75-571: The O 2 Victoria Warehouse is a live music venue in Old Trafford , Greater Manchester , England. The venue is made up of two storage warehouses used during the early to mid-20th century. It was redeveloped as a music venue in 2012 and given its current name in 2018. The venue is on the banks of the Bridgewater Canal in Old Trafford, behind a stone quay. The premises began construction in
150-543: A Dissenter , he was barred from attending English universities. He acquired much scientific knowledge from informal instruction by John Gough , a blind philosopher who was gifted in the sciences and arts. At 27, he was appointed teacher of mathematics and natural philosophy at the "Manchester Academy" in Manchester , a dissenting academy (the lineal predecessor, following a number of changes of location, of Harris Manchester College, Oxford ). He remained for seven years, until
225-538: A Chinese Medical Centre is on Ayres Road. For many years the numerous Polish community had a focal point in their ex-servicemen's club on Shrewsbury Street, now no longer there. Old Trafford is in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Salford, and the Church of England Diocese of Manchester. Along with the rest of Trafford, Old Trafford maintains a selective education system assessed by the 11-plus examination. There
300-541: A candidate for the fellowship of the Royal Society , but Dalton declined, possibly for financial reasons. In 1822 he was proposed without his knowledge, and on election paid the usual fee . Six years previously he had been made a corresponding member of the French Académie des Sciences , and in 1830 he was elected as one of its eight foreign associates in place of Davy . In 1833, Earl Grey 's government conferred on him
375-534: A feature of the area for over a century. Irish immigrants settled in the locality from the 1880s, coming to Manchester to work on the ship canal . Polish and east European migrants arrived during and after the Second World War. The Afro-Caribbean community arrived and settled in the 1950s and 1960s. People from the Indian sub-continent started to arrive during the 1960s but settled in more significant numbers from
450-557: A few close friends. As a Quaker, he lived a modest and unassuming personal life. For the 26 years prior to his death, Dalton lived in a room in the home of the Rev W. Johns, a published botanist, and his wife, in George Street, Manchester. Dalton and Johns died in the same year (1844). Dalton's daily round of laboratory work and tutoring in Manchester was broken only by annual excursions to
525-408: A few simple molecules, upon which the calculation of atomic weights depended. This rule dictated that if the atoms of two different elements were known to form only a single compound, like hydrogen and oxygen forming water or hydrogen and nitrogen forming ammonia, the molecules of that compound shall be assumed to consist of one atom of each element. For elements that combined in multiple ratios, such as
600-462: A new Salford and The Quays constituency, along with some other wards from Salford. At the subsequent public enquiry in November 2005, Beverley Hughes opposed the change, as well as an alternative proposal to create a constituency of Salford and Old Trafford. The Boundary Commission rejected Trafford Council's proposals, noting that there was "strong opposition to the creation of a constituency that crossed
675-404: A new and easy method of analysing sugar") contain his discovery, regarded by him as second in importance only to atomic theory, that certain anhydrates , when dissolved in water, cause no increase in its volume, his inference being that the salt enters into the pores of the water. Even before he had propounded the atomic theory, Dalton had attained a considerable scientific reputation. In 1803, he
750-477: A pension of £ 150, raised in 1836 to £300 (equivalent to £17,981 and £35,672 in 2023, respectively) . Dalton was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1834. A young James Prescott Joule , who later studied and published (1843) on the nature of heat and its relationship to mechanical work, was a pupil of Dalton in his last years . Dalton never married and had only
825-480: A rare yellow, making what I should call different shades of yellow. In 1800, Dalton became secretary of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, and in the following year he presented an important series of lectures, entitled "Experimental Essays" on the constitution of mixed gases; the pressure of steam and other vapours at different temperatures in a vacuum and in air ; on evaporation ; and on
