102-557: Admiral Sir Victor Alfred Trumper Smith , AC , KBE , CB , DSC (9 May 1913 – 10 July 1998) was a senior officer in the Royal Australian Navy . Smith's career culminated with his appointment as chairman, Chiefs of Staff Committee—forerunner of the role of Australia's Chief of the Defence Force —from 1970 to 1975, following an earlier term as Chief of Naval Staff from 1968 to 1970. Smith
204-508: A St George's cross (red cross on white). Vice admirals and rear admirals fly a St George's cross with one or two red discs in the hoist, respectively. These command flags are exactly the same as in the Royal Navy , except for the admiral of the fleet, who flies the Union Flag . The rank of admiral itself is shown in its sleeve lace by a broad band with three narrower bands. Since the mid-1990s,
306-457: A box-shaped patrol between the Tulagi anchorage and Savo Island to defend the passage between Savo and Florida Islands. An "eastern" group consisting of the cruisers USS San Juan and HMAS Hobart with destroyers USS Monssen and USS Buchanan guarded the eastern entrances to the sound between Florida and Guadalcanal Islands. Crutchley placed two radar-equipped U.S. destroyers to
408-576: A cadet midshipman in January 1927. He attended the college for three-and-a-half years before receiving a further six months of training at Flinders Naval Depot. In January 1931, Smith was then posted to HMAS Canberra , and in May was promoted to midshipman . In July the following year, he was posted to HMS London for service with the Mediterranean Fleet. Promoted to acting sub-lieutenant , Smith
510-517: A congratulatory note to Mikawa on his victory, stating, "Appreciate the courageous and hard fighting of every man of your organization. I expect you to expand your exploits and you will make every effort to support the land forces of the Imperial army which are now engaged in a desperate struggle." Later on, though, when it became apparent that Mikawa had missed an opportunity to destroy the Allied transports, he
612-474: A course south of Savo Island and increased speed, first to 26 knots (48 km/h), and then to 30 knots (56 km/h). At 01:25, Mikawa released his ships to operate independently of his flagship, and at 01:31 he ordered "Every ship attack." At about this time, Yūnagi detached from the Japanese column and reversed direction, perhaps because she lost sight of the other Japanese ships ahead of her, or perhaps she
714-674: A destroyer. In the New Years Honours of 1942, Smith was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross for "out-standing zeal, patience and cheerfulness and for setting an example of wholeheartedness devotion to duty". After the sinking of the Ark Royal , Smith returned to Australia where he was appointed as liaison officer to the United States Navy heavy cruiser USS Chicago . He served in this position until May, when he
816-507: A gun duel with the Japanese column. Patterson received a shell hit aft, causing moderate damage and killing 10 crew members. Patterson continued to pursue and fire at the Japanese ships and may have hit Kinugasa , causing moderate damage. Patterson then lost sight of the Japanese column as it headed northeast along the eastern shore of Savo Island. Bagley , whose crew sighted the Japanese shortly after Patterson and Canberra , circled completely around to port before firing torpedoes in
918-505: A labor-intensive task that would take some time. Mikawa also did not know the number and locations of any remaining Allied warships, and his ships had expended much of their ammunition. More importantly, Mikawa had no air cover and believed that U.S. aircraft carriers were in the area. Mikawa was probably aware that the Japanese Navy had no more heavy cruisers in production and thus would be unable to replace any he might lose to air attack
1020-422: A nearby rain squall, and the Japanese ships left her behind. At 02:16 Mikawa conferred with his staff about whether they should turn to continue the battle with the surviving Allied warships and try to sink the Allied transports in the two anchorages. Several factors influenced his ultimate decision. His ships were scattered and would take some time to regroup. His ships would need to reload their torpedo tubes,
1122-518: A reversal of an initial turn to port, which kept Canberra between the Japanese and the Allied transports, and for her guns to train out and fire at any targets that could be sighted. As Canberra ' s guns took aim at the Japanese, Chōkai and Furutaka opened fire on her, scoring numerous hits. Aoba and Kako joined in with gunfire, and Canberra took up to 24 large-caliber hits. Early hits killed her gunnery officer, mortally wounded Getting, and destroyed both boiler rooms, knocking out power to
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#17330846303851224-514: A small schooner of unknown nationality. The Japanese ships held their course while pointing more than 50 guns at Blue , ready to open fire at the first indication that Blue had sighted them. When Blue was less than 2 kilometers (1.2 mi) away from Mikawa's force, she reversed course, having reached the end of her patrol track, and steamed away, apparently oblivious to the long column of large Japanese ships sailing by her. Seeing that his ships were still undetected, Mikawa turned back to
1326-419: A vast area at the extreme limit of their endurance. Turner had fifteen scouting planes of the cruiser force, which were never used that afternoon and remained on the decks of their cruisers, filled with gasoline and serving as an explosive hazard to the cruisers. To protect the unloading transports during the night, Crutchley divided the Allied warship forces into three groups. A "southern" group, consisting of
