia) c.  2500–2000 BC . The economy was agricultural. Dams were found in several places, providing evidence for a highly developed water management system. Konar Sandal is associated with the hypothesized Jiroft culture ,

2938-637: Is conjectured to have been associated with the sudden arrival of the Sea Peoples , the kingdom disintegrated into several independent "Neo-Hittite" city-states, some of which survived into the 8th century BC. Arzawa , in Western Anatolia, during the second half of the 2nd millennium BC, likely extended along southern Anatolia in a belt from near the Turkish Lakes region to the Aegean coast. Arzawa

3051-580: Is dependent on tourism, especially catering to young people and families. Riccione's name is of uncertain origin. It first appears as Arcioni in the Bavarian Code  [ it ] , a register of investitures of the church in Ravenna in 810-816 AD. Several hypotheses have been advanced for its etymology: Since its modern development, Riccione has been nicknamed la Perla Verde (the Green Pearl),

3164-517: Is further conjectured that the same migrations spread the Uralic group of languages across Europe and Asia, with extant members of the family including Hungarian , Finnish and Estonian . In China, the earliest bronze artefacts have been found in the Majiayao culture site (3100–2700 BC). The term "Bronze Age" has been transferred to the archaeology of China from that of Western Eurasia, and there

3277-606: Is interrupted by an air raid, and due to the damage, all trains are cancelled except those heading back south. Roberta enters the train back to Riccione, where she left her daughter. Carlo stays behind, trying to make her understand why he must stay. He expresses his hope that they will meet again, but Roberta replies that she is convinced that their parting is final. Violent Summer was released in Italian cinemas in November 1959. A DVD containing both Zurlini's Violent Summer and Girl with

3390-472: Is interrupted by an air raid, so Carlo asks everybody back to his father's villa. In the blackout, couples dance to the music of Temptation . Hesitant at first, Roberta eventually ends up in the garden in the arms of Carlo, and they kiss, caught by Rossana. When news comes of the fall of the Fascist regime , jubilant citizens sack the party headquarters, toppling the bust of Mussolini . Carlo's father flees and

3503-578: Is named after the Korean name for undecorated or plain cooking and storage vessels that form a large part of the pottery assemblage over the entire length of the period, but especially between 850 and 550 BC. The Mumun period is known for the origins of intensive agriculture and complex societies in both the Korean Peninsula and the Japanese Archipelago. The Middle Mumun pottery period culture of

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3616-511: Is no consensus or universally used convention delimiting the "Bronze Age" in the context of Chinese prehistory . The "Early Bronze Age" in China is sometimes taken to be coterminous with the reign of the Shang dynasty (16th–11th centuries BC), and the Later Bronze Age with the subsequent Zhou dynasty (11th–3rd centuries BC), from the 5th century, called Iron Age China although there

3729-494: Is particularly popular among young tourists, who are drawn by its nightlife. Cocoricò , one of Italy's most famous nightclubs, opened in 1989. There are several camping sites in Riccione's southwest, on its border with Misano Adriatico. Riccione also attracts families for its beaches and amusement parks , including Aquafan  [ it ] , a waterpark opened in 1987. Riccione has industrial zones near Raibano. In 2013, Riccione's municipal government approved plans for

3842-583: The Bologna–Ancona railway in 1861, Riccione grew substantially with the development of tourism and the construction of elegant villas in the Liberty Style . It became independent from the municipality of Rimini in 1922, and was further popularised after the Mussolini family bought a seaside villa for its summer holidays. As of 2023, Riccione had an estimated population of 34,514. Riccione's economy

3955-721: The Iranian plateau , centred in Anshan . From the mid-2nd millennium BC, Elam was centred in Susa in the Khuzestan lowlands. Its culture played a crucial role in both the Gutian Empire and the Iranian Achaemenid dynasty that succeeded it. The Oxus civilisation was a Bronze Age Central Asian culture dated c.  2300–1700 BC and centred on the upper Amu Darya ( a.k.a. ). In

4068-516: The Kassite period c.  1500  – c.  1155 BC ). The usual tripartite division into an Early, Middle and Late Bronze Age is not used in the context of Mesopotamia. Instead, a division primarily based on art and historical characteristics is more common. The cities of the Ancient Near East housed several tens of thousands of people. Ur , Kish , Isin , Larsa , and Nippur in