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#1733085198151900-548: A result, the umbrella term for red-green congenital colour blindness disorders is Daltonism in several languages. John Dalton was born on 5 or 6 September 1766 into a Quaker family in Eaglesfield , near Cockermouth , in Cumberland , England. His father was a weaver. He received his early education from his father and from Quaker John Fletcher, who ran a private school in the nearby village of Pardshaw Hall . Dalton's family
975-474: A smaller scale, notably by the railways ( Trafford Park shed alone had over 300 staff), Duerr's Jams, Vimto , Arkady Soya Mill and Ludwig Oppenheimer Mosaics. The Royal Army Medical Corps and the Territorial Army have well-established bases in the area. Slum clearances during the 1960s and early 1970s saw some of the old Victorian housing stock demolished. However, after the perceived failure of
1050-517: A study of the heights of the local peaks, using Dalton's figures as a comparison to check his work. Otley published his information in his map of 1818. Otley became both an assistant and a friend to Dalton. In 1794, shortly after his arrival in Manchester, Dalton was elected a member of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society , the "Lit & Phil", and a few weeks later he communicated his first paper on "Extraordinary facts relating to
1125-490: A type of congenital red-green color blindness in which the gene for medium wavelength sensitive (green) photopsins is missing. Individuals with this form of colour blindness see every colour as mapped to blue, yellow or gray, or, as Dalton wrote in his seminal paper, That part of the image which others call red, appears to me little more than a shade, or defect of light; after that the orange, yellow and green seem one colour, which descends pretty uniformly from an intense to
1200-427: A unit of weight attached to them. Dalton provided no indication in this paper how he had arrived at these numbers, but in his laboratory notebook, dated 6 September 1803, is a list in which he set out the relative weights of the atoms of a number of elements, derived from analysis of water, ammonia, carbon dioxide , etc. by chemists of the time. The extension of this idea to substances in general necessarily led him to
1275-797: A wedding licence in August 2015. On 14 May 2015, the then Chancellor of the Exchequer , George Osborne , gave a speech at the venue entitled "Building a Northern Powerhouse " and covered the government's proposed redevelopment of cities in Northern England. The venue was renamed the O₂ Victoria Warehouse as part of a longstanding deal between Live Nation Entertainment who own Academy Music Group, and O₂ . The venue has attracted several major music artists, including Thom Yorke , Sam Fender and Lizzo . In October 2019, following noise complaints at
1350-591: Is a binary compound. Furthermore, one atom of element X combining with two atoms of element Y or vice versa, is a ternary compound. Many of the first compounds listed in the New System of Chemical Philosophy correspond to modern views, although many others do not. Dalton used his own symbols to visually represent the atomic structure of compounds. They were depicted in the New System of Chemical Philosophy , where he listed 21 elements and 17 simple molecules. Dalton published papers on such diverse topics as rain and dew and
1425-515: Is also known as Old Trafford , is close by. The ground of the Northern Lawn Tennis Club was in Old Trafford from 1882 to 1909 (near the cricket ground): this is commemorated in the name of Tennis Street. The move to West Didsbury in 1909 was prompted by the industrialisation of Trafford Park and consequent air pollution. The half-timbered pavilion was dismantled and re-erected at the new ground. Famous people who were born or lived in
1500-465: Is located two miles (3.2 km) south-west of Manchester city centre in the historic county of Lancashire . The area represents the north-eastern tip of the parliamentary constituency of Stretford and Urmston . It is roughly delineated by two old toll gates: Brooks' Bar and Trafford Bar , to the east and west. Old Trafford is the site of Old Trafford Cricket Ground , home of Lancashire County Cricket Club , and Old Trafford football stadium ,
1575-417: Is only one secondary school in Old Trafford; a private, female-only, Muslim secondary school but there are three primary schools within the area. Old Trafford has been the site of Lancashire County Cricket Club 's Old Trafford stadium since 1857. Before the club's formation, in 1864, it had been the home of Manchester Cricket Club , who had moved here in 1856. Manchester United F.C. 's ground, which
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#17330851981511650-531: Is reason to suspect that this sentence may have been added some time after the reading of the paper, which was not published until 1805. Compounds were listed as binary, ternary, quaternary, etc. (molecules composed of two, three, four, etc. atoms) in the New System of Chemical Philosophy depending on the number of atoms a compound had in its simplest, empirical form. Dalton hypothesised the structure of compounds can be represented in whole number ratios. So, one atom of element X combining with one atom of element Y