1428-497: A warning of a Japanese airstrike on the way from Rabaul. The Allied transport crews ceased unloading for a time but were puzzled when the airstrike did not materialize. Allied forces did not discover until after the war was over that this Japanese airstrike instead concentrated on Jarvis south of Guadalcanal, sinking her with all hands. The Allied transports and warships all departed the Guadalcanal area by nightfall on 9 August. During
1530-476: A warning to the fleet of encroaching enemy ships. The report stopped short of recommending formal action against other Allied officers, including Admirals Fletcher, Turner, McCain, and Crutchley, and Captain Riefkohl. The careers of Turner, Crutchley, and McCain do not appear to have been affected by the defeat or the mistakes they made in contributing to it. Riefkohl never commanded ships again. Bode, upon learning that
1632-523: Is the highest active rank of the Royal Australian Navy and was created as a direct equivalent of the British naval rank of admiral . It is a four-star rank . Since 1968, generally the only time the rank is held is when the Chief of the Defence Force is a navy officer. Admiral is a higher rank than vice admiral , but is a lower rank than admiral of the fleet . Admiral is the equivalent of air chief marshal in
1734-624: The Royal Australian Air Force and general in the Australian Army . The following have held the rank of admiral in the Royal Australian Navy: The current ranks are rear admiral, vice admiral, admiral and admiral of the fleet, also known as flag ranks because admirals, known as flag officers , are entitled to fly a personal flag . An admiral of the fleet flies a national flag at the masthead, while an admiral flies
1836-481: The South Pacific Area , conduct extra reconnaissance missions over The Slot in the afternoon of 8 August. But for unexplained reasons McCain did not order the missions nor did he tell Turner that they were not carried out. Thus, Turner mistakenly believed that The Slot was under Allied observation throughout the day. However, McCain cannot totally bear fault as his patrol craft were few in number and operated over
1938-484: The carrier task groups providing air cover. U.S. Rear Admiral Richmond K. Turner commanded the amphibious fleet that delivered the 16,000 Allied troops to Guadalcanal and Tulagi. Also under Turner was Rear Admiral Victor Crutchley 's screening force of eight cruisers, fifteen destroyers, and five minesweepers. This force was to protect Turner's ships and provide gunfire support for the landings. Crutchley commanded his force of mostly American ships from his flagship ,
2040-511: The 30 November 1942 Battle of Tassafaronga—after which the Japanese, eschewing the costly losses, attempted resupplying by submarine and barges. The final naval battle, the Battle of Rennell Island , took place months later on 29–30 January 1943, by which time the Japanese were preparing to evacuate their remaining land forces and withdraw . On 7 August 1942 Allied forces (primarily U.S. Marines) landed on Guadalcanal , Tulagi , and Florida Island in
2142-405: The Allied northern force, Tenryū and Yūbari split from the rest of the Japanese column and took a more westward course. Furutaka , either because of a steering problem, or to avoid a possible collision with Canberra , followed Yūbari and Tenryū . Thus, the Allied northern force was about to be enveloped and attacked from two sides. When Mikawa's ships attacked the Allied southern force,
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#17330846303852244-428: The Allied southern force ships with gunfire. Patterson ' s crew was alert because the destroyer's captain had taken seriously the earlier daytime sightings of Japanese warships and evening sightings of unknown aircraft. At 01:43, Patterson spotted a ship, probably Kinugasa , 5,000 meters (5,500 yd) dead ahead and immediately sent a warning by radio and signal lamp: "Warning! Warning! Strange ships entering
2346-510: The Australian heavy cruiser HMAS Australia . The Allied landings took the Japanese by surprise. The Allies secured Tulagi, nearby islets Gavutu and Tanambogo , and the airfield under construction on Guadalcanal by nightfall on 8 August. On 7–8 August Japanese aircraft based at Rabaul attacked the Allied amphibious forces several times, setting afire the U.S. transport ship George F. Elliott (which sank later) and heavily damaging
2448-473: The Australian cruisers HMAS Australia and HMAS Canberra , cruiser USS Chicago , and destroyers USS Patterson and USS Bagley , patrolled between Lunga Point and Savo Island to block the entrance between Savo Island and Cape Esperance on Guadalcanal. A "northern" group, consisting of the cruisers USS Vincennes , USS Astoria and USS Quincy , and destroyers USS Helm and USS Wilson , conducted
2550-419: The Guadalcanal area, the Japanese ships launched three floatplanes for one final reconnaissance of the Allied ships, and to provide illumination by dropping flares during the upcoming battle. Although several of the Allied ships heard and/or observed one or more of these floatplanes, starting at 23:45, none of them interpreted the presence of unknown aircraft in the area as an actionable threat, and no one reported
2652-455: The Japanese column, but the shells did not function. At 01:47, a torpedo, probably from Kako , hit Chicago ' s bow, sending a shock wave throughout the ship that damaged the main battery director. A second torpedo hit but failed to explode, and a shell hit the cruiser's mainmast, killing two crewmen. Chicago steamed west for 40 minutes, leaving behind the transports she was assigned to protect. The cruiser fired her secondary batteries at
