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33-414: Vigenère may refer to: Blaise de Vigenère , a 16th-century French cryptographer The Vigenère cipher , a cipher whose invention was later misattributed to Vigenère Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Vigenère . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

66-503: A Huguenot defeat and the death of Anne de Montmorency , the royal commander-in-chief, and the short war ended in 1568 with the Peace of Longjumeau . The privileges granted to Protestants were widely opposed, however, leading to their cancellation and the resumption of war. The Dutch Republic , England and Navarre intervened on the Protestant side, while Spain, Tuscany and Pope Pius V supported

99-500: A celebrated diplomat and friend of the arts. He would return to Rome again in 1566 for another three years. During his stays, he examined all the ancient buildings and expanded his knowledge of antiquity. In his 1586 book, Traicté des chiffres ou secretes manières d'escrire , he wrote: in Rome, I did all that was possible — talking to learned men versed in Roman antiquity, visiting and revisiting

132-533: A policy of relative religious tolerance . After the events of the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre, he began to support the persecution of Huguenots. However, the incident haunted Charles for the rest of his life, and historians suspect that it caused his physical and mental health to deteriorate over the next two years. Charles died of tuberculosis in 1574 without legitimate male issue, and was succeeded by his brother Henry III , whose own death in 1589 without issue allowed for

165-589: A year income to the poor in Paris . He married Marie Varé on 24 July 1570. He died of throat cancer in 1596 and is buried in the Saint-Étienne-du-Mont church. On Vigenère's trips to Italy he read books about cryptography and came in contact with cryptologists. Giovan Battista Bellaso described a method of encryption in his 1553 book La cifra del. Sig. Giovan Battista Belaso , published in Venice in 1553, which in

198-584: Is still debated. This event, known as the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre , was a significant blow to the Huguenot movement, and religious civil warfare soon began anew. Charles sought to take advantage of the disarray of the Huguenots by ordering the siege of La Rochelle , but was unable to take the Protestant stronghold. Many of Charles' decisions were influenced by his mother, a fervent Roman Catholic who initially supported

231-534: Is the cause of all of this? God's blood, you are the cause of it all!" Catherine responded by declaring she had a lunatic for a son. Charles' physical condition, tending towards tuberculosis , deteriorated to the point where, by spring of 1574, his hoarse coughing turned bloody and his hemorrhages grew more violent. Charles IX died at the Château de Vincennes on 30 May 1574, aged 23. Given that his younger brother Henry, Duke of Anjou , had recently been elected King of

264-526: The Edict of Roussillon , which standardised 1 January as the first day of the year throughout France. War again broke out in 1567 after Charles added 6,000 Swiss mercenaries to his personal guards. Huguenots, fearing a Catholic attack was imminent, tried to abduct the king at Meaux , seized various cities, and massacred Catholics at Nîmes in an action known as the Michelade . The Battle of Saint-Denis resulted in

297-510: The ascension of Henry of Navarre to the French throne as Henry IV , establishing the House of Bourbon as the new French royal dynasty. Charles Maximilien of France, third son of King Henry II of France and Catherine de' Medici , was born on 27 June 1550 at the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye . He was the fifth of ten children born to the royal couple. Styled since birth as Duke of Angoulême , he

330-545: The 19th century was misattributed to Vigenère and became widely known as the "Vigenère cipher". In 1567 and 1568, Vigenère created a different, stronger autokey cipher , which he published in 1586 in his book Traicté des chiffres ou secrètes manières d'escrire ( Treatise on Ciphers or Secret Ways of Writing ). It differs from Bellaso's in several ways: After his retirement, Vigenère composed and translated over 20 books, including: Charles IX of France Charles IX (Charles Maximilien; 27 June 1550 – 30 May 1574)

363-608: The Catholics. Finally, the royal debt and the King's desire to seek a peaceful solution led to yet another truce, the Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye in August 1570, which again granted concessions to the Huguenots. On 26 November 1570, Charles married Elisabeth of Austria , with whom he fathered one daughter, Marie Elisabeth . In 1573, Charles fathered an illegitimate son, Charles, Duke of Angoulême , with his mistress, Marie Touchet . After

