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131-530: A bronze horseshoe-shaped fibula with red enamel was found during archaeological excavations at the center of the town in 1999. The fibula is dated to the 4th century AD. Its unique design was considered for the village's coat of arms. According to the Palemonid legends, the village takes the name from its founder Duke Vidas (Hurda) Ginvilaitis, grandson of Duke Giedrius and ancestor of the Giedroyć family . The village

262-424: A concrete pump , or they will use concrete masonry units (block walls). Rock may also be used, but is less common. In monolithic architecture , large parts of the building are made of concrete; in insulating concrete form construction, the concrete walls may be hidden with an exterior finish or siding . Inside the structure, a single Lally column , steel basement jack, wooden column or support post may hold up

393-495: A french drain may need to be used to prevent water from entering the basement at the bottom of the wall. Walls below grade may need to be sealed with an impervious coating (such as tar ) to prevent water seepage. A polyethylene of about 6 mil ( visqueen ) serves as a water barrier underneath the basement. Some designs elect to simply leave a crawl space under the house, rather than a full basement due to structural challenges. Most other designs justify further excavations to create

524-668: A knee and leg. Many Knee fibulae have small rectangular, or larger semi-circular head plates. Knee fibulae appear, like the Augen type, to have been introduced into the Roman Empire by Germanic allies. Despite their small size, their appearance in Roman military graves implies that the Knee fibula was the most popular fibula among Roman soldiers in the 2nd century AD. They are rarely found outside military sites or contexts. The Pannonian Trumpet fibula has

655-568: A papal bull from Pope Pius VI and seized the monastery and its land. Bishop of Vilnius Ignacy Jakub Massalski and the Canons Regular of Penitence sued and recovered the monastery and received cash compensation, but lost the land. After the Uprising of 1831 , Tsarist authorities closed all monasteries (except one in Vilnius) of the Canons Regular of Penitence in 1832. The monastery church became

786-404: A basement is considered necessary. Historically, basements have become much easier to build (in developed countries) since the industrialization of home building. Large powered excavation machines such as backhoes and front-end loaders have dramatically reduced the time and manpower needed to dig a basement as compared to digging by hand with a spade , although this method may still be used in

917-480: A bilateral spring). Certosa fibulae are often very small, but can reach lengths of over 10–15 cm. In the La Tène I, or La Tène A to B2, era (4th to 3rd centuries BC), fibula design became relatively standardised over a large geographic area, although minor stylistic variations and differences in decoration remained. The La Tène I fibula usually had a narrow bow. The spring that could be either unilateral or bilateral,

1048-443: A closet. The main point of distinction between this type of basement and the two others lies in its being either entirely unmodified (unlike the finished basement) beyond the addition of furniture, recreational objects and appliances, and/or exercise equipment on the bare floor, or slightly modified through the installation (besides any or all of the aforementioned items) of loose carpet and perhaps simple light fixtures. In both cases,

1179-531: A common utilitarian clothes fastening, normally of base metal , in Iron Age and Roman Britain developed in the post-Roman period into highly elaborate and decorative marks of status in Ireland and Scotland, made in precious metals and often decorated with gems, and worn by men and women, as well as the clergy as part of their vestments when conducting services. The finest period is from the 8th and 9th centuries, before

1310-475: A flat plate. Since there is little space between the fibula body and the pin (there is no arch to the body), plate fibulae could not be used to fasten much material and were therefore mainly decorative . Most plate fibulae have a hinge assembly on the back. Plate fibulae are generally associated with women's graves . The most common forms of plate fibula in the 1st century AD were round (disc), diamond, oval and lunula ( crescent - or moon-shaped). In Roman Britain

1441-550: A four-leaf rose which alludes to the Poraj coat of arms used by the Giedroyć family . An inverted chevron represents architectural heritage and reminds of the letter "V" (the first letter of village's name). Its silver color represents the Siesartis river and the green shield represents the beauty of nature. The village celebrates the traditional annual parish festival in June. It also hosts

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1572-525: A full-height basement, sufficient for another level of living space. Even so, basements in Canada and the northern United States were typically only 7 feet 10 inches (2.39 m) in height, rather than the standard full 8 feet (2.44 m) of the main floors. Older homes may have even lower basement heights as the basement walls were concrete block and thus, could be customized to any height. Modern builders offer higher basements as an option. The cost of

1703-407: A high standard and used as living space. In British English , the word basement is usually used for underground floors of, for example, department stores. The word is usually used with buildings when the space below the ground floor is habitable and with (usually) its own access. The word cellar applies to the whole underground level or to any large underground room. A subcellar or subbasement

1834-417: A home gym, a home theater , a basement bar, a sauna , craft room, play room, kitchenette, and one or more closets. Usually a part of the basement is unfurnished and is used for storage, a workshop, and/or a laundry room; when this is the case the water heater and furnace will also often be located there, although in some cases the entire basement is finished, and the water heater and furnace are boxed off into

1965-433: A large number of projects in the 100–200 square meter bracket. There are a smaller number of projects in the 200–500 square meter bracket under construction. It is also not unusual to see multi-level retrofit basements. These are considerable works of civil engineering and require some skill and intuitive understanding as well as good engineering. Some of the more grandiose of these basement projects have been widely reported in

2096-403: A long foot. The arch was made up of two, or even three, separate, but parallel, arches. These arches are either wide and flat or narrow and tall. The Trident fibula has a rounded arch and long foot and a wide, flat head plate with three points. The entire fibula looks like a trident . Claims that this was the standard fibula of the Roman navy are unfounded. The use of plate fibulae continued in

2227-505: A much earlier date also had hinges, although this design feature was very rare and soon died out for nearly five centuries. For example, the Asia Minor Decorated Arc Fibula (Blinkenberg Type XII Variation 16) dates to the 5th century BC. Different types of fibula construction were used contemporaneously. Though the introduction of the hinge was later than the introduction of the spring, the spring remained in use long after