2754-399: The Japanese ships also fired and hit Vincennes up to 74 times, and at 02:03 another torpedo hit her, this time from Yūbari . With all boiler rooms destroyed, Vincennes came to a halt, burning "everywhere" and listing to port. At 02:16, Riefkohl ordered the crew to abandon ship, and Vincennes sank at 02:50. During the engagement, the U.S. destroyers Helm and Wilson struggled to see
2856-512: The Japanese ships. Both destroyers briefly fired at Mikawa's cruisers but caused no damage and received no damage to themselves. At 02:16, the Japanese columns ceased fire on the northern Allied force as they moved out of range around the north side of Savo Island. Ralph Talbot encountered Furutaka , Tenryū , and Yūbari as they cleared Savo Island. The Japanese ships fixed Ralph Talbot with searchlights and hit her several times with gunfire, causing heavy damage, but Ralph Talbot escaped into
2958-399: The Japanese. This early withdrawal of the fleet left the Allied ground forces (primarily United States Marines ), which had landed on Guadalcanal and nearby islands only two days before, in a precarious situation with limited supplies, equipment, and food to hold their beachhead . Mikawa's decision to withdraw under cover of night rather than attempt to destroy the Allied invasion transports
3060-510: The Mediterranean. He remained on the ship until August 1939, when he left for England to attend a Meteorological Course. However, due to the outbreak of war, the course was abandoned and Smith was appointed to the new carrier HMS Ark Royal . In 1940, Smith took part in operations off Norway with Ark Royal , before receiving a posting to No. 821 Squadron based at RNAS Hatston . On 21 June, he led six Swordfish biplanes in carrying out
3162-686: The Order of Australia , before retiring in November; just short of forty-nine years naval service. Smith was active in his retirement, serving in various posts such as President of the ACT/Queanbeyan Division of Birthright, an Australia-wide organisation which assists single parents with dependent children, and as patron of the ACT Rugby League. Smith died on 10 July 1998, at the age of 85. Admiral (Australia) Admiral (abbreviated as ADML )
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3264-680: The RAAF Hudson's crew failed to report the sighting until after they had landed and even had tea. This claim made international headlines and was repeated by many subsequent historians. Later research has discredited this version of events, and in 2014, the U.S. Navy's Naval History and Heritage Command acknowledged in a letter to the Hudson's radio operator, who had lobbied for decades to clear his crewmates' name, that Morison's criticisms were "unwarranted." Mikawa's floatplanes returned around 12:00 and reported two groups of Allied ships, one off Guadalcanal and
3366-681: The RAN shoulder board was identical to the UK shoulder board . The UK shoulder board changed in 2001. Battle of Savo Island The Battle of Savo Island , also known as the First Battle of Savo Island and in Japanese sources as the First Battle of the Solomon Sea ( 第一次ソロモン海戦 , Dai-ichi-ji Soromon Kaisen ) , and colloquially among Allied Guadalcanal veterans as the Battle of the Five Sitting Ducks ,
3468-816: The Royal Australian Navy. He returned to Australia in January 1947, as a member of the Australian Naval Aviation Planning Staff. Government approval for the formation of the FAA was given in July, and Smith was promoted to commander in December. The FAA was officially established on 28 August 1948, and Smith has become widely known as the "Father of the Fleet Air Arm." Smith was appointed Executive Officer of HMAS Sydney in January 1950, and served on
3570-679: The U.S. cruisers were illuminated by the Japanese searchlights, Vincennes hesitated to open fire, believing that the searchlight's source might be friendly ships. Kako opened fire on Vincennes which responded with her own gunfire at 01:53. As Vincennes began to receive damaging shell hits, her commander, Captain Frederick L. Riefkohl , ordered an increase of speed to 25 knots (46 km/h), but at 01:55 two torpedoes from Chōkai hit, causing heavy damage. Kinugasa joined Kako in pounding Vincennes . Vincennes scored one hit on Kinugasa causing moderate damage to her steering engines. The rest of
3672-488: The aircraft flares over the southern ships, received Patterson ' s warning, and had just sounded general quarters and was coming alert when the searchlights from the Japanese column came on. Quincy ' s captain gave the order to commence firing, but the gun crews were not ready. Within a few minutes, Quincy was caught in a crossfire between Aoba , Furutaka , and Tenryū , and was hit heavily and set afire. Quincy ' s captain ordered his cruiser to charge towards
3774-493: The battle. In a night action, Mikawa thoroughly surprised and routed the Allied force, sinking one Australian and three American cruisers, while suffering only light damage in return. Rear Admiral Samuel J. Cox, director of the Naval History and Heritage Command , considers this battle and the Battle of Tassafaronga to be two of the worst defeats in U.S. naval history, with only the attack on Pearl Harbor being worse. After
3876-405: The bridge and ordered a ceasefire, fearful that his ship might be firing on friendly forces. As shells continued to cascade around his ship, the captain ordered firing resumed less than a minute later. Chōkai had found the range, and Astoria was quickly hit by numerous shells and set afire. Between 02:00 and 02:15, Aoba , Kinugasa , and Kako joined Chōkai in pounding Astoria , destroying
