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42-531: Villeneuve-lès-Avignon ( French pronunciation: [vil'nœv lez‿avi'ɲɔ̃] ; Provençal : Vilanòva d’Avinhon ) is a commune in the Gard department in southern France . It can also be spelled Villeneuve-lez-Avignon . In the 6th century the Benedictine abbey of St André was founded on Mount Andaon, and the village which grew up round it took its name. The city itself was founded by Philippe le Bel and boasts

84-482: A castle he built, Fort Saint-André . The town was also the resort of the French cardinals during the sojourn of the popes at Avignon , in the 14th century. It is located on the right (western) bank of the river Rhône , opposite Avignon . Villeneuve-lès-Avignon is twinned with: This Gard geographical article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Proven%C3%A7al dialect Provençal

126-416: A language tag that does not necessarily serve to identify a language. One use for extensions is to encode locale information, such as calendar and currency. Extension subtags are composed of multiple hyphen-separated character strings, starting with a single character (other than x ), called a singleton . Each extension is described in its own IETF RFC , which identifies a Registration Authority to manage

168-523: A language tag. For example, es is preferred over es-Latn , as Spanish is fully expected to be written in the Latin script; ja is preferred over ja-JP , as Japanese as used in Japan does not differ markedly from Japanese as used elsewhere. Not all linguistic regions can be represented with a valid region subtag: the subnational regional dialects of a primary language are registered as variant subtags. For example,

210-427: A more structured format for language tags, added the use of ISO 15924 four-letter script codes and UN M.49 three-digit geographical region codes, and replaced the old registry of tags with a new registry of subtags. The small number of previously defined tags that did not conform to the new structure were grandfathered in order to maintain compatibility with RFC 3066. The current version of the specification, RFC 5646,

252-508: A primary language subtag for a collection may be ambiguous as to whether the collection is intended to be inclusive or exclusive. ISO 639-5 does not define precisely which languages are members of these collections; only the hierarchical classification of collections is defined, using the inclusive definition of these collections. Because of this, RFC 5646 does not recommend the use of subtags for language collections for most applications, although they are still preferred over subtags whose meaning

294-403: A property named "Suppress-Script" which indicates the cases where a single script can usually be assumed by default for the language, even if it can be written with another script. When this is the case, it is preferable to omit the script subtag, to improve the likelihood of successful matching. A different script subtag can still be appended to make the distinction when necessary. For example, yi

336-592: A script subtag instead of a region subtag; in this example, zh-Hans and zh-Hant should be used instead of zh-CN/zh-SG/zh-MY and zh-TW/zh-HK/zh-MO . When a distinct language subtag exists for a language that could be considered a regional variety, it is often preferable to use the more specific subtag instead of a language-region combination. For example, ar-DZ ( Arabic as used in Algeria ) may be better expressed as arq for Algerian Spoken Arabic . Disagreements about language identification may extend to BCP 47 and to

378-716: A subtag derived from a code assigned by ISO 639 , ISO 15924 , ISO 3166 , or UN M49 remains a valid (though deprecated) subtag even if the code is withdrawn from the corresponding core standard. If the standard later assigns a new meaning to the withdrawn code, the corresponding subtag will still retain its old meaning. This stability was introduced in RFC 4646. RFC 4646 defined the concept of an "extended language subtag" (sometimes referred to as extlang ), although no such subtags were registered at that time. RFC 5645 and RFC 5646 added primary language subtags corresponding to ISO 639-3 codes for all languages that did not already exist in

420-525: A variety of Provençal since a part of the Gavot area (near Digne and Sisteron) belongs to historical Provence. When written in the Mistralian norm (" normo mistralenco "), definite articles are lou in the masculine singular, la in the feminine singular and li in the masculine and feminine plural ( lis before vowels). Nouns and adjectives usually drop the Latin masculine endings, but -e remains;

462-521: Is a list of some of the more commonly used primary language subtags. The list represents only a small subset (less than 2 percent) of primary language subtags; for full information, the Language Subtag Registry should be consulted directly. Although some types of subtags are derived from ISO or UN core standards, they do not follow these standards absolutely, as this could lead to the meaning of language tags changing over time. In particular,

