Misplaced Pages

#195804

34-404: Victor II may refer to: Pope Victor II Victor II (bishop of Chur) Victor II, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym Victor II, Duke of Ratibor Victor Amadeus II Victor Amadeus II, Prince of Carignano Victor Emmanuel II Victor-class submarine Simonini Victor 2 , an Italian aircraft engine Topics referred to by

68-417: A canonical election and stipulated as a condition of his acceptance that he should first proceed to Rome and be freely elected by the voice of the clergy and people of Rome. Setting out shortly after Christmas, he met with abbot Hugh of Cluny at Besançon , where he was joined by the young monk Hildebrand, who afterwards became Pope Gregory VII ; arriving in pilgrim garb at Rome in the following February, he

102-552: A council at which the Italian and French as well as the German clergy were represented, and ambassadors of the Byzantine emperor were present. Here too, simony and the marriage of the clergy were the principal matters dealt with. After his return to Rome, Leo held another Easter synod on 29 April 1050. It was occupied largely with the controversy about the teachings of Berengar of Tours . In

136-598: A letter to Michael I in 1054, citing a large portion of the Donation of Constantine , believing it was genuine. Leo assured Michael that the donation was completely genuine, not a fable, so only the apostolic successor to Peter possessed that primacy and was the rightful head of all the Church. Before his death, Leo IX had sent a legatine mission under Cardinal Humbert of Silva Candida to Constantinople to negotiate with Patriarch Michael Cerularius in response to his actions concerning

170-400: A peace between France and the empire that it was not again broken even during the reigns of the sons of both Conrad and Robert. On the other hand, he held his episcopal city against Count Odo II of Blois , a rebel against Conrad, and "by his wisdom and exertions" added Burgundy to the empire. Bruno became widely known as an earnest and reforming ecclesiastic by the zeal he showed in spreading

204-500: A synod at Arezzo on 23 July, and then was consecrated the thirty-sixth abbot of Montecassino by Pope Victor on 24 June 1057. Victor died at Arezzo , on 28 July 1057. He had ruled for two years, three months, and 27 (or 28, or 13) days. His death marked an end to the close relationship shared between the Salian dynasty and the papacy. Victor's retinue wished to bring his remains to the cathedral at Eichstätt for burial. Before they reached

238-588: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Pope Victor II Pope Victor II (c. 1018 – 28 July 1057), born Gebhard of Dollnstein-Hirschberg , was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 13 April 1055 until his death in 1057. Victor II was one of a series of German-born popes who led the Gregorian Reform . Gebhard

272-585: The Byzantines turned in desperation to the Normans' own spiritual chief, Pope Leo IX, and, according to William of Apulia , begged him "to liberate Italy that now lacks its freedom and to force that wicked people, who are pressing Apulia under their yoke, to leave". After a fourth Easter synod in 1053, Leo IX set out against the Norman in the south with an army of Italians and Swabian mercenaries . "As fervent Christians

306-560: The Latin churches of Constantinople, stopped remembrance for the pope in the diptychs, and wrote letters to the other patriarchs against the pope. The patriarch of Antioch, Peter III, rejected most of Michael's accusations against Rome and urged him to compromise. Despite this, the break began the Great East–West Schism . In constant fear of attack from the Normans in the south of Italy,

340-481: The 24-year-old Gebhard was appointed bishop of Eichstätt . In this position, he supported the emperor's interests and eventually became one of his closest advisors. After the death of Pope Leo IX , a delegation of Roman clergy and people, headed by Hildebrand, later Pope Gregory VII , travelled to Mainz and asked the emperor to nominate Gebhard as successor. At a court Diet held at Ratisbon in March, 1055, Gebhard accepted

374-566: The Church in Constantinople. Humbert quickly disposed of negotiations by delivering a bull excommunicating the Patriarch. This act, although legally invalid due to the pope's death at the time, was answered by the patriarch's own bull of excommunication against Humbert and his associates and is popularly considered the official split between the Eastern and Western Churches. Afterwards, he closed down

SECTION 10

#1732898064196

408-528: The Diocese of Toul for over twenty years, during a time of stress and trouble. He had to contend not merely with famine, but also with war, to which as a frontier town Toul was much exposed. Bruno rendered important political services to Conrad II, and afterwards to Emperor Henry III . He knew how to make peace, and, if necessary, to wield the sword in self-defence. Sent by Conrad to Robert the Pious, he established so firm