3978-604: The campaign, it allowed the Allied forces to entrench and fortify themselves sufficiently to defend the area around Henderson Field until additional Allied reinforcements arrived later in the year. The battle was the first of five costly, large-scale sea and air-sea actions fought in support of the ground battles on Guadalcanal, as the Japanese sought to counter the American offensive in the Pacific. These sea battles took place after increasing delays by each side to regroup and refit, until
4080-453: The captain. At 02:16, the cruiser was hit by a torpedo from Aoba , and the ship's remaining guns were silenced. Quincy ' s assistant gunnery officer, sent to the bridge to ask for instructions, reported on what he found: When I reached the bridge level, I found it a shambles of dead bodies with only three or four people still standing. In the Pilot House itself the only person standing
4182-440: The captains of all three U.S. northern force cruisers were asleep, with their ships steaming quietly at 10 knots (19 km/h). Although crewmen on all three ships observed flares or gunfire from the battle south of Savo or else received Patterson ' s warning of threatening ships entering the area, it took some time for the crews to go from Condition II to full alert. At 01:44, the Japanese cruisers began firing torpedoes at
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4284-420: The course of the war in the southern Pacific could have gone much differently. Although the Allied warships at Guadalcanal that night were completely routed, the transports were unaffected. Many of these same transports were later used many times to bring crucial supplies and reinforcements to Allied forces on Guadalcanal over succeeding months. Mikawa's decision not to destroy the Allied transport ships when he had
4386-423: The cruiser in fighting her fires. By 05:00, it appeared that the fires were almost under control, but Turner, who at this time intended to withdraw all Allied ships by 06:30, ordered the ship to be scuttled if she was not able to accompany the fleet. After the survivors were removed, the destroyers USS Selfridge and USS Ellet sank Canberra , which took some 300 shells and five torpedoes. Later in
4488-404: The cruiser's engine room and bringing the flaming ship to a halt. At 02:16, one of Astoria ' s remaining operational main gun turrets fired at Kinugasa ' s searchlight but missed and hit one of Chōkai ' s forward turrets, putting the turret out of action and causing moderate damage to the ship. Astoria sank at 12:16 after all attempts to save her failed. Quincy had also seen
4590-503: The departure of Fletcher's carriers and the resulting withdrawal schedule for the transport ships. At 20:55, Crutchley left the southern group in Australia to attend the conference, leaving Bode in charge of the southern group. Crutchley did not inform the commanders of the other cruiser groups of his absence, contributing further to the dissolution of command arrangements. Bode, awakened from sleep in his cabin, decided not to place his ship in
4692-428: The destroyer USS Jarvis . In these air attacks, the Japanese lost 36 aircraft, while the U.S. lost 19 aircraft, including 14 carrier-based fighter aircraft . Concerned over the losses to his carrier fighter aircraft strength, anxious about the threat to his carriers from further Japanese air attacks, and worried about his ships' fuel levels, Fletcher announced that he would withdraw his carrier task forces on
4794-433: The destroyer's decks without seeing any of her crew moving about. If Jarvis was aware of the Japanese ships passing by, she did not respond in any noticeable way and was torpedoed and sunk the following day by aircraft from Rabaul. There were no survivors. After sighting Jarvis , the Japanese lookouts sighted the Allied destroyers and cruisers of the southern force about 12,500 meters (13,700 yd) away, silhouetted by
4896-516: The east coast of Bougainville . The fleet paused east of Kieta for six hours on the morning of 8 August to avoid daytime air attacks during its final approach to Guadalcanal. Mikawa proceeded along the dangerous New Georgia Sound (known as "The Slot"), hoping that no Allied plane would see them in the fading light. The Japanese fleet was in fact sighted in St George Channel, where the column almost ran into USS S-38 , lying in ambush. She
4998-626: The eastern Solomon Islands , mobilized a task force of seven cruisers and one destroyer under the command of Vice Admiral Gunichi Mikawa . The task forces sailed from Japanese bases in New Britain and New Ireland down New Georgia Sound (also known as "The Slot") with the intention of interrupting the Allied landings by attacking the supporting amphibious fleet and its screening force. The Allied screen consisted of eight cruisers and fifteen destroyers under Rear Admiral Victor Crutchley , but only five cruisers and seven destroyers were involved in
5100-423: The eastern Japanese column, but as she turned to do so Quincy was hit by two torpedoes from Tenryū , causing severe damage. Quincy managed to fire a few main gun salvos, one of which hit Chōkai ' s chart room 6 meters (20 ft) from Admiral Mikawa and killed or wounded 36 men, although Mikawa was not injured. At 02:10, incoming shells killed or wounded almost all of Quincy ' s bridge crew, including
5202-442: The eastern Solomon Islands. The landings were meant to deny their use to the Japanese as bases , especially the nearly completed airfield at Henderson Field that was being constructed on Guadalcanal. If Japanese air and sea forces were allowed to establish forward operating bases in the eastern Solomons, they would be in a position to threaten the supply shipping routes between the U.S. and Australia. The Allies also wanted to use