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396-499: The French envoy Louis Adhémar de Monteil, Count of Grignan, to the Diet of Worms as a junior secretary. After the diet's rupture, he traveled in Europe. In 1547, he quit the court and entered the service of the House of Nevers . He would remain associated with it until at least a year before his death in 1596. At first he was secretary to François I, Duke of Nevers , a position he held until

429-518: The French throne and husband to Queen Jeanne III of Navarre , was appointed Lieutenant-General of France. In 1560, a group of Huguenot nobles at Amboise had planned to try to abduct King Francis II and arrest the Catholic leaders Francis, Duke of Guise , and his brother Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine . The plot was discovered ahead of time, and the Guises were prepared, executing hundreds of Huguenots. This

462-735: The Polish diplomat verbally, verifying the proposal's authenticity, then facilitate the idea, all without revealing he had been authorized to do so by her. Nine years later, Vigenère wrote in detail about this incident in his book La description du Royaume de Poloigne , without naming himself or revealing that he could have held secrets. During this later stay in Italy, Vigenère also visited other Italian cities, notably Venice and Florence . In 1570, at age 47, Vigenère retired from traveling and settled in Paris to devote himself to writing. He donated his 1,000 livres

495-548: The concessions given to the Huguenots. After the military leaders of both sides were either killed or captured in battles at Rouen , Dreux , and Orléans , the regent mediated a truce and issued the Edict of Amboise (1563). The war was followed by four years of an uneasy "armed peace", during which time Catherine united the factions in the successful effort to recapture Le Havre from the English. After this victory, Charles declared his legal majority in August 1563, formally ending

528-598: The conclusion of the Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye in 1570, the king increasingly came under the influence of Admiral Gaspard de Coligny , who had succeeded the slain Prince of Condé as leader of Huguenots after the Battle of Jarnac in 1569. Catherine, however, became increasingly fearful of Coligny's unchecked power, especially since he was pursuing an alliance with England and the Dutch. Coligny

561-512: The deaths of the duke and his son in 1562. A letter of July 1593 reveals he was also secretary to Louis de Gonzague (who became Duke of Nevers by his marriage to François I's daughter Henriette of Cleves in 1565) and tutored Louis' son (born 1580). In 1549, he took his first trip to Italy, in particular to Rome. It is not known who his protector was on the trip, which lasted for three to four years, but one of his biographers, Maurice Sarazin, has suggested it may have been Cardinal Tournon ,

594-617: The fuse that sparked the French Wars of Religion . Louis of Bourbon, Prince of Condé , brother of the Lieutenant-General and the suspected architect of the Amboise conspiracy , had already prepared for war and, taking Wassy as the pretext, assumed the role of a protector of Protestantism and began to seize and garrison strategic towns along the Loire Valley . In response, the monarchy revoked

627-440: The king's fragile mental and physical constitution weakened drastically. His moods swung from boasting about the extremity of the massacre to exclamations that the screams of the murdered Huguenots kept ringing in his ears. Frantically, he blamed alternately himself – "What blood shed! What murders!", he cried to his nurse. "What evil counsel I have followed! O my God, forgive me... I am lost! I am lost!" – or his mother – "Who but you

660-419: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vigenère&oldid=933235683 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Blaise de Vigen%C3%A8re Vigenère was born into a respectable family in

693-410: The marble reliefs, bronzes, medals and ancient cameos from which one might draw knowledge and instruction — but I couldn't restore anything. After the death of François II, Duke of Nevers , in 1562, Vigenère resumed his studies. He received lessons from Adrianus Turnebus and Jean Dorat and learned Greek and Hebrew. In 1566, the queen mother, Catherine de Médicis , sent Vignère to Rome, where he

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726-444: The marriage of his sister Margaret to Henry of Navarre , a major Protestant nobleman in the line of succession to the French throne, in a last desperate bid to reconcile his people. Facing popular hostility against this policy of appeasement and at the instigation of his mother Catherine de' Medici , Charles oversaw the massacre of numerous Huguenot leaders who gathered in Paris for the royal wedding, though his direct involvement

759-499: The massacres weakened Huguenot power, they also reignited war, which only ceased after the Edict of Boulogne in 1573 granted Huguenots amnesty and limited religious freedom. However, the year 1574 saw a failed Huguenot coup at Saint-Germain and successful Huguenot uprisings in Normandy, Poitou and the Rhône valley, setting the stage for another round of war. In the aftermath of the massacre,