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504-599: Is also the customary name given to the older version of the Occitan language used by the troubadours of medieval literature , when Old French or the langue d'oïl was limited to the northern areas of France. Thus, the ISO 639-3 code for Old Occitan is [pro]. In 2007, all the ISO 639-3 codes for Occitan dialects, including [prv] for Provençal, were retired and merged into [oci] Occitan. The old codes ([prv], [auv], [gsc], [lms], [lnc]) are no longer in active use, but still have

546-831: Is an accepted version of this page An IETF BCP 47 language tag is a standardized code that is used to identify human languages on the Internet. The tag structure has been standardized by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) in Best Current Practice (BCP) 47 ; the subtags are maintained by the IANA Language Subtag Registry . To distinguish language variants for countries, regions , or writing systems (scripts), IETF language tags combine subtags from other standards such as ISO 639 , ISO 15924 , ISO 3166-1 and UN M.49 . For example,

588-512: Is called "extlang form" and is new in RFC 5646. Whole tags that were registered prior to RFC 4646 and are now classified as "grandfathered" or "redundant" (depending on whether they fit the new syntax) are deprecated in favor of the corresponding ISO 639-3–based language subtag, if one exists. To list a few examples, nan is preferred over zh-min-nan for Min Nan Chinese; hak is preferred over i-hak and zh-hakka for Hakka Chinese ; and ase

630-570: Is even less specific, such as "Multiple languages" and "Undetermined". In contrast, the classification of individual languages within their macrolanguage is standardized, in both ISO 639-3 and the Language Subtag Registry. Script subtags were first added to the Language Subtag Registry when RFC 4646 was published, from the list of codes defined in ISO 15924 . They are encoded in the language tag after primary and extended language subtags, but before other types of subtag, including region and variant subtags. Some primary language subtags are defined with

672-473: Is maintained because it is significant. ISO 15924 includes some codes for script variants (for example, Hans and Hant for simplified and traditional forms of Chinese characters) that are unified within Unicode and ISO/IEC 10646 . These script variants are most often encoded for bibliographic purposes, but are not always significant from a linguistic point of view (for example, Latf and Latg script codes for

714-457: Is named "Afro-Asiatic languages" and includes all such languages. ISO 639-2 changed the exclusive names in 2009 to match the inclusive ISO 639-5 names. To avoid breaking implementations that may still depend on the older (exclusive) definition of these collections, ISO 639-5 defines a grouping type attribute for all collections that were already encoded in ISO 639-2 (such grouping type is not defined for

756-400: Is preferred over sgn-US for American Sign Language . Windows Vista and later versions of Microsoft Windows have RFC 4646 support. ISO 639-5 defines language collections with alpha-3 codes in a different way than they were initially encoded in ISO 639-2 (including one code already present in ISO 639-1, Bihari coded inclusively as bh in ISO 639-1 and bih in ISO 639-2). Specifically,

798-563: Is preferred over yi-Hebr in most contexts, because the Hebrew script subtag is assumed for the Yiddish language. As another example, zh-Hans-SG may be considered equivalent to zh-Hans , because the region code is probably not significant; the written form of Chinese used in Singapore uses the same simplified Chinese characters as in other countries where Chinese is written. However, the script subtag

840-457: Is used by computing standards such as HTTP , HTML , XML and PNG . 󠀁 IETF language tags were first defined in RFC 1766, edited by Harald Tveit Alvestrand , published in March 1995. The tags used ISO 639 two-letter language codes and ISO 3166 two-letter country codes, and allowed registration of whole tags that included variant or script subtags of three to eight letters. In January 2001, this

882-891: The valencia variant subtag for the Valencian variant of the Catalan is registered in the Language Subtag Registry with the prefix ca . As this dialect is spoken almost exclusively in Spain, the region subtag ES can normally be omitted. Furthermore, there are script tags that do not refer to traditional scripts such as Latin, or even scripts at all, and these usually begin with a Z. For example, Zsye refers to emojis , Zmth to mathematical notation , Zxxx to unwritten documents and Zyyy to undetermined scripts. IETF language tags have been used as locale identifiers in many applications. It may be necessary for these applications to establish their own strategy for defining, encoding and matching locales if