442-552: The Normans were reluctant to fight their spiritual leader and tried to sue for peace but the Swabians mocked them—battle was inevitable." Leo IX led the army himself, but his forces suffered total defeat at the Battle of Civitate on 15 June 1053. Nonetheless, on going out from the city to meet the victorious enemy he was received with every token of submission, pleas for forgiveness and oaths of fidelity and homage. From June 1053 to March 1054

476-518: The beginning of Lent 1057, Victor and his court began their journey to Rome. On 18 April 1057, Pope Victor held a general council in the Lateran Basilica. The diocese of the Marsi, which had been divided in two by Pope Benedict IX (Theophylact), was reunited into a single diocese. In the same council, the dispute concerning jurisdiction over a parish between the diocese of Siena and the diocese of Arezzo

510-596: The bishop of Teramo, who had been dispossessed. Pope Victor sent his count Gerardus to rectify the outrage, and then himself visited Teramo early in July 1056. He held a judicial assize at the castle of La Vitice in the diocese of Teramo, and oversaw the restoration of the bishop and the return of his property. Pope Victor, according to the notary who recorded the proceedings, was acting as Sedis Apostolicae praesul Urbis Romae gratia Dei, Italiae egregius universali p. p. regimine successus, Marcam Firmanam et Ducatum Spoletinum. Later in

544-546: The care of Berthold , Bishop of Toul, who had a school for the sons of the nobility. In 1017 Bruno became a canon at St. Stephen's in Toul . When, in 1024, his cousin Conrad succeeded Henry II as emperor, Bruno's relatives sent him to the new king's court "to serve in his chapel". Bruno was a deacon in 1026 when Conrad set out for Italy to make his authority respected in that portion of his dominions, and as Herimann, Bishop of Toul,

578-556: The city, however, the remains were seized by some citizens of Ravenna and buried there in the Church of Santa Maria Rotonda , the burial place of Theodoric the Great . He was the last pope of German origin, until Pope Benedict XVI was elected, 950 years later. Pope Leo IX Leo IX favoured traditional morality in his reformation of the Catholic Church. One of his first public acts

612-433: The empire and to strengthen the papacy against the aggressions of the barons. During the rivalry between Archbishop Anno II of Cologne and other senior clergymen and the empress, Victor backed Agnes and her supporters. Many of her close followers would be promoted, men like Bishop Henry II of Augsburg , who would later become Emperor Henry's nominal regent; several German princes were given high court and church offices. At

646-574: The papacy, provided that the emperor restore to the Apostolic See all the possessions that had been taken from it. When the emperor agreed, Gebhard, taking the name Victor II, moved to Rome , where, in St. Peter's Basilica on 13 April 1055, he was officially chosen pope by the clergy and hailed by the people; he was immediately enthroned by the cardinals. By 27 May 1055, Pope Victor was back in Florence, where he

680-477: The papal presence was celebrated with various ecclesiastical solemnities. In early 1053, Leo arbitrated a dispute between the archbishop of Carthage and the bishop of Gummi-Mahdia over ecclesiastical precedence. Patriarch Michael I Cerularius of Constantinople, through Leo of Ohrid , Archbishop of Bulgaria, wrote to the pope denouncing the use of unleavened bread and fasting days in the Latin Church. Leo IX sent

714-435: The papal visit, and the pope took the trouble to visit the area of dispute, and talk to parishioners and local aristocracy. He then held a synod at the palace of S. Donato near Arezzo, and issued a bull, assigning the disputed parish to the diocese of Arezzo. On 14 June 1057, Pope Victor appointed his chancellor, Frederick of Lorraine, to the position of cardinal-presbyter of San Crisogono . Cardinal Frederick took part in

SECTION 20

#1732898064196

748-464: The principal matters dealt with. He is regarded as a saint by the Catholic Church ; his feast day is celebrated on 19 April. Bruno was born to Count Hugh IV of Nordgau and Heilwig of Dabo and was a native of Egisheim , Upper Alsace (present-day Alsace , France). His father was a first cousin of Conrad II , emperor of the Holy Roman Empire . At the age of five, Bruno was committed to