792-497: The regency. However, Catherine continued to play a principal role in politics, and often dominated her son. In March 1564, the King and his mother set out from Fontainebleau on a grand tour of France . Their tour spanned two years and brought them through Bar, Lyon , Salon-de-Provence (where they visited Nostradamus ), Carcassonne , Toulouse (where the King and his younger brother Henry were confirmed ), Bayonne , La Rochelle , and Moulins . During this trip, Charles IX issued

825-411: The street, Parisians mutilated the body. The mob action then erupted into the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre , a systematic slaughter of Huguenots that was to last five days. Henry of Navarre managed to avoid death by pledging to convert to Catholicism. Over the next few weeks, the disorder spread to more cities across France. In all, up to 10,000 Huguenots were killed in Paris and the provinces. Though

858-528: The village of Saint-Pourçain in Bourbonnais . When he was 12, his father, Jehan (modern spelling Jean ) de Vigenère, arranged for him to have a classical education in Paris. Registered at the university at 14, he quit after three years without a known degree. From 1539 to around 1545, he worked under Gilbert Bayard, a first secretary to King Francis I , who had fiefs in Bourbonnais. In 1545, he accompanied

891-447: The wedding, which was set for 18 August 1572. On 22 August, a failed attempt on Coligny's life put the city in a state of apprehension, as both visiting Huguenots and Parisian Catholics feared an attack by the other side. In this situation, in the early morning of 24 August 1572, the Duke of Guise moved to avenge his father and murdered Coligny in his lodgings. As Coligny's body was thrown into

924-485: Was King of France from 1560 until his death in 1574. He ascended the French throne upon the death of his brother Francis II in 1560, and as such was the penultimate monarch of the House of Valois . Charles' reign saw the culmination of decades of tension between Protestants and Catholics. Civil and religious war broke out between the two parties after the massacre of Vassy in 1562. In 1572, following several unsuccessful attempts at brokering peace, Charles arranged

957-528: Was also hated by Henry, Duke of Guise, who accused the Admiral of having ordered the assassination of his father Francis of Guise during the siege of Orléans in 1563. During the peace settlement, a marriage was arranged between Charles' sister Margaret of Valois and Henry of Navarre, the future King Henry IV, who was at that time heir to the throne of Navarre and one of the leading Huguenots. Many Huguenot nobles, including Admiral de Coligny, thronged into Paris for

990-554: Was created Duke of Orléans after the death of his elder brother Louis , his parents' second son, who had died in infancy on 24 October 1550. The royal children were raised under the supervision of the governor and governess of the royal children, Claude d'Urfé and Françoise d'Humières , under the orders of Diane de Poitiers . On 14 May 1564, Charles was presented the Order of the Garter by Henry Carey . Charles' father died in 1559, and

1023-714: Was followed by cases of Protestant iconoclasm and Catholic reprisals. The regent Catherine tried to foster reconciliation at the Colloquy at Poissy and, after that failed, made several concessions to the Huguenots in the Edict of Saint-Germain in January 1562. Nonetheless, the Massacre of Vassy , perpetrated on 1 March 1562, when the Duke of Guise and his troops attacked and killed or wounded over 100 Huguenot worshipers and citizens, brought France spiralling towards civil war. The massacre lit

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1056-480: Was secretary under Juste de Tournon, the ambassador of her son King Charles IX . In December of that year she sent a letter to Tournon, requesting that Vigenère respond to an overture made by the secretary of the elderly king of Poland, Sigismond Auguste Jagellon , who had no children. Apparently the secretary had proposed the Polish king name her son Henri (the Duke of Anjou and future King Henry III of France ), as his successor. She specified Vigenère should interview

1089-515: Was succeeded by Charles' elder brother, King Francis II . Francis II died in 1560. The ten-year-old Charles was immediately proclaimed king on 5 December 1560, and the Privy Council appointed his mother, Catherine de' Medici , as governor of France ( gouvernante de France ), with sweeping powers, at first acting as regent for her young son. On 15 May 1561, Charles was consecrated in the cathedral at Reims . Antoine of Bourbon , himself in line to

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