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32-642: In the aftermath of the Żeligowski's Mutiny aimed against Lithuania, a new state was created by general Lucjan Żeligowski in Vilnius Region in October 1920. The new Republic of Central Lithuania depended on Poland's economic and military support and was governed by Polish military representatives. The 1922 Republic of Central Lithuania general election of 8 January was mostly boycotted by non-Polish minorities (in particular, Lithuanians), although still saw an over 60% voters turnout. The two largest political groups in

64-482: A Lithuanian citizen, understood that." In October 1920, Żeligowski, a native of historical lands of Lithuania , was chosen to command the 1st Lithuanian-Belarusian Infantry Division , composed mainly of PMO members, volunteers and partisans from the territory of modern Belarus and Lithuania. On October 8, 1920, after a staged mutiny , he "defected" with his unit and took control over the city of Vilnius and its area. The mutiny, named after him, would be remembered as

96-831: A brigade. In 1918 he started the creation of a Polish unit in the area of Kuban , which eventually became the 4th Polish Rifle Division . As part of the Polish Army, his unit fought alongside the Denikin's Whites in the Russian Civil War . In October of the same year he became the Commander in Chief of all the Polish units fighting in Russia. After the outbreak of the Polish-Bolshevik War and

128-745: A commander of a military district of the capital city of Warsaw . In 1925 he also became the Polish Minister of Military Affairs . Ousted by Piłsudski's coup d'état (the May Coup ), he was soon returned to the post. He retired the following year and settled in his family manor in Andrzejewo near Vilnius . In 1930 he published a book containing his memoirs of the Polish-Bolshevik War named War of 1920: Memories and thoughts ( Wojna w roku 1920. Wspomnienia i rozważania ). He also wrote numerous articles on

160-557: A federal solution, the most important decision of the Sejm was passed: a request for annexation by Poland, passed on 20 February (96 in favor, 6 opposed, 10 abstaining). It was executed by a delegation that was elected on the Sejm's last session on 1 March and departed to finish the negotiations in the Polish capital of Warsaw . The Polish Sejm passed the law proposed by the Central Lithuanian parliament on 22 March 1922 and two days later

192-479: A horse, weapon, axe, etc. In the history of a Russian uhlan regiment from 1863, it was mentioned that in the surroundings of Rūdninkai  [ lt ] after a fierce fight, the fifteen-year-old Juozas Želigovskis was taken prisoner and letters were found by his side, where his mother encouraged him to fight. So I was not an accidental out-of-nowhere in Lithuania, but my family has a long tradition and served in

224-404: A new party, and taking with it 7 seats. The Sejm held its proceedings from 1 February to 1 March of that year. The marshal of the Sejm , elected on 3 February, was Antoni Łokuciewski  [ pl ] . Much of the parliament's time was taken with the discussions on the future of Central Lithuania in relation to its neighbour, Poland. After few weeks of debate, with only a minority supporting

256-531: A personal friend of Polish Marshal Józef Piłsudski , was quickly promoted to general and given the command over an operational group of his name, composed of his 10th division and additional units, mostly of partisan origin. As such, he soon became the commanding officer of the entire Lithuanian-Belarusian Front , operating in the area of Polesie and the Pinsk Marshes . During the Battle of Warsaw in 1920 his unit

288-539: The Russian Empire (modern Ashmyany District in Belarus ) (other sources give Oszmiana as his birthplace) to Polish parents Gustaw Żeligowski and Władysława Żeligowska née Traczewska. Żeligowski in his youth lived in poverty and only spoke in the tutejszy language , which is a Belarusian vernacular , and identified himself as a Litvin , not a Belarusian (see the article " Litvinism " for his views in this resect), but

320-714: The Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905. During the First World War he served as a lieutenant colonel and commanding officer of an Imperial Russian rifle regiment. After the February Revolution of 1917, Żeligowski became one of the organizers of the Polish Army in the former Russian Empire . Initially commander of an infantry regiment in the ranks of the Polish 1st Corps , he was quickly promoted and given command over