4181-568: The Majiayao site in Gansu rather than at Xinjiang . The production of Erlitou represents the earliest large-scale metallurgy industry in the Central Plains of China. The influence of the Saima-Turbino metalworking tradition from the north is supported by a series of recent discoveries in China of many unique perforated spearheads with downward hooks and small loops on the same or opposite side of

4294-575: The Papal States approved the building of watchtowers by the Torrente Marano and the Fontanelle to defend from Saracen and Usok pirate raids. On 8 January 1889, Riccione became the site of the shipwrecking of the Dutch Zeepaard sailing ship, which ran aground as it sailed from Venice to Ancona . The beach was expanded between the 16th and 19th centuries, during which time it was used for rice paddies . Riccione's population numbered 850 at

4407-561: The southern Levant in cities such as Hazor , Jericho , and Beit She'an . The Hittite Empire was established during the 18th century BC in Hattusa , northern Anatolia . At its height in the 14th century BC, the Hittite Kingdom encompassed central Anatolia, southwestern Syria as far as Ugarit , and upper Mesopotamia . After 1180 BC, amid general turmoil in the Levant , which

4520-422: The 16th to the 13th century BC, Ugarit remained in constant contact with Egypt and Cyprus ( Alashiya ). Mitanni was a loosely organised state in northern Syria and south-east Anatolia, emerging c.  1500–1300 BC . Founded by an Indo-Aryan ruling class that governed a predominantly Hurrian population, Mitanni came to be a regional power after the Hittite destruction of Kassite Babylon created

4633-527: The 3rd Greek Mountain Brigade. Riccione was liberated on 20 September, a day before Rimini. After World War II , Riccione was further popularised by visiting celebrities, including Brazilian footballer Pelé , Mina , Ugo Tognazzi , Vittorio De Sica , and Gina Lollobrigida . Between 1954 and 1967, the city hosted the Winter Rose ( Rosa d'Inverno ), an annual socialite party by invitation only, first at

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4746-430: The 3rd millennium BC. The Bronze Age is characterised by the widespread use of bronze , though the introduction and development of bronze technology were not universally synchronous. Tin bronze technology requires systematic techniques: tin must be mined (mainly as the tin ore cassiterite ) and smelted separately, then added to hot copper to make bronze alloy. The Bronze Age was a time of extensive use of metals and

4859-766: The 6th century BC attests to knowledge of iron smelting, yet bronze continues to occupy the seat of significance in the archaeological and historical record for some time after this. W. C. White argues that iron did not supplant bronze "at any period before the end of the Zhou dynasty (256 BC)" and that bronze vessels make up the majority of metal vessels through the Eastern Han period , or to 221 BC. The Chinese bronze artefacts generally are either utilitarian, like spear points or adze heads, or "ritual bronzes" , which are more elaborate versions in precious materials of everyday vessels, as well as tools and weapons. Examples are

4972-481: The Adriatic Sea to its northeast, with which it has a 6.3-kilometre (3.9-mile) coastline, Rimini to its northwest, Coriano to its southwest, and Misano Adriatico to its southeast. Riccione's municipal area is 17.5 square kilometres (6.8 square miles). The city is centred on the mouth of the Rio Melo, a 16-kilometre (9.9-mile) river that flows northeast from the hills of Montescudo and Monte Colombo , with

5085-466: The Agolanti Castle on Riccione's outskirts. The nightclub, with its distinctive pyramid shape, became an iconic brand and symbol of Riccione's nightlife and youth tourism. It gained notoriety for its provocative and transgressive clubbing, and attracted world-famous disc-jockeys and performers. Riccione sits beside the Adriatic Sea at the southern tip of the Po Valley . It is bordered by

5198-500: The BMAC had close international relations with the Indus Valley , the Iranian plateau , and possibly even indirectly with Mesopotamia. All civilisations were familiar with lost wax casting . According to a 2019 study, the BMAC was not a primary contributor to later South-Asian genetics. The Altai Mountains , in what is now southern Russia and central Mongolia , have been identified as

5311-400: The Bronze Age began in the Protodynastic Period c.  3150 BC . The archaic Early Bronze Age of Egypt , known as the Early Dynastic Period of Egypt , immediately followed the unification of Lower and Upper Egypt, c.  3100 BC . It is generally taken to include the First and Second dynasties, lasting from the Protodynastic Period until c.  2686 BC , or