2358-608: A pair of spectacles or eye glasses . These fibulae, such as the Haslau type and the St. Lucija type, were found in the 9th to 7th centuries BC. Some spectacle fibula were very large with spirals up to 10 cm across. A variant that appeared in the 6th century BC had four small spirals with a square, or squarish, cover plate on the middle, the Vierpass type. The Villanovan culture in Italy introduced

2489-575: A parish church. The former monastery was used as a clergy house and, after World War II, as a school. After Lithuania declared independence , the damaged and neglected building was returned to the parish. Extensive restoration works started in 1994 with financial support by, among others, Michal Giedroyc , a descendant of the Giedroyć family. During the restoration, workers uncovered murals with portraits of monastery superiors. Originally, there were ten murals created c.  1762 , but two were lost. After

2620-616: A problem, though they may be used in larger structures. However, basements are considered standard on all but the smallest new buildings in many places with temperate continental climates such as the American Midwest and the Canadian Prairies where a concrete foundation below the frost line is needed in any case, to prevent a building from shifting during the freeze-thaw cycle . Basements are much easier to construct in areas with relatively soft soils and may be avoided in places where

2751-616: A rudimentary hospital/shelter for the sick and elderly ( Lithuanian : špitolė ). The church had a choir which owned a separate house in the village. The church and the monastery were heavily damaged during the Second Northern War (1655–1660). The church was reconsecrated in 1684. In 1750s, two-floor brick monastery building was added. It survives this day. The old wooden monastery buildings continued to house novitiate, refectory , kitchen. They were demolished in mid-19th century. In 1783, Józef Kossakowski , Bishop of Livonia , received

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2882-417: A semi-circular arch and a long foot that curves back under itself to return to the base of the arch. They have bilateral springs. The bows of P-Shaped fibulae are usually semi-circular in cross-section and are decorated with ribs. P-Shaped fibulae were found from the 2nd to the early 4th centuries. There were other bow fibula variations of the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD. The Divided Bow type has an arched bow and

3013-462: A series of variations of the bow fibula in the 8th and 7th centuries BC. In these so-called Italianate fibulae, the bow begins, at the head, with a semi-circular form, but bends at its apex to angle straight down to the foot that was often lengthened and extended. The bow was often decorated with moulded knobs or spikes. The rear half of the bow was sometimes bent into a wavy, kinked shape. The latter variants were known as serpentine fibulae. Meanwhile,

3144-468: A sinuous, s-shaped profile. The La Tène I era also saw the introduction of the first animal, or zoomorphic , designs. These included birds and horses and could either be flat, with a short bilateral spring on the back, or three-dimensional ("in the round") with a long bilateral spring at the head. In the La Tène II, or La Tène C era (2nd century BC), the foot of the fibula actually bent back to touch

3275-467: A space in its own right, gradually took hold. Initially, it was typically a large, concrete-floored space, accessed by indoor stairs, with exposed columns and beams along the walls and ceilings, or sometimes, walls of poured concrete or concrete cinder block . An English basement , also known as a daylight basement or lower ground floor, is contained in a house where at least part of the floor goes above ground to provide reasonably-sized windows. Generally,

3406-528: A stairwell leading above ground, or a door directly outside if a portion of the basement is completely at or above grade. Many walk-out basements are also daylight basements. The only exceptions are when the entire basement is nearly entirely underground, and a stairwell leads up nearly a floor's worth of vertical height to lead to the outdoors. Generally, basements with only an emergency exit well do not count as walk-out. Walk-out basements with at-grade doors on one side typically are more costly to construct since

3537-408: A status or profession such as single woman, married woman, man, warrior, or chief. Some Roman-era fibulae may symbolize specific ranks or positions in the Roman legions or auxiliary. In some cultures, fibulae were worn in pairs and could be linked by a length of chain. The Romans also used fibulas to fasten the foreskin above the penis, thus hiding the glans, this was done both to show modesty and in

3668-516: A subbasement is more difficult, costly, and time-consuming than building a basement as the lowest floor. Subbasements are even more susceptible to flooding and water damage than basements and are therefore rare, except in dry climates and at higher elevations. Some famous landmarks contain subbasements. The subbasement of the US Capitol Building is used as storage and that in the White House

3799-488: A two-week en plein air workshop for artists in July. The first event was organized in 2003. The village had 239 residents in 1863, 255 in 1879, 284 in 1923, 282 in 1959, 268 in 1970, 316 in 1979, 403 in 1989, and 415 in 2001. From the 17th century, the village had a school maintained by the church and monastery. The school had 20 students in 1770 and 48 students (11 nobles, 18 townspeople, and 19 peasants) in 1781. A year later,

3930-457: A very large triangular or square catch plate. Some of the large square catch plates were decorated with complex incised geometric or figural designs. Some of the fibula had a flat back indicating that they were likely cast in simple, open moulds . The Iron Age saw an expansion in the use of fibulae. The rounded bow fibula underwent several variations and were usually highly decorated with incised or moulded geometric designs. In one variation,

4061-513: A wide flaring head like the bell of a trumpet . However, unlike a straight trumpet, the Pannonian Trumpet fibula is sharply bent near the head. This Germanic design was found in and around Pannonia but was exported as widely as Britain . The P-Shaped type is another common 2nd-century AD fibula design that originated among the Germanic peoples . The P-Shaped fibula, or Almgren Type 162, has

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4192-404: A work-out area. It is also common to have a secondary (or primary) home office in a partially finished basement, as well as a workbench and/or a space for laundry appliances. Toilets and showers sometimes exist in this variety of basement, as many North American basements are designed to allow for their installation. In London the construction of finished retrofit basements is big business with

4323-490: Is a brooch or pin for fastening garments, typically at the right shoulder. The fibula developed in a variety of shapes, but all were based on the safety-pin principle. Unlike most modern brooches, fibulae were not only decorative; they originally served a practical function: to fasten clothing for both sexes, such as dresses and cloaks . In English, "fibula" is not a word used for modern jewellery, but by archaeologists, who also use "brooch", especially for types other than