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#17330846303855304-459: The effectiveness of the radar could be greatly degraded by the presence of nearby landmasses. Chicago ' s Captain Bode ordered his ship's radar to be used only intermittently out of concern that it would reveal his position, a decision that conformed with general Navy radar usage guidelines but which may have been incorrect in this specific circumstance. He allowed a single sweep every half hour with
5406-402: The enemy. In spite of ample evidence as to enemy capabilities, most of our officers and men despised the enemy and felt themselves sure victors in all encounters under any circumstances. The net result of all this was a fatal lethargy of mind which induced a confidence without readiness, and a routine acceptance of outworn peacetime standards of conduct. I believe that this psychological factor, as
5508-533: The entire ship before Canberra could fire any of her guns or communicate a warning to other Allied ships. The cruiser glided to a stop, on fire, with a 5- to 10-degree list to starboard, and unable to fight the fires or pump out flooded compartments because of lack of power. The crew of Chicago , observing the illumination of their ship by air-dropped flares and the sudden turn by Canberra in front of them, came alert and awakened Captain Bode. Bode ordered his 5 in (127 mm) guns to fire star shells towards
5610-428: The evening of 8 August. Some historians contend that Fletcher's fuel situation was not at all critical but that Fletcher used it to justify his withdrawal from the battle area. Fletcher's biographer notes that Fletcher concluded that the landing was a success and that no important targets for close air support were at hand. Turner, however, believed that Fletcher understood that he was to provide air cover until all
5712-423: The fire control radar, but the timing of the last pre-engagement sweep was too early to detect the approaching Japanese cruisers. Wary of the potential threat from Japanese submarines to the transport ships, Crutchley placed his remaining seven destroyers as close-in protection around the two transport anchorages. The crews of the Allied ships were fatigued after two days of constant alert and action in supporting
5814-561: The first-ever torpedo attack by aircraft on a capital ship at sea. The raid was conducted against the German battleship Scharnhorst off the Norwegian coast while subject to heavy anti-aircraft fire. The Scharnhorst suffered no hits by the torpedoes, and all six aircraft managed to return safely to land. For his actions during the attack, Smith received a Mention in Despatches . In August, Smith
5916-508: The following battle plan to his warships: "On the rush-in we will go from S. (south) of Savo Island and torpedo the enemy main force in front of Guadalcanal anchorage; after which we will turn toward the Tulagi forward area to shell and torpedo the enemy. We will then withdraw north of Savo Island." Mikawa's run down The Slot was not detected by Allied forces. Turner had requested that U.S. Admiral John S. McCain Sr. , commander of Allied air forces for
6018-399: The general direction of the rapidly disappearing Japanese column; one or two of which may have hit Canberra . Bagley played no further role in the battle. Yūnagi exchanged non-damaging gunfire with Jarvis before exiting the battle area to the west with the intention of eventually rejoining the Japanese column north and west of Savo Island. At 01:44, as Mikawa's ships headed towards
6120-411: The glow from the burning George F. Elliott . At about 01:38, the Japanese cruisers began launching salvos of torpedoes at the Allied southern force ships. At this same time, lookouts on Chōkai spotted the ships of the Allied northern force at a range of 16 kilometers (9.9 mi). Chōkai turned to face this new threat, and the rest of the Japanese column followed, while still preparing to engage
6222-528: The harbor!" Patterson increased speed to full and fired star shells towards the Japanese column. Her captain ordered a torpedo attack, but his order was not heard over the noise from the destroyer's guns. At about the same moment that Patterson sighted the Japanese ships and went into action, Japanese floatplanes dropped aerial flares directly over Canberra and Chicago . Canberra responded with Captain Frank Getting ordering an increase in speed and
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#17330846303856324-580: The heavy Takao -class cruiser Chōkai (Mikawa's flagship), the light cruisers Tenryū of Cruiser Division 18 and Yūbari and the destroyer Yūnagi . En route from Kavieng were four heavy cruisers of Cruiser Division 6 under Rear Admiral Aritomo Goto : the Aoba -class Aoba and Kinugasa and the Furutaka -class Furutaka and Kako , totaling 34 8-inch main guns. The Japanese Navy had trained extensively in night-fighting tactics before
6426-420: The initial engagement, Mikawa, fearing Allied carrier strikes against his fleet in daylight, decided to withdraw under cover of night rather than attempt to locate and destroy the Allied invasion transports. The Japanese attacks prompted the remaining Allied warships and the amphibious force to withdraw earlier than planned (before unloading all supplies), temporarily ceding control of the seas around Guadalcanal to
6528-558: The insignia of a Royal Australian Navy admiral is the Crown of St. Edward above a crossed sword and baton, above four silver stars, above the word AUSTRALIA. Note that unlike other Commonwealth countries, the sword is a naval cutlass , with a closed handle. The stars have eight points, like the Royal Navy insignia and unlike the four-pointed Order of the Bath stars used by the army. Prior to 1995,