1725-529: The Gentleman's Diary . In 1787 at age 21 he began his meteorological diary in which, during the succeeding 57 years, he entered more than 200,000 observations. He rediscovered George Hadley 's theory of atmospheric circulation (now known as the Hadley cell ) around this time. In 1793 Dalton's first publication, Meteorological Observations and Essays , contained the seeds of several of his later discoveries but despite
1800-544: The Caribbean and Southeast Asia; its Catholic church, St. Alphonsus, frequented by a predominantly Irish congregation, the vibrant and busy St John's Community Centre and Shizhan House, the Chinese Medicine Centre, on the site of the old Vimto offices. Something of this atmosphere is evoked by Manchester poet Lemn Sissay in his poem Ayres Road . Only 45% of the residents of Clifford ward (the ward that contains
1875-591: The Lake District and occasional visits to London. In 1822 he paid a short visit to Paris, where he met many distinguished resident men of science. He attended several of the earlier meetings of the British Association at York , Oxford , Dublin and Bristol . Dalton suffered a minor stroke in 1837, and a second in 1838 left him with a speech impairment, although he remained able to perform experiments. In May 1844 he had another stroke; on 26 July, while his hand
1950-575: The Lancashire Fusiliers . Rebecca Long-Bailey , MP for Salford and Eccles and Shadow Chief Secretary to the Treasury was born in Trafford. John Dalton John Dalton FRS ( / ˈ d ɔː l t ən / ; 5 or 6 September 1766 – 27 July 1844) was an English chemist , physicist and meteorologist . He introduced the atomic theory into chemistry. He also researched colour blindness ; as
2025-415: The atomic theory in chemistry. While his name is inseparably associated with this theory, the origin of Dalton's atomic theory is not fully understood. The theory may have been suggested to him either by researches on ethylene ( olefiant gas ) and methane ( carburetted hydrogen ) or by analysis of nitrous oxide ( protoxide of azote ) and nitrogen dioxide ( deutoxide of azote ), both views resting on
2100-712: The law of multiple proportions to the idea that chemical combination consists in the interaction of atoms of definite and characteristic weight, the idea of atoms arose in his mind as a purely physical concept, forced on him by study of the physical properties of the atmosphere and other gases. The first published indications of this idea are to be found at the end of his paper "On the Absorption of Gases by Water and other Liquids" already mentioned. There he says: Why does not water admit its bulk of every kind of gas alike? This question I have duly considered, and though I am not able to satisfy myself completely I am nearly persuaded that
2175-593: The law of multiple proportions , and the comparison with experiment brilliantly confirmed his deduction. In the paper "On the Proportion of the Several Gases in the Atmosphere", read by him in November 1802, the law of multiple proportions appears to be anticipated in the words: The elements of oxygen may combine with a certain portion of nitrous gas or with twice that portion, but with no intermediate quantity. But there
2250-560: The thermal expansion of gases. The four essays, presented between 2 and 30 October 1801, were published in the Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester in 1802. The second essay opens with the remark, There can scarcely be a doubt entertained respecting the reducibility of all elastic fluids of whatever kind, into liquids; and we ought not to despair of effecting it in low temperatures and by strong pressures exerted upon
2325-588: The 1920s by the Liverpool Warehousing Company as a storage facility for the city, with the two warehouses opening in 1925 and 1927, respectively. The site covered 300,000 square feet (28,000 m). It was later used for food storage, before being largely destroyed by fire in 1980. In 1982, a mural by Walter Kershaw was drawn on the storage buildings, showing the industries in Trafford Park, as well as players from nearby Manchester United F.C. It
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2400-520: The 1980s onwards. Old Trafford is among the 10% most deprived areas in England, suffering problems of unemployment, poor housing and low educational achievement. It also has levels of youth crime well above the national average. Ayres Road and its environs are the heart of modern-day Old Trafford and a walk down this road gives a real flavour of the multi-cultural nature of the neighbourhood, with its variety of grocers' shops selling food stuffs from Europe ,