4454-517: Is a level that lies below the basement or cellar. A basement can be used in almost exactly the same manner as an additional above-ground floor of a house or other building. However, the use of basements depends largely on factors specific to a particular geographical area such as climate, soil, seismic activity, building technology, and real estate economics. Basements in small buildings such as single-family detached houses are rare in wet climates such as Great Britain and Ireland where flooding can be

4585-646: Is also called the Illyrian and is found in Pannonia ( Hungary ), Dacia ( Romania ) and Serbia . The late 1st century AD saw the introduction of the Kraftig Profilierte group of fibula designs. Kraftig Profilierte fibulae have a wide fan-, or bell -shaped head and a long thin pointy foot. They have long bilateral hinges. There are three main variations of the Kraftig Profilierte fibula. The North Pannonian Double Knot type, found in Pannonia has two knobs, or knots, on

4716-504: Is one or more floors of a building that are completely or partly below the ground floor . Especially in residential buildings, it often is used as a utility space for a building, where such items as the furnace , water heater , breaker panel or fuse box , car park , and air-conditioning system are located; so also are amenities such as the electrical system and cable television distribution point. In cities with high property prices, such as London , basements are often fitted out to

4847-401: Is the spring, which provides tension to the pin. The spring could be unilateral or bilateral. A unilateral spring winds in one direction only. Unilateral springs are the earlier type, first appearing around the 14th century BC. Bilateral springs wind in one or more loops on one side of the pin and then cross over or under the bow and continue with more loops on the other side. They appeared around

4978-399: Is typically gravel or crushed stone to facilitate draining. The floor is typically four inches (100 mm) thick and it rests on top of the foundation footings. The floor is typically sloped towards a drain point, in case of leaks . Modern construction for basement walls typically falls into one of two categories: they will be made of poured-in-place concrete using concrete forms with

5109-421: Is typically separated from the concrete by only a thin foam underlay. Radiant heating systems may be embedded within the concrete floor. Even if unfinished and unoccupied, basements are heated in order to ensure relative warmth of the floor above, and to prevent water supply pipes, drains, etc. from freezing and bursting in winter. It is recommended that the basement walls be insulated to the frost line. In Canada,

5240-546: Is used to store guest items. According to the international Oxford Dictionary of English , a finished fully underground cellar is a room below ground level in a house that is often used for the storage of wine or coal ; it may also refer to the stock of wine itself. A cellar is intended to remain at a constant cool (not freezing) temperature all year round and usually has either a small window/opening or some form of air ventilation (air/draught bricks, etc.) in order to help eliminate damp or stale air. Cellars are more common in

5371-428: Is usually desirable to finish a crawl space with a plastic vapour barrier that will not support mold growth or allow humidity from the earth into the crawl space. This helps insulate the crawl space and discourages the habitation of insects and vermin by breaking the ecological chain in which insects feed off the mould and vermin feed on the insects, as well as creating a physical inorganic barrier that deters entrance into

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5502-482: The Gulf of Mexico , basements are usually not financially feasible unless the building is a large apartment or commercial structure. Excavation using a backhoe or excavator is commonly used to dig a basement. If shelf rock is discovered, the need for blasting may be cost prohibitive. Basement walls may need to have the surrounding earth backfilled around them to return the soil to grade. A water stop, some gravel and

5633-1095: The Neolithic period and the Bronze Age . In turn, fibulae were replaced as clothing fasteners by buttons in the Middle Ages. Their descendant, the modern safety pin, remains in use today. In ancient Rome and other places where Latin was used, the same word denoted both a brooch and the fibula bone because a popular form for brooches and the shape of the bone were thought to resemble one another. Some fibulae were also sometimes used as votive gifts for gods. Lost fibulae, usually fragments, are frequently dug up by amateur coin and relic hunters using metal detectors . Most fibulae are made of bronze (more properly " copper alloy ") or iron , or both. Some fibulae are made of precious metals such as silver or gold . Most fibulae are made of only one or two pieces. Many fibulae are decorated with enamel , semi-precious stones , glass , coral or bone . Fibulae were composed of four components:

5764-537: The 2nd and 3rd centuries. In one later variation during this time, the Tutulus type, the circular disc plate was extended upwards to form a cone . The use of enamelled inlay continued until the end of the 3rd century AD. A variation of the P-shaped fibula, the tied foot fibula has a foot that returns to the bow but then wraps, or ties, around the bow. Many Tied Foot fibulae have long bilateral springs. The tied foot fibula

5895-419: The 2nd century AD. A common and widespread design was the Augen (or Eye) fibula, which has a longer bow and a long, flat, wide foot. It has a short bilateral spring. Many Augen fibulae are decorated with a pair of ringed dots, or eyes, on the flat foot. Augen fibulae appear to have been introduced to the Roman Empire by Germanic peoples , notably Marcomanni , serving as Roman auxiliaries . The Aucissa fibula

6026-400: The 2nd century CE. Simple flat shapes were replaced with enamelled versions or more complex shapes. These included animal ( zoomorphic ) shapes ( birds , horses , rabbits , flies, etc.), letters or words, abstract symmetrical or asymmetrical designs (including the so-called Celtic Trumpet designs), and skeuomorphic designs ( symbolic designs). Most designs continued in use throughout

6157-489: The 3rd and 4th centuries, has small, simple knobs and a foot that is shorter than the bow. Type II, dating to the 4th century, has larger knobs and a foot that is approximately the same length as the bow. Type III, also dating to the 4th century, has a foot that is longer than the bow. There are several variants of the Type III based on the decoration of the foot: dotted circles, chevrons , or curlicues . Another variant, dating to

6288-543: The 4th and 5th centuries, the Bugelkopf type, has no transverse bar, or arms at all but retains the round knob at the head. There are numerous types of post-Roman fibulae. The so-called Gothic group of bow fibulae have a round or triangular flat head plate, often with 3, 5 or 7 knobs, a small arched bow and a long flat diamond shaped foot. They were widely used by the Germanic Visigoths , Ostrogoths , and Gepids , and