352-516: The Fatherland's defence. My dream was to live with my countrymen in the Vilnius region . I did not divide them into Poles, Belarusians and Samogitians. As a Lithuanian, I never stopped being Polish. These two concepts are intertwined. They complement each other. I am talking about all this in order to prove that it was all more than a Polish general's seizure of Vilnius. Żeligowski later in his memoir which

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384-480: The Latvian census of 1930 describes tuteiši as Catholics of Latgale , who spoke Polish, Latvian and Russian equally and lacked ethnic identity (the Latvian census did not recognize these people as having a separate ethnic identity). The report notes that they could easily change their identity on a whim or after being persuaded by nationalist organizations, producing sharp changes in the ethnic composition of some areas,

416-674: The Republic of Central Lithuania ceased to exist. 20 deputies from the Sejm of Central Lithuania were incorporated into the Polish Sejm . All of the Republic of Central Lithuania's territory was incorporated into the newly formed Wilno Voivodeship . The border changes were accepted by the Conference of Ambassadors of the Entente and the League of Nations . Lithuania declined to accept the Polish authority over

448-441: The area and continued to treat the region as part of its own territory and Vilnius as its legitimate capital, with Kaunas designated only as a temporary seat of government . The Polish–Lithuanian diplomatic relations were not restored until the Polish ultimatum to Lithuania in 1938. Lucjan %C5%BBeligowski Lucjan Żeligowski ( Polish pronunciation: [ˈlut͡sjan ʐɛliˈɡɔfskʲi] ; 17 October 1865 – 9 July 1947)

480-537: The army, made up of the sons of Lithuania and Belarus, Vilnius was occupied not by the Polish general Żeligowski, but by the Lithuanian Żeligowski, who came as a child from Žiupronys  [ lt ] to Vilnius for school exams and spent the night on the benches of city parks. In the 14th-century Lithuanian Chronicles , there was written about mobilization in Ašmena, where it was mentioned that Jokūbas Želigovskis had

512-878: The command of the Polish southern front. After the Polish defeat, he evaded being captured by the Germans and the Soviets and managed to reach France, where he joined the Polish Government in Exile headed by General Władysław Sikorski . An active member of the Polish National Council , an advisory body, he escaped to London after the French defeat in 1940. After the end of Second World War Żeligowski declared he would return to Poland, but he suddenly died on 9 July 1947 in London. His body

544-559: The conflicts of early 20th century for a variety of Polish newspapers. In 1935 he was elected a member of parliament and remained in the Sejm until the outbreak of World War II in 1939. During the Invasion of Poland , Żeligowski volunteered for the Polish Armed Forces , but was not accepted due to his old age (he was 74 at that time) and poor health. Nevertheless, he served as an advisor to

576-534: The defeat of Denikin, Żeligowski's unit was ordered to retreat to Romanian Bessarabia , where it took part in defence of the border against Bolshevik raids. Finally, in April 1919, the division was withdrawn to the newly established Second Polish Republic , where it was incorporated into the Polish Army and renamed to the Polish 10th Infantry Division . During the war against the Bolshevist Russia , Żeligowski,

608-432: The defining moment of his life. On October 12 , he proclaimed independence of the said area as Republic of Central Lithuania, with Wilno as its capital. Initially a de facto military dictator, after the parliamentary elections he passed his powers to the newly elected parliament , which in turn decided to submit the area to Poland . According to Lucjan Żeligowski's point of view: "But not only geographically, Lithuania

640-471: The late 20th century. For example, in 1989, a poll of persons whose passports recorded their ethnicity as Polish revealed that 4% of them regarded themselves as tuteišiai , 10% as Lithuanians, and 84% as Poles. The term was first used in an official publication in 1922 in the preliminary results of the Polish census of 1921 ( Miesięcznik Statystyczny , vol. V). An indigenous nationality ( French : Nationalité Indigène ; Polish : Narodowość tutejsza )

672-436: The most noticeable changes being a decrease in the number of Belarusians in ten years since 1920 from 75,630 to 36,029 and number of Poles increasing more than could be explained with natural growth and immigration, suggesting that some 5,000 Tutejszy had chosen to identify as Poles. In addition, uncertain number of them presumably chose to identify as Russians or Latvians. The group's speech ( język tutejszy , "local language")