2475-520: The 19th century. The southern boundary, the Black Brook, was culverted at about the same time, under Upper Chorlton Road. Some small anomalies due to the brook's underground route were not amended until the late 1980s. Old Trafford makes up the northeastern tip of Trafford and adjoins St. Georges, Hulme , Whalley Range and Moss Side – all of which are in the City of Manchester – and Ordsall to
2550-679: The Manchester Ship Canal and ... that the Canal provided a clearly identifiable boundary which should not be breached". Old Trafford borders Firswood , Gorse Hill and Trafford Park . The area is effectively a peninsula, with its northern boundary the River Irwell, now canalised into the Manchester Ship Canal, and to the east a tributary of the Irwell, the Cornbrook, culverted as the area grew in
2625-642: The Trafford Picture House in Talbot Road. Three of the buildings have survived, although not now operated as cinemas. The Imperial opened in 1913, and for a brief period in the 1970s it became an Asian films cinema. It closed in 1979, and the building is now occupied by a timber and ironmongery business. The premises occupied by The Globe were originally part of the Manchester Carriage and Tramways Company 's horse-drawn tramway depot. The cinema closed in
2700-486: The advent of aeroplanes and weather balloons , the only way to make measurements of temperature and humidity at altitude was to climb a mountain. Dalton estimated the height using a barometer . The Ordnance Survey did not publish maps for the Lake District until the 1860s. Before then, Dalton was one of the few authorities on the heights of the region's mountains. He was often accompanied by Jonathan Otley, who also made
2775-543: The area include political and social activist Sylvia Pankhurst , singer Ian Curtis of Joy Division and his wife, the author Deborah Curtis , artist L. S. Lowry , aviator John Alcock , Dodie Smith , the author of 101 Dalmatians . Old Trafford also produced two Victoria Cross winners in the First World War : Charles Coverdale , a sergeant in the Manchester Regiment , and James Marshall , an officer in
2850-484: The area's population, significantly above the less than 1% average for Trafford and England. To further add to the religious mix there is also a Buddhist temple, the Fo Kang Shang Buddhist Temple, although Buddhists are recorded as making up only 0.2% of the area's population, roughly the same proportion as for Jews. The former library on Stretford Road has been converted into a Chinese Cultural Centre, and
2925-461: The authority of Thomas Thomson . From 1814 to 1819, Irish chemist William Higgins claimed that Dalton had plagiarised his ideas, but Higgins' theory did not address relative atomic mass. Recent evidence suggests that Dalton's development of thought may have been influenced by the ideas of another Irish chemist Bryan Higgins , who was William's uncle. Bryan believed that an atom was a heavy central particle surrounded by an atmosphere of caloric ,
3000-431: The chemical elements, which provides the means for the assignment of molecular formulas for all chemical substances. Neither Bryan nor William Higgins did this, and Dalton's priority for that crucial innovation is uncontested. A study of Dalton's laboratory notebooks, discovered in the rooms of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, concluded that so far from Dalton being led by his search for an explanation of
3075-400: The circumstance depends on the weight and number of the ultimate particles of the several gases. He then proposes relative weights for the atoms of a few elements, without going into further detail. However, a recent study of Dalton's laboratory notebook entries concludes he developed the chemical atomic theory in 1803 to reconcile Henry Cavendish ’s and Antoine Lavoisier ’s analytical data on
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3150-601: The college's worsening financial situation led to his resignation. Dalton began a new career as a private tutor in the same two subjects. Dalton's early life was influenced by a prominent Quaker, Elihu Robinson, a competent meteorologist and instrument maker, from Eaglesfield, Cumberland , who interested him in problems of mathematics and meteorology. During his years in Kendal, Dalton contributed solutions to problems and answered questions on various subjects in The Ladies' Diary and
3225-405: The combining volumes of gases. He held unconventional views on chlorine . Even after its elementary character had been settled by Davy, he persisted in using the atomic weights he himself had adopted, even when they had been superseded by the more accurate determinations of other chemists. He always objected to the chemical notation devised by Jöns Jacob Berzelius , although most thought that it