6419-429: The 6th century BC. Bilateral springs can be very short, with only one or two revolutions per side, or up to 10 cm long. Most bilateral springs are made of one piece of metal and therefore have a spring cord, a piece of wire extending from one end of the spring to the other. The spring cord can pass in front of or behind the fibulae body. Bilateral springs wrap around a pin or axle. These are usually made of iron even if

6550-506: The 8th and 7th centuries BC saw the introduction of the so-called Phrygian bow fibulae in Asia Minor . These fibulae had a near-perfect semi-circular arch sometimes decorated with knobs or round flanges. In the same period, the Hand or Arm fibula spread from Cyprus , where it appears to have originated, to Syria , Assyria and Persia . In this design the bow was bent 90 degrees at the apex giving

6681-504: The Roman-era crossbow fibulae but were not the latter's direct precursor. In another variation of the rounded bow fibula, the bow became fat and swollen-looking. In many of these Leech Bow, or Sanguisuga, fibulae the catch plate became large and triangular. Another variant, the Certosa type, had a small square or ribbon cross-section bow and a short bilateral spring (possibly the first use of

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6812-403: The U.S. and Canada. One usually finds within it a water heater, various pipes running along the ceiling and downwards to the floor, and sometimes a workbench, a freezer or refrigerator, or a laundry set (usually found in older homes). Boxes of various materials, and objects unneeded in the rest of the house, are also often stored there; in this regard, the unfinished basement takes the place both of

6943-522: The US, however, the appraisal for daylight basement space is half that of ground and above ground level square footage. Designs accommodated include split-foyer and split-level homes . Garages on both levels are sometimes possible. As with any multilevel home, there are savings on roofing and foundations. A walk-out basement is any basement that is partially underground but nonetheless allows egress directly outdoors and has floating walls. This can either be through

7074-566: The United Kingdom in older houses, with most terraced housing built during late 19th and early 20th centuries having cellars. These were important shelters from air raids during World War II . In parts of North America that are prone to tornadoes (e.g. Tornado Alley ), cellars still serve as shelter in the event of a direct hit on the house from a tornado or other storm damage caused by strong winds. Except for Britain, Australia and New Zealand, cellars are popular in most western countries. In

7205-553: The United Kingdom, almost all new homes built since the 1960s have no cellar or basement due to the extra cost of digging down further into the sub-soil and a requirement for much deeper foundations and waterproof tanking. The reverse has recently become common, where the impact of smaller home-footprints has led to roof-space being utilised for further living space and now many new homes are built with third-floor living accommodation. For this reason, especially where lofts have been converted into living space, people tend to use garages for

7336-651: The Vikings disrupted the societies. Ornate Irish examples in the period are usually "pseudo-penannular"; in fact closed rings, but imitating the penannular form. Examples like the Tara Brooch are among the most spectacular pieces of jewellery of the Early Medieval period. When the Vikings began to raid and settle the British Isles, they took to wearing these brooches, but now in plain silver. The thistle and bossed types were

7467-540: The actual floor remaining below grade. In most parts of North America, it is legal to set up apartments and bedrooms in daylight basements, whether or not the entire basement is above grade. Daylight basements can be used for several purposes—as a garage , as maintenance rooms, or as living space. The buried portion is often used for storage, laundry room , hot water tanks, and HVAC . Daylight basement homes typically appraise higher than standard-basement homes, since they include more viable living spaces. In some parts of

7598-412: The additional depth of excavation is usually quite expensive. Thus, houses almost certainly never have multi-storey basements though 9 feet (2.74 m) basements heights are a frequent choice among new home buyers. For large office or apartment buildings in prime locations, the cost of land may justify multi-storey basement parking garages. The concrete floor in most basements is structurally not part of

7729-529: The ancient "safety pin" types, and for types from the British Isles . For Continental archaeologists, all metal jewellery clothes-fasteners are usually "fibulae". There are hundreds of different types of fibulae. They are usually divided into families that are based upon historical periods, geography, and/or cultures. Fibulae are also divided into classes that are based upon their general forms. Fibulae replaced straight pins that were used to fasten clothing in

7860-415: The area. Basement floor drains that connect to sanitary sewers need to be filled regularly to prevent the trap from drying out and sewer gas from escaping into the basement. The drain trap can be topped up automatically by the condensation from air conditioners or high-efficiency furnaces . A small tube from another downpipe is sometimes used to keep the trap from drying out. Health Canada advocates

7991-475: The basement must be graded such that water flows away from the basement wall. Downspouts from roof gutters should drain freely into the storm sewer or directed away from the house. Downspouts should not be connected to the foundation draintiles. If the draintiles become clogged by leaves or debris from the rain gutters, the roof water would cause basement flooding through the draintile. Damp-proofing or waterproofing materials are typically applied to outside of

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8122-504: The basement wall. It is virtually impossible to make a concrete wall waterproof, over the long run, so drainage is the key. There are draining membranes that can be applied to the outside of the basement that create channels for water against the basement wall to flow to the foundation drains. Where drainage is inadequate, waterproofing may be needed. There are numerous ways to waterproof a basement, but most systems fall into one of three categories: The waterproofing system can be applied to

8253-525: The belief that it helped preserve the voice. The first fibulae design, violin bow fibulae ( drahtbugel in German), appeared in the late Bronze Age . This simple design, with a unilateral spring, looks remarkably like a modern safety pin . The violin bow fibula has a low flat arch; the body runs parallel to the pin so it resembles a violin bow. The bow could be round, square, or flat and ribbon-like in cross-section. Some had simple punched or incised decoration on

8384-404: The body, pin, spring, and hinge. The body of a fibula is known as either the bow or the plate, depending on the basic form. A bow is generally long and narrow, and often arched. A plate is flat and wide. Plates could be solid or openwork. The body was often decorated. The head is the end of the fibula with the spring or hinge . The foot is the end of the fibula where the pin closes. Depending on

8515-455: The bow and was wrapped around it. Many La Tène II fibulae had long bilateral springs. It is important to be aware that this type of construction was in use several centuries later in the tied-foot and returned-foot types of fibulae. These latter types are sometimes known as pseudo-La Tène fibulae. In the La Tène III, or La Tène D era (1st century BC), the raised foot was no longer wrapped around