5424-408: The Early Bronze Age, the culture of the Kopet Dag oases and Altyndepe developed a proto-urban society. This corresponds to level IV at Namazga-Tepe . Altyndepe was a major centre even then. Pottery was wheel-turned. Grapes were grown. The height of this urban development was reached in the Middle Bronze Age c.  2300 BC , corresponding to level V at Namazga-Depe. This Bronze Age culture

5537-409: The Erlitou sites belong to the preceding Xia dynasty . The United States National Gallery of Art defines the Chinese Bronze Age as c.  2000  – c.  771 BC , a period that begins with the Erlitou culture and ends abruptly with the disintegration of Western Zhou rule. There is reason to believe that bronze work developed inside of China apart from outside influence. However,

5650-422: The Levant and were followed by the Amorite kingdoms , c.  2000–1600 BC , which arose in Mari , Yamhad , Qatna , and Assyria . From the 15th century BC onward, the term Amurru is usually applied to the region extending north of Canaan as far as Kadesh on the Orontes River . The earliest-known contact of Ugarit with Egypt (and the first exact dating of Ugaritic civilisation) comes from

5763-420: The Mayor and twenty-four councillors. Until 19 October 1922, with the passing of Royal Decree 1439, Riccione was a frazione of the municipality of Rimini. On 16 April 1992, the municipality transferred from the Province of Forlì to the newly-created Province of Rimini . In November 1926, Riccione was officially designated as a tourist resort, with the power to run its own tourist agency. Since then,

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5876-469: The Middle Bronze Age and Babylon , Calah , and Assur in the Late Bronze Age similarly had large populations. The Akkadian Empire (2335–2154 BC) became the dominant power in the region. After its fall, the Sumerians enjoyed a renaissance with the Neo-Sumerian Empire . Assyria , along with the Old Assyrian Empire ( c.  1800–1600 BC ), became a regional power under the Amorite king Shamshi-Adad I . The earliest mention of Babylon (then

5989-411: The Middle Kingdom. During the Second Intermediate Period , Ancient Egypt fell into disarray a second time between the end of the Middle Kingdom and the start of the New Kingdom, best known for the Hyksos , whose reign comprised the Fifteenth and Sixteenth dynasties. The Hyksos first appeared in Egypt during the Eleventh Dynasty, began their climb to power in the Thirteenth Dynasty, and emerged from

6102-401: The Osiris funerary cult rose to dominate popular Ancient Egyptian religion . The period comprises two phases: the Eleventh Dynasty, which ruled from Thebes, and the Twelfth and Thirteenth dynasties, centred on el-Lisht . The unified kingdom was previously considered to comprise the Eleventh and Twelfth Dynasties, but historians now consider part of the Thirteenth Dynasty to have belonged to

6215-417: The Province of Rimini's population. This implies a population density of 1,972 people per square-kilometre. In 2022, Riccione was estimated to have 689 European Union (EU) citizens (excluding Italian citizens) and 2,599 non-EU citizens. Its population included 546 nonagenarians and 17 centenarians . Riccione is a comune , administered by the municipal council. As of 2023, the municipal council numbers

6328-416: The Rio Melo survives next to the SS16  [ it ] state road. The bridge was restored in the 17th century and used until the 1930s. The Via Flaminia in Riccione was on a climb, requiring additional animals to help transport loaded carts; from ancient times until the arrival of the railway, helping goods cross the area was a profitable local business. In later centuries, San Lorenzo in Strada

6441-417: The Second Intermediate Period in control of Avaris and the Nile Delta . By the Fifteenth Dynasty, they ruled lower Egypt. They were expelled at the end of the Seventeenth Dynasty . The New Kingdom of Egypt , also referred to as the Egyptian Empire, existed during the 16th–11th centuries BC. The New Kingdom followed the Second Intermediate Period and was succeeded by the Third Intermediate Period . It

6554-399: The Teatro Dante and, following its demolition in 1956, at the Grand Hotel Riccione . The party included beauty pageants , and was followed by a public party for residents, known as the Rosetta. Organised by the municipal government with the Moto Club Celeste Berardi, guests included Sophia Loren , Fred Buscaglione , and Mina . Riccione's growth as a tourist destination was assisted by