6630-476: The island and noted that the ship was heeling rapidly to port, sinking by the bow. At that instant the Captain straightened up and fell back, apparently dead, without having uttered any sound other than a moan. Quincy sank, bow first, at 02:38. Like Quincy and Astoria , Vincennes also sighted the aerial flares to the south, and furthermore, actually sighted gunfire from the southern engagement. At 01:50, when
6732-571: The islands as launching points for a campaign to recapture the Solomons, isolate or capture the major Japanese base at Rabaul , and support the Allied New Guinea campaign , which was then building strength under General Douglas MacArthur . The landings initiated the six-month-long Guadalcanal campaign. The overall commander of Allied naval forces in the Guadalcanal and Tulagi operation was U.S. Vice Admiral Frank Jack Fletcher . He also commanded
6834-584: The landings. Also, the weather was extremely hot and humid, inducing further fatigue and, in Morison's words, "inviting weary sailors to slackness." In response, most of Crutchley's warships went to "Condition II" the night of 8 August, which meant that half the crews were on duty while the other half rested, either in their bunks or near their battle stations. In the evening, Turner called a conference on his command ship off Guadalcanal with Crutchley and Marine commander Major General Alexander A. Vandegrift to discuss
6936-499: The lead of the southern group of ships, the customary place for the senior ship, and went back to sleep. At the conference, Turner, Crutchley, and Vandegrift discussed the reports of the "seaplane tender" force reported by the Australian Hudson crew earlier that day. They decided that it would not be a threat that night, because seaplane tenders did not normally engage in a surface action. Vandegrift said that he would need to inspect
7038-451: The morning, Vandegrift advised Turner that he needed more supplies unloaded from the transports before they withdrew. Therefore, Turner postponed the withdrawal of his ships until mid-afternoon. In the meantime, Astoria ' s crew tried to save their sinking ship. Astoria ' s fires eventually became completely out of control, and the ship sank at 12:15. On the morning of 9 August, an Australian coastwatcher on Bougainville radioed
7140-413: The naval surface battle of Savo Island, three U.S. heavy cruisers, Astoria (219 killed), Quincy (370 killed), and Vincennes (322 killed), and one Australian heavy cruiser, Canberra (84 killed), were sunk or scuttled. The commanding officers of Canberra and Quincy were also killed in action. Chicago spent the next 6 months in drydock, returned to Guadalcanal in late January 1943 and
7242-411: The newly formed Japanese Eighth Fleet headquartered at Rabaul, loaded 519 naval troops on two transports and sent them towards Guadalcanal on 7 August. When the Japanese learned that Allied forces at Guadalcanal were stronger than originally reported, the transports were recalled. Mikawa also assembled all the available warships in the area to attack the Allied forces at Guadalcanal. At Rabaul were
7344-423: The next day if he remained near Guadalcanal. He was unaware that the U.S. carriers had withdrawn from the battle area and would not be a threat the next day. Although several of Mikawa's staff urged an attack on the Allied transports, the consensus was to withdraw from the battle area. Therefore, at 02:20, Mikawa ordered his ships to retire. At 04:00 on 9 August, Patterson came alongside Canberra to assist
7446-503: The northern force. At 01:50, they aimed powerful searchlights at the three northern cruisers and opened fire with their guns. Astoria ' s bridge crew called general quarters upon sighting the flares south of Savo, around 01:49. At 01:52, shortly after the Japanese searchlights came on and shells began falling around the ship, Astoria ' s main gun director crews spotted the Japanese cruisers and opened fire. Astoria ' s captain, awakened to find his ship in action, rushed to
7548-584: The opportunity proved to be a crucial strategic mistake for the Japanese. A formal United States Navy board of inquiry, known as the Hepburn Investigation, prepared a report of the battle. The board interviewed most of the major Allied officers involved over several months, beginning in December 1942. The report recommended official censure for Captain Howard D. Bode of the Chicago for failing to broadcast
7650-515: The other off Tulagi. By 13:00, he reassembled his warships and headed south through Bougainville Strait at 24 knots (44 km/h). At 13:45, the cruiser force was near Choiseul southeast of Bougainville. At that time, several surviving Japanese aircraft from the noon torpedo raid on the Allied ships off the coast of Guadalcanal flew over the cruisers on the way back to Rabaul and gave them waves of encouragement. Mikawa entered The Slot by 16:00 and began his run towards Guadalcanal. He communicated
7752-469: The report was going to be especially critical of his actions, shot himself in his quarters at Balboa , Panama Canal Zone , on 19 April 1943 and died the next day. Crutchley was later gazetted with the Legion of Merit (Chief Commander). Admiral Turner assessed why his forces were so soundly defeated in the battle: "The Navy was still obsessed with a strong feeling of technical and mental superiority over
7854-489: The several Japanese drives to retake the islands. Despite their defeat in this battle, the Allies eventually won the battle for Guadalcanal, an important step in the defeat of Japan. In hindsight, according to Richard B. Frank , if Mikawa had elected to risk his ships to go after the Allied transports on the morning of 9 August, he could have improved the chances of Japanese victory in the Guadalcanal campaign at its inception, and