8646-516: The bow but was attached directly to it by casting or welding creating a loop above the foot. In one variant, the Nauheim type, the bow widened into a flat triangle or diamond. In another variant, the Schussel type, the ribbon-like bow widened at the head into a rounded arrowhead shape that covered the spring. The rapid spread of the Roman Empire by the 1st century AD resulted in a tremendous growth in

8777-553: The bow. The Single Knot type, found in the central Balkans , has a single knob. The Black Sea type, found in the steppes north of the Black Sea , has a thin body, with no flaring near the head, and two knots. Kraftig Profilierte fibulae were found in the late 1st to late 2nd centuries AD and are mostly associated with the Przeworsk proto- Gothic culture. The 1st century AD saw the widespread use of plate fibulae. Plate fibulae consist of

8908-690: The bow. Violin bow fibula, such as the Peschiera type and the Unter-Radl type, was introduced in the 14th century BC (Late Mycenean III era) by the Myceneans on the Greek Peloponnesus . The fibula soon spread to Crete , Cyprus and Mycenean trading posts in Sicily . There were several variants of the violin bow fibula. The bow could bend, or zig-zag from side to side while still remaining flat and parallel to

9039-635: The castle was increasingly neglected and gradually fell into ruins. It was gifted to the Congregation of the Mission based in Vilnius in 1695. The congregation did not turn the castle into a monastery, but used it to provide financial support to the monastery in Vilnius. Today, walls of the main castle barn and eastern gates, together with foundations and cellars , have survived. The first wooden church in Videniškiai

9170-412: The ceiling of the basement (since there is not an empty floor below to run the ducts). Ducts extending from the ceiling down to the floor help heat the cold floors of the basement. Older or cheaper systems may simply have the heating vent in the ceiling of the basement. The finished floor is typically raised off the concrete basement floor. In countries such as Canada, laminate flooring is an exception: It

9301-457: The cellar and of the attic . Home workshops are often located in the basement, since sawdust, metal chips, and other mess or noise are less of a nuisance there. Sometimes, if the laundry is found in the basement, a laundry chute collects dirty laundry from the upper floors of the house. The basement can contain all of these objects and still be considered to be "unfinished", as they are either mostly or entirely functional in purpose. In this case

9432-424: The crawl space is debatable. In areas with humid summers, during the summer months, the air vented into a crawl space will be humid, and as it enters the crawl space, which has been cooled naturally by the earth, the relative humidity of the air will rise. In those cases, crawl space vents can even increase the humidity level of a crawl space and lead to condensation on cool surfaces within, such as metal and wood. In

9563-422: The damp ground, water vapour (entering from crawl space vents), and moisture seeping through porous concrete can create a perfect environment for mold/mildew to form on any surface in the crawl space, especially cardboard boxes, wood floors and surfaces, drywall and some types of insulation. Health and safety issues must be considered when installing a crawl space. As air warms in a home, it rises and leaves through

9694-407: The developing world. For most of its early history, the basement took one of two forms. It could be little more than a cellar, or it could be a section of a building containing rooms and spaces similar to those of the rest of the structure, as in the case of basement flats and basement offices. However, beginning with the development of large, mid-priced suburban homes in the 1950s, the basement, as

9825-477: The fibula a triangular shape when viewed from the side. The bow was usually decorated with a series of rings and dots. The catch plate usually had the form of a hand, making the entire fibula resemble an arm. In the 7th and 6th centuries BC, a series of variations of the bow fibula appeared in the southern Balkans , known variously as Greek, Macedonian , or Thracian bow fibulae. The high arched bow of these fibulae had large fins or knobs. The bow usually ended in

9956-550: The fibula designs common in the 1st century AD continued to some extent into the second, although usually in more complex variations. A new design, the Head Stud type, has a long bow with a stud , or occasionally a ring, at the head. The Knee fibula, a common design in the 2nd century AD, originated in Roman Pannonia (modern Hungary ). With its short, fat bow that incorporates a 90 degree bend, archeologists thought it resembled

10087-536: The floor above in a small basement. A series of these supports may be necessary for large basements; many basements have the support columns exposed. Since warm air rises, basements are typically cooler than the rest of the house. In summer, this makes basements damp, due to the higher relative humidity . Dehumidifiers are recommended. In winter, additional heating, such as a fireplace or baseboard heaters may be required. A well-defined central heating system may minimize this requirement. Heating ducts typically run in

10218-474: The floor's ceiling should be enough above ground to provide nearly full-size windows. Some daylight basements are located on slopes, such that one portion of the floor is at-grade with the land. A walk-out basement almost always results from this. Most daylight basements naturally result from raised bungalows and at-grade walk-out basements. However, there are instances where the terrain dips enough from one side to another to allow for 3/4 to full-size windows, with

10349-622: The foot of the fibula that had previously terminated at the end of the arch with a simple catch plate, lengthened significantly. These extended foot fibulae, such as the Kahn type and the Pauken type, were found in the 7th to 5th centuries BC. The first long, bilateral springs appeared on some of these variants in the Hallstatt D2 era (5th century BC). These fibulae, such as the Doublezier type, looked similar to

10480-487: The form of people or animals, with specialized types such as pilgrim badges or livery badges , which were often produced in large quantities in cheap metals such as lead, but also in very expensive forms such as the Dunstable Swan Jewel . However these are mostly purely decorative, or worn to denote something about the wearer, and were probably not much used for fastening. Basement A basement or cellar

10611-488: The foundation drains. If the water table outside the basement is above the height of the basement floor, then the foundation drains or the weeping tiles outside the footings may be insufficient to keep the basement dry. A sump pump may be required. It can be located anywhere and is simply in a well that is deeper than the basement floor. Even with functioning sump pumps or low water tables, basements may become wet after rainfall, due to improper drainage. The ground next to