6667-481: The Theban kings conquered the north, reunifying Egypt under a single ruler during the second part of the Eleventh Dynasty . The Bronze Age in Nubia started as early as 2300 BC. Egyptians introduced copper smelting to the Nubian city of Meroë in present-day Sudan c.  2600 BC . A furnace for bronze casting found in Kerma has been dated to 2300–1900 BC. The Middle Kingdom of Egypt spanned between 2055 and 1650 BC. During this period,

6780-429: The Via Flaminia is Riccione's oldest settlement. Viale Veneto runs parallel to the Torrente Marano and the Rio Melo between them, providing a discontinuous suburban area between San Lorenzo in Strada and Via Coriano, Riccione's westernmost point at the border with the municipalities of Rimini and Coriano. Southeast of the Rio Melo is Riccione's city centre. The old town is centred inland on Corso Fratelli Cervi, while

6893-503: The Western Zhou period, allowing them to trace the evolution of the vessels and the events they record. The Japanese archipelago saw the introduction of bronze during the early Yayoi period ( c.  300 BC ), which saw the introduction of metalworking and agricultural practices brought by settlers arriving from the continent. Bronze and iron smelting spread to the Japanese archipelago through contact with other ancient East Asian civilisations, particularly immigration and trade from

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7006-445: The ancient Korean peninsula, and ancient mainland China. Iron was mainly used for agricultural and other tools, whereas ritual and ceremonial artefacts were mainly made of bronze. On the Korean Peninsula, the Bronze Age began c.  1000–800 BC . Initially centred around Liaoning and southern Manchuria, Korean Bronze Age culture exhibits unique typology and styles, especially in ritual objects. The Mumun pottery period

7119-423: The area was settled by the Florentine Agolanti family, who were linked to the Malatesta lords of Rimini. The family built a castle on the hills in Riccione's outskirts. A 1371 census records two residential areas, numbering 150 residents. In the 16th century, the main hamlet was known as Le Casette, named after a stream running parallel to the Via Flaminia. In 1673, after decades of local campaigns,

7232-442: The beach after curfew, Carlo and Roberta are arrested by an army patrol, who discover that Carlo's exemption has expired. They release him on the promise that he will report for service at Bologna next day. Roberta, afraid to lose Carlo, persuades him to come with her to her empty villa in Rovigo and hide from the draft. The reluctant Carlo explains that his place had always been with the crowd, but eventually gives in. Their journey

7345-422: The beginning of the Old Kingdom . With the First Dynasty, the capital moved from Abydos to Memphis with a unified Egypt ruled by an Egyptian god-king. Abydos remained the major holy land in the south. The hallmarks of ancient Egyptian civilisation, such as art, architecture and religion, took shape in the Early Dynastic Period. Memphis , in the Early Bronze Age, was the largest city of the time. The Old Kingdom of

7458-447: The church of San Lorenzo in Strada, and the Martinelli-Amati hospice. No fatalities were recorded in Riccione, attributed to the 17 May earthquake. The earthquakes worsened the living conditions of local people, already depressed by the First World War. Unemployment increased considerably. In the exodus to leave Riccione, tourists were leaving their bags at the railway station in the hope that they could shorten their wait to board

7571-405: The church with instructions to fight until the end. On 3 September, the 1st Parachute Division engaged the Canadians, who had then reached Abyssinia, during their retreat to San Lorenzo. The battle in San Lorenzo, which included sword-fighting in the church, claimed 31 soldiers and 124 wounded or missing, with the Canadians reduced to 18 men before they reorganised on 6 September. A second attack on

7684-450: The city has been one of the principal seaside resorts on the riviera romagnola , known for its wide, sandy beaches. Of its 6.3 kilometres (3.9 miles) of coastline, only 233 metres (255 yards) are prohibited for bathing by the mouths of the Torrente Marano and Rio Melo. In 2020, Riccione numbered 432 hotels, residences, and other accommodation facilities, and 383 restaurants, bars, and chiringuitos , of which 109 are seasonal. Riccione

7797-515: The construction of the A14 tolled highway , which reached Riccione in 1968, and Fellini Airport , which ranked among Italy's busiest airports during the 1960s, supported by international tourists visiting Rimini's beaches. Riccione was considered more upmarket and conservative than over resorts along the riviera romagnola . It was especially popular among German tourists, and frequented by Italian workers and farmers as well as employers and aristocrats. In 1989, Cocoricò opened in front of