3300-434: The composition of nitric acid, not to explain the solubility of gases in water. The main points of Dalton's atomic theory, as it eventually developed, are: In his first extended published discussion of the atomic theory (1808), Dalton proposed an additional (and controversial) "rule of greatest simplicity". This rule could not be independently confirmed, but some such assumption was necessary in order to propose formulas for
3375-426: The deck-access concrete crescents of Hulme, Old Trafford's residents preferred renovation to demolition. As a result, there are still many Victorian terraced streets in the area. By 1985, employment at Trafford Park had fallen to 24,500, as unemployment in the northwest soared above 30 per cent in some inner-city areas. Nearby Manchester Docks , which had also been a major source of local employment, closed in 1982. As
3450-441: The discovery to unpublished work from the 1780s by Jacques Charles ). In the two or three years following the lectures, Dalton published several papers on similar topics. "On the Absorption of Gases by Water and other Liquids" (read as a lecture on 21 October 1803, first published in 1805) contained his law of partial pressures now known as Dalton's law . Arguably the most important of all Dalton's investigations are concerned with
3525-579: The fourth essay he remarks, I see no sufficient reason why we may not conclude, that all elastic fluids under the same pressure expand equally by heat—and that for any given expansion of mercury , the corresponding expansion of air is proportionally something less, the higher the temperature. ... It seems, therefore, that general laws respecting the absolute quantity and the nature of heat, are more likely to be derived from elastic fluids than from other substances. He enunciated Gay-Lussac's law , published in 1802 by Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (Gay-Lussac credited
3600-473: The gardens staged exhibitions of art treasures, the former as part of the Art Treasures Exhibition and the latter in celebration of Queen Victoria 's silver jubilee. The Hallé Orchestra was formed to participate in the first of these exhibitions. The site of the botanical gardens was purchased by White City Limited in 1907, and it subsequently became an amusement park, although the name lives on in
3675-524: The home of Manchester United , on opposite ends of Brian Statham Way (formerly Warwick Road) and Sir Matt Busby Way (formerly Warwick Road North). The road between them retains the name Warwick Road , and the southern section on the other side of the Metrolink line is Warwick Road South. Old Trafford was a crossing point over the River Irwell in ancient times. The name Old Trafford possibly derives from
3750-559: The larger part being in the former. Old Trafford is part of the parliamentary constituency of Stretford and Urmston , and represents the northeastern tip of Stretford. The current Member of Parliament is Andrew Western of the Labour Party . In 2005, Trafford Council proposed to the Boundary Commission for England that the wards of Gorse Hill, Longford, and Clifford – which includes Old Trafford – should be moved into
3825-424: The larger part of Old Trafford) reported themselves as being Christian in the 2001 Census , compared to 76% across Trafford as a whole, and 72% across England. This is reflected in the unusually high number of non Christian places of worship in the area. Since the 1980s Old Trafford has become home to two large South Asian communities – Punjabi Pakistanis – almost all being Muslim . Muslims represent
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#17330851981513900-721: The largest non-Christian religious group in the area, with 28% of the population, compared to 3% in the whole of Trafford. To service this community there are four mosques in the area; the Faizan-e-Islam mosque, the Masjid-e-Hidayah, the Masjid-e-Noor and the Masjid Imdadia. There is also a smaller Sikh community, with its own Gurdwara , the Sangat Bhatra Sikh Temple, Upper Chorlton Road. Sikhs account for 4% of
3975-423: The mid 1960s, and is now used as a warehouse. The Lyceum opened in 1915, and it also closed in the 1960s. Its building is now used for private functions. The Trafford Picture House opened in 1922, and closed in 1958. After a period when it was used as a vehicle auction room the building became derelict, and it was demolished in 1997. Today, Old Trafford has approximately 13,000 residents. Cultural diversity has been
4050-438: The nearby Bowlers Exhibition Centre, a representative from Academy Music Group said that all Victoria Warehouse events are attended by an acoustic engineer monitoring noise levels, and that they received no direct complaints. Italics denote building under construction Old Trafford (area) Old Trafford is an area of Trafford , Greater Manchester , England, which borders the cities of Manchester and Salford . It