7956-592: The ship during its six-month tour of duty in the Korean War between August 1951, and February 1952. During this time, the Fleet Air Arm was conducting operations over Korea from Sydney ; the first time it was in action. In April 1952, Smith was appointed to command the Advance Party at the former Royal Australian Air Force Air Station at Schofields. When Schofields was commissioned as HMAS Nirimba in April 1953, Smith
8058-513: The sighting to the Allied radio station at Fall River, New Guinea. Receiving no acknowledgment, they returned to Milne Bay at 12:42 to ensure that the report was received as soon as possible. The second Hudson also failed to report its sighting by radio but completed its patrol and landed at Milne Bay at 15:00. For unknown reasons, these reports were not relayed to the Allied fleet off Guadalcanal until 18:45 and 21:30, respectively. U.S. official historian Samuel Morison wrote in his 1949 account that
8160-699: The sightings to Crutchley or Turner. Mikawa's force approached in a single 3-kilometer (1.9 mi) column led by Chōkai , with Aoba , Kako , Kinugasa , Furutaka , Tenryū , Yūbari , and Yūnagi following. Sometime between 00:44 and 00:54 on 9 August, lookouts in Mikawa's ships spotted Blue about 9 kilometers (5.6 mi) ahead of the Japanese column. To avoid Blue , Mikawa changed course to pass north of Savo Island. He also ordered his ships to slow to 22 knots (41 km/h) to reduce wakes that might make his ships more visible. Mikawa's lookouts spied either Ralph Talbot about 16 kilometers (9.9 mi) away or
8262-667: The staff of the Flag Officer, British Assault Area for the Normandy invasion . He was next appointed Air Planning Officer on the staff of the Vice Admiral (Q), British Pacific Fleet , retaining this position until 1 October 1945. The Naval Board now decided to send Smith to the Admiralty in London , to obtain information that would assist in the planning and formation of a Fleet Air Arm (FAA) in
8364-419: The trailing ships in the Japanese column and may have hit Tenryū , causing slight damage. Bode did not try to assert control over any of the other Allied ships in the southern force, of which he was still technically in command. More significantly, Bode made no attempt to warn any of the other Allied ships or personnel in the Guadalcanal area as his ship headed away from the battle area. Patterson engaged in
8466-424: The transport unloading situation at Tulagi before recommending a withdrawal time for the transport ships, and he departed at midnight to conduct the inspection. Crutchley elected not to return with Australia to the southern force but instead stationed his ship just outside the Guadalcanal transport anchorage, without informing the other Allied ship commanders of his intentions or location. As Mikawa's force neared
8568-449: The transports were unloaded on 9 August. Even though the unloading was going more slowly than planned, Turner decided that without carrier air cover, he would have to withdraw his ships from Guadalcanal. He planned to unload as much as possible during the night and depart the next day. Unprepared for the Allied operation at Guadalcanal, the initial Japanese response included airstrikes and an attempted reinforcement. Mikawa, commander of
8670-488: The war, a fact of which the Allies were unaware. Mikawa hoped to engage the Allied naval forces off Guadalcanal and Tulagi on the night of 8–9 August when he could employ his night-battle expertise while avoiding attacks from Allied aircraft, which could not operate effectively at night. Mikawa's warships rendezvoused at sea near Cape St. George in the evening of 7 August and then headed east-southeast. Mikawa decided to take his fleet north of Buka Island and then down
8772-432: The west of Savo Island to provide early warning for any approaching Japanese ships. The destroyer USS Ralph Talbot patrolled the northern passage and the destroyer USS Blue patrolled the southern passage, with a gap of 12–30 kilometers (7.5–18.6 mi) between their uncoordinated patrol patterns. At this time, the Allies were unaware of all of the limitations of their primitive ship-borne radar , such as
8874-693: Was a naval battle of the Solomon Islands campaign of the Pacific War of World War II between the Imperial Japanese Navy and Allied naval forces. The battle took place on 8–9 August 1942 and was the first major naval engagement of the Guadalcanal campaign and the first of several naval battles in the straits later named Ironbottom Sound , near the island of Guadalcanal . The Imperial Japanese Navy, in response to Allied amphibious landings in
8976-536: Was appointed Chief of Naval Staff , and in June was awarded a Companion of the Order of the Bath . The following year, Smith was knighted as a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire . In November 1970, Smith was appointed Chairman, Chiefs of Staff Committee and promoted to the rank of admiral , becoming the first Australian to achieve that rank. In mid 1975 he was awarded the newly established Companion of
9078-526: Was appointed Air Staff Officer to HMS Tracker , an American built escort carrier which was operating in the Battle of the Atlantic and escorting Russian convoys. During this time, the aircraft aboard Tracker managed to assist in the sinking of two German U-boats and shoot down six German long-range planes. Promoted to lieutenant commander in 1944, Smith was posted as the Air Planning Officer on
9180-487: Was appointed Chief Staff Officer to the Captain (Air) Australia. He left this position in July to become Director of Air Warfare Organisation and Training at Navy Office, Melbourne and was promoted to captain in the New Year. In June 1955, he was appointed Captain of the 1st Frigate Squadron in command of HMAS Quadrant , prior to assuming command of HMAS Queenborough the following year. In January 1957, Smith