7910-421: The construction of the Via Flaminia , running from Rome to Ariminum . A Roman settlement in Riccione, officially a vicus , was centred in the area of the present-day San Lorenzo in Strada, where the Via Flaminia turned to a more northerly bearing. Excavations near the present-day pharmacy revealed a necropolis and several buildings, dating to the second century BC. A single-arched Roman bridge over

8023-425: The development of trade networks. A 2013 report suggests that the earliest tin-alloy bronze was a foil dated to the mid-5th millennium BC from a Vinča culture site in Pločnik , Serbia , although this culture is not conventionally considered part of the Bronze Age; however, the dating of the foil has been disputed. West Asia and the Near East were the first regions to enter the Bronze Age, beginning with

8136-706: The discovery of the Europoid Tarim mummies in Xinjiang has caused some archaeologists such as Johan Gunnar Andersson , Jan Romgard, and An Zhimin to suggest a possible route of transmission from the West eastwards. According to An Zhimin, "It can be imagined that initially, bronze and iron technology took its rise in West Asia, first influenced the Xinjiang region, and then reached the Yellow River valley, providing external impetus for

8249-417: The end of 1700, centred around San Martino. At the time of Italy's unification in 1861, Riccione numbered 1,800 residents. It was a poor area, reliant on subsistence agriculture and, to a lesser extent, fishing . Italy's unification accelerated the construction of the Bologna–Ancona railway , whose section between Rimini and Ancona was inaugurated on 17 November 1861, though Riccione would only have

8362-691: The fall of the monarchy. The name "Israel" first appears c.  1209 BC , at the end of the Late Bronze Age and the very beginning of the Iron Age, on the Merneptah Stele raised by the Egyptian pharaoh Merneptah . The Arameans were a Northwest Semitic semi-nomadic pastoral people who originated in what is now modern Syria (Biblical Aram ) during the Late Bronze and early Iron Age. Large groups migrated to Mesopotamia, where they intermingled with

8475-583: The family of Austrian chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss were guests of the Mussolinis during his assassination in July 1934, and Mussolini learned of Operation Barbarossa during his stay at the villa in June 1941. The villa was guarded by 150 soldiers, reaching 300 during Mussolini's stays. Mussolini would arrive in Riccione aboard a seaplane, and a 75-metre (246-foot) ship would be stationed off Riccione's coast. In 1940,

8588-469: The first mayor of Riccione following the inaugural municipal elections on 14 October 1923. By then, Riccione had six hotels and three guesthouses. The bridge over the Torrente Marano was inaugurated on 24 August 1924. A bridge over the Rio Melo followed on 16 August 1925, completing the coastal road between Rimini and Riccione. Using the new bridges, the Rimini–Riccione tramway , the predecessor to

8701-656: The first state concessions in 1895. Particularly important to Riccione's development in the late 19th century was the American Maria Boorman Weeler. Her husband, Giovanni Ceccarini, was a doctor from Cantiano ; he fought for the Roman Republic , whose fall led him to exile in New York , where he met and married Maria. On their return to Italy, the Ceccarinis bought several properties in Riccione and Scacciano,

8814-468: The first to develop writing . According to archaeological evidence, cultures in Mesopotamia , which used cuneiform script, and Egypt , which used hieroglyphs , developed the earliest practical writing systems. Bronze Age civilisations gained a technological advantage due to bronze's harder and more durable properties than other metals available at the time. While terrestrial iron is naturally abundant,

8927-656: The headwaters of the Khabur River . Eventually, Mitanni succumbed to the Hittites and later Assyrian attacks, eventually being reduced to a province of the Middle Assyrian Empire . The Israelites were an ancient Semitic-speaking people of the Ancient Near East who inhabited part of Canaan during the tribal and monarchic periods (15th–6th centuries BC), and lived in the region in smaller numbers after

9040-636: The higher temperature required for smelting, 1,250 °C (2,280 °F), in addition to the greater difficulty of working with it, placed it out of reach of common use until the end of the 2nd millennium BC. Tin's lower melting point of 232 °C (450 °F) and copper's moderate melting point of 1,085 °C (1,985 °F) placed both these metals within the capabilities of Neolithic pottery kilns , which date to 6000 BC and were able to produce temperatures of at least 900 °C (1,650 °F). Copper and tin ores are rare since there were no tin bronzes in West Asia before trading in bronze began in