4125-699: The northeast, which is in the City of Salford . At the crossroads of Brooks's Bar, the boundaries between Old Trafford and Hulme and Moss Side and Whalley Range meet. On the western side of the area, Seymour Grove is named after the millionaire grocer Sir Thomas Seymour Mead. Until the mid-20th century there were four cinemas in Old Trafford: the Imperial Picture Theatre in Chorlton Road, Brooks Bar, The Globe on Cornbrook Street, The Lyceum in City Road and
4200-492: The origin of springs (hydrosphere); on heat, the colour of the sky, steam and the reflection and refraction of light; and on the grammatical subjects of the auxiliary verbs and participles of the English language. As an investigator, Dalton was often content with rough and inaccurate instruments, even though better ones were obtainable. Sir Humphry Davy described him as "a very coarse experimenter", who "almost always found
4275-411: The originality of his treatment, little attention was paid to them by other scholars. A second work by Dalton, Elements of English Grammar (or A new system of grammatical instruction: for the use of schools and academies ), was published in 1801. After leaving the Lake District , Dalton returned annually to spend his holidays studying meteorology, something which involved a lot of hill-walking. Until
4350-512: The other hand, his simplicity rule led him to propose the correct modern formulas for the two oxides of carbon (CO and CO 2 ). Despite the uncertainty at the heart of Dalton's atomic theory, the principles of the theory survived. Dalton published his first table of relative atomic weights containing six elements (hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, sulfur and phosphorus), relative to the weight of an atom of hydrogen conventionally taken as 1. Since these were only relative weights, they do not have
4425-481: The principles of volumetric analysis , in which he was one of the earliest researchers. In 1840 a paper on phosphates and arsenates , often regarded as a weaker work, was refused by the Royal Society , and he was so incensed that he published it himself. He took the same course soon afterwards with four other papers, two of which ("On the quantity of acids , bases and salts in different varieties of salts" and "On
4500-619: The results he required, trusting to his head rather than his hands." On the other hand, historians who have replicated some of his crucial experiments have confirmed Dalton's skill and precision. In the preface to the second part of Volume I of his New System , he says he had so often been misled by taking for granted the results of others that he determined to write "as little as possible but what I can attest by my own experience", but this independence he carried so far that it sometimes resembled lack of receptivity. Thus he distrusted, and probably never fully accepted, Gay-Lussac 's conclusions as to
4575-758: The revitalised Salford Quays it has become an emblematic part of the regeneration of Manchester in general. Old Trafford was formerly a hamlet in the township of Stretford . It was in the Municipal Borough of Stretford until 1974. In 1974, as a result of the Local Government Act 1972 , it became part of the Metropolitan Borough of Trafford in Greater Manchester . Since the realignment of Trafford's ward boundaries in 2004, Old Trafford has been divided between Clifford and Longford wards , with
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#17330851981514650-570: The same site was the Royal Institute for the Deaf, where the film Mandy was made. Old Trafford expanded and became an urban area after the building of the Manchester Ship Canal in the 1890s, and the subsequent development of nearby Trafford Park Industrial Estate , in the early 20th century. Trafford Park provided employment for thousands of local residents. Employment was also provided on
4725-588: The street called Botanical Gardens. From the 1950s to the 1970s, White City Stadium was used as a greyhound racing track and for stock car racing. This site is now White City Retail Park. The front entrance is all that has been preserved of the old botanical gardens. Nearby, on the site of what is now the Greater Manchester Police Headquarters, was Henshaw's Institute for the Blind, which originally opened as Henshaw's Blind Asylum in 1837. Next door on
4800-425: The supposed substance of heat at the time. The size of the atom was determined by the diameter of the caloric atmosphere. Based on the evidence, Dalton was aware of Bryan's theory and adopted very similar ideas and language, but he never acknowledged Bryan's anticipation of his caloric model. However, the essential novelty of Dalton's atomic theory is that he provided a method of calculating relative atomic weights for