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704-642: The new parliament were the Association of National Parties and Organizations with 43 seats and the Popular Councils with 34 seats. All the other groups gained 28 seats altogether. The list of all seats in parliament included: The total number of deputies according to the majority of sources was 106. During the term, the Peasant Group of Popular Councils had broken away from the Popular Councils, forming

736-580: Was a Polish general , politician, military commander and veteran of World War I , the Polish-Soviet War and World War II . He is mostly remembered for his role in Żeligowski's Mutiny and as head of a short-lived Republic of Central Lithuania . Lucjan Żeligowski was born on October 17, 1865 in the Przechody ( Belarusian : Пераходы ) folwark by the village of Sikūnė in Oshmyansky Uyezd , in

768-518: Was a self-identification of Eastern European rural populations, who did not have a clear national identity . The term means "from here", "local" or "natives". This was mostly in mixed-lingual Eastern European areas, including Poland , Ukraine , Belarus , Lithuania , and Latvia , in particular, in Polesia and Podlachia . As a self-identification, it persisted in Lithuania ’s Vilnius Region into

800-687: Was attached to the 3rd Polish Army and took part in the pursuit of fleeing Bolshevik and Soviet forces at the Battle of the Niemen . Following the Battle of Warsaw, Żeligowski wrote: "There was a paradoxical situation .. when Warsaw was defended and the war was won, we, the citizens of our homeland - Lithuania, could not even return to the house where the Zhmudin people settled, protégé of the Germans ... Having lost Lithuania - Poland lost much of its statehood. Polish politicians didn't understand that, only every soldier, even

832-565: Was brought back to Poland, and Żeligowski was buried in the Powązki Military Cemetery in Warsaw. Tutejszy#Language Tutejszy ( Polish : tutejszy , Polish pronunciation: [tuˈtɛjʂɨ] ; Belarusian : тутэйшы , romanized :  tutejšy ; Ukrainian : тутешній , romanized :  tuteshniy ; Lithuanian : tuteišiai ; Latvian : tuteiši ; Russian : туземный , romanized :  tuzemnyj )

864-461: Was declared by 38,943 persons, with the vast majority being Orthodox (38,135) and from rural areas (36,729). The Census stated that this category was for "population who could not describe their ethnicity in any other way". This census did not include the Vilnius Region . There are mixed opinions about the reasons, meaning, and implications of this term. In the Polish census of 1931 asked respondents to identify their mother tongue . “Tutejszy”

896-461: Was described by Björn Wiemer  [ de ] as “an uncodified and largely undescribed Belarusian vernacular ”. According to Polish professor Jan Otrębski 's article published in 1931, the Polish dialect in the Vilnius Region and in the northeastern areas in general are very interesting variant of Polishness as this dialect developed in a foreign territory which was mostly inhabited by

928-477: Was included and was chosen by 707,088 respondents. Lithuanian researchers assert that within ethnographic Lithuania , the Tutejszy were mostly Slavicized Lithuanians. Björn Wiemer  [ de ] argues that a considerable contribution to Slavicization of the area was a significant influx of Ruthenian (Belarusian) peasantry in the area, especially after considerable depopulation due to plague . Report on

960-409: Was published in London in 1943 condemned the annexation of Republic by Poland, as well as the policy of closing Belarusian schools and general disregard of Marshal Józef Piłsudski 's confederation plans by Polish ally. After the annexation of Central Lithuania to Poland, Żeligowski continued his service in the Polish Army. Promoted to three-star general in 1923, he served as an army inspector , or

992-516: Was the heart of the Slavs. It was morally. She, one of all the Slavic peoples, could easily talk with everyone. As with Poland, so with Russia, so with Ukraine. The mentality of the Lithuanian peoples was, as it were, created to reconcile everyone. He never had hostility, neither national, nor religious, nor cultural." Regarding his invasion of Lithuania in October 1920, Żeligowski wrote: On 9 October 1920, with

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1024-709: Was very positive towards the Belarusian movements. Before the Partitions of Poland in the late 18th century the town was part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . After graduating from military officers' school located in Riga (1885), Żeligowski joined the Imperial Russian Army , where he served at various staff and command posts. He then married Tatiana Pietrova and had two children. Żeligowski fought in

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