9153-464: The historic San Lorenzo in Strada. In return for being granted its desired border at the Rio dell'Asse, Minister Aldo Oviglio required Riccione to build a bridge over the Torrente Marano, to allow the completion of the coastal road between Rimini and Riccione. With the border agreed, the Royal Decree 1439 was passed on 19 October 1922 to make Riccione a separate comune . Silvio Lombardini became

9266-545: The native Akkadian (Assyrian and Babylonian) population. The Aramaeans never had a unified empire; they were divided into independent kingdoms all across the Near East. After the Bronze Age collapse, their political influence was confined to Syro-Hittite states, which were entirely absorbed into the Neo-Assyrian Empire by the 8th century BC. The Mesopotamian Bronze Age began c.  3500 BC and ended with

9379-439: The new town is centred on Viale Ceccarini, which connects the Via Flaminia to the coast. South of the Via Flaminia is Villaggio Papini, enclosed by the Rio Melo, the state road, and Viale Enrico Berlinguer. The area by Riccione's A14 tolled highway is called Raibano, and includes several industrial estates. Further southeast of Riccione's city centre are the districts of Fontanelle (inland) and Abissinia (coastal). The Martinelli,

9492-410: The night of 12–13 September, supported by the 3rd Greek Battalion and the 20th New Zealand Armoured Regiment , claimed the church after four and a half hours. The church was destroyed. On 13–14 September, a further notable engagement took place in the agricultural hamlets of Monaldini and Monticelli, 500 metres (1,600 feet) southwest of San Lorenzo in Strada; the engagement killed almost 100 troops of

9605-408: The numerous large sacrificial tripods known as dings ; there are many other distinct shapes. Surviving identified Chinese ritual bronzes tend to be highly decorated, often with the taotie motif, which involves stylised animal faces. These appear in three main motif types: those of demons, symbolic animals, and abstract symbols. Many large bronzes also bear cast inscriptions that are the bulk of

9718-688: The origins of agriculture. Foothill regions and glacial melt streams supported Bronze Age agro-pastoralists who developed complex east–west trade routes between Central Asia and China that introduced wheat and barley to China and millet to Central Asia. The Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC), also known as the Oxus civilisation, was a Bronze Age civilisation in Central Asia, dated c.  2400  – c.  1600 BC , located in present-day northern Afghanistan , eastern Turkmenistan , southern Uzbekistan and western Tajikistan , centred on

9831-578: The point of origin of a cultural enigma termed the Seima-Turbino Phenomenon . It is conjectured that changes in climate in this region c.  2000 BC }}, and the ensuing ecological, economic, and political changes, triggered a rapid and massive migration westward into northeast Europe, eastward into China, and southward into Vietnam and Thailand across a frontier of some 4,000 mi (6,000 km). This migration took place in just five to six generations and led to peoples from Finland in

9944-442: The railway. The Hotel Adria, no longer extant, was requisitioned for soldiers engaged in the Battle of Rimini to take four days' leave on the beach. The area between Viale Ceccarini and the Rio Melo remained a no man's land until the surrounding hills had been cleared by 18 September. Outside the city, San Lorenzo in Strada was heavily fortified by General Richard Heidrich 's 1st Parachute Division , who barricaded themselves in

10057-515: The rationing of flour and bread; and about seventy fishing families were hurt by a regulation that prohibited fishing beyond 500 metres (1,600 feet) from the coast. Additionally, because of the strategic importance of the railway, the town was bombed from the sea and sky by the Austrian-Hungarian army, and crossed by many Venetian refugees. The 1916 Rimini earthquakes razed about 80% of Riccione's buildings. The 16 August earthquake destroyed

10170-521: The region laid the foundations for astronomy , mathematics, and astrology . The following dates are approximate. The Bronze Age in the Near East can be divided into Early, Middle and Late periods. The dates and phases below apply solely to the Near East, not universally. However, some archaeologists propose a "high chronology", which extends periods such as the Intermediate Bronze Age by 300 to 500–600 years, based on material analysis of

10283-466: The regional Bronze Age is the name given to the period in the 3rd millennium BC when Egyptian civilisation attained its first continuous peak of complexity and achievement—the first of three "Kingdom" periods which marked the high points of civilisation in the lower Nile Valley (the others being the Middle Kingdom and New Kingdom ). The First Intermediate Period of Egypt , often described as