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924-578: The Fraktur and Gaelic variants of the Latin script, which are mostly encoded with regular Latin letters in Unicode and ISO/IEC 10646). They may occasionally be useful in language tags to expose orthographic or semantic differences, with different analysis of letters, diacritics, and digraphs/trigraphs as default grapheme clusters, or differences in letter casing rules. Two-letter region subtags are based on codes assigned, or "exceptionally reserved", in ISO 3166-1 . If

966-485: The ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency were to reassign a code that had previously been assigned to a different country, the existing BCP 47 subtag corresponding to that code would retain its meaning, and a new region subtag based on UN M.49 would be registered for the new country. UN M.49 is also the source for numeric region subtags for geographical regions, such as 005 for South America. The UN M.49 codes for economic regions are not allowed. Region subtags are used to specify

1008-457: The Latin masculine endings, but -e [e] remains; the feminine ending is -a [ɔ]. Nouns inflect for number, all adjectives ending in vowels ( -e or -a ) become -ei/-eis [ej/ejz = i/iz] in some syntactic positions, and most plural adjectives take -s . Pronunciation remains the same in both norms (Mistralian and classical), which are only two different ways to write the same language. The IETF language tags register oc-provenc-grmistr for

1050-420: The Mistralian orthography and oc-provenc-grclass for the classical one. Modern Provençal literature was given impetus by Nobel laureate Frédéric Mistral and the association, Félibrige , which he founded with other writers, such as Théodore Aubanel . The beginning of the 20th century saw other authors like Joseph d'Arbaud , Batisto Bonnet and Valère Bernard . It has been enhanced and modernized since

1092-485: The Registry. In addition, codes for languages encompassed by certain macrolanguages were registered as extended language subtags. Sign languages were also registered as extlangs, with the prefix sgn . These languages may be represented either with the subtag for the encompassed language alone ( cmn for Mandarin) or with a language-extlang combination ( zh-cmn ). The first option is preferred for most purposes. The second option

1134-582: The Western Occitan Alps, around Digne , Sisteron , Gap , Barcelonnette and the upper County of Nice , but also in a part of the Ardèche , is not exactly a subdialect of Provençal, but rather a closely related Occitan dialect, also known as Vivaro-Alpine . So is the dialect spoken in the upper valleys of Piedmont , Italy ( Val Maira , Val Varaita , Val Stura di Demonte , Entracque , Limone Piemonte , Vinadio , Sestriere ). Some people view Gavòt as

1176-543: The core standards that inform it. For example, some speakers of Punjabi believe that the ISO 639-3 distinction between [pan] "Panjabi" and [pnb] "Western Panjabi" is spurious (i.e. they feel the two are the same language ); that sub-varieties of the Arabic script should be encoded separately in ISO 15924 (as, for example, the Fraktur and Gaelic styles of the Latin script are); and that BCP 47 should reflect these views and/or overrule

1218-426: The core standards with regard to them. BCP 47 delegates this type of judgment to the core standards, and does not attempt to overrule or supersede them. Variant subtags and (theoretically) primary language subtags may be registered individually, but not in a way that contradicts the core standards. Extension subtags (not to be confused with extended language subtags ) allow additional information to be attached to

1260-482: The data for that extension. IANA is responsible for allocating singletons. Two extensions have been assigned as of January 2014. Extension T allows a language tag to include information on how the tagged data was transliterated, transcribed, or otherwise transformed. For example, the tag en-t-jp could be used for content in English that was translated from the original Japanese. Additional substrings could indicate that

1302-457: The feminine ending is -o (this is the opposite of the neighbouring Italian masculine gender). Nouns do not inflect for number, but all adjectives ending in vowels ( -e or -o ) become -i , and all plural adjectives take -s before vowels. When written in the classical norm (" nòrma classica "), definite articles are masculine lo [lu], feminine la [la], and plural lei/leis [lej/lejz = li/liz]. Nouns and adjectives usually drop