10742-517: The foundation is still constructed to reach below the frost line. At-grade walk-out basements on the door-side are often used as livable space for the house, with the buried portion used for utilities and storage. A subbasement is a floor below the basement floor. In the homes where there is any type of basement mentioned above, such as a look-out basement, all of the volume of the subbasements from floor to ceiling are located well below ground. Therefore, subbasements have no windows nor an outside door. In

10873-415: The foundation must be below the frost line. Unless constructed in very cold climates, the frost line is not so deep as to justify an entire level below the ground, although it is usually deep enough that a basement is the assumed standard. In places with oddly stratified soil substrata or high water tables , such as most of Florida , Texas , Oklahoma , Arkansas , and areas within 50 miles (80 km) of

11004-413: The foundation; only the basement walls are. If there are posts supporting a main floor beam to form a post and beam system, these posts typically go right through the basement floor to a footing underneath the basement floor. It is the footing that supports the post and the footing is part of the house foundation. Load-bearing wood-stud walls rest directly on the concrete floor. Under the concrete floor

11135-522: The frost line. An underground crawl space (as the name implies) is a type of basement in which one cannot stand up—the height may be as little as one foot (30 cm), and the surface is often soil. Crawl spaces offer a convenient access to pipes, substructures and a variety of other areas that may be difficult or expensive to access otherwise. While a crawl space cannot be used as living space, it can be used as storage, often for infrequently used items. Care must be taken in doing so, however, as water from

11266-517: The hinge was introduced. Therefore, a given fibula with a hinge is not necessarily more recent than one with a spring. Fibulae were originally used to fasten clothing. They represent an improvement on the earlier straight pin which was less secure and could fall out. While the head of the earlier straight pin was often decorated, the bow or plate of the fibula provided a much increased scope for decoration. Among some cultures , different fibula designs had specific symbolic meanings . They could refer to

11397-420: The homes that have subbasements, all of the basement can be used as part of the main home where people relax and do recreational things, while all of the subbasement can be used for storage. Subbasements are much more common in larger structures, such as commercial buildings and larger apartment buildings, than they are in single family homes. It is common for skyscrapers to have multiple subbasements. Building

11528-425: The inside or the outside walls of a basement. When waterproofing existing basements it is much cheaper to waterproof the basement on the inside. Waterproofing on the outside requires the expense of excavation, but does offer a number of advantages for a homeowner over the long term. Among them are: The unfinished design, found principally in spaces larger than the traditional cellar, is common in residences throughout

11659-400: The last decade. Dry rot and other conditions detrimental to buildings (particularly wood and timber structures) can develop in enclosed spaces. Providing adequate ventilation is thought to reduce the occurrence of these problems. Crawl space vents are openings in the wall which allow air movement. Such vents are usually fitted with metal grating , mesh , or louvers which can block

11790-577: The late 1st century BC. The Straight Wire fibula, also known as the Soldier's type or Legionnaire 's type, is a very plain design. It resembles the violin bow fibula of over one thousand years earlier except that the bow has slightly more of an arch and the spring in (short) bilateral not unilateral. The Straight Wire fibula is found through the 1st century AD. In the 1st century AD, for the first time, several fibula designs originated in Roman Britain . Perhaps

11921-429: The legendary Palemonid dynasty , built a castle near Videniškiai. Historians attempted to identify it with the fortified Baltadvaris Castle located about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) west of Videniškiai. However, archaeological excavations disproved the notion. It was likely built by Matas Giedraitis  [ lt ] , Court Marshall of Lithuania , or his son Marcin  [ lt ] , Voivode of Mstsislaw , in

12052-470: The low flat arch of the violin bow fibula. At first, the bow was thin. In later variants the bow was made of thicker metal or of two pieces of thin wire twisted together. These rounded bow fibulae were first found in the 12th century BC, but lasted in use in some places for more than five centuries. The third Bronze Age design of fibula consisted of horizontal wire spirals . The spectacle fibula (brillen in German) consisted of two spirals joined. It resembles

12183-405: The mid-16th century. It was known as Mūriniai Videniškiai (Brick Videniškiai) and later as Baltadvaris (White Manor). The castle was mortgaged to cover the family's debts in 1630. In mid-17th century, the castle lost its strategic importance and became a residential manor. Surviving descriptions mention the main residential building with a splendid "golden" hall and a Renaissance garden . However,

12314-633: The monastery founder Marcin Giedrojć  [ lt ] and the first monastery superior Hippolit Rzepnicki, but it is possible that the second epitaph depicts Merkelis Giedraitis . The original early 18th-century church pipe organ has not survived. It was reworked by Wacław Biernacki in the early 20th century but has retained the original casing which is one of the older surviving casings in Lithuania. The organ has five stops . Fibula (brooch) A fibula (/ˈfɪbjʊlə/, pl. : fibulae /ˈfɪbjʊli/)

12445-676: The most distinctive British fibula design was the Dolphin. This was actually a series of designs including the Polden Hill type, the Langton Down type, the Colchester type and the T-Shaped type. Dolphin fibulae have a smooth arched bow that tapers from the head to end in a long point. The long bilateral spring is covered. From the top the Dolphin fibula looks like a T or the late-Roman crossbow fibula. From

12576-469: The most popular styles, both developing out of earlier Celtic styles. The post-Roman types are not called "fibulae" in English, though they are in other languages. There is a huge variety of medieval brooch types (the term fibula is rarely used for medieval items). The two most common are ring brooches, including square and lobed or flower designs as well as round ones, and flat plate brooches, or badges , in

12707-404: The movement of rodents and vermin but generally not insects such as termites and carpenter ants. One common rule is to provide vents in cross sectional area equal to 1/150 of the floor area served. Modern crawl space thinking has reconsidered the usage of crawl space vents in the home. While crawl space vents do allow outside air to ventilate into the home, the ability of that air to dry out

12838-424: The name of a workshop . The 1st century AD saw several other bow variations. The Wolf or Wolf's Head fibula has a flat, ribbon-like bow that widens into a square section at the head. The common design of two circles and a chevron near the rear of the bow is often interpreted as a wolf 's head. The Thracian Anchor type has a wide crescent at the head giving the fibula an anchor shape. The Thracian Anchor type