10396-648: The rise of the Mesopotamian civilisation of Sumer in the mid-4th millennium BC. Cultures in the ancient Near East practised intensive year-round agriculture; developed writing systems ; invented the potter's wheel , created centralised governments (usually in the form of hereditary monarchies ), formulated written law codes, developed city-states , nation-states and empires; embarked on advanced architectural projects; and introduced social stratification , economic and civil administration, slavery , and practised organised warfare, medicine, and religion. Societies in

10509-530: The rise of the Shang and Zhou civilizations." According to Jan Romgard, "bronze and iron tools seem to have traveled from west to east as well as the use of wheeled wagons and the domestication of the horse." There are also possible links to Seima-Turbino culture , "a transcultural complex across northern Eurasia", the Eurasian steppe, and the Urals. However, the oldest bronze objects found in China so far were discovered at

10622-415: The route 11 trolleybus , was extended from Miramare to Riccione on 26 June 1927. On 15 July 1929, Riccione inaugurated an aqueduct to bring water from Misano Adriatico along an underground pipeline. Prior to its construction, its water was sourced from the springs in the Fontanelle area, which produced non-potable mineralised water, or brought to the area using unhygienic wooden barrels. The aqueduct

10735-682: The socket, which could be associated with the Seima-Turbino visual vocabulary of southern Siberia. The metallurgical centres of northwestern China, especially the Qijia culture in Gansu and Longshan culture in Shaanxi , played an intermediary role in this process. Iron use in China dates as early as the Zhou dynasty ( c.  1046  – 256 BC), but remained minimal. Chinese literature authored during

10848-509: The southern Korean Peninsula gradually adopted bronze production ( c.  700–600 BC ) after a period when Liaoning-style bronze daggers and other bronze artefacts were exchanged as far as the interior part of the Southern Peninsula ( c.  900–700 BC ). The bronze daggers lent prestige and authority to the personages who wielded and were buried with them in high-status megalithic burials at south-coastal centres such as

10961-491: The surrounding hills. Nevertheless, its beaches had been mined . From the evening of 2 September, the Germans retreated to a defensive line at the Rio Melo, defended by a single tank, allowing forces of the 1st Canadian Infantry Division to enter the city; by 12 September, they were reinforced by the 3rd Greek Mountain Brigade , notorious for their poor behaviour towards locals, who were consequently ordered not to pass underneath

11074-468: The surviving body of early Chinese writing and have helped historians and archaeologists piece together the history of China, especially during the Zhou dynasty. The bronzes of the Western Zhou document large portions of history not found in the extant texts that were often composed by persons of varying rank and possibly even social class. Further, the medium of cast bronze lends the record they preserve

11187-497: The town to the seaside along Viale Viola. The holidays were helped by supporting committees in cities across Emilia-Romagna ; Riccione's treatments were cheaper than regional alternatives. In 1867, Tonini accommodated 106 children with the help of the Bolognese committee. At the start of 1872, Riccione numbered 111 families in 76 buildings; a further 213 families in 174 houses were scattered in its countryside. Its total population

11300-761: The two known as the Chalcolithic . The final decades of the Bronze Age in the Mediterranean basin are often characterised as a period of widespread societal collapse known as the Late Bronze Age collapse ( c.  1200  – c.  1150 BC ), although its severity and scope is debated among scholars. An ancient civilisation is deemed to be part of the Bronze Age if it either produced bronze by smelting its own copper and alloying it with tin , arsenic , or other metals, or traded other items for bronze from producing areas elsewhere. Bronze Age cultures were

11413-557: The upper Amu Darya (Oxus River). Its sites were discovered and named by the Soviet archaeologist Viktor Sarianidi (1976). Bactria was the Greek name for the area of Bactra (modern Balkh ), in what is now northern Afghanistan, and Margiana was the Greek name for the Persian satrapy of Marguš , the capital of which was Merv in present-day Turkmenistan. A wealth of information indicates that

11526-503: The villa is requisitioned to house refugees. Carlo and Roberta spend the night making love on the deserted beach. When she returns home, both Maddalena and her mother express their disapproval of the affair, to which she replies, that nobody had cared when she was married to an older man, and that for the first time in her life she is happy. Maddalena refuses to stay in Roberta's and her mother's villa any longer and leaves town. Meeting again on