4875-404: The then-known two oxides of carbon or the three oxides of nitrogen, their combinations were assumed to be the simplest ones possible. For example, if two such combinations are known, one must consist of an atom of each element, and the other must consist of one atom of one element and two atoms of the other. This was merely an assumption, derived from faith in the simplicity of nature. No evidence
4950-511: The time when there were two Trafford Halls, Old Trafford Hall and New Trafford Hall. The old hall was close to what is now the White City Retail Park , and was said to have been the home of the de Trafford family since 1017, until the family moved to the new hall in what is now Trafford Park , some time between 1672 and 1720. The name of the area around Old Trafford Hall may subsequently have become shortened to Old Trafford. The old hall
5025-401: The unmixed gases further. After describing experiments to ascertain the pressure of steam at various points between 0 and 100 °C (32 and 212 °F), Dalton concluded from observations of the vapour pressure of six different liquids, that the variation of vapour pressure for all liquids is equivalent, for the same variation of temperature, reckoning from vapour of any given pressure. In
5100-471: The vision of colours", in which he postulated that shortage in colour perception was caused by discoloration of the liquid medium of the eyeball. As both he and his brother were colour blind , he recognised that the condition must be hereditary. Although Dalton's theory was later disproven, his early research into colour vision deficiency was recognized after his lifetime. Examination of his preserved eyeball in 1995 demonstrated that Dalton had deuteranopia ,
5175-575: Was chosen to give a series of lectures on natural philosophy at the Royal Institution in London, and he delivered another series of lectures there in 1809–1810. Some witnesses reported that he was deficient in the qualities that make an attractive lecturer, being harsh and indistinct in voice, ineffective in the treatment of his subject, and singularly wanting in the language and power of illustration . In 1810, Sir Humphry Davy asked him to offer himself as
5250-422: Was demolished in 1939. In the 1820s, Manchester scientist John Dalton chose Old Trafford as the site for a Royal Horticultural and Botanical Gardens because of its clean, unpolluted air, and so began the area's association with sports and recreation. The popularity of the botanical gardens, which was similar to The Crystal Palace , led wealthy people to build large houses in the area. In 1857, and again in 1887,
5325-450: Was much simpler and more convenient than his own cumbersome system of circular symbols. For Rees's Cyclopædia Dalton contributed articles on Chemistry and Meteorology, but the topics are not known. He contributed 117 Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester from 1817 until his death in 1844 while president of that organisation. Of these the earlier are the most important. In one of them, read in 1814, he explains
5400-407: Was replaced with a second mural on 1 November 1993, also by Kershaw, featuring updated images. The mural had to be temporarily dismantled in 2006 over health and safety concerns. The mural was subsequently renovated and restored, before being removed again in 2014. The site was purchased by developers in 2009 and the buildings reconstructed with modern facilities. It opened on 8 April 2012, and acquired
5475-461: Was then available to scientists to deduce how many atoms of each element combine to form molecules. But this or some other such rule was absolutely necessary to any incipient theory, since one needed an assumed molecular formula in order to calculate relative atomic weights. Dalton's "rule of greatest simplicity" caused him to assume that the formula for water was OH and ammonia was NH, quite different from our modern understanding (H 2 O, NH 3 ). On
5550-489: Was too poor to support him for long and he began to earn his living, from the age of ten, in the service of wealthy local Quaker Elihu Robinson. When he was 15, Dalton joined his older brother Jonathan in running a Quaker school in Kendal , Westmorland , about 45 miles (72 km) from his home. Around the age of 23, Dalton may have considered studying law or medicine, but his relatives did not encourage him, perhaps because being
5625-499: Was trembling, he recorded his last meteorological observation. On 27 July, in Manchester, Dalton fell from his bed and was found dead by his attendant. Dalton was accorded a civic funeral with full honours. His body lay in state in Manchester Town Hall for four days and more than 40,000 people filed past his coffin. The funeral procession included representatives of the city's major civic, commercial, and scientific bodies. He
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