782-557: The rule of the order of Cluny . It was whilst he was bishop that he was saddened by the death not merely of his father and mother, but also of two of his brothers. Bruno found some consolation in music, in which he proved himself highly proficient. On the death of Pope Damasus II in 1048, Bruno was selected as his successor by an assembly at Worms in December. Both the emperor and the Roman delegates concurred. However, Bruno apparently favoured

816-454: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Victor II . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victor_II&oldid=1215430323 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Human name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

850-543: The same year he presided over provincial synods at Salerno , Siponto and Vercelli , and in September revisited his native Germany, returning to Rome in time for a third Easter synod at which the question of the reordination of those who had been ordained by simonists was considered. In 1052 he joined the emperor at Pressburg and vainly sought to secure the submission of the Hungarians . At Regensburg , Bamberg and Worms ,

884-558: The summer 1056, the pope travelled to the imperial court again, pro causis papatus , and intending to complain to the emperor because he was being badly treated by the Romans, per Romanos male tractatus . He was with Henry III when he died at Bodfeld in the Harz on 5 October 1056. As guardian of Henry III's infant son Henry IV and adviser of Empress Agnes , Henry IV's mother, Victor wielded enormous power, which he used to maintain peace throughout

918-432: The task of containing the ambitions of Duke Godfrey of Lorraine , the husband of Beatrice of Tuscany. The pope held the title of dux et marchio . Victor excommunicated both Count Ramon Berenguer I of Barcelona and Almodis de la Marche for adultery at the behest of Ermesinde of Carcassonne in 1055. In south Italy, one Teuto and his sons had attacked and were in possession of castles and property which belonged to

952-548: The year that followed was occupied by one of those progresses through Italy, Germany and France which form a marked feature in Leo IX's pontificate. After presiding over a synod at Pavia , he joined Henry III in Saxony and accompanied him to Cologne and Aachen . He also summoned a meeting of the higher clergy in Reims in which several important reforming decrees were passed. At Mainz he held

986-600: Was a native of the Kingdom of Germany in the Holy Roman Empire . His place of birth is unknown. He was a son of the Swabian Count Hartwig of Calw and a kinsman of Emperor Henry III . Hartweg's brother, Gotebald , had been a canon of Eichstatt, then Provost of Speyer, Imperial Chancellor for Italy, and, from 1049 to 1063, Patriarch of Aquileia. At the suggestion of the emperor's uncle, Gebhard, bishop of Ratisbon ,

1020-499: Was heard for the first time. In May the pope began a trip to Tuscany. He spent eight days in Florence, in conference with Duke Godfrey . Godfrey's position had been greatly strengthened by the death of his enemy the Emperor Henry III the previous autumn, and the pope saw the advantages in a close relationship with the brother of his chancellor, Frederick of Lorraine. The suit between the bishops of Siena and Arezzo resumed during

1054-430: Was present at the imperial court. On 4 June 1055, the feast of Pentecost, Victor met the emperor at Florence and held a council, attended by some 120 bishops, which reinforced Pope Leo IX 's condemnation of clerical marriage, simony , and the loss of the church's properties. He remained in Florence until November 1055. When Henry III returned to Germany, he assigned Pope Victor the powers of Imperial Vicar for Italy, and

Victor II - Misplaced Pages Continue

1088-530: Was received with much cordiality, and at his consecration assumed the name Leo IX. Leo IX favoured celibacy for the clergy in his reformation of the Catholic Church. One of his first public acts was to hold the well-known Easter synod of 1049, at which celibacy of the clergy (down to the rank of subdeacon ) was required anew. Also, the Easter synod was where the pope at least succeeded in making clear his own convictions against every kind of simony . The greater part of

1122-541: Was to hold the Easter synod of 1049; he joined Emperor Henry III in Saxony and accompanied him to Cologne and Aachen. He also summoned a meeting of the higher clergy in Reims in which several important reforming decrees were passed. At Mainz, he held a council at which the Italian and French as well as the German clergy were represented, and ambassadors of the Byzantine emperor were present. Here too, simony and clerical marriage were

1156-404: Was too old to lead his contingent into the peninsula, he entrusted the command of it to Bruno. While he was thus in the midst of arms, Bishop Herimann died and Bruno was at once elected to succeed him. Conrad, who destined him for higher things, was loath to allow him to accept that insignificant see. But Bruno induced the emperor to permit him to take the see. Consecrated in 1027, Bruno administered

#195804