12969-460: The national media, including the " Witanhurst " project in the Highgate area of London. and the huge iceberg-like homes which are beginning to be constructed in prime London areas such as Kensington and Chelsea. Hospitals often place their nuclear chemistry and radiation therapy and diagnostic resources in basements to utilize the shielding from the earth. In Canada , historically the basement area

13100-465: The non-Germanic Slavs and Avars , and are found over a wide part of southern and western Europe in the 5th and 6th centuries AD. Some historians have debated whether some of these Gothic fibulae could also be attributed to the Vandals. There are also a wide variety of Anglo-Saxon fibulae from the 5th to 7th century such as the equal-arm type and the small-long type. Most Viking fibulae are variations on

13231-558: The number and design of fibulae throughout Europe and the Near East . The spread of technologically advanced workshops in the Roman Empire led to more complex fibula designs. Bows were cast in more complex forms, hinges appeared alongside bilateral springs and a wide variety of plate designs were introduced. One of the first fibula designs of the Roman-era began in the La Tène III era, in

13362-414: The number of students dropped to 17 (4 nobles, 7 townspeople, and 6 peasants). A small extension was added to the monastery in 1790 to house the school. In 1896, Žemaičių ir Lietuvos apžvalga reported that the village had a Russian primary school. In 1907, a new wooden school building was constructed. In 1949, the former monastery was transformed into a seven-year school. An extension was built in 1958 and

13493-490: The objects found there—many of which could be found in a finished basement as well—might include the following: weight sets and other exercise equipment ; the boom boxes or entertainment systems used during exercise; musical instruments (which are not in storage, as they would technically be in an unfinished basement; an assembled drum set would be the most easily identified of these); football tables , chairs, couches and entertainment appliances of lesser quality than those in

13624-402: The pin-hinge. Crossbow fibulae usually have three round or onion-shaped knobs: one at the head and one at each end of the transverse bar. The first crossbow fibulae, from the early 3rd century AD, has short, thin arms, no knobs, a long bow and a short foot. The later crossbow fibulae have been divided into groups by several archeologists including Keller, Prottel and Soupault. Type I, dating to

13755-578: The pin. These variants, such as the Grunwald type and the Hanua type, were found in the 12th and 11th centuries BC. In another variant, the bow, while still flat, widened out into an oval or diamond shape (blattbugel in German). These variants, such as the Kreuznach type and Reisen type, were found in the 12th to 10th centuries BC. The second major design of fibulae has a high, round arch ( bogen in German) instead of

13886-525: The prolonged restoration, a museum was opened in the former monastery on 4 May 2015 (the 530th death anniversary of Michał Giedroyć ). The museum hosts educational workshops, including on candle and Christmas wafer making. The church holds a special mass in honor of Michał Giedroyć on the 4th day of every month. The exterior of the church and monastery are reserved, without decorations. The church presbytery has two epitaphs with relief figures that were installed in 1639. The figures are usually identified with

14017-405: The rest of the fibula and spring is copper alloy. In the 1st century AD, some fibulae had springs concealed under a metal cover that was an extension of the fibula body. These are known as covered springs, or hidden springs. In the late 1st century BC or early 1st century AD, a new design appeared in some bow type fibulae. A separate pin was attached to the head-end of the bow with a small hinge. In

14148-442: The rest of the house; refrigerators, stand-alone freezers, and microwaves (the first and the second being also sometimes used as supplementary storage units in an unfinished basement); and sports pennants and/or other types of posters which are attached to the walls. As the description suggests, this type of basement, which also might be called "half-finished", is likely used by teenagers and children. The entire family might utilize

14279-406: The ring or annular design (see below). The ring, or annular, fibula or brooch is extremely hard to date as the design for utilitarian pieces was almost unchanged from the 2nd to the 14th centuries AD. If there is decoration, this is likely to indicate whether a given ring fibula is Roman-era fibula or a medieval brooch. The penannular brooch , with an incomplete ring and two terminals, originally

14410-418: The sanitary and storm sewers, where these pipes can be accessed. The storm sewer access is only needed where the weeping tiles drain into the storm sewers. Other than with walk-out or look-out basements, windows in basements require a well and are below grade. A clear window well cover may be required to keep the window wells from accumulating rain water. There should be drains in the window well, connected to

14541-539: The school relocated to a brand new building in 1971–1972. In 1966–1999, the school was a high school. At first reduced to a ten-year school, it became a branch of a primary school in Molėtai in 2013. The branch was closed in 2018. The renovated former school building will be used by a community center, library, and office of the eldership . According to a story recorded by Maciej Stryjkowski , Duke Daumantas (later confused with historical Daumantas of Pskov ), son of Vidas from

14672-418: The second half of the 1st century AD, hinges were introduced to plate type fibulae. One or two small plaques were cast on the back of the plate, and a pin was attached to them by a small hinge. Previously, plate-type fibulae had bilateral springs attached to the back. In the 3rd century AD, the hinge was placed in the centre of a long transverse bar, creating the famous crossbow fibula design. A few fibulae from

14803-585: The side it resembles a leaping dolphin . Another British design was the Hod Hill type. Usually quite small, Hod Hill fibulae have a shallow arched bow that appears to be made up of lumpy segments. Many Hod Hill fibulae have a pair of small side lugs . The Fantail fibula, which have a short bow that flares into a flat, wide fan-shaped foot, were common in Britain and on the European continent. The Fantail design lasted into

14934-500: The soil is too compact for easy excavation. Their use may be restricted in earthquake zones, because of the possibility of the upper floors collapsing into the basement; on the other hand, they may be required in tornado-prone areas as a shelter against violent winds. Adding a basement can also reduce heating and cooling costs as it is a form of earth sheltering , and a way to reduce a building's surface area-to-volume ratio . The housing density of an area may also influence whether or not

15065-400: The space has been designed, either during construction or at a later point by the owners, to function as a fully habitable addition to the house. Frequently most or all of the basement is used as a recreation room or living room, but it is not uncommon as well to find there (either instead of or alongside the living/recreation room) a guest bedroom or teenager's room, a bathroom, a home office,