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1344-502: The language collections are now all defined in ISO 639-5 as inclusive, rather than some of them being defined exclusively. This means that language collections have a broader scope than before, in some cases where they could encompass languages that were already encoded separately within ISO 639-2. For example, the ISO 639-2 code afa was previously associated with the name "Afro-Asiatic (Other)", excluding languages such as Arabic that already had their own code. In ISO 639-5, this collection

1386-534: The meaning assigned to them when they were established in the Standard. Some groups have called for Provençal's recognition as a full language, distinct from Occitan. The Regional Council of Provence has variously labelled Provençal as a dialect of Occitan or as a distinct language, depending on different lobbies and political majorities. The main subdialects of Provençal are: Gavòt (in French Gavot ), spoken in

1428-432: The new collections added only in ISO 639-5). BCP 47 defines a "Scope" property to identify subtags for language collections. However, it does not define any given collection as inclusive or exclusive, and does not use the ISO 639-5 grouping type attribute, although the description fields in the Language Subtag Registry for these subtags match the ISO 639-5 (inclusive) names. As a consequence, BCP 47 language tags that include

1470-497: The old Language Tag Registry), subtags occur in the following order: Subtags are not case-sensitive , but the specification recommends using the same case as in the Language Subtag Registry, where region subtags are UPPERCASE , script subtags are Title Case , and all other subtags are lowercase . This capitalization follows the recommendations of the underlying ISO standards. Optional script and region subtags are preferred to be omitted when they add no distinguishing information to

1512-467: The second half of the 20th century by writers such as Robèrt Lafont , Pierre Pessemesse , Claude Barsotti , Max-Philippe Delavouët  [ Wikidata ] , Philippe Gardy  [ Wikidata ] , Florian Vernet  [ Wikidata ] , Danielle Julien  [ Wikidata ] , Jòrgi Gròs  [ Wikidata ] , Sèrgi Bec  [ Wikidata ] , Bernat Giély , and many others. IETF language tag This

1554-457: The strategy described in RFC 4647 is not adequate. The use, interpretation and matching of IETF language tags is currently defined in RFC 5646 and RFC 4647. The Language Subtag Registry lists all currently valid public subtags. Private-use subtags are not included in the Registry as they are implementation-dependent and subject to private agreements between third parties using them. These private agreements are out of scope of BCP 47. The following

1596-674: The tag en stands for English ; es-419 for Latin American Spanish ; rm-sursilv for Romansh Sursilvan ; sr-Cyrl for Serbian written in Cyrillic script; nan-Hant-TW for Min Nan Chinese using traditional Han characters , as spoken in Taiwan ; yue-Hant-HK for Cantonese using traditional Han characters , as spoken in Hong Kong ; and gsw-u-sd-chzh for Zürich German . It

1638-735: The translation was done mechanically, or in accordance with a published standard. Extension T is described in the informational RFC 6497, published in February 2012. The Registration Authority is the Unicode Consortium . Extension U allows a wide variety of locale attributes found in the Common Locale Data Repository (CLDR) to be embedded in language tags. These attributes include country subdivisions, calendar and time zone data, collation order, currency, number system, and keyboard identification. Some examples include: Extension U

1680-421: The variety of a language "as used in" a particular region. They are appropriate when the variety is regional in nature, and can be captured adequately by identifying the countries involved, as when distinguishing British English ( en-GB ) from American English ( en-US ). When the difference is one of script or script variety, as for simplified versus traditional Chinese characters, it should be expressed with

1722-631: Was published in September 2009. The main purpose of this revision was to incorporate three-letter codes from ISO 639-3 and 639-5 into the Language Subtag Registry, in order to increase the interoperability between ISO 639 and BCP 47. Each language tag is composed of one or more "subtags" separated by hyphens (-). Each subtag is composed of basic Latin letters or digits only. With the exceptions of private-use language tags beginning with an x- prefix and grandfathered language tags (including those starting with an i- prefix and those previously registered in

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1764-458: Was updated by RFC 3066, which added the use of ISO 639-2 three-letter codes, permitted subtags with digits, and adopted the concept of language ranges from HTTP/1.1 to help with matching of language tags. The next revision of the specification came in September 2006 with the publication of RFC 4646 (the main part of the specification), edited by Addison Philips and Mark Davis and RFC 4647 (which deals with matching behaviour). RFC 4646 introduced

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