11639-532: The villa was renovated and its grounds expanded. As a result of his association with the area, Riccione's development is cliched as dependent on Mussolini's patronage. Mussolini called Riccione a "land of heroes, most fascist since birth". In 1928, the Azienda di Soggiorno was founded to promote tourism. By 1933, Riccione numbered 1,300 villas, 84 establishments including hotels and guesthouses, and 12 children's summer camps. Riccione attracted 30,000 tourists

11752-403: The west to Thailand in the east employing the same metalworking technology and, in some areas, horse breeding and riding. However, recent genetic testings of sites in south Siberia and Kazakhstan ( Andronovo horizon) would rather support spreading of the bronze technology via Indo-European migrations eastwards, as this technology had been well known for quite a while in western regions. It

11865-525: The written East Semitic Akkadian language for official use and as a spoken language. By that time, the Sumerian language was no longer spoken, but was still in religious use in Assyria and Babylonia, and would remain so until the 1st century AD. The Akkadian and Sumerian traditions played a major role in later Assyrian and Babylonian culture. Despite this, Babylonia, unlike the more militarily powerful Assyria,

11978-443: Was 1,940. At this time, Count Giacinto Martinelli, from Santa Colomba , bought 90,000 square metres (22 acres) of Riccione's seaside, north of the railway between Viale Viola and the present-day Viale Cesare Battisti, which he developed with wide avenues and tree-lined roads, selling plots of land for the construction of villas. In 1877, in partnership with Emilio Amati, Martinelli established Riccione's first marine hospice, which

12091-562: Was Egypt's most prosperous time and marked the peak of Egypt's power. The later New Kingdom, comprising the Nineteenth and Twentieth dynasties (1292–1069 BC), is also known as the Ramesside period , after the eleven pharaohs who took the name of Ramesses. Elam was a pre-Iranian ancient civilisation located east of Mesopotamia. In the Middle Bronze Age, Elam consisted of kingdoms on

12204-560: Was a historical period characterised principally by the use of bronze tools and the development of complex urban societies, as well as the adoption of writing in some areas. The Bronze Age is the middle principal period of the three-age system , following the Stone Age and preceding the Iron Age . Conceived as a global era, the Bronze Age follows the Neolithic , with a transition period between

12317-461: Was founded by non-native Amorites and often ruled by other non-indigenous peoples such as the Kassites , Aramaeans and Chaldeans , as well as by its Assyrian neighbours. For many decades, scholars made superficial reference to Central Asia as the "pastoral realm" or alternatively, the "nomadic world", in what researchers call the "Central Asian void": a 5,000-year span that was neglected in studies of

12430-460: Was inaugurated with the opening of a new seaside fountain at the end of Villa Ceccarini, constructed at the cost of 15,295 lire. From 1926, Benito Mussolini , Italy's fascist dictator, began to spend summer holidays in Riccione. In July 1934, Rachele Guidi , Mussolini's second wife, purchased a seaside villa for the family's summer holidays. Mussolini would conduct government business from Riccione during his stays and host notable guests:

12543-585: Was likely depopulated from swamping and incursions during the Gothic Wars . Land grants are recorded in the "Arcioni area" in the Bavarian Code  [ it ] in 810-816 AD, while the churches of San Lorenzo in Strada and San Martino in Arcione are first recorded in documents dated to 997 and 1177. The latter church was located on Cavrèt d'Arvura , a hill in the area of the present-day Fontanelle, south of Riccione along an eponymous stream. In 1260,

12656-643: Was the second in Romagna for the treatment of scrofulus children after the Matteucci hospice in Rimini. Three other marine hospices followed before the turn of the century, as well as a short-lived hydrotherapy establishment. The first villas were built along Viale Viola in 1884. By 1885, there were up to 12 villas owned by foreign residents. In 1889, a mutual aid company for sailors was founded. Riccione's beaches were developed into bathing resorts with lifeguards following

12769-523: Was the western neighbour of the Middle and New Hittite Kingdoms , at times a rival and, at other times, a vassal. The Assuwa league was a confederation of states in western Anatolia defeated by the Hittites under the earlier Tudhaliya I c.  1400 BC . Arzawa has been associated with the more obscure Assuwa generally located to its north. It probably bordered it, and may have been an alternative term for it during some periods. In Ancient Egypt ,

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