15196-478: The space. Vapour barriers can end at the wall or be run up the wall and fastened to provide even more protection against moisture infiltration. Some pest control agencies recommend against covering the walls, as it complicates their job of inspection and spraying. Almost unheard of as late as the 1990s, vapour barriers are becoming increasingly popular in recent years. In fact, the more general area of conditioned vs. unconditioned crawl spaces has seen much research over

15327-586: The storage of food freezers, tools, bicycles, garden and outdoor equipment. The majority of continental European houses have cellars, although a large proportion of people live in apartments or flats rather than houses. In North America, cellars usually are found in rural or older homes on the coasts and in the South. However, full basements are commonplace in new houses in the Canadian and American Midwest and other areas subject to tornado activity or requiring foundations below

15458-409: The type of fibula and the culture in question, the head of the fibula could be worn facing up, down or sideways. The pin that is used to fasten the clothing is either a continuation of the fibula's body or a separate piece attached to the body. The fibula is closed by connecting the end of the pin to a catch plate, or pin rest. The body and pin meet at either a spring or hinge . The earliest design

15589-422: The upper regions of the house, much in the same way that air moves through a chimney. This phenomenon, called the "stack effect", causes the home to suck air up from the crawl space into the main area of the home. Mould spores, decomposition odours, and material from dust mites in the crawl space can come up with the air, aggravating asthma and other breathing problems, and creating a variety of health concerns. It

15720-428: The use of special radon gas traps for floor drains that lead to soil or to a sealed sump pump. In areas where storm and sanitary sewers are combined, and there is the risk of flooding and sewage backing up, backwater valves in all basement drains may be mandated by code and definitely are recommended even if not mandated. The main water cut-off valve is usually in the basement. Basements often have "clean outs" for

15851-518: The walls of a finished basement are typically insulated to the floor with vapor barriers to prevent moisture transmission. However, a finished basement should avoid wood or wood-laminate flooring, and metal framing and other moisture resistant products should be used. Finished basements can be costly to maintain due to deterioration of waterproofing materials or lateral earth movement etc. Below-ground structures will never be as dry as one above ground, and measures must be taken to circulate air and dehumidify

15982-502: The winter, crawl space vents should be shut off entirely, to keep out the cold winter air which can cool hot water pipes, furnaces, and water heaters stored within. During rainy weather, crawl space vents bring wet air into the crawl space, which will not dry the space effectively. Structurally, for houses, the basement walls typically form the foundation. In warmer climates, some houses do not have basements because they are not necessary (although many still prefer them). In colder climates,

16113-431: Was a small wooden structure that could house twelve monks, but it became a center of the Canons Regular of Penitence in Lithuania. From the very beginning, monastery's superior had the right to wear bishop's insignia ( mitre and crosier ). The provincial superior and later superior general of the Canons Regular of Penitence was based in Videniškiai. The monastery had a novitiate and taught theology. In 1753, philosophy

16244-401: Was another widespread design. It has a high semi-circular arched bow that extended into a short foot. The bow is flat and wide and has a rounded central ridge. The bow ends, at the head, in a hinge. The Aucissa was one of the first fibulae to use a hinge instead of a spring. The foot ends in a rounded knob. Many Aucissa fibulae have the word "AVCISSA" moulded above the hinge. This is thought to be

16375-776: Was built by Matas Giedraitis in 1547–1549. The church was named after the Holy Trinity and was attended by priests from the Dominican Church of the Holy Spirit in Vilnius . His sons Marcin  [ lt ] , Voivode of Mstsislaw , and Merkelis , Bishop of Samogitia , funded a new brick Church of St. Lawrence. Marcin also funded a monastery for the Canons Regular of Penitence of the Blessed Martyrs , an Augustinian order, which

16506-420: Was completed in 1620. Michał Giedroyć (died 1485) was a member of the Canons Regular of Penitence and was venerated for his piousness (he was officially beatified only in 2018). The new monastery was financially supported by revenue from Videniškiai and other gifted land and serfs. A chapel with a crypt was added in 1631 to the monastery church to act as a mausoleum for the Giedroyć family . The first monastery

16637-466: Was excluded from advertised square footage of a house as it was not part of the living space. For example, a "2,000-square-foot bungalow" would, in reality, have 4,000 square feet (370 m ) of floor space. More recently, finished space has become increasingly acceptable as a measure which includes the developed basement areas of a home. Due to fire code requirements, most jurisdictions require an emergency egress (through either egress-style windows, or, in

16768-571: Was first mentioned in written sources in 1367 in a peace treaty of Grand Duke Algirdas and Duke Kęstutis with the Livonian Order . It guaranteed safe passage for merchants from Vilnius to Riga . The village was mentioned in the chronicle of Hermann von Wartberge in 1373 and 1375 when it was attacked during the Lithuanian Crusade . Its coat of arms was approved by President Dalia Grybauskaitė on 28 August 2018. The coat of arms depict

16899-466: Was found in the 3rd and 4th centuries AD and is associated with the Wielbark Gothic culture. The classic fibula of the late-Roman era, and in fact the best known of all fibula types, is the crossbow type. The crossbow fibula consists of a highly arched semi-circular bow, usually of squarish cross-section, and a long flat foot. The fibula has a wide transverse bar (or arms) at the head containing

17030-414: Was taught by Michał Olszewski who also served as a vicar. That year he published a Lithuanian-language collection of sermons Broma atwerta ing wiecznasti... (The Gate Open to Eternity) which became very popular and was reprinted at least sixteen more times. The monastery also maintained a parish school (it possibly dates to 1600 when Merkelis Giedraitis left some sums for a school in his last will) and

17161-457: Was wound in a fairly large diameter circle. The foot was turned up and usually ended in a decorated knob or with an applied bead or stone. In some cases the raised foot was bent back towards the bow, although it did not touch the bow. The Thraco-Getic fibula is a variant found in the eastern Balkans and used by the Getae . The fibula's foot is vertical and ends in a small knob, though later models had

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