9282-620: Was appointed to HMAS Canberra as the observer for aircraft. Smith served aboard the cruiser until it was sunk in the Battle of Savo Island during the Guadalcanal landings on 9 August 1942. Returning to Australia once more, he was appointed to the Amphibious Training School, HMAS Assault , for a short period prior to being appointed to stand by HMAS Shropshire . Promoted to acting lieutenant commander in March 1943, in July Smith
9384-569: Was appointed to command HMAS Albatross , the naval air station at Nowra, New South Wales . He served in this position until November 1959, when he was selected to attend the Imperial Defence College , London. After a year in London, Smith returned to Australia to take command of the carrier HMAS Melbourne in January 1961. After eighteen months in command of the flagship, he was promoted to acting rear admiral in 1962. The rank
9486-623: Was born in Chatswood, New South Wales on 3 May 1913, to George and Una Smith, and was named after his uncle, Victor Trumper , a distinguished Australian cricketer. He was educated at Chatswood Public School , where he participated in such sports as swimming, tennis and rugby and was also a member of the Chatswood Wolf Cub Pack. After deciding to embark on a naval career, Smith entered the Royal Australian Naval College as
9588-525: Was intensely criticised by his comrades. From the time of the battle until several months later, almost all Allied supplies and reinforcements sent to Guadalcanal came by transports in small convoys, mainly during daylight hours, while Allied aircraft from the New Hebrides and Henderson Field and any available aircraft carriers flew covering missions. During this time, Allied forces on Guadalcanal received barely enough ammunition and provisions to withstand
9690-580: Was made permanent in 1963, and Smith served as Second Naval Member at the Navy Office. In the Queen's Birthday Honours of the same year, he was awarded a Commander of the Order of the British Empire . Smith's next appointment was as Fourth Naval Member, which lasted twelve months. In February 1966, he was appointed as Flag Officer Commanding HM Australian Fleet prior to assuming the office of Deputy Chief of Naval Staff. Promoted to vice admiral in April 1968, Smith
9792-609: Was ordered to provide a rearguard for Mikawa's force. One minute later, Japanese lookouts sighted a warship to port . This ship was the destroyer USS Jarvis , heavily damaged the day before and departing Guadalcanal independently for repairs in Australia. Whether Jarvis sighted the Japanese ships is unknown, since her radios had been destroyed. Furutaka launched torpedoes at Jarvis , which all missed. The Japanese ships passed as close to Jarvis as 1,100 meters (1,200 yd), close enough for officers on Tenryū to look down onto
9894-411: Was primarily founded on concern over possible Allied carrier strikes against his fleet in daylight. In reality, the Allied carrier fleet, similarly fearing Japanese attack, had already withdrawn beyond operational range. This missed opportunity to cripple (rather than interrupt) the supply of Allied forces on Guadalcanal contributed to Japan's failure to recapture the island. At this critical early stage of
9996-514: Was promptly finished off for good in the campaign's last engagement: the Battle of Rennell Island . In the late evening of 9 August, Mikawa on Chōkai released the four cruisers of Cruiser Division 6 to return to their home base at Kavieng. At 08:10 on 10 August, Kako was torpedoed and sunk by the submarine USS S-44 110 kilometers (68 mi) from her destination. The other three Japanese cruisers picked up all but 71 of her crew and went on to Kavieng. Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto signaled
10098-443: Was sent to England where he assumed a number of courses until October 1934, when he returned to HMAS Canberra . He served with the ship until March 1936, when he was promoted to lieutenant and posted to HMAS Australia . After deciding to specialise in naval aviation, Smith proceeded to England to attend a Naval Observers Course in March 1937. Upon graduation, he was posted to No. 825 Squadron aboard HMS Glorious in
10200-729: Was sent to join No. 807 Fighter Squadron aboard HMS Pegasus . The ship was used to protect convoys in the Western Approaches against the German Condor aircraft. In February 1941, the squadron joined HMS Furious , and was tasked with the protection of shipping off the African coast. In April, the squadron joined Ark Royal , where Smith served until the ship was sunk off Gibraltar on 30 November by U-81 . During this time, Smith had been shot down twice, each time managing to be picked up by
10302-420: Was the signalman at the wheel who was vainly endeavoring to check the ship's swing to starboard to bring her to port. On questioning him I found out that the Captain, who at that time was laying [sic] near the wheel, had instructed him to beach the ship and he was trying to head for Savo Island, distant some four miles (6 km) on the port quarter. I stepped to the port side of the Pilot House, and looked out to find
10404-566: Was too close to fire torpedoes, but her captain, Lieutenant Commander Henry G. Munson alerted the fleet. Once at Bougainville, Mikawa spread his ships out over a wide area to mask the composition of his force and launched four floatplanes from his cruisers to scout for Allied ships in the southern Solomons. At 10:20 and 11:10, his ships were spotted by Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) Lockheed Hudson reconnaissance aircraft based at Milne Bay in New Guinea. The Hudson's crew